STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

ME: 3801/3851
BEAM
DEFLECTION
Double integration method, Area moment method,
Conjugate beam method, Method of superposition

Md. Osman Ali

Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, DUET

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707 1/65

 CONTENT

❑ Introduction
❑ Some definition
❑ Determination Methods of Beam Deflection
1. Double Integration Method
2. Area Moment Method
3. Conjugate Beam Method
4. Superposition Method
❑ Mathematical Problem

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 INTRODUCTION
The cross section of a beam has to be designed in such a way that it
is strong enough to limit the bending moment and shear force that
are developed in the beam. This criterion is known as the
STRENGTH CRITERION of design .

Another criterion for beam design is that the maximum deflection

of the beam must not exceed a given permissible limit and the beam
must be stiff enough to resist the deflection caused due to loading.
This criterion is known as ‘STIFFNESS CRITERION of design”

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 SOME DEFINITION
(i) DEFLECTION : In Engineering, deflection is the degree to which a
structural element is displaced under a load. The deflection at any point on
the axis of the beam is the distance between it’s position of axis before and
after loading. The deflection of a beam depends on the stiffness of the
material and the cross sectional dimensions of the beam, as well as on the
configuration of the applied loads and supports.

(ii) SLOPE: The slope of the beam at any section is defined as the angle (in
radians) of inclination of the tangent of elastic curve to the original axis.

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 SOME DEFINITION
(iii)ELASTIC CURVE OR, DEFLECTION CURVE :
When a beam with a straight longitudinal axis is loaded by lateral forces, the axis is
deformed into a curve, called the deflection curve of the beam. The neutral axis in its
deflected position after loading of the beam is known as its elastic curve or
deflection curve.
(iv)FLEXURAL RIGIDITY(EI): The product of modulus of elasticity (E) and
Moment of Inertia (I) is known as Flexural rigidity. It is usually constant along the
beam.

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF BEAMDEFLECTION
Excessive deflection of a beam not only is visually disturbing but also may
cause damage to other parts of the building. For this reason, building codes
limit the maximum deflection of a beam to about 1/360th of its span.
Deflections can also govern the design of machinery, cars, and aircraft.
In the design of a lathe, milling, grinders, for example, the deflections
must be kept below the dimensional tolerances of the parts being machined.
Cars and aircraft must have sufficient rigidity to control structural
vibrations.

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 DETERMINATION METHODS OF BEAM DEFLECTION
A number of analytical methods are available for determining the deflections of
beams. Their common basis is the differential equation that relates the deflection to
the bending moment. There are seven methods used to determine beam deflection.
Of these methods, the first two are commonly used.
1. Double Integration Method
Easy
2. Moment-Area or Area-Moment Method
3. Macaulay’s Method
4. Strain-energy method (Castigliano's Theorem)
5. Conjugate Beam Method
6. Superposition Method
7. Unit Load Method Complex

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 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ELASTIC CURVE
1. The square of the slope of the beam is negligible compared with unity.
This assumption means that beam deflections must be relatively
small.

2. Plane cross sections of the beam remain planar as the beam deflects.
This assumption means that beam deflections due to shear stresses
are assumed negligible.

3. The values of E and I remain constant for any segment along the
beam. If either E or I varies along the beam span, and if this variation
can be expressed as a function of the distance x along the beam, a
solution of Equation that considers the variation may be possible.

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 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Differential equation of the elastic curve

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 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
𝜎𝑏 𝐸 𝑀
From flexure formula we know that,
M
y = = 𝐼 𝑁𝐴
𝑅
=E
I R
𝑀 1
or, 𝐸𝐼
= 𝑅
𝑀 𝑑2𝑦
or, 𝐸𝐼
= 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑀
or,
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝐸𝐼
d𝑦
or, EI = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝐶1 Integrating w.r.to dx
𝑑x

or, EIy = 𝑀 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 again, Integrating w.r.to dx

2

This is the differential equation of the elastic curve for a beam. Using boundary condition
𝐶1 & 𝐶2 can be determined . One boundary condition can be used to determine one and only
one constant of integration In general, the bending moment M will be a function of position
x along the beam’s span.
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 RELATIONSHIP OF DERIVATIVES

