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 INDEX
GENERAL STUDIES (GS/GK)
Sr.No Topic Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION OF BMC & MMRDA 01

2 GEOGRAPHY OF MUMBAI 12

3 MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS OF MUMBAI 54

4 HISTORY OF MUMBAI 85

5 INDIAN POLITY 109

6 INDIAN ECONOMY 165

7 HISTORY IN BRIEF (MAHARASHTRA AND INDIA) 199

8 GEOGRAPHY IN BRIEF (MAHARASHTRA) 226

9 CURRENT AFFAIRS 240

LOGICAL REASONING
Sr.No Topic Page No.

1 DIRECTIONS 317

2 INEQUALITY 334

3 SITTING ARRANGEMENT 355

4 PUZZLES 374

5 CODING DECODING 387

6 BLOOD RELATIONS 400

7 SYLLOGISM 416

8 VENN DIAGRAMS 440

9 CALENDAR 460

10 INPUT - OUTPUT 469

GENERAL
STUDIES
(GS/GK)
 The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corpora-  The motto of BMC is “yato dharmastoto jayah (¶Vmo
1.1 tion (BMC) or Municipal Corporation of Y‘©ñVVmo O¶)’’
Greater Mumbai (MCGM)  Salman Khan is Now Brand Ambassador of BMC
 BMC or MCGM is the governing civic body of from 2016.
Mumbai (The capital city of Maharashtra).  Headquarter of BMC: Opposite to CST/Victoria
 It is India’s richest civic municipal corporation. Terminus (Fort)
 BMC Budget 2024-25: 59,954 Crore.
 BMC Budget 2023-24: 52,619 Crore.
 BMC Budget 2022-23: 45,949 Crore.
1. Full form of BMC is
 The budget estimate of 2024-25 is 13.93% higher
a) Brihanmumbai corporation
than the 2023-24.
b) Brij Mumbai corporation
 The budget estimate of 2023-24 was 14.52% higher
c) Bombay municipal corporation
than the 2022-23.
d) None of the above
 The BMC would oversee a population of more than
two crore people. 2. What is the other name of BMC?
 The BMC’s annual budget exceeds that of some of a) MBC b) MCGM
India’s smaller states. c) MMC d) MMCA
 BMC was established under the Bombay/Mumbai 3. What is the motto of BMC?
Municipal Corporation Act 1888. a) Yato Dharmastoto Jayah b) Satyamev Jayate
 BMC is responsible for the civic infrastructure and c) Shan no varunah d) none of the above
administration of the city and some suburbs. 4. The Bombay city trust is functioned of which of
 BMC has been formed with functions to improve the the following body/bodies?
infrastructure of town. a) BMC b) State Government
 Over one and a half centuries of its existence, the c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 and 2
BMC has emerged as a vast repository of experience
5. What is the size of the budget BMC for 2022-
and knowhow in a large array of services it provides
2023?
to its citizens.
a) 32,438cr b) 40,500cr
 BMC is One of India’s first municipal corporations
c) 45,949cr d) 47,368cr
founded in 1888 and has a sizable administrative
framework 6. What is the budget of BMC for 2023-2024?
 Madras Corporation Establishment: 1687 a) 52,619cr b) 59,954 cr
 BMC Establishment: 1888 c) 45,949cr d) 47,368cr
 The BMC is also the oldest Municipal Corporation 7. What is the percentage increase in the BMC
in India and the most complete Urban Local Body budget for 2023-2024 from 2022-2023?
(ULB) in terms of the functions it performs. a) 14% b) 18% c) 16% d) 22%
 BMC is divided into two parts: 8. The approximate population of Mumbai is
1) Administrative/Executive wing: It is made up a) 2 Crore b) 12 Crore
of appointed officials. c) 8 Crore d) 6 Crore
2) Deliberative/Legislative wing: It is made up of
elected members, or Corporators, who repre- 9. When was BMC established?
sent local wards. a) 1890 b) 1947
 The employees of several departments and officials c) 1888 d) 1990
such as the Municipal Commissioner and Additional 10. When was BMC logo adopted?
Commissioners maintain the smooth operation of
the civic body.

INTRODUCTION OF BMC & MMRDA 1

 a) 1854 b) 1861 c) 1888 d) 1911 2) Provision of regional infrastructure.
11. What is the budget of BMC for 2024-2025? 3) Development of water supply.
a) 52,619cr b) 59,954 cr 4) Provision of development finance.
c) 45,949cr d) 47,368cr 5) Development Co-ordination.
 Municipal Corporations under MMR
12. What is the percentage increase in the BMC
budget for 2024-2025 from 2023-2024? Greater Mumbai Bhiwandi
a) 13% b) 18% c) 16% d) 22% Kalyan-Dombivli Mira-Bhayandar
13. Who is Brand Ambassador of BMC? Navi Mumbai Panvel
a) Amitabh Bachhan b) Akshay Kumar Thane Ulhasnagar
c) Salman Khan d) Nita Ambani Vasai-Virar
14. Headquarter of BMC Located at  Municipal Councils under MMR
a) Opposite to CST (Fort) b) Pune Ambernath Badlapur
c) Kalyan d) Ahmedabad
Palghar Uran
15. Which of the following is richest municipal Matheran Karjat
corporation of Asia?
a) MCD b) BMC c) CMC d) MCL Khopoli Pen
Alibag
Answers
 Districts under MMR
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 c Mumbai City (complete) Mumbai Suburban
6 a 7 a 8 a 9 c 10 c (complete)
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 a 15 b Thane (partial) Raigad (partial)
Palghar (partial)
1.2 Mumbai Metropolitan Region  No of Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra: 29
Development Authority (MMRDA)  First: BMC
 Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development  Second Last: Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation
Authority (MMRDA) is a body of the Government (2022)
of Maharashtra that is responsible for preparation  Last: Jalna Municipal Corporation (2023)
of Regional Plan for MMR and the infrastructure
development of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region
 MMRDA is also known Greater Bombay Metropol-
itan Area 1. Which of the following statements about Mum-
 MMRDA is Established in 1975 (MMRDA Act bai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
1974) (MMRDA) is false?
 The MMRDA comprises 17 members and is chaired a) Chief Minister is the Chairman of this authority.
by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra Shri. Eknath b) This agency was established in the year 1975.
Shinde, who is also the minister of urban develop- c) Metropolitan Commissioner is an appointee by the
ment. Government of India.
 It is the most well-funded state-owned organization d) his agency brings about improvement in sectors -like
in India. transport, housing, water supply and environment in
 In 2017, MMRDA announced it was investing up to the region.
₹48 billion (US$580 million) to overhaul the entire 2. MMRDA is Established in
rail network by introducing new services, coaches, a) 1988 b) 888
and signalling equipment c) 1975 d) 2001
 Chief Minister is the Chairman of this authority.
3. MMRDA is also known
 Metropolitan Commissioner is appointed by the
a) Greater Bombay Metropolitan Area
Government of Maharashtra.
b) BMC
 Headquarter: Bandra-Kurla Complex (Bandra East)
c) Greater Mumbai Corporation
 Its activities are:
1) Development planning for the region.

2 INTRODUCTION OF BMC & MMRDA

 state government to Oversee the municipal corpora-
d) None tion’s administrative staff, carry out the corporation’s
4. Which of the following Municipal Corporations decisions, and create its yearly budget.
is/are under MMRDA  Though the Mayor is the head of the house, Com-
a) Greater Mumbai b) Bhiwandi missioners role is largely ceremonial and almost all
c) Kalyan-Dombivli d) All powers are vested in the Commissioner.
5. Which of the following is/are Municipal Councils  The position of Commissioner is created under Sec-
under MMRDA tion 54 of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act
a) Ambernath b) Badlapur of 1888
c) Palghar d) All  The Municipal Commissioner maintains Mumbai,
6. Headquarter of MMRDA is located in and thus has responsibilities over the sewage system,
a) Bandra East b) Kalyan the school divisions, power companies, roads, and
c) Dadar d) Pune other aspects of local infrastructure.
 The BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Trans-
7. Who is the chairman of MMRDA port) and the Mumbai Fire Brigade are autonomous
a) Prime minister of India bodies under the organization; therefore, they are not
b) BMC commissioner under the control of the Municipal Commissioner.
c) Chief Minister of Maharashtra State  The first BMC commissioner was Sir Arthur Craw-
d) None ford.
Answers  The first BMC commissioner after independence
1 c 2 c 3 a 4 d 5 d was B.K. Patel (1946 to 1952)
 Rao Bahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar was the first
6 a 7 c
Indian Municipal Commissioner.
Mr. Bhushan Gagrani
1.3 Administrative Structure (Present BMC Commissioner)
 The city is divided into seven zones and further di-
vided into 24 wards for administrative convenience.
 Each ward is headed by an Assistant Commissioner.
 Further, the Corporation appoints Heads of Depart-
ments of the numerous departments that work with
a specific mandate such as Water, Health, and San-
itation.  Mr. Bhushan Gagrani is Appointed as a
 The Corporation is represented by Corporators elect- Commissioner by State Government on 21 March
ed from that ward. They in turn elect the Mayor of 2024.
Mumbai who is the first citizen of the city.  Previously he was serving as the Additional Chief
 The Corporators form the legislative arm of the cor- Secretary in the Chief Minister’s Office.
poration.  Mr. Gagrani took over from Iqbal Singh Chahal.
 Mr. Gagrani is a 1990 batch officer of the Indian
1.4 Officials of BMC Administrative Service and also the first Chartered
Officer (IAS) in the country to secure an All India
1.4.1 Municipal Commissioner third rank with Marathi language.
 Organization chief of the BMC is the Commissioner,  He holds Master of Commerce and Master of Arts in
who is a member of the Indian Administrative Ser- History from Shivaji University, Kolhapur; Bachelor
vices. of Laws degree from Nagpur University, Master’s
 The Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai is the Degree in Management from the University of
chief executive officer (CEO) of the BMC or head of Birmingham in London and a Vidyavachaspati
Executive Wing. (Ph.D) degree in Management from Mumbai
 The Municipal Commissioner is the BMC’s top of- University.
ficial.  After joining the administrative service, Dr. Gagarani
 The Municipal Commissioner is appointed by the
INTRODUCTION OF BMC & MMRDA 3
 1.1 Introduction

1. Mumbai is situated on which coast of India?

 Mumbai, situated on the west coast of India along a) east coast b) west coast
the Arabian Sea, area approximately 603 square c) north coast d) south coast
Km. It is located between latitudes 18.96° N and
longitudes 72.82° E. The city is primarily situated 2. What is the approximate area of Mumbai?
on Salsette Island, surrounded by the Arabian Sea a) 500 square kilometers
to the west and Thane Creek to the east. Mumbai’s b) 603 square kilometers
coastline extends for over 150Km, offering extensive c) 700 square kilometers
waterfront areas. d) 800 square kilometers
 The city’s elevation varies from sea level to around 3. Mumbai is located between which latitudes and
14 meters, with most of its terrain being relatively longitudes?
a) 20.96° N and 72.82° E
low-lying. This geographical feature contributes
b) 18.96° N and 72.82° E
to Mumbai’s vulnerability to flooding during the c) 18.96° N and 70.82° E
monsoon season. Mumbai is divided into two main d) 19.96° N and 73.82° E
regions: Mumbai City (South Mumbai), which 4. On which island is Mumbai primarily situated?
houses historical landmarks and major commercial a) Elephanta island b) Salsette island
centres, and Mumbai Suburban District, where the c) Majuli island d) Sriharikota island
majority of the population resides. 5. What bodies of water surround Mumbai?
 As of recent data, Mumbai’s population stands at a) Bay of Bengal and Thane creek
approximately 20.7 million, making it India’s most b) Arabian sea and Thane creek
populous city and the seventh-largest globally. The c) Indian ocean and Thane creek
city’s density is notably high, with around 31,700 d) Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal
people per square Km. Strategically positioned, 6. What is the range of Mumbai’s elevation?
Mumbai serves as a vital maritime trade hub due a) sea level to 20 meters b) sea level to 14 meters
c) sea level to 10 meters d) sea level to 25 meters
to its significant ports, which are Port of Mumbai
and the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) in Navi 7. What geographical feature contributes to
Mumbai’s vulnerability to flooding during the
Mumbai, handling substantial maritime cargo.
monsoon season?
 Mumbai experiences a tropical wet and dry climate,
a) high mountains b) low-lying terrain
characterized by heavy monsoon rains from June to c) dense forests d) desert areas
September, with an average annual rainfall of about
8. What is Mumbai’s approximate population as of
2,200mm. The city’s temperatures range from 16°C recent data?
in winter to 38°C in summer, accompanied by high a) 15.7 million b) 18.7 million
humidity levels throughout the year. c) 20.7 million d) 22.7 million
 In summary, Mumbai’s geographic location, 9. Where does Mumbai rank in terms of the most
expansive coastline, climatic conditions, and dense populous cities globally?
population contribute to its economic vibrancy and a) fifth b) sixth \
unique urban challenges, such as monsoon related c) seventh d) eighth
flooding and infrastructural demands.

