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2023 Modern Alg Worksheet 6

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9 views

2023 Modern Alg Worksheet 6

Uploaded by

陳Jack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Modern Algebra(I) Worksheet 6 Fall 2023 (J.-C.

Liu)

Free Modules
1. Let R be a ring and let A be an R-module.

(1) Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be elements in A.


⋄ What does it mean that they are linearly independent?
⋄ What does it mean that they are linearly dependent?
(2) Let X be a subsets of A.
⋄ What does it mean that X is linearly independent?
⋄ What does it mean that X is linearly dependent?

2. Let R be a ring with identity and let A be a unitary R-module.

(1) Let X be a subset of A. What does it mean that X spans A?


(2) What does it mean that X is a basis of A?
(3) For the zero module, does it have a basis? What is it?

3. Let R be a ring with identity. What is a free R-module?

4. Let R be a ring with identity and consider the R-module F = R ⊕ R ⊕ R ⊕ R. Is F a


free R-module and why?

5. Let R be a ring with identity. Suppose f : A → B is a homomorphism of unitary


R-modules and let X be a subset of A.

(a) If f is a monomorphism and if X is linearly independent, is f (X) a linearly indepen-


dent subset of B? Why?
(b) If f is an epimorphism and if X spans A, does f (X) span B? Why?

6. Study the statement and the proof of Theorem 2.1.


More precisely, let R be a ring with identity and let F be a unitary R-modules.

⋆ What are the four equivalent conditions listed in Theorem 2.1 related to F being free?
⋆ Make sure that you understand the proof of Theorem 2.1.

7. Study and prove Corollary 2.2.


More precisely, let R be a ring with identity and let A be a unitary R-module.

⋄ Find a free R-module and an R-module epimorphism φ : F → A.


⋄ Suppose A is generated by n elements. What is F in this case?

8. (Exercise 2.1) Let V be a vector space over a division ring V .

(a) Prove that a set of vectors {x1 , . . . , xk } in V is linearly dependent if and only if some
xk is a linear combination of the preceding xi .
(b) Suppose that {x1 , x2 , x3 } is a linearly independent subset of V . Prove that the set
{x1 + x2 , x2 + x3 , x3 + x1 } is linearly independent if and only if Char R ̸= 2.

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Modern Algebra(I) Worksheet 6 Fall 2023 (J.-C. Liu)

9. Let R be a ring with identity and let A be a unitary R-module.

⋄ If x, y ∈ A are linearly dependent over R, is it always true that x is a multiple of y or


y is a multiple of x?
⋄ In general, if X is a linearly dependent subset of A, is it always that X contains an
element y ∈ X such that x is a linear combination of elements in X \ {y}?
⋄ If X is a linearly independent subset of A and a ∈ A is not a linear combination of
elements in X, is it always that X ∪ {a} is linearly independent?

10. Let D is a division ring and let V be a vector space over D.

⋄ If x, y ∈ V are linearly dependent over D, is it always true that x is a multiple of y or


y is a multiple of x?
⋄ In general, if X is a linearly dependent subset of V , is it always that X contains an
element y ∈ X such that x is a linear combination of elements in X \ {y}?
⋄ If X is a linearly independent subset of V and a ∈ V is not a linear combination of
elements in X, is it always that X ∪ {a} is linearly independent?

⋆ Practice Problems. For the remaining of this worksheet, R is a ring with identity and A is a
unitary R-module.

1. What does it mean that x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ A are linearly independent?

2. What does it mean that x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ A span A?

3. Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xk ∈ A. Assume that B is a unitary R-module and φ : A → B is an


R-module homomorphism.