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 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

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 PROCEDURE FOR DOUBLE-INTEGRATION METHOD
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment of
the beam:
. Sketch the elastic curve of the beam, taking into account the boundary
conditions: zero displacement at pin and roller supports as well as zero
displacement and zero slope at built-in (cantilever) supports, for example.
. Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M at an
arbitrary distance x from the origin. Always show M acting in the positive
direction on the free-body diagram (this assures that the equilibrium
equations yield the correct sign for the bending moment). If the loading
has discontinuities, a separate expression for M must be obtained
for each segment between the discontinuities.
. By integrating the expressions for M twice, obtain an expression for EIy
in each segment. Do not forget to include the constants of integration.
. Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary conditions and
the continuity conditions on slope and deflection between segments.

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 BRACKET FUNCTION
A Macaulay bracket function, often referred to as a ‘‘bracket function,’’ is defined
as

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 1: The simply supported beam ABC in Fig. (a) carries a
concentrated load of 300 N as shown. Determine the equations for the slope
and deflection of the beam using EIy= 20.48* 10^3 N/m2.

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

Practice Problem: 605,

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 2: Compute the midspan value of EI δ for the beam loaded as
shown in Fig.

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 3: For the overhanging beam in Fig. (a), determine (1) the equation for the
elastic curve; and (2) the values of EIy midway between the supports and at point E
(indicate whether each d is up or down).

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

Practice Problem: 611 to 615, 619

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 4: The cantilever beam has a rectangular cross section 50-mm-wide and
h-mm high. Find the smallest allowable value of h if the maximum displacement of
the beam is not to exceed 10 mm. Use E = 10 GPa.

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 AREA MOMENT METHOD
Another method of determining the slopes and deflections in beams
is the area-moment method, which involves the area of the moment
diagram. There are two Theorems of Area-Moment Method

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 AREA MOMENT METHOD

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 AREA MOMENT METHOD
Theorem I
The change in slope between the tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two
points A and B is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the area of the
moment diagram between these two points.

Theorem II
The deviation of any point B relative to the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at
any other point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the
beam, is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the moment of an area about
B of that part of the moment diagram between points A and B.

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 AREA MOMENT METHOD
Procedure
1. Draw bending moment diagram
2. Convert B.M diagram to 𝑀 diagram
𝐸𝐼
3. Find area of 𝑀 diagram to calculate slope
𝐸𝐼
𝑀
4. Find moment of diagram to calculate deflection
𝐸𝐼

1
Area = . 𝑏h
𝑛 +1

1
𝑥Ԧ= .𝑏
𝑛 +2

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 AREA MOMENT METHOD

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 1: Determine the maximum deflection for the beam
loaded as shown in Fig.
Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 2: Determine the maximum deflection for the beam loaded as shown in Fig.
Solution:

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 MOMENT DIAGRAM BY PART

Application of the moment-area theorems is practical only if the

area under the bending moment diagram and its first moment can
be calculated without difficulty. The key to simplifying the
computation is to divide the bending moment diagram into
simple geometric shapes (rectangles, triangles, and parabolas)
that have known areas and centroidal coordinates. Sometimes the
conventional bending moment diagram lends itself to such
division, but often it is preferable to draw the bending moment
diagram by parts, with each part of the diagram representing
the effect of one load.

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 MOMENT DIAGRAM BY PART

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 MOMENT DIAGRAM BY PART

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 1: Determine the maximum deflection for the beam loaded as shown in
Fig.

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

Practice Problem: 623 to 625, 632, 633, 636 to 638, 642, 644, 645

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 2: The cantilever beam shown in Fig. has a rectangular cross-section 50 mm
wide by h mm high. Find the height h if the maximum deflection is not to exceed 10 mm.
Use E = 10 GPa.

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BY PART
Problem 3: A 600 N/m uniformly distributed load is applied to the left half of the
cantilever beam ABC in Fig. (a). Determine the magnitude of force P that must be applied
as shown so that the displacement at A is zero.
Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BY PART
Alternative Solution

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BY PART
Problem 04: For the beam loaded as shown in Fig., compute the moment of area of the M diagrams
between the reactions about both the left and the right reaction.