12 MUMBAI GEOGRAPHY
10. What is the population density of Mumbai?
a) 25,700 people per square kilometer 2.2 Territorial Boundaries
b) 28,700 people per square kilometer
c) 31,700 people per square kilometer
d) 35,700 people per square kilometer
11. Which of the following is a major port in
Mumbai?
a) port of Chennai b) port of Kolkata
c) port of Mumbai d) port of Vishakhapatnam
12. What is the name of the significant port in Navi
Mumbai?
a) Ennore port
b) Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (jnpt)
c) Kandla port
d) Mormugao port
13. What type of climate does Mumbai experience?
a) tropical rainforest  Mumbai is surrounded by other districts of
b) tropical wet and dry Maharashtra, namely Thane to the northeast and
c) Mediterranean Raigad to the southeast.
d) arid desert
 Thane district borders Mumbai across Thane Creek
14. When does Mumbai experience heavy monsoon and Vasai Creek to the northeast, influencing the
rains? city’s eastern boundary and contributing to its
a) may to august b) June to September connectivity and urban sprawl.
c) July to October d) august to November
 Raigad district lies to the southeast, encompassing
15. What is the average annual rainfall in Mumbai? coastal areas along the Konkan coast that extend
a) 1,800 millimeters b) 2,000 millimeters towards Mumbai’s southern limits.
c) 2,200 millimeters d) 2,400 millimeters
16. What is the temperature range in Mumbai dur-
ing winter?
1.Which districts of Maharashtra border Mumbai?
a) 10°c to 30°c b) 16°c to 38°c
a) Pune and Nashik
c) 16°c to 28°c d) 18°c to 32°c
b) Thane and Raigad
17. What is the temperature range in Mumbai dur- c) Nagpur and Aurangabad
ing summer? d) Kolhapur and Solapur
a) 30°c to 40°c b) 16°c to 38°c
2. Which direction does Thane district primarily
c) 20°c to 35°c d) 28°c to 36°c
border Mumbai?
18. What factors contribute to Mumbai’s economic a) North b) Northeast c) East d) South
vibrancy and urban challenges?
3. How does Thane district influence Mumbai’s
a) geographical location and climate
connectivity?
b) expansive coastline and dense population
a) Through northern highways
c) monsoon related flooding and infrastructural de-
b) Across Thane Creek and Vasai Creek
mands
c) By railway lines
d) all of the above
d) By coastal roads
Answers
4. Where is Raigad district located in relation to
1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b Mumbai?
6 b 7 b 8 c 9 c 10 c a) Northwest b) Southeast
c) Southwest d) East
11 c 12 b 13 b 14 b 15 c
5. What type of areas does Raigad district encom-
16 b 17 b 18 d
pass along Mumbai’s southern limits?

MUMBAI GEOGRAPHY 13
 a) Inland plains to be lower compared to the monsoon months.
b) Mountainous terrain  Humidity: Mumbai experiences high humidity
c) Coastal areas along the Konkan coast levels throughout the year due to its proximity to
d) Desert regions the Arabian Sea and the influence of the southwest
Answers monsoon. Relative humidity often exceeds 70% even
during the driest months, contributing to a feeling of
1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 c stickiness and discomfort, particularly during the
summer and monsoon seasons.
2.3 Climate & Seasons of Mumbai  Cyclones and Storms: Mumbai occasionally
experiences tropical cyclones and storms, primarily
 Mumbai experiences a tropical climate, classified during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons.
as a tropical wet and dry climate under the These weather events can bring heavy rains, strong
Köppen climate classification. The city’s climate is winds, and temporary disruptions to daily life in the
characterized by relatively high temperatures, high city.
humidity levels, and distinct wet and dry seasons  The 2005 Mumbai floods serve as a stark reminder of
throughout the year. the city’s vulnerability. Triggered by exceptionally
 Temperature: Mumbai’s temperatures are moderated heavy rainfall over 944 millimetres (37 inches) in
by its coastal location along the Arabian Sea. The just 24 hours & the floods resulted in widespread
city experiences warm to hot temperatures year- devastation. They caused the loss of over 1,000
round, with relatively mild winters and hot summers. lives, displaced thousands of residents, and inflicted
The average annual temperature ranges from about substantial damage to infrastructure, including roads,
25°C to 32°C (77°F to 90°F). railways, and housing.
 Summer: Mumbai’s summer season lasts from
March to May, with temperatures typically ranging
from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F). During the peak 1. What is the Köppen climate classification of
of summer, temperatures can occasionally rise above Mumbai?
40°C (104°F), especially in inland areas away from a) Temperate climate
the coast. b) Tropical wet and dry climate
 Monsoon: Mumbai experiences its primary rainy c) Mediterranean climate
season from June to September, influenced by the d) Arctic climate
southwest monsoon winds. The city receives heavy 2. Mumbai’s temperatures are moderated by its
rainfall during this period, with an average annual coastal location along which sea?
precipitation of approximately 2,200 millimetres (87 a) Bay of Bengal b) Arabian Sea
inches). July is typically the wettest month, receiving c) Indian Ocean d) Red Sea
a significant portion of the annual rainfall. Mumbai
3. During which months does Mumbai experience
has occasionally faced cyclones during this season,
its primary rainy season?
including Cyclone Phyan in 2009 and Cyclone
a) December to February
Nisarga in 2020, which brought significant rainfall
b) March to May
and strong winds.
c) June to September
 Post-monsoon: After the monsoon season, Mumbai d) October to November
enters a transitional period from October to
November known as the post-monsoon or retreating 4. What is the average annual temperature range
monsoon season. During this time, temperatures in Mumbai?
begin to decrease gradually, and rainfall diminishes. a) 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F)
b) 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F)
 Winter: Mumbai’s winter season spans from c) 25°C to 32°C (77°F to 90°F)
December to February, characterized by mild and d) 35°C to 40°C (95°F to 104°F)
relatively dry weather. Temperatures during winter
range from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F), with cooler
nights and early mornings. Humidity levels also tend

14 MUMBAI GEOGRAPHY
5. What is the typical range of temperatures dur- c) 2,200 millimeters (87 inches)
ing Mumbai’s summer season? d) 3,500 millimeters (138 inches)
a) 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F)
14. Which climatic factor is a characteristic of
b) 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F)
Mumbai’s winter season?
c) 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F)
a) Heavy snowfall
d) 35°C to 40°C (95°F to 104°F)
b) Mild temperatures and dry weather
6. What are the typical temperatures during c) High humidity and strong winds
Mumbai’s summer season? d) Extreme heatwaves
a) 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F)
15. Which month is typically the wettest during
b) 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F)
Mumbai’s monsoon season?
c) 40°C to 50°C (104°F to 122°F)
a) March b) July
d) Below freezing
c) October d) December
7. Which season in Mumbai is characterized by
16. Mumbai enters a transitional period known as
mild and relatively dry weather?
the post-monsoon season from which months?
a) summer b) Monsoon
a) January to February
c) Winter d) post-monsoon
b) October to November
8. Which climate feature contributes to Mumbai’s c) April to May
distinct wet and dry seasons? d) June to July
a) Polar climate
17. What happens to temperatures and rainfall dur-
b) Mediterranean climate
ing Mumbai’s post-monsoon season?
c) Tropical wet and dry climate
a) Temperatures rise and rainfall increases
d) Temperate climate
b) Temperatures remain the same and rainfall de-
9. During which months does Mumbai experience creases
its summer season? c) Temperatures begin to decrease and rainfall di-
a) June to August minishes
b) September to November d) Temperatures drop drastically
c) March to May
18. Mumbai’s winter season is characterized by
d) December to February
which type of weather?
10. When can temperatures occasionally rise above a) Heavy snowfall
40°C (104°F) in Mumbai? b) Mild and relatively dry
a) During winter c) High humidity and strong winds
b) During monsoon d) Extreme heatwaves
c) During the peak of summer
19. What are the typical temperature ranges during
d) Throughout the year
Mumbai’s winter season?
11. Mumbai experiences its primary rainy season a) 5°C to 15°C (41°F to 59°F)
influenced by which winds? b) 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F)
a) Northeast monsoon c) 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F)
b) Northwest monsoon d) Below freezing
c) Southwest monsoon
20. Why does Mumbai experience high humidity
d) Trade winds
levels throughout the year?
12. What is the average annual rainfall in Mumbai? a) Due to proximity to the Himalayan mountains
a) 500 millimeters (20 inches) b) Due to desert winds
b) 1,000 millimeters (40 inches) c) Due to proximity to the Arabian Sea and the influ-
c) 2,200 millimeters (87 inches) ence of the southwest monsoon
d) 3,500 millimeters (138 inches) d) Due to cold ocean currents
13. What is the average annual precipitation in 21. What triggered the 2005 Mumbai floods?
Mumbai during the monsoon season? a) Heavy snowfall
a) 500 millimeters (20 inches) b) Exceptionally heavy rainfall
b) 1,000 millimeters (40 inches) c) Tsunami
d) Earthquake
MUMBAI GEOGRAPHY 15
 natural springs, surrounded by temples.
22. How much rainfall was recorded in Mumbai
 Malabar Hill is renowned for luxurious residences,
during the 2005 floods?
including the Governor’s mansion, Raj Bhavan.
a) 500 millimeters (20 inches)
Tourists visit for panoramic views, notably from
b) 944 millimeters (37 inches)
Hanging Gardens (Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens).
c) 100 millimeters (4 inches)
Educational institutions like Wilson College
d) 2000 millimeters (79 inches)
and Government Law College enrich the area.
23. What was the impact of the 2005 Mumbai floods Walkeshwar Temple, a significant Hindu shrine
on the city? dedicated to Lord Shiva.
a) Mild inconvenience
 Despite urbanization, Malabar Hill retains green
b) Loss of over 1,000 lives
spaces, enhancing Mumbai’s urban ecology. Its
c) No significant damage
blend of natural beauty, historical richness, and
d) Minor Road closures
upscale living underscores Malabar Hill’s prestige in
24. How long did the heavy rainfall last before caus- Mumbai.
ing the floods?
a) 12 hours b) 24 hours c) 48 hours d) 72 hours
25. Which infrastructure was significantly damaged
1. What is the elevation of Malabar Hill above sea
during the 2005 Mumbai floods?
level?
a) Airports
a) 25 meters b) 50 meters
b) Schools
c) 75 meters d) 100 meters
c) Roads, railways, and housing
d) Parks 2. What historical structure on Malabar Hill dates
back to the 12th century?
Answers
a) Hanging Gardens
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c b) Wilson College
6 b 7 c 8 c 9 c 10 c c) Government Law College
d) Banganga Tank
11 c 12 c 13 c 14 b 15 b
3. Which government residence is located on
16 b 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 c
Malabar Hill?
21 b 22 b 23 b 24 b 25 c a) President’s mansion
b) Governor’s mansion (Raj Bhavan)
Hills of Mumbai c) Prime Minister’s residence
2.4
d) Chief Minister’s office
2.4.1 Malabar Hills 4. Which gardens on Malabar Hill are known for
their panoramic views?
a) Hanging Gardens
b) Kamala Nehru Park
c) Veermata Jijabai Udyan
d) Shivaji Park
5. Which Hindu deity is the Walkeshwar Temple
on Malabar Hill dedicated to?
a) Lord Vishnu b) Lord Shiva
c) Goddess Durga d) Lord Ganesha
Answers
1 b 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 b
 Malabar Hill in South Mumbai rises 50 meters above
sea level, offering sweeping views of the Arabian 2.4.2 Cumbala Hill
Sea. Its basalt rock foundation reflects Mumbai’s  Cumbala hill located near Kemps Corner in South
volcanic origins. The ancient Banganga Tank, dating Mumbai, is renowned for its exclusive residential
to the 12th century, remains a sacred site fed by neighbourhoods and luxurious high-rise buildings.