(a) Suppose x1 , x2 , . . . , xk are linearly independent and φ is a monomorphism. Prove that


φ(x1 ), φ(x2 ), . . . , φ(xk ) ∈ B are linearly independent.
(b) Suppose x1 , x2 , . . . , xk span A and φ is an epimorphism. Prove that φ(x1 ), φ(x2 ), . . . , φ(xk )
span B.
2 3
4. Consider Q as a Z-module and consider the two elements α = and β = in Q.
7 5
(a) Are α and β linearly independent? Please explain your answer.
(b) Does there exist n ∈ Z such that nα = β? Please explain your answer.
(c) Does there exist m ∈ Z such that mβ = α? Please explain your answer.

5. What does it mean that x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ A span A?

6. Consider the R-module A = R ⊕ R ⊕ R. Please find a basis for A.

7. (1) Let A = 0, the trivial R-module. Is A a free R-module? Please explain your answer.
(2) Let R = Z6 and let A = R ⊕ R.
(a) As an R-module, is A a free R-module? Please explain your answer.
(b) As a Z-module, is A a free Z-module? Please explain your answer.

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Modern Algebra(I) Worksheet 6 Fall 2023 (J.-C. Liu)

8. Consider the free Z-module F = Z ⊕ Z ⊕ Z. Let

α1 = (1, 0, 1) α2 = (1, 1, 0) α3 = (0, 1, 1).

(a) Are α1 , α2 , α3 linearly independent? Please explain your answer.


(b) Do α1 , α2 , α3 span F ? Please explain your answer.
(c) Let e1 = (1, 0, 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 1) in F . Please determine whether there
exists a Z-module homomorphism φ : F → Z satisfying the following given conditions.
⋆ If you think such a map φ exists, please find φ(a, b, c) for all (a, b, c) ∈ F ;
⋆ if you think such a map φ does not exist, please explain why not.
(i) φ(e1 ) = 1, φ(e2 ) = 2, and φ(e3 ) = 3?
(ii) φ : F → Z such that φ(e1 ) = φ(e2 ) = φ(α2 ) = 1?

9. Let V be a vector space over a field F . Suppose v1 , v2 ∈ V are linearly independent and
suppose W is the subspace of V spanned by v1 , v2 . Let v3 ∈ V . Prove that
v1 , v2 , v3 ∈ V are linearly dependent ⇐⇒ v3 ∈ W .

10. Consider the Z-module A = Z ⊕ Z and let v1 = (2, 0), v2 = (0, 2), v3 = (1, 1).

(a) Are v1 and v2 linearly independent? Please explain your answer.


(b) Are v1 , v2 , v3 linearly dependent? Please explain your answer.
(c) Is v3 contained in the submodule spanned by v1 , v2 ? Please explain your answer.

11. Consider the polynomial ring R = Z[x, y] and consider the ideal A = {f x + gy | f, g ∈ R}
of R. Note that as an R-module, A is generated by x and y.

(a) Please find a free module F and an epimorphism φ : F → A.


(b) Please find a nonzero element contained in Ker φ.

12. Let x, y ∈ A. Which of the following statements is/are always true?

(A) If x and y are linearly dependent over R, then ∃r ∈ R such that x = ry or y = rx.
(B) If x = ry for some r ∈ R, then x and y are linearly dependent over R.
(C) If x and y are linearly independent over R, then x ̸= y.
(D) If {x, y} is a linearly independent subset of A, then x and y are linearly independent
over R.
(E) If x and y are linearly independent over R, then {x, y} is a linearly independent
subset of A.
(F) None of the above

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Modern Algebra(I) Worksheet 6 Fall 2023 (J.-C. Liu)

13. Let V be a vector space over a division ring D and let x, y ∈ V . Which of the following
statements is/are always true?

(A) If x and y are linearly dependent over D, then ∃r ∈ D such that x = ry or y = rx.
(B) If x = ry for some r ∈ D, then x and y are linearly dependent over D.
(C) If x and y are linearly independent over D, then x ̸= y.
(D) If {x, y} is a linearly independent subset of V , then x and y are linearly independent
over D.
(E) If x and y are linearly independent over D, then {x, y} is a linearly independent
subset of V .
(F) None of the above

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