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BY PART
Problem 05: For the beam loaded as shown in Fig., compute the moment of area of the M diagrams
between the reactions about both the left and the right reaction.

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BY PART
Problem 06: For the beam loaded as shown in Fig. compute the moment of area
of the M diagrams between the reactions about both the left and the right reaction.
Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM BY PART

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 CONJUGATE BEAMMETHOD

Successive differentiation of the deflection equation

discloses the following relations:

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 PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE BEA
➢ The length of a conjugate beam is always equal to the length of
the actual beam.
➢ The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram of the loads
on the actual beam.
➢ A simple support for the real beam remains simple support for the
conjugate beam.
➢ A fixed end for the real beam becomes free end for the conjugate
beam.
➢ The point of zero shear for the conjugate beam corresponds to a
point of zero slope for the real beam.
➢ The point of maximum moment for the conjugate beam
corresponds to a point of maximum deflection for the real beam.

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 SUPPORTS OF CONJUGATE BEAM

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 SUPPORTS OF CONJUGATE BEAM

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Compute Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem: For the beam in Fig. find the value of EIδ at 2 ft from R2.

Solution:

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

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 SUPERPOSITION METHOD

❖ When a beam is subjected to several loads at various

positions along the beam, the problem of determining the
slope and the deflection usually becomes difficult.

❖ If it is assumed that the beam behaves elastically for the

combined loading, as well for the individual loads, the
resulting final deflection of the loaded beam is simply the
sum of the deflections caused by each of the individual
loads.

❖ This sum may be an algebraic one or it might be a vector

sum.

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 SUPERPOSITION METHOD
❖ The method of superposition, a popular method for finding slopes and
deflections, is based on the principle of superposition:
If the response of a structure is linear, then the effect of several loads
acting simultaneously can be obtained by superimposing (adding) the
effects of the individual loads.

“The slope or deflection at any point on the beam is equal

to the resultant of the slopes or deflections at that point
caused by each of the load acting separately”

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 SUPERPOSITION METHOD

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 SUPERPOSITION METHOD

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 DEFLECTION FORMULAS FOR CANTILEVER BEAMS

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 DEFLECTION FORMULAS FOR SIMPLE BEAMS

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem: Compute the midspan value of EIy for the simply
supported beam shown in Fig. (a) that is carrying two concentrated loads.

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
Problem 5: Determine the midspan deflection of the beam shown in
Fig. if E = 10 GPa and I = 20 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 .
Solution:687
Converted the problem into
two individual problem

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
By taking moment
𝑅1 = 1.5kN and 𝑅2 = 0.5kN
Using Double Integration
Method

EIy″ = 1.5x−2(x−1)
EIy′ = 0.75𝑥2−(x−1)2 +C1
0.75 3 (x−1)3 Apply B.C
EIy = 𝑥 − +C 1x+C 2 At x=0, y=0 i.e. C2=0
3 3
At x=4, y=0 i.e. C1= -1.75 kN.𝑚3
At midspan x = 2
EIy = 0.75 23− (2−1) +(-1.75) 2
3
3 3
11
y=-
6𝐸𝐼

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM
By taking moment
𝑅1 = 2 kN and 𝑅2 = 2kN
Using Double Integration Method
2
EIy″ = 2x - 1× 𝑥
2
3
EIy′ = 𝑥 2 - 𝑥 +C1
6
𝑥 3 𝑥 4
EIy = − + C1x+C2
3 24 Apply B.C
At x=0, y=0 i.e. C2=0
At midspan x = 2
23 24
At x=4, y=0 i.e. C1= - 8 kN.𝑚3
EIy = − + (- 8) 2 3
3 24 3
10
y=-
3𝐸𝐼
Total Deflection
y = y due to 2 kN concentrated load + y due to 1 kN/m uniform loading
11 10 31×10004
=- - = -( 6×10000×20 × 106 ) = 25.83 mm( )
6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
Practice Problem: 686, 687, 688
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