16 MUMBAI GEOGRAPHY
 3.5 Brihanmumbai Municipal
Corporation Building
1. Who designed the Brihanmumbai Municipal
Corporation Building?
a) Le Corbusier
b) Frederick William Stevens
c) Frank Lloyd Wright
d) Norman Foster
2. When did the construction of the BMC Building
begin?
a) 1870 b) 1884
c) 1893 d) 1900
3. Who laid the foundation stone of the BMC
Building?
a) Lord Curzon b) Lord Mountbatten
c) Lord Ripon d) Lord Dalhousie
4. What style is the BMC Building designed in?
a) Art Deco b) Modernist
c) Gothic Revival d) Baroque
5. What is the height of the tower in the BMC
Building?
a) 150 feet b) 200 feet
c) 255 feet d) 300 feet
 The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Building, 6. What organization is housed in the BMC
also known as the BMC Building, is an important Building?
landmark in Mumbai. It was designed in the Gothic a) Mumbai Police
Revival style by the architect Frederick William b) Mumbai Fire Brigade
Stevens, who also served as the engineer for the c) Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
project. Construction began on December 9, 1884, d) Mumbai Port Trust
when the foundation stone was laid opposite Victoria 7. Who is depicted in the bronze statue at the en-
Terminus by Lord Ripon, the Viceroy of the time. trance of the BMC Building?
The building was completed in 1893. a) Mahatma Gandhi
 The BMC Building has a striking exterior made b) Sir Pherozeshah Mehta
from golden-beige basalt rock and features a tower c) Jawaharlal Nehru
that rises 255 feet high. Its unique V-shaped structure d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
houses the Municipal Corporation of Greater 8. What material is the exterior of the BMC
Mumbai, the civic body that governs the city. This Building made from?
organization is the largest civic body in India and a) Marble
Asia, managing an area of 434 square kilometers. b) Granite
 At the entrance of the BMC Building, there is a c) Golden-beige basalt rock
bronze statue of Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, a notable d) Concrete
Indian lawyer. This statue adds to the historical and 9. When was the construction of the BMC Building
cultural significance of the building, which remains completed?
a central part of Mumbai’s identity. a) 1875 b) 1890
c) 1893 d) 1900
10. What is the area managed by the Brihanmum-
bai Municipal Corporation?
a) 300 square kilometers
b) 434 square kilometres
60 MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS
 c) 500 square kilometers  •Since 2003, the Gateway has also served as the site
d) 600 square kilometers for the local Jewish community’s annual Hanukkah
Answers menorah lighting. However, public access to the
area was restricted following the November 2008
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 c Mumbai terror attacks, which targeted the nearby Taj
6 c 7 b 8 c 9 c 10 b Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel and led to crowds,
including journalists, gathering at the Gateway.
3.6 Gateway of India

1. When was the Gateway of India construction

start?
a) 1901 b) 1911
c) 1924 d) 1935
2. Who laid the foundation stone for the Gateway
of India?
a) Sir George Sydenham Clarke
b) George Wittet
c) Rufus Isaacs
d) George V
3. What was the purpose of constructing the Gate-
way of India?
 The Gateway of India, a prominent monument
a) To honor Indian independence
located at Apollo Bunder in Mumbai (formerly
b) To commemorate the Delhi Durbar of 1911
Bombay), was constructed to honour the visit of
c) To celebrate the British monarch’s visit to India
George V, Emperor of India, and his consort, Mary
d) To serve as a triumphal arch for military
of Teck, Empress, on December 2, 1911. This visit,
victories
which occurred just before the Delhi Durbar of 1911,
marked the first time a British monarch set foot in 4. Who was the architect of the Gateway of India?
India. a) Sir George Sydenham Clarke
b) George Wittet
 The foundation stone for this iconic structure was
c) Rufus Isaacs
laid on March 31, 1913, by Sir George Sydenham
d) Gammon India
Clarke, the then Governor of Bombay. The final
design, crafted by architect George Wittet, received 5. When did the public inauguration of the Gate-
approval in August 1914. Built from basalt, the way of India take place?
Gateway’s foundations were completed in 1920, a) December 2, 1911 b) August 1914
and construction was fully realized in 1924. The c) December 4, 1924 d) February 28, 1948
public inauguration took place on December 4, 6. What architectural style does the Gateway of
1924, officiated by Rufus Isaacs, the 1st Marquess of India blend?
Reading and then Vice-Roy of India. a) Gothic b) Indo-Islamic
 As a triumphal arch, the Gateway of India stands c) Art Deco d) Renaissance
26 meters (85 feet) tall with a diameter of 15 meters 7. Who officiated the public inauguration of the
(49 feet). The architectural style blends Indo-Islamic Gateway of India?
elements typical of Gujarat, designed by George a) Sir George Sydenham Clarke
Wittet and constructed by Gammon India at a cost b) George Wittet
of ₹21.13 lakhs. c) Rufus Isaacs
 After India gained independence, the Gateway d) George V
witnessed a significant moment in history when the 8. What significant event occurred at the Gateway
First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, the of India after India gained independence?
last British troops to leave India, marched through a) The last British troops marched through it
the arch with a 21-gun salute on February 28, 1948.

MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS 61

  Pherozeshah Mehta: Lion of Mumbai
4.1 History of BMC
Year Description
1805 Municipal administration was formed but
in unorganized way.
1845 A board of Conservancy of 7 members was
formed to manage the municipal funds.
1858 Three Municipal Commissioners were
tasked with the responsibility of enhancing
sanitary conditions, but unfortunately, they
faced challenges in achieving their goals.
1865 Governor Sir Battle Frere appointed a
new Municipal Commissioner Sir Arthur
Crawford. He brought positive changes to
Mumbai.
The BMC was formed.
1873 The first municipal elections were held and
total 64 members were in administration.
All 64 were rate payers of Bombay.
1888 Act of 1888 led to better administration
by providing proper responsibilities to its
representatives.
Pherozshah Mehta played a key role in
drafting the Act of 1888. Under this act
three main authorities were formed:
 The BMC was formed in 1865 and was headed by 1) The Corporation members
Commissioner Arthur Crawford (Crawford Market 2) The Standing Committee
was named after him). 3) The Municipal Commissioner
 The headquarters which is located near CST railway 1922 Rate payers were replaced by rent payers
station was built in the year 1893. and the strength of Corporators were
 The architecture of the building is of the Indo- increased to 106 members.
Sarcenic style, with Gargoyle sculpture in the Neo- 1928 Four more seats were added to trade
Gothic style. Unions and in 1950 increased to 135.
 Architect (Engineer) of BMC Building as well 1952 It became a fully elected body. The strength
as Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji of the Corporation increased from 140 in
Maharaj Terminus) was Frederick William Stevens 1966 to 170 members in 1985.
and contractor was Vyanku Balaji.
 Construction of the BMC was completed under the
supervision of Raosaheb Sitaram Khaderao.
 Total height of this BMC building is 255 feet (78 1. Who was the architect of the BMC building?
meters). a) Henry Oxenden
 Construction for this new building began in 1878 b) John Smith
and completed in May 1888. c) Frederick William Stevens
 He has used Gothic style of architecture in his design. d) Sir Battle Frere

HISTORY OF MUMBAI 85
2. In which year BMC was formed? 12. Which act provided better administration by
a)1889 b)1865 defining proper responsibilities to the BMC
c)1835 d)1860 representatives?
3. What is the total height of the BMC building? a) Act of 1865 b) Act of 1873
a)245 feet b)230 feet c) Act of 1888 d) Act of 1922
c)235 feet d)255 feet 13. Who played a key role in drafting the Act of
4. Who was the architect of the Victoria Terminus 1888?
(Now Chh. Shivaji Maharaj Terminus)? a) Frederick William Stevens
a) Henry Oxenden b) Arthur Crawford
b) John Smith c) Vyanku Balaji
c) Sir Battle Frere d) Pherozshah Mehta
d) Frederick William Stevens 14. When did the BMC become a fully elected body?
5. Which year was the BMC headquarters near a) 1928 b) 1950 c) 1966 d) 1952
CST railway station built? Answers
a) 1865 b) 1893
c) 1888 d) 1845 1 c 2 b 3 d 4 d 5 b
6. When was the first municipal election held in 6 c 7 b 8 d 9 c 10 b
Mumbai? 11 a 12 c 13 d 14 d
a) 1865 b) 1888 c) 1873 d) 1922
4.2 Pre- History
7. Who supervised the completion of the BMC
building?
a) Vyanku Balaji
b) Raosaheb Sitaram Khaderao
c) Arthur Crawford
d) Frederick William Stevens
8. In which year did Mumbai’s municipal adminis-
tration become a fully elected body?
a) 1888 b) 1865
c) 1928 d) 1952
9. Who appointed Sir Arthur Crawford as a new
Municipal Commissioner?
a) Henry Oxenden
b) John Smith
c) Sir Battle Frere
d) Frederick William Stevens
10. Who is known as ‘Lion of Bombay’ and ‘Un-
crowned King of Mumbai’?
a) Kashinath Telang
b) Pherozeshah Mehta
c)Badruddin Tyabji
d) None of the above
11. Who was the contractor for the construction
of both the BMC Building and the Victoria
Terminus?
a) Vyanku Balaji
b) Raosaheb Sitaram Khaderao  The coast of western India formed around 100 to 80
c) Frederick William Stevens million years ago after separating from Madagascar.
d) Arthur Crawford  The Indian plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot,

86 HISTORY OF MUMBAI
  Enforcement: The Indian Constitution came into
5.1 Introduction effect on January 26, 1950, which is celebrated as
Republic Day. Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first
President of India on this day.
 Historical Context: The idea of a constitution for
 Structure: The Constitution originally had 395
India was first put forward by M.N. Roy in 1934.
articles, 22 parts, and 8 schedules. It is the longest
The demand for a Constituent Assembly was offi-
written constitution of any sovereign country in the
cially adopted by the Indian National Congress in
world.
1935.
 Significance: The Constitution establishes India
 Formation of the Constituent Assembly: The
as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic
Constituent Assembly was formed under the Cabinet
republic. It guarantees fundamental rights to all
Mission Plan of 1946. The assembly had 389
citizens and outlines the structure and functions of
members, initially including representatives from
the government.
princely states, provinces, and chief commissioners’
provinces. After the partition of India in 1947, the  Inspirations: The Indian Constitution drew
number of members was reduced to 299. inspiration from various sources, including the
British Constitution, the U.S. Constitution, the Irish
 Inaugural Meeting: The first meeting of the
Constitution, and the Government of India Act, 1935.
Constituent Assembly was held on December 9,
1946. Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was appointed as  Amendments: The Constitution includes a provision
the temporary President of the Assembly. for amendments, allowing it to evolve over time. The
first amendment was made in 1951.
 Key Figures: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the
permanent President of the Constituent Assembly.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman
of the Drafting Committee. Other prominent 1. Who first proposed the idea of a constitution for
members included Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar India in 1934?
Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and a) M.N. Roy b) Jawaharlal Nehru
Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer.
c) Mahatma Gandhi d) B.R. Ambedkar
 Drafting Process: The Drafting Committee was
established on August 29, 1947. The first draft of 2. When was the demand for a Constituent Assem-
the Constitution was prepared by the committee and bly officially adopted by the Indian National
submitted to the Constituent Assembly on November Congress?
4, 1947. The draft underwent multiple readings and a) 1946 b) 1935
debates over a period of nearly three years.
c) 1947 d) 1950
 Public Consultation: The draft Constitution was
published for public comments and suggestions. 3. Under which plan was the Constituent Assem-
Over 2,000 amendments were proposed, of which bly formed in 1946?
many were discussed and incorporated into the final a) Simon Commission Plan .
draft. b) Cabinet Mission Plan
 Adoption: The Constituent Assembly adopted the c) Mountbatten Plan
final draft of the Constitution on November 26,
d) Nehru-Liaquat Pact
1949. This day is celebrated as Constitution Day or
Samvidhan Divas in India.

