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Lecture 5 EEE 4381 Updated

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11 views

Lecture 5 EEE 4381 Updated

Uploaded by

Sazid Mubeen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEE 4381

Electronics and Digitization Techniques

Lecture-5
Ref: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky (11th edition)
Article: 2.4, 2.6, 2.7

Creating Global Citizens Rooted with Islamic Values


Parallel and Series-Parallel Configurations
Go through:
EXAMPLE 2.11
Sinusoidal Inputs: Half Wave Rectification
The process of removing one-half the input signal to establish a dc level is called
halfwave rectification .

• Over one full cycle, defined by the period


T of Fig. 2.44 , the average value is zero.
• A half-wave rectifier , will generate a
waveform vo that will have an average
value of particular use in the ac-to-dc
conversion process.
• When employed in the rectification
process, a diode is typically referred to as
a rectifier. Its power and current ratings
are typically much higher.
Sinusoidal Inputs: Half Wave Rectification

During the interval t = 0s -> T/2:


• The diode is forward biased (on state)
• Short circuit equivalence for the ideal diode
• Output signal is an exact replica of the applied signal
Sinusoidal Inputs: Half Wave Rectification

During the interval t = T/2 -> T:


• The diode is reverse biased (off state)
• Absence of a path for charge to flow, and vo = iR = (0)R = 0 V
Sinusoidal Inputs: Average of Input Signal
Sinusoidal Inputs: Average of Output Signal
(Half wave rectification)
Sinusoidal Inputs: Half Wave Rectification
Effect of using silicon diode (VK= 0.7 V)

During the interval t = 0 -> T/2:


• The applied signal must now be at least 0.7 V before the diode can turn “on.”
• For levels of vi less than 0.7 V, the diode is still in an open-circuit state and vo = 0 V
• vo = vi – VK
• For Vm >> VK , Vdc = 0.318 (Vm-VK)
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
• PIV is the maximum voltage a diode can withstand in the
reverse direction without breaking down and conducting.
• The PIV rating must be greater than or equal to the peak
voltage of the AC input (denoted as Vm) because this is the
maximum reverse voltage the diode will experience.
• PIV should always be less than or equal to the diode’s
reverse breakdown voltage. If the reverse voltage (PIV)
exceeds the breakdown voltage, the diode will conduct in
reverse and may be damaged.
• For half wave rectifier:

PIV represents the magnitude of the


• The PIV rating of the diode must equal or exceed the peak maximum reverse voltage a diode can handle,
value of the applied voltage not its sign.
Sinusoidal Inputs: Full Wave Rectification
Bridge Network
• 4 diodes in a bridge
configuration
• During the positive half cycle,
D2 and D3 are conducting,
while D1 and D4 are in the ‘off’
state
• Notice the current and polarity
across R
• Since the diodes are ideal, the
load voltage is vo = vi
Sinusoidal Inputs: Full Wave Rectification
Bridge Network

• During the negative half cycle,


D1 and D4 are conducting,
while D2 and D3 are in the ‘off’
state
• Polarity across the load resistor
R is the same as before
• Establishes a second positive
pulse
Sinusoidal Inputs: Full Wave Rectification
Bridge Network with Silicon Diodes

• The application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law


around the conduction path results in:
• v i - VK - v o - VK = 0
• and vo = vi - 2VK
• The peak value of the output voltage v o is
therefore Vomax = Vm - 2VK
• When Vm >> 2VK, the following equation
can be applied for the average value with a
relatively high level of accuracy:
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

• For the indicated loop the maximum voltage across R is Vm and


the PIV rating is defined by
Sinusoidal Inputs: Full Wave Rectification
Center Tapped Transformer

• Two diodes and a


center tapped
transformer
Sinusoidal Inputs: Full Wave Rectification
Center Tapped Transformer

• During the positive half cycle, a positive pulse appears across each of the secondary coil.
• D1 assumes the short-circuit equivalent and D2 the open-circuit equivalent
Sinusoidal Inputs: Full Wave Rectification
Center Tapped Transformer

• During the negative half cycle, a negative pulse appears across each of the secondary coil.
• D2 assumes the short-circuit equivalent and D1 the open-circuit equivalent
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

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