INDIAN POLITY 109

4. How many members initially constituted the 11. On which date did the Constituent Assembly
Constituent Assembly? adopt the final draft of the Indian Constitution?
a) 299 b) 389 a) October 31, 1949
c) 245 d) 450 b) November 15, 1949
c) November 26, 1949
5. Who was appointed as the temporary President
of the Constituent Assembly at its inaugural d) December 1, 1949
meeting on December 9, 1946?
12. What is the significance of November 26th in In-
a) Jawaharlal Nehru dia’s constitutional history?
b) B.R. Ambedkar a) Independence Day
c) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha b) Republic Day
d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad c) Constitution Day (Samvidhan Divas)
6. Who was elected as the permanent President of d) Gandhi Jayanti
the Constituent Assembly?
13. How long did the drafting process of the Indian
a) Jawaharlal Nehru Constitution approximately take?
b) B.R. Ambedkar a) About 1 year b) About 2 years
c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad c) About 3 years d) About 4 years
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
14. Which committee prepared the first draft of the
7. Who served as the Chairman of the Drafting Indian Constitution?
Committee of the Indian Constitution? a) Steering Committee
a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Drafting Committee
b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel c) Advisory Committee
c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar d) Constitution Committee
d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
15. How many years did the draft of the Indian
8. Which event led to the reduction of the Constit- Constitution undergo debates and readings be-
uent Assembly’s membership from 389 to 299? fore adoption?
a) Adoption of the Constitution a) 1 year b) Nearly 3 years
b) Partition of India c) 5 years d) Over 4 years
c) Independence of India
16. During which year was the Drafting Committee
d) Signing of the Cabinet Mission Plan established for the Indian Constitution?
9. When was the Drafting Committee established a) 1946 b) 1947
for the Indian Constitution? c) 1947 d) 1948
a) August 29, 1947 b) September 15, 1947
17. Who chaired the Drafting Committee of the
c) October 2, 1947 d) November 4, 1947 Indian Constitution?
10. How many amendments were proposed dur- a) Jawaharlal Nehru
ing the public consultation phase of the Indian b) B.R. Ambedkar
Constitution drafting process? c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
a) Over 1,000 b) Over 2,000 d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
c) Over 3,000 d) Over 4,000

110 INDIAN POLITY

18. On what date was the final version of the Indian The
 primary agenda of the first meeting was to
Constitution signed? formally inaugurate the Constituent Assembly
a) November 26, 1947 and outline its future course of action.
b) December 1, 1947 Members discussed procedural matters, including

the election of the President and other office bear-
c) November 26, 1949
ers.
d) December 1, 1949
Address by Leaders:
Answers Leaders
 such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai
Patel, and others delivered speeches emphasizing
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 c
the historical significance of the occasion and the
6 c 7 c 8 c 9 d 10 d responsibilities entrusted to the Assembly.
11 c 12 c 13 c 14 b 15 b Committees and
 Drafting Process:
16 c 17 c 18 c Committees
 were formed to streamline the draft-
ing process of the constitution.
5.2 Constituent Assembly of India Dr.
 B.R. Ambedkar was appointed as the Chair-
man of the Drafting Committee, which was tasked
 The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of with preparing the initial draft of the constitution.
India took place on December 9, 1946. Here are the
5.3 Drafting Committee
key details about this historic event:
Formation:
 Formation: The Drafting Committee was formed on
The
 Constituent Assembly of India was estab-
August 29, 1947.
lished under the provisions of the Cabinet Mis-
sion Plan of 1946, which aimed to provide India  Chairman: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar served as the
with a constitution for its self-governance. Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
Composition:  Members: Initially, the committee had seven
members which are given as follow,
Initially,
 the Assembly had 389 members who
were representatives from various provinces, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar


princely states, and chief commissioners’ prov- Alladi Krishnaswamy

 Iyer
inces. N.
 Gopalaswami Ayyangar
Members were selected through indirect elections
 K.M. Munshi

by the members of the provincial assemblies and Syed
 Mohammad Saadulla
nominated by the rulers of princely states.
N.
 Madhava Rao
Leadership:
T.T.
 Krishnamachari
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected as the tem-

 Responsibility: The committee was tasked with
porary President (Interim Chairman) of the Con-
preparing the final draft of the Constitution of India.
stituent Assembly for its first meeting.
 Deliberations: The committee reviewed various
Dr.
 Rajendra Prasad was later elected as the per-
proposals and drafts from Assembly members and
manent President (Chairman) of the Constituent
expert committees.
Assembly.
 Presentation of Draft: The final draft of the
Proceedings of the First Meeting
Constitution was presented by the Drafting Committee
Venue: to the Constituent Assembly on November 4, 1949.
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was
  Adoption: The Constitution of India was adopted by
held in the Constitution Hall (now known as the the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949.
Central Hall of Parliament House) in New Delhi.
Agenda:
INDIAN POLITY 111
 c) Quantity d) Brand names
6.1 What is Economy
5. What do individuals and businesses use to meet
their needs and wants in the economy?
 Economy is how people and businesses work togeth- a) Goods and services
er to produce, distribute, and use things like goods
b) Only goods
(like food or clothes) and services (like haircuts or
transportation). It’s like a big system where every- c) Only services
one buys, sells, and trades these things. d) Money
 In the economy, businesses make things and offer
Answers
services by using workers and resources like land,
money, and technology. Then, these goods and ser- 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a
vices are bought and sold in markets where people
agree on prices.
6.2 Indian Economy
 Finally, individuals and businesses use these things
to meet their needs and wants.
India’s Economy: Transition and Size
The
 Indian economy has transitioned from a
1. What does the economy involve? planned economy to a developing social market
economy.
a) How people and businesses work together to
produce, distribute, and use goods and services It is the world’s fifth-largest
 economy by nominal
GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power
b) Only the production of goods and services
parity (PPP).
c) Only the distribution of goods and services
In
 terms of per capita income, India ranks 139th
d) Only the use of goods and services by GDP (nominal) and 127th by GDP (PPP).
2. In the economy, what do businesses use to make Historically,
 from independence in 1947 until
things and offer services? 1991, India followed a Soviet-style planned econ-
omy with extensive state intervention and regula-
a) Workers, resources like land, money, and tech-
tion. This was known as the Licence Raj.
nology
However,
 in 1991, due to a balance of payments
b) Only money
crisis and the end of the Cold War, India adopted
c) Only land broad economic liberalization.
d) Only technology Economic Policies and Reforms
3. Where are goods and services bought and sold Before
 1991, India promoted protectionist eco-
in the economy? nomic policies and had significant state interven-
a) Markets b) Factories tion.
c) Schools d) Offices The economic reforms in 1991 aimed to liberalize

the economy, reduce regulations, and encourage
4. What is agreed upon in markets where goods private sector participation.
and services are bought and sold? These
 reforms led to economic liberalization, al-
a) Prices b) Quality lowing for more market-oriented policies.

INDIAN ECONOMY 165

• Social Initiatives: The RBI can raise the bank rate to check liquidity.
SBI
 actively participates in social initiatives such Here there is no 2% of NDTL limit.
as financial literacy programs, CSR (Corporate  CRAR: Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio
Social Responsibility) activities, and initiatives (CRAR): The ratio of a bank’s capital to its risk.
for sustainable development.  Fiscal Policy: The policy of a government by which
it adjusts the tax rates and spending levels to influ-
6.17 Important Economic Terms ence the national economy.
 Fiscal Deficit: It is the difference between the gov-
ernment’s total expenditure and its total receipts (ex-
 GDP: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total
cluding borrowing). A fiscal deficit occurs when this
value of goods and services produced in a country
expenditure exceeds the revenue generated.
in one year. GDP refers to the value of goods pro-
duced within the geographical territory of a country  Balance of Payments (BOP): It is the difference in
irrespective of whether they are produced by citizens total value between payments into and out of a coun-
or foreigners. try over a period.
 GNP: Gross National Product (GNP) is the total  Balance of Trade (BOT): It is the difference be-
value of the goods and services produced by a coun- tween a country’s imports and exports for a time pe-
try’s citizens or companies in one year irrespective riod. The BOT is a part of the BOP.
of their geographic location.  Capital: It is the sum of money invested in a busi-
 NDP: Net Domestic Product: NDP = GDP – De- ness to generate a profit.
preciation  Carbon Tax: It is an environmental tax imposed on
 NNP: Net National Product: NNP = GNP – Depre- products that use carbon-based materials and cause
ciation greenhouse pollution.
 Depreciation: A decrease in the value of an asset  Inflation: The rate at which the prices of goods and
over time due to wear and tear. services rise in a country. Thus, it causes a fall in the
purchasing power of the currency.
 Monetary Policy: Process by which the central bank
in a country controls the supply of money. In India,  Depression: It is a prolonged and severe downturn
the central bank is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). in the economic activity of a country. It is more se-
 REPO rate: Re Purchase Option (REPO): Rate at vere than a recession.
which the RBI gives loans to other banks.  FDI: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): It is an in-
vestment made by a company or an individual in one
 Reverse REPO rate: Rate at which the RBI borrows
country in business interests in another country.
from other banks. It is lower than the REPO rate.
 Free Trade Agreement: It is an agreement between
 CRR: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The percentage
two or more countries that eliminates trade tariffs be-
of liquid cash every bank has to keep with the RBI.
tween the countries and also tries to reduce non-trade
It is a percentage of their deposits.
barriers to trade between the countries.
 SLR: Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The per-
centage of liquid cash reserves every bank has to  Progressive Tax: A country’s tax rates are said to be
progressive when the tax rates increase as the taxable
keep with themselves.
amounts increase.
 MSF: Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): The rate
 Tariff: It is the tax imposed on imported goods and
at which banks can borrow overnight funds from
services. So, tariffs make imported goods costlier.
RBI against the approved government securities.
Here, the borrowing limit is 2% of the banks’ Net  SEZ: Special Economic Zone (SEZ): It is a zone or
Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL). an area in a country where there are separate business
 Bank Rate: Higher rate (than the REPO rate) at and trade laws as compared to the rest of the country.
They are created to increase trade and investment
which the RBI gives loans to other banks. A higher
and to create employment opportunities.
bank rate would mean higher lending rates by banks.

196 INDIAN ECONOMY

 b) Total value of goods and services produced in a
country.
1. What does GDP stand for? c) Difference between a country’s imports and ex-
a) Gross Domestic Production ports.
b) Gross Domestic Profit d) Difference between a country’s total expenditure
and total receipts.
c) Gross Domestic Product
d) General Domestic Product 8. What is the term for a prolonged and severe
downturn in economic activity?
2. What is the formula for NDP (Net Domestic
a) Recession b) Inflation
Product)?
c) Depression d) Expansion
a) NDP = GDP + Depreciation
b) NDP = GDP - Depreciation 9. What is the main goal of a Carbon Tax?
c) NDP = GNP + Depreciation a) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
d) NDP = GNP - Depreciation b) Increase consumer prices.
c) Subsidize carbon-based industries.
3. Which of the following statements about REPO
rate is true? d) Promote carbon-intensive production.

a) It is the rate at which banks borrow from the cen- 10. What is the difference between GNP and GDP?
tral bank. a) GNP includes foreign production; GDP does not.
b) It is always higher than the Reverse REPO rate. b) GDP includes foreign production; GNP does not.
c) It is set by commercial banks. c) They are the same thing.
d) It determines the cash reserve ratio. d) GNP includes government spending; GDP does
4. What does CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio) refer to? not.

a) Percentage of liquid cash banks keep with them- 11. Which policy adjusts tax rates and spending
selves. levels to influence the economy?
b) Percentage of deposits banks keep with the RBI. a) Fiscal Policy b) Monetary Policy
c) Rate at which banks borrow from RBI. c) Trade Policy d) Development Policy
d) Rate at which RBI borrows from banks.
12. What is the purpose of SEZs (Special Economic
5. Which ratio measures a bank’s capital against Zones)?
its risk-weighted assets? a) Increase government control over businesses.
a) CRR b) SLR b) Promote economic development and employ-
c) MSF d) CRAR ment.
c) Limit foreign investments.
6. What is the primary purpose of a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA)? d) Increase import tariffs.
a) Increase tariffs between countries. 13. What does NNP (Net National Product) repre-
b) Increase non-trade barriers. sent?
c) Reduce trade barriers. a) Total value of goods and services produced by
d) Restrict foreign investments. residents of a country.
b) Total value of goods and services produced with-
7. What does BOT (Balance of Trade) measure? in the borders of a country.
a) Total value of payments into and out of a coun- c) Total value of goods and services exported by a
try. country.

INDIAN ECONOMY 197

 d) Total value of goods and services imported by a 15. What is the term for a tax system where tax rates
country. increase as taxable amounts increase?
a) Progressive Tax b) Regressive Tax
14. Which rate is used by banks to borrow overnight
funds from RBI against government securities? c) Proportional Tax d) Flat Tax
a) REPO rate b) Reverse REPO rate Answers
c) Bank Rate d) MSF
1 c 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 d
6 c 7 c 8 c 9 a 10 a
11 a 12 b 13 a 14 d 15 a

Sr. No Name of the Bank Year of Headquarters

Establishment
1 State Bank of India (SBI) 1955 Mumbai, Maharashtra
2 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 1935 Mumbai, Maharashtra
3 Punjab National Bank (PNB) 1894 New Delhi
4 ICICI Bank 1994 Mumbai, Maharashtra
5 HDFC Bank 1994 Mumbai, Maharashtra
6 Axis Bank 1993 Mumbai, Maharashtra
7 Bank of Baroda 1908 Vadodara, Gujarat
8 Canara Bank 1906 Bengaluru, Karnataka
9 Union Bank of India 1919 Mumbai, Maharashtra
10 Bank of India 1906 Mumbai, Maharashtra
11 IDBI Bank 1964 Mumbai, Maharashtra
12 Kotak Mahindra Bank 2003 Mumbai, Maharashtra
13 IndusInd Bank 1994 Pune, Maharashtra
14 Yes Bank 2004 Mumbai, Maharashtra
15 Central Bank of India 1911 Mumbai, Maharashtra
16 Dena Bank 1938 Mumbai, Maharashtra
17 Indian Bank 1907 Chennai, Tamil Nadu
18 Syndicate Bank 1925 Manipal, Karnataka
19 Oriental Bank of Commerce 1943 Gurugram, Haryana
20 Vijaya Bank 1931 Bengaluru, Karnataka
21 Bank of Maharashtra 1935 Pune, Maharashtra

198 INDIAN ECONOMY

  First Major Victory: At the age of 16, in 1645,
7.1 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Shivaji captured the Torna Fort, marking the begin-
ning of his military exploits. This was followed by
the capture of several other forts in the region, in-
cluding Rajgad, Kondana (later renamed Sinhagad),
and Purandar.
 Conflict with the Adil Shahi Sultanate: Shivaji’s
growing power brought him into conflict with the Bi-
japur Sultanate. In 1659, he famously defeated Afzal
Khan, a formidable Bijapur general, in a dramatic
encounter at Pratapgad Fort.
 Rise to Power: By the 1660s, Shivaji had established
control over a significant portion of the western Dec-
can, laying the foundation for the Maratha Empire.
His administration was known for its efficiency and
justice, and he implemented policies to ensure the
welfare of his subjects.
 Siege of Purandar: In 1665, faced with a powerful
Mughal army led by Raja Jai Singh I, Shivaji agreed
to the Treaty of Purandar, ceding some forts to the
Mughals and agreeing to serve as a vassal. However,
he soon rebelled against Mughal authority.
 The founder of the Maratha Empire in western India,
 Escape from Agra: In 1666, Shivaji was invited to
was a legendary warrior king known for his valour,
Agra by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb but was
strategic acumen, and administrative skills. His life
placed under house arrest. Shivaji managed a daring
is a remarkable tale of courage, resilience, and lead-
escape by disguising himself and his son, escaping
ership.
hidden in baskets of sweets.
 Birth: Shivaji Maharaj was born on February 19,
 Rebuilding the Kingdom: After his escape, Shivaji
1630, in the hill fort of Shivneri, near Junnar in Pune
focused on rebuilding and expanding his kingdom.
district. He was named after the local deity, Shivai
He recaptured several forts and strengthened his
Devi.
navy to protect the western coast from foreign inva-
 Parents: His father was Shahaji Bhosale, a Maratha sions and pirate attacks.
general who served the Deccan Sultanates, and his
 Coronation: On June 6, 1674, Shivaji Maharaj was
mother was Jijabai, a devout and influential figure in
formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (emperor) of
his early life. Jijabai’s teachings and stories of val-
the Maratha Kingdom at Raigad Fort. This corona-
our inspired young Shivaji.
tion marked the establishment of the Maratha Em-
 Education: Shivaji was trained in martial arts, horse pire as a sovereign state.
riding, and warfare tactics from a young age. He also
 Administration: Shivaji’s administration was based
received a sound education in administration and
on a well-organized system of governance. He im-
statecraft, which later helped him in establishing and
plemented a centralized government with a council
expanding his kingdom.
of ministers (Ashta Pradhan) to assist in the admin-
istration. He also promoted trade, agriculture, and
HISTORY IN BRIEF 199
 welfare projects.  Date: June 23, 1757
 Military Strategies: Shivaji Maharaj was known for  Location: Plassey, near the Bhagirathi River in West
his innovative military tactics, including guerrilla Bengal, India
warfare, which allowed him to effectively combat  Combatants: British East India Company vs. Nawab
larger and better-equipped enemies. His navy played of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah
a crucial role in defending the western coast.
 British Commander: Robert Clive
 Death: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj passed away on
 Nawab’s Commander: Siraj-ud-Daulah
April 3, 1680, at the age of 50, at Raigad Fort. His
death marked the end of an era, but his legacy lived  Alliance: Nawab allied with French forces; key
defectors from Nawab’s side, including Mir Jafar
on through his successors and the Maratha Empire,
which continued to challenge Mughal dominance in  British Forces: Approximately 3,000 troops,
India. including British and Indian sepoys
 Ashtapradhan Mandal of Chhatrapati Shivaji  Nawab’s Forces: Estimated 50,000 troops, including
Maharaj infantry, cavalry, and artillery
S.N Designation Names  Outcome: Decisive victory for the British East India
Company
1 Peshwa (Prime Moropant Trimbak
Minister) Pingle  Casualties:
2 Amatya (Finance Ramchandra Pant British: Minimal losses
Minister) Amatya Nawab’s
 Forces: Heavy losses
3 Sachiv (Secretary) Annaji Datto  Key Factors:
4 Mantri (Minister Ramchandra Defection of
 Mir Jafar, a commander under Siraj-
of Intelligence and Neelkanth Mujumdar ud-Daulah
Records)
Strategic
 use of resources and intelligence by
5 Senapati Hambirrao Mohite Robert Clive
(Commander-in- Heavy rainfall that rendered the Nawab’s cannons

Chief) ineffective
6 Sumant (Foreign Dattaji Trimbak
 Aftermath:
Minister) Waknis
Establishment of
 British control over Bengal
7 Nyayadhish (Chief Niraji Ravaji
Justice) Appointment
 of Mir Jafar as the new Nawab of
Bengal
8 Panditrao Raghunath Pandit
(Ecclesiastical Head) Significant expansion of British influence in India

Beginning
 of British colonial rule in India

7.2 Battle of Plassey

7.3 Battle of Buxar

200 HISTORY IN BRIEF

 Date: October 22, 1764
7.4 Battles of Panipat
 Location: Buxar, on the banks of the Ganges River,
Bihar, India
 Combatants: British East India Company vs. com-
bined forces of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II,
Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, and Nawab of Awadh
Shuja-ud-Daula
 British Commander: Major Hector Munro
 Allied Commanders:
Shah Alam II
Mir Qasim
Shuja-ud-Daula

 British Forces: Approximately 7,000 troops 7.4.1 First Battle of Panipat
 Allied Forces: Estimated 40,000 troops  Date: April 21, 1526
 Outcome: Decisive victory for the British East India  Location: Panipat, Haryana, India
Company  Combatants: Babur vs. Ibrahim Lodi
 Casualties:  Babur’s Forces: Approximately 15,000 troops with
British: Relatively low artillery
Allied
 Forces: High, with significant losses  Ibrahim Lodi’s Forces: Approximately 100,000
 Key Factors: troops and 1,000 war elephants
Superior
 training and discipline of British troops  Outcome: Decisive victory for Babur
Internal
 disunity and lack of coordination among  Key Factors:
the allied forces Effective use of
 artillery by Babur
Strategic
 leadership of Major Hector Munro Tactical
 expertise of Babur’s forces
 Aftermath:  Aftermath:
Consolidation
 of British power in Bengal, Bihar, Establishment of
 the Mughal Empire in India
and parts of Odisha 7.4.2 Second Battle of Panipat
Treaty
 of Allahabad (1765), which granted the
 Date: November 5, 1556
British East India Company the Diwani rights
(revenue collection) in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha  Location: Panipat, Haryana, India
Weakening
 of the Mughal Empire and its allies  Combatants: Akbar (under the regency of Bairam
Khan) vs. Hemu (Hindu king of North India)
Strengthening
 of British political and economic
control in India  Akbar’s Forces: Approximately 20,000 troops
 Hemu’s Forces: Approximately 30,000 troops with
1,500 war elephants
 Outcome: Decisive victory for Akbar
 Key Factors:
Hemu
 was struck in the eye by an arrow and cap-
tured
Leadership
 of Bairam Khan
 Aftermath:
Reestablishment
 of Mughal rule in North India

HISTORY IN BRIEF 201

 Sr. State Districts Adjacent districts
8.1 Location and Extent of Maharashtra
No.
1 Gujarat 4 Palghar, Nashik,
 Maharashtra is a state located in the western part of Dhule, Nandurbar
India. It connects the southern and northern parts of 2 Madhya 8 Nandurbar, Dhule,
India. Pradesh Jalgaon, Buldhana,
Location Amravati, Nagpur,
Bhandara, Gondia
Latitude
 Extent: 15° 37' to 22° 6'
3 Chhattisgarh 2 Gondia, Gadchiroli
North
4 Telangana 4 Gadchiroli,
Longitude
 Extent: 72° 36' to 80°
Chandrapur,
54' East
Yavatmal, Nanded
Extent
5 Karnataka 7 Nanded, Latur,
East-West
 Length: Approximately 800 km Osmanabad,
North-South Width: Approximately
 700 km Solapur, Sangli,
Area Kolhapur,
Sindhudurg
The
 total geographic area of Maharashtra is 6 Goa 1 Sindhudurg
3,07,713 square kilometers.
 In Maharashtra, the districts that share borders with
It
 covers about 9.36% (or 1/10) of the total area two adjacent states are
of India.
Palghar: Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli (DNH).

Dimensions
Nandurbar: Gujarat,
 Madhya Pradesh.
East-West
 Length: 860 km Dhule: Gujarat,
 Madhya Pradesh.
North-South Width: 730
 km Gondia: Madhya
 Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.
8.2 Political boundaries of Maharashtra Gadchiroli: Chhattisgarh, Telangana.

Nanded: Telangana,
 Karnataka.
 Northwest: Gujarat and Dadra and Nagar Haveli Sindhudurg:
 Karnataka, Goa.
(now merged with Daman and Diu).  In Maharashtra, a total of 7 districts shares borders
 North: Madhya Pradesh. with two adjacent states.
 Northeast: Chhattisgarh.  Maharashtra’s natural boundaries are
 East: Chhattisgarh. North: Satpura Range, Gavilgad Hills.
Northeast: Darkesa Hills.
 Southeast: Telangana.
East: Chiroli Hills, Surjagad Hills, Bhamragad
 South: Karnataka. Hills.
 West: Arabian Sea. Southeast: Indravati River.
 Southwest: Goa. South: Chikodi Hills, Hiranyakeshi River.
 Maharashtra has the longest border with Madhya Southwest: Terekhol River.
Pradesh and the shortest border with Goa. West: Arabian Sea.
Northwest:
 Narmada River, Toranmal.

226 GEOGRAPHY IN BRIEF

 Maharashtra has a coastline of approximately 720 3. Nashik Division
kilometers.  Area: 57, 493 sq km
Division Districts  Percentage of Maharashtra’s total area: 18.69%
Amravati Akola, Amravati, Buldhana, Washim,  Total districts: 5
division Yavatmal
 Total talukas: 54
Konkan Mumbai, Mumbai Suburban, Palghar,
 Municipal Corporations: 5
division Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane
 Districts by area (largest to smallest): Ahmednagar,
Aurangab- Beed, Aurangabad, Osmanabad, Hin- Nashik, Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar.
ad goli, Jalna, Latur, Nanded, Parbhani
 Largest district by area: Ahmednagar (17048 sq km)
division
 Smallest district by area: Nandurbar (5955 sq km)
Nagpur Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli,
4. Aurangabad Division
division Gondia, Nagpur, Wardha
Nashik Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Nandur-  Area: 64,813 sq km
division bar, Nashik  Percentage of Maharashtra’s total area: 21.06%
Pune Kolhapur, Pune, Sangli, Satara,  Total districts: 8
division Solapur  Total talukas: 76
 Municipal Corporations: 4
Maharashtra’s administrative divisions  Districts by area (largest to smallest): Beed, Nand-
8.3
ed, Aurangabad, Jalna, Dharashiv, Latur, Parbhani,
Hingoli.
1. Konkan Division
 Largest district by area: Beed (10,693 sq km)
 Area: 30,728 sq km  Smallest district by area: Hingoli (4827 sq km)
 Percentage of Maharashtra's total area: 9.98% 5. Amaravati Division
 Total districts: 7
 Area: 46,027 sq km
 Total talukas: 50
 Percentage of Maharashtra’s total area: 14.95%
 Municipal Corporations: 9
 Total districts: 5
 Districts by area (largest to smallest): Ratnagiri,
 Total talukas: 56
Raigad, Palghar, Sindhudurg, Thane, Mumbai
Suburban, Mumbai City.  Municipal Corporations: 2
 Largest district by area: Ratnagiri (8,208 sq km)  Districts by area (largest to smallest): Yavatmal, Am-
ravati, Buldhana, Akola, Vashim.
 Smallest district by area: Mumbai City (157 sq km)
 Largest district by area: Yavatmal (13,582 sq km)
2 . Pune Division
 Smallest district by area: Vashim (4898 sq km)
 Area: 57,275 sq km
6. Nagpur Division
 Percentage of Maharashtra’s total area: 18.62%
 Area: 51,377 sq km
 Total districts: 5
 Percentage of Maharashtra’s total area: 16.70%
 Total talukas: 58
 Total districts: 6
 Municipal Corporations: 5
 Total talukas: 64
 Districts by area (largest to smallest): Pune, Solapur,
Satara, Sangali, Kolhapur.  Districts by area (largest to smallest): Gadchiroli,
Chandrapur, Nagpur, Wardha, Gondia, Bhandara.
 Largest district by area: Pune (15,843 sq km)
 Largest district by area: Gadchiroli (14,412 sq km)
 Smallest district by area: Kolhapur (7685 sq km)
 Smallest district by area: Bhandara (4087 sq km)

GEOGRAPHY IN BRIEF 227

 9.1 New Appointment

SN Person Appointed As
1 Jay Shah (currently Secretary of the Chairman of the International Cricket Council
BCCI)
2 Air Marshal Amarpreet Singh Chief of the Indian Air Force
3 B.Srinivasan Director General of National Security Guard (NSG)
4 Satish Kumar Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Indian Rail-
way Board
5 Randhir Singh President of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
6 Dr. Avinash Avalgaonkar First vice chancellor of Marathi Language University
7 Amit Shah Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Official
Languages
8 Anurag Garg Director General of Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
9 Sanjay Shirsat Chairman of City and Industrial Development Corpo-
ration (CIDCO).
10 Hemant Patil Chairman of Balasaheb Thackeray Turmeric Research
and Training Center, Hingoli
11 Anandrao Adsul Chairman of Maharashtra State Commission for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
12 Bharat Gogavale Chairman of Maharashtra State Road Transport Cor-
poration (ST).
13 Om Birla (BJP leader & Member of Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha
Parliament from Kota Constituency)
14 Bhartruhari Mahtab (BJP leader & Pro-tem Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha
Member of Parliament from Cuttack
Constituency)
15 C. P. Radhakrishnan 24th Governor of Maharashtra
(Former President of Tamil Nadu
BJP and former MP of Lok Sabha
from Coimbatore Constituency)
16 Haribhau Bagde 45th Governor of Rajasthan
(Former Speaker of Maharashtra
State Legislative Assembly and BJP
MLA)
17 Rahul Gandhi Leader of the Opposition in the 18th Lok Sabha
(Constituency - Raebareli)
18 K.C.Venugopal (Senior Congress Chairman of the Public Account Committee.
MP)

240 CURRENT AFFAIRS

 Sham, Nubra, and Changthang Package
 of PM’s 5 schemes for Employment
 Shri Krishna Gaman Path - The states of Rajast- and Skilling
han and Madhya Pradesh announced the develop-  Prime Minister’s Package of 5 Schemes and Initia-
ment of a new religious circuit called ‘Shri Krishna tives for employment, skilling and other opportuni-
Gaman Path’. The circuit will connect Mathura, the ties for 4.1 crore youth over a 5-year period.
birthplace of Lord Krishna, to the holy city of Ujjain  Scheme A: First Timers - One month salary of up to
in Madhya Pradesh. 15,000 to be provided in 3 instalments to first-l time
 Joseph Francis Perera (Pakistani Christian has employees, as registered in the EPFO.
become the first resident of Goa to benefit from the  Scheme B: Job Creation in manufacturing - Incentive
Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). to be provided at specified scale directly, both
 The first completely paperless election in the country employee and employer, with respect to their EPFO
was held in the state of Madhya Pradesh. contribution in the first 4 years of employment.
 Jagdambika Pal (Lok Sabha MP) - Chairperson  Scheme C: Support to employers - Government to
of the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) consti- reimburse up to 3,000 per month for 2 years towards
tuted for the comprehensive discussion on the Waqf EPFO contribution of employers, for each additional
Amendment Bill. employee.
 Vrindavan Gram Yojana - A scheme launched  New centrally sponsored scheme for Skilling - 20
by the state of Madhya Pradesh to transform gram lakh youth to be skilled over a 5 year period and
panchayats into model villages with a focus on cow 1000 Industrial Training Institutes to be upgraded in
protection and rural development. hub and spoke arrangements.
 Rajasthan - The state mandated 33% reservation for  New Scheme for Internship in 500 Top Companies to
women in the police force in the state. 1 crore youth in 5 years
 September 14 - National Hindi Day 9 Budget Priorities in Pursuit of ‘Viksit Bharat’
 Productivity and Resilience in Agriculture
9.7 Economy  Employment & Skilling
 Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social
Union Budget 2024-25 Justice
 Manufacturing & Services
 The Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Af-
fairs Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union  Urban Development
Budget 2024-25 in Parliament.  Energy Security
Highlights of
 the budget  Infrastructure
Budget Estimates 2024-25
  Innovation, Research & Development and
 Total receipts other than borrowings - 32.07 lakh  Next Generation Reforms
crore. Productivity and resilience in Agriculture
 Total expenditure - 48.21 lakh crore.  Allocation of 1.52 lakh crore for agriculture and al-
 Net tax receipt - 25.83 lakh crore. lied sectors.
 Fiscal deficit - 4.9 % of GDP  New 109 high-yielding and climate-resilient varie-
 The government aims to reach a deficit below 4.5 % ties of 32 field and horticulture crops to be released
next year. for cultivation by farmers.
 Inflation continues to be low, stable and moving  1 crore farmers across the country to be initiated into
towards the 4% target; core inflation (non-food, natural farming, with certification and branding in
non-fuel) at 3.1%. next 2 years.
 The budget focuses on employment, skilling,  10,000 need-based bio-input resource centres to be
MSMEs and the middle class. established for natural farming.

272 CURRENT AFFAIRS

 Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Agriculture assistance of 2.2 lakh crore in next 5 years, under
to be implemented for coverage of farmers and their PM Awas Yojana Urban 2.0 proposed to address
lands in 3 years. the housing needs of 1 crore urban poor and mid-
Employment & Skilling dle-class families.
 As part of the Prime Minister’s package, 3 schemes  New scheme to support the development of 100
for ‘Employment Linked Incentive’ to be imple- weekly ‘haats’ or street food hubs every year for the
mented next 5 years in select cities.
1) Scheme A - First Timers Infrastructure
2) Scheme B - Job Creation in manufacturing  Infrastructure investment by the Central Government
- 11,11,111 crore (3.4 % of GDP) to be provided for
3) Scheme C - Support to employers.
capital expenditure.
 To facilitate higher participation of women in the
 Infrastructure investment by state government - Pro-
workforce.
vision of 1.5 lakh crore for long-term interest free
 working women hostels and creches to be estab-
loans to support states in infrastructure investment.
lished with industrial collaboration.
 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) -
 The limit of Mudra loans under ‘Tarun’ category to
Launch of phase IV of PMGSY to provide all-weath-
be enhanced to 20 lakh from 10 lakh for those who
er connectivity to 25,000 rural habitations.
have successfully repaid previous loans.
 Irrigation and Flood Mitigation
Inclusive Human Resource Development and
Financial
 support of 11,500 crore to projects
Social Justice
such as the Kosi-Mechi intra-state link and other
 Purvodaya schemes in Bihar.
Industrial node at Gaya to be developed along the
Government
 to provide assistance to Assam,
Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Corridor.
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim for
Power projects, including a new 2400 MW pow-
floods, landslides and other related projects.
er plant at Pirpainti, to be taken up at a cost of
 Tourism
21,400 crore.
 Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act Comprehensive
 development of Vishnupad
Special financial support through multilateral de- Temple Corridor, Mahabodhi Temple Corridor
velopment agencies of 15,000 crore in the current and Rajgir.
financial year. Assistance
 for development of temples,
Industrial
 nodes at Kopparthy along Visakhapat- monuments, craftsmanship, wildlife sanctuaries,
nam-Chennai Industrial Corridor and at Orvakal natural landscapes and pristine beaches of Odisha.
along Hyderabad-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor. Innovation, Research & Development
 Women-led development - Total allocation of more  Anusandhan National Research Fund for basic re-
than 3 lakh crore for schemes benefitting women and search and prototype development to be operation-
girls. alised.
 Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan  Financing pool of 1 lakh crore for spurring private
: Socio-economic development of tribal families in sector-driven research and innovation at commercial
tribal majority villages and aspirational districts, scale.
covering 63,000 villages benefitting 5 crore tribal  Venture capital fund of 1000 crore to be set up for
people. expanding the space economy by 5 times in the next
 Bank branches in North-Eastern Region - 100 10 years.
branches of India Post Payment Bank to be set up in Next Generation Reforms
the NorthEast region.
 Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN)
Urban Development or Bhu-Aadhaar for all lands
 Investment of 10 lakh crore, including the central  Digitization of cadastral maps

CURRENT AFFAIRS 273

 Maharashtra - First state in the country to imple-  After the USA, Russia and China, India is the 4th
ment the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS). country in the world to land a spacecraft on the moon.
 In a recent meeting of the state cabinet, it has been  India becomes first country to land a spacecraft on
decided to rename Pune (Lohgaon) International the South Pole of the Moon.
Airport as ‘Jagadguru Sant Tukaram Maharaj Inter-  Components of Mission
national Airport, Pune’
1) Vikram Lander
9.11 Space 2) Pragyan Rover
3) Propulsion Module
The names of the astronauts of the Gaganyaan  Landing sites Name
mission have been announced Chandrayaan 2
 - Tiranga Point
 In the presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Chandrayaan 3
 - Shiva Shakti Point
in Thiruvananthapuram, the names of 4 astronauts Aditya L1
participating in India’s human space mission
 ISRO’s first solar mission in the form of a space lab-
‘Gaganayaan’ were announced.
oratory.
 Astronauts selected for the Gaganyaan mission  Launching Date - 2 September 2023
1) Group Captain Prashant Balakrishnan Nair  Launching Vehicle - PSLV C 57
2) Group Captain Ajit Krishnan  Launching site - Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sri-
harikota
3) Group Captain Angad Pratap
 Spacecraft
4) Wing Commander Subhanshu Shukla
Weight - 1480 kg
 3 of these 4 will be able to make actual space travel Manufactured by - UR Rao Satellite Centre,
next year. Bangalore
 The pilots completed their training for space travel  The L1 point (Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1) is a loca-
at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in tion in space where the gravitational force of the Sun
Russia. and Earth equals the centripetal force needed to keep
 After the completion of unmanned tests of the Ga- a spacecraft in orbit
ganyaan mission, 3 out of 4 astronauts from the SSLV D3
manned mission will be delivered to an orbit of 400
 SSLV - Small Satellite Launch Vehicle.
km from Earth.
 The EOS 08 (Earth Observation Satellite) was suc-
 After 3 days of experiments in orbit, the three astro-
cessfully launched into the expected orbit with the
nauts will be safely brought back to Earth
help of SSLV.
 Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla and Group Cap-
 SSLV is designed to launch lightweight satellites at
tain Prashant Nair have been officially selected for
low cost and in a short time.
the Axiom 4 International Space Mission to the In-
 SSLV is capable of launching satellites weighing be-
ternational Space Station.
tween 10 and 500 kg to an orbit of 500 km altitude.
Chandrayaan 3 Mission
Sunita Williams third time in space
 Launching Date - 14 July 2023
 Indian-origin astronaut Sunita Williams leapt
 Launching Vehicle - LVM3 M4 (Launch Vehicle towards the International Space Station with
Mark)
Boeing’s Starliner.
 Launching site - Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sri-  The spacecraft was launched on June 5, 2024 from
harikota
the Cape Canaveral Space Force space station in
 Soft landing - 23 August 2023 Florida, USA.
 Therefore, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has de-  With this launch, Boeing has become the second
clared 23rd August as ‘National Space Day’ private company to go to the International Space

300 CURRENT AFFAIRS

 between ISRO (India) and CNES (French Space
Agency) 9.12 Defence
 Countries that signed the US initiated Artemis Treaty
41st
 - Sweden 25th Kargil Vijay Day
42nd
 - Slovenia
 26 July 2024 marks 25 years since the victory of the
43rd - Armenia
 Kargil War.
 PraVaHa (Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace  26th July is celebrated as ‘Kargil Vijay Day’.
Vehicle Aero-thermodynamic Analysis) - Software
 The war was fought between 3 May 1999 and 26
developed by ISRO for Aerodynamic Design and
July 1999.
Analysis.
 At that time the Prime Minister of India was Atal Bi-
 Oleg Kononenko (Russian cosmonaut) - First
hari Vajpayee.
person in the world to spend a total of 1000 days in
INS Arighaat
space.
 ‘Nakshatra Sabha’ - The country’s first astro tour-  Recently, INS Arighaat, Indian Navy’s second Nu-
ism initiative launched at Mussoorie in Uttarakhand clear Submarine, was commissioned into the Indian
to promote astro tourism. Navy.
 NASA plans to build the first railway system on the  It is an upgraded variant of the Arihant-class subma-
Moon. Name of Railway System is FLOAT (Flexible rine.
Levitation on a Track)  It is the second nuclear-powered ballistic missile
 Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) - submarine made by India under the Advanced Tech-
planned joint lunar mission between the ISRO and nology Vessel (ATV) project to build nuclear subma-
the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) rines at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam.
to explore the south polar region of the Moon.  It has the code name S3.
 Asteroid named after Indian scientist - The Successful test of Agni Prime Missile
International Astronomical Union (IAU) has
 Testing Date - 3 April 2024
honoured Professor Jayant Murthy by naming an
asteroid (215884) ‘JayantMurthy’ after him in  Venue - APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Balasore (Odisha)
recognition of his contribution to astrophysics.  Test conducted by - Defence Research and
 Award announced for ISRO’s Chandrayaan 3 mission Development Organization (DRDO)
- John L. Jack Swigert Jr. Space Exploration Award Agni Prime
 Aviation Week Laureates - Award received by  An indigenously developed surface-to-surface inter-
ISRO for the success of Chandrayaan 3 mission. continental ballistic missile.
 SAKHI (Space-borne Assistant and Knowledge  It is a new generation ballistic missile.
Hub for Crew Interaction) - A multipurpose app  Range - 1000 to 2000 km.
developed by Vikram Sarabhai Space Center to as- Mission Divyastra
sist astronauts during the Gaganyaan space flight.
 On March 11, 2024, the latest technology of Multiple
 Ujjain - First IIT Satellite Campus in the country
Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV)
(Construction - IIT Indore)
mounted on Agni 5 intercontinental ballistic missile
 Chamran-1 : Iran has successfully launched its re- was successfully test fired.
search satellite, Chamran-1 into space.
 This test was named ‘Mission Divyastra’
 Tanager-1 : National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
 After the USA, Russia, Britain, France and China,
istration (NASA) launched the Tanager-1 satellite to
India has become the 6th country in the world to test
detect major emitters of carbon dioxide and methane.
this technology.
 Agni 5 missile successfully launched from Dr APJ
Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha.
CURRENT AFFAIRS 303
 LOGICAL
REASONING
Basic Concepts of sitting arrangements Who
 is third left of D?
 Sitting arrangement is a plan that shows where peo- Ans: A
ple sit.
P, Q, R and T are facing south in same order:
 There are three types of sitting arrangements:
1. Linear arrangement
2. Circular arrangement
3. Rectangular arrangement
Linear arrangement:
 Important points student should know while solving
problems: Who
 is second left of P?
A,
 B, C, D, E and F are facing north in same or- Ans: R
der:
Who
 is immediate right of S?
Ans: R.

Circular Arrangement:
A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting around circle facing

centre in the anticlockwise order:

Who
 is neighbour of B?
Ans: A and C

Who
 is neighbour of A?
Ans: B

Who
 is right side neighbour of D?
Ans: E
A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting around circle but
Who
 is immediate right of C? facing out of the center in anticlockwise order:
Ans: D

Who
 is second left of C?
Ans: A

Extreme members of
 line:
Ans: A and F

Who
 is immediate left of D?
Ans: E

SITTING ARRANGEMENT 355

 Who
 is immediate left of A? their original sitting position?
Ans: For case I: F & For case II: B a) one b) two c) three d) four

Who
 is fourth right of D? 6. What is the position of X with respect to T?
Ans: For case I: B & For case II: F a) Second to the left b) Third to the right
c) Second to the right d) Immediate right
Who
 is third left of E?
Ans: For case I: B & For case II: B 7. How many people are sitting between V and Y?
a) one b) two c) three d) four
Questions on Arrangements
(Q.1 to Q.4) A, B, C, D, E, F & G are sing in a 8. Which of the pairs of represents the people sit-
straight-line facing North, Not necessarily in ting at the extreme ends of line?
the same order. a) TV b) UT c) WV d) WT
 B sits fourth to the right of A.
9. Four of the following five are alike in a certain
 C is at the extreme le end of the line. There are five way based on their sitting positions in the above
persons between C & G. arrangement and so form a group. Which one
 F sits third to the le of G. does not belong to that group?
 D is not an immediate neighbor of B. a) VT b) YW c) UX d) YU e) XT

1. How many persons sit between A & E? (Q.10 to Q.13) Seven friends P, Q, R, S, T, U and
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 V, are sing in a straight-line facing north, not
necessarily in the same order. T sits fourth to
2. Which of the following represents the person the left of V. Neither T nor V sits at the extreme
sitting exactly in the middle of line? ends. P sits third to the right of S. R sits fourth
a) D b) F c) E d) A to the le of U. R does not sit at one of the ex-
treme ends.
3. Four of the following five are alike in a certain
way based on their sitting positions in the above 10. Four of the following five are alike in a certain
arrangements & so form a group. Which pair way based on their sitting positions in the above
does not belong to that group? arrangement and so form a group. Which is the
a) AD b) EB c) BG one that does not belong to that group?
d) CA e) AF (a) PR (b) VQ
(c) UV (d) QP (e) ST
4. What is position of D with respect to E?
a) Second to right b) Second to the left 11. What is Q’s position with respect to T?
c) Immediate to right d) Immediate to left a) Second to the right b) Third to the left
c) Second to the left d) Third to the right
(Q.5 to Q.9) T, U, V, W, X and Y are sing in a straight-
line facing North, not necessarily in the same 12. Who sits exactly in the middle of the row?
order. (a) Q (b) V (c) R (d) P
 T is sing fourth to the le of Y and Y is not sing at the
extreme end of the line. 13. Which of the following represents the friends
sit-ng at the extreme ends of the line?
 W is sitting third to the right of X.
(a) Q, P (b) S, R (c) P, U (d) S, U
 U is not an immediate neighbors of T.
(e) None of these
5. If all the persons are made to sit in alphabeti-
cal order from le to right, then positions of how
many will remain unchanged as compared to
356 SITTING ARRANGEMENT
(Q.14 to Q.18) C, D, F, I, K, L and N are sitting in a direction.
straight-line facing North but not necessarily in  C sits third to the left of F.
the same order.
 B faces the opposite direction of A.
 D sits third to the right of K. N sits second to the
 G does not sit at any of the extreme ends of the line.
right of D.
 D faces the same direction as E.
 L and F are immediate neighbors of each other. L is
not an immediate neighbor of K.  Both G and C face the opposite direction of H.

 Only one person sits between I and C. 19. How many persons in the given arrangement
 I is not an immediate neighbor of D. are facing south?
a) Two b) Three c) One d) Four
14. Four of the following five are alike in a certain
way based on their sitting position in the above 20. Four of the following five are alike in a certain
arrangement and so form a group. Which is the way, and so form a group. Which of the follow-
one that does not belong to that group? ing does not belong to the group?
(a) DN (b) KL (c) FD (d) LN (e) CI (a) D,B b) F,E c) G,A d) C,H e) E,A

15. How many persons sit between F and C? 21. What is the position of F with respect of H?
a) None b) One c) Two d) Three a) Second to the right b) Second to the le

16. Which of the following pairs sits at the extreme c) Third to the right d) Immediate right
corners of the line? e) Immediate left
a) F, N b) I, K c) N, D d) K, F e) I, N 22. Who is sing second to the right of B?
17. What is the position of K with respect to L? a) F b) E c) D d) H e) A
a) Second to the left b) Third to the right 23. Who among the following sits exactly between
c) Immediate right d)Fourth to the le H and E?
e) Immediate left a) B b) G c) C d) F e) H

18. If all the persons are made to sit in alphabeti- (Q.24 to Q.27) Ten persons A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I
cal order from right to left, the positions of how and J are sitting in two rows with five persons
many will remain unchanged as compared to in each row in such way that one person in the
the original sitting positions? first row sits exactly opposite & facing a person
(a) None b) One c) Two d) Thee e) Four in the second row. Members of first row are fac-
ing north.
(Q.19 to Q.23) A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting
 B sits in the first row to the immediate right of H who
in a straight line equidistant from each other,
sits exactly opposite of D.
but not necessarily in the same order. (Some
of them are facing south while some are facing  C is at the extreme end of the second row & is second
north). to the le of D.

 A faces north  A is to the immediate right of D & exactly opposite

to F.
 Only two persons sit to the right of A.
 G sits exactly opposite to E who is at one of the ends
 B sits third to the left of A. Only one person sits be-
of the second row.
tween B and F.
 J does not sit at extreme end.
 F sits on the immediate right of E.
 Only one person sits between E and H. 24. Which of the following pairs of persons are sing
 Both the immediate neighbours of B face the same at the extreme ends of the first row?
a) EA b) EI c) GI d) EC

SITTING ARRANGEMENT 357

  (Q.5 to Q.9) Sitting arrangement of T, U, V, W, X
26 a 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 d
and Y is shown in figure below:
31 b 32 d 33 a 34 b 35 b
36 d 37 d 38 d 39 e 40 a
41 d 42 b 43 c 44 c 45 b
46 a 47 b 48 b 49 b 50 a
51 b 52 b 53 c 54 d 55 c
56 a 57 d 58 b 59 e 60 d
5. (a) one
61 a 62 b 63 b 64 b 65 e
 If we consider alphabetical order (which is T, U, V,
66 c 67 a 68 a 69 d 70 b
W, X and Y) only position of T will be unaltered.
71 b 72 b 73 b 74 b 75 a
76 d 77 d 78 c 79 c 80 b 6. (c) second to the right
81 c 82 d 83 a 84 c 85 b  Position of the x is second to the right as shown in
figure.
86 c 87 b 88 c 89 c 90 d
91 c 92 d 93 a 94 b 95 e 7. (b) two
96 d 97 d  There are two persons, X and U are sitting between
Explanations V and Y as shown.

(Q.1 to Q.4) Sitting arrangement of A, B, C, D, 8. (d) WT

E, F and G is shown below which is discussed in  W is on extreme right end and T is on extreme left
the question. end.
1. (b) 2
9. (e) XT
 All other option are neighbours of each other but X
and T are not the same.

(Q.10 to Q.13) Correct sitting order of P, Q, R, S,

T, U and V is shown in figure below:
 From above it is clear that there are two persons D
and F are between A and E.

2. (b) E
 F is the person sitting exactly in the middle of the
line.

3. (e) AF 10. (e) ST

 Out of given five options, from option (a) to (d) the  Other options show the reverse order of their neigh-
pair formed does not contain the person in between. bours while S and T follow the order as shown in the
In the option (e) A and F contain the person D. figure.

4. (a) second to right 11. (d) third to the right

 Position of the D with respect to E is second to right.  As shown in the figure Q’s position with respect to T
is third to the right.

12. (d) P
 P is exactly in the middle of given sitting arrange-
ment.
364 SITTING ARRANGEMENT
13. (d) S, U 21. (c) third to the right
 S and U sit at the extreme positions.  As shown in the figure it is clear that position of F
with respect to H is third to the right.
(Q.14 to Q.18) Sitting arrangement of seven
persons C, D, E, F, I, K, L and N is shown in the 22. (c) D
 D is sitting second to the right of B. Here B is Facing
due south.

23. (a) B
 B is sitting in between H and E.

figure below: (Q.24 to Q.27) Sitting arrangement of given ten

persons in two rows, facing opposite to each other
14. (d) LN
is shown in the figure below.
 In all other options there is one person in between but
in case of L and N there are two persons in between.

15. (c) two

 There are two persons i.e. L and D in between F and
C.

16. (b) I K
 I and K sit at the extreme ends.
24. (c) GI
17. (a) second to the left  From figure it is clear that G and I are sitting at the
 K sits second to the left of L as shown in the figure. extreme positions of the first row.

18. (a) none 25. (d) J

 Alphabetical order from right to left is N, L, K, I, F,  From figure, J sits third to the left of E.
D and C. But from figure and alphabetical order from
right to left, none of the sitting position matches. 26. (a) ED
 A sits between E and D.
(Q.19 to Q.23) Sitting arrangement of A, B, C, D,
E, F, G and H is shown in the figure below: 27. (b) J
 J is facing opposite to B as shown in the figure.

(Q.28 to Q.31) Sitting arrangement for given ten

persons in two rows facing opposite to each other
is shown in the figure below:

19. (d) four

 There are four persons who are facing south are B,
F, G, and C.

20. (e) EA
 Persons in the other options are facing in opposite di-
rections while E and A are facing in same directions
28. (b) 2
i.e. due north.
 From the above figure it is clear that two persons i.e.
P and S sitting between Q and T.

SITTING ARRANGEMENT 365

Type-1: Questions on Floors only one person lives between the floors of M and
(Q.1 to Q.3) K, L, M, N, O and P live on different N. M lives above N. only one person lives between
floors in the same building having its six floors the floors of K and L. L lives on any floor below
numbered one to six (group floor is numbered the floor of M.
one). L lives on an even numbered floor. Only 6) Who lives on 6th floor
two people live between the floors on which L and a) I b) O c) J d) P
P live. N lives on a floor immediately above the
floor on which M lives. N does not live on an odd 7) Who lives on 3rd floor
numbered floor. K does not live on a floor which a) I b) O c) J d) K
is immediately above or immediately below the
floor on which O lives. K does not live on the low- (Q.8 to Q.9) Eight friends J, K, L, M, N, O, P and
ermost floor i.e. floor number one. Q live on eight different floors of building but not
necessarily in the same order. The lowermost floor
1) Who lives between third and fifth floor?
of the building is numbered one, the one above that
a) L b) M c) N d) P
is numbered two and so on till the topmost floor is
2) Who lives on the second floor? numbered eight. J lives on floor numbered 4. Only
one person lives between J and L. O lives on the
a) O b) L c) M d) N
floor immediately below L. Only one person lives
3) Who lives on the Top Floor? between O and P. P lives above O. O lives on floor
numbered 5. Only one person lives between K and
a) M b) N c) O d) K
N, M lives on an event numbered floor but does
(Q.4 to Q.5) U, V, W, X, Y and Z live on different not live on floor numbered 8. K lives below Q’s
floors in the same building having its six floors floor.
numbered one to six (group floor is numbered 8) Who lives on 6th floor
one). No one lives between W and Z. there are two a) K b) O c) J d) L
floors between the floors on which U and X live.
U lives on floor above the floor on which X lives. 9) Who lives on 3rd floor
Y lives on odd numbered floor. V does not live on a) K b) N c) J d) K or N
a floor immediately above or below Y’s floor.
4) Who live on 4th Floor (Q.10 to Q.11) Nine Teachers P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W and X live on separate floors of a nine-sto-
a) W b) U c) Z d) W or Z
rey building, ground floor is numbered first floor
5) Who lives on Bottom floor and so on. These teachers teach different subjects
namely Computer, Economics, Commerce, Ac-
a) X b) Y c) Z d) none
counts, Biology, English, Physics, Arts and Music
(Q.6 to Q.7) A building has 8 floors numbered but not necessarily in the same order. Only five
1 to 8 in such a manner that the ground floor is teachers live above the floor on which P lives.
numbered 1, the floor above it, numbered 2 and so Only one teacher lives between P and the one who
on such that the topmost floor is numbered 8. one teaches English. U lives immediately below the
of the eight persons I, J, K, L, M, N, O and P lives one who teaches Economics. The one who teaches
on each floor.K lives on third numbered floor. only Economics lives on an even numbered floor. Only
two persons live between the floors of K and O. P three teachers live between the one who teaches
lives on the floor immediately above the floor of J. English and the one who teaches Commerce. T

374 PUZZLES
 lives immediately above R. T does not teach Com- Explanation
merce. Only two teachers live between Q and the  Note: We are going to consider ground as first floor.
who teaches Biology. The one who teaches bi-
(Q.1 to Q.3) Data given in the question can be rep-
ology lives below the floor on which Q lives. W
resented in the following form as shown:
teaches Arts and lives on floor no.8. the one who
teaches computer does not live immediately above Floors Persons
or below Q. S does not live immediately above or 6 K
below P. X teaches music and live immediately 5 P
above W. V does not teaches account. 4 N
10) Who lives on 6th floor 3 M
a) X b) W c) J d) Q 2 L
1 O
11) Who lives on 3rd floor 1) (c) N
a) R b) O c) P d) U  N lives between third and fifth floor.
(Q.12 to Q.13) Seven people Rahul, Ram, Ravi, 2) (b) L
Rabi, Rubina, Ravit & Rasul live on separate
 From figure, we can conclude that L lives on second
floors of seven-storey building. Each on of this is
floor.
travelling to a different city India, Iceland, Iran,
Iraq, Ireland, Italy and Israel. Only three people 3) (d) K
live above the floor on which Rahul lives. only one  On the top floor i.e. on the sixth floor K lives.
person lives between Rahul & the one travelling
to Italy. Ravit lives immediately below the one (Q.4 to Q.5) From the data given in the question,
travelling to Iceland. the one travelling to Iceland we can represent the persons living on different
lives on an even numbered floor. Only three peo- floors as shown below:
ple lives between the once travelling to Italy and
Floors Persons
Iran. Rubina lives immediately above Ravi. Ru-
6 V
bina is not travelling to Iran. only two people live
between Ram & the one travelling to Ireland. the 5 U
one travelling to Ireland lives below the floor on 4 W/Z
which Ram lives. the one travelling to India does 3 W/Z
not live immediately above or below Ram. Rabi 2 X
does not live immediately above or below Rahul. 1 Y
Rasul does not travel to Iraq.
12) Who travelling to Italy 4) (d) W or Z
a) Rubina b) Rahul  Given data is inadequate, so due to which either W or
Z lives on fourth floor.
c) Ravi d) Ram
5) (b) Y
13) Rubi Travelling to
 Y lives on the bottom floor i.e. first floor.
a) Iraq b) Isreal
c) India d) Iran (Q.6 to Q.7) Data given in the question has repre-
sented as shown below:
Answers
Floors Persons
1 c 2 b 3 d 4 d 5 b 8 P
6 b 7 d 8 d 9 d 10 d 7 J
11 d 12 a 13 a 6 O

PUZZLES 375
Basic Concepts of Blood Relations 21) Wife’s father and Husbands Fathers are Co-father
 Blood relation is the relation which is either by birth in law of each other
or by marriage. 22) Wife’s mother and Husbands mother are Co-moth-
 Mother, father, sister, brother, daughter, son, grand- er in law of each other
mother, grandfather, uncle, niece, nephew, cousin, 23) Brothers or sisters son: Nephew
etc. are the relations by birth. 24) Brothers or sisters Daughter: Niece
 Wife, husband, mother-in-law, father-in-law, sister- 25) Husband and Wife together: Married Couple
in-law, brother-in-law, daughter-in-law, son-in-law,
26) Husband and wife are Spouse of each other
etc. are the relations by marriage.
27) Child’s of same parents: Siblings
 Pictorial representation of blood relations is called
as family tree. 28) Uncles son/Maternal uncle’s son/ maternal uncle’s
on/ Auntie’s son/paternal auntie’s son/maternal
 Note: Only daughter means the couple has only auntie’s son: Cousin Brother
one daughter, only son means couple has only one
29) Uncles Daughter/Maternal uncle’s Daughter/ ma-
son, only child means couple has only one child it
ternal uncles Daughter/ Auntie’s Daughter/pater-
may be daughter or son.
nal auntie’s Daughter/maternal auntie’s Daughter:
Important Blood Relationship Cousin Sister
1) Father side relationship: Paternal Relations 30) Unmarried Boy: Bachelor 31) Unmarried Girl:
2) Mother side relationship: Maternal Relations Spinster
3) Son: Male 32) Offspring: child (may be son or daughter)
4) Daughter: Female 33) Grandfathers Father/ Grandmothers Father: Great
5) Mother’s or Father’s son: Brother Grandfather
6) Mother’s or Father’s daughter: Sister 34) Grandfathers mother/ Grandmothers Mother: Great
7) Father’s Brother: Uncle Grandmother
8) Father’s Sister: Aunty 35) Son’s Son: Grandson
9) Father’s Father: Grandfather 36) Son’s Daughter: Grand Daughter
10) Father’s Mother: Grandmother 37) Grandson’s son/Grand Daughter son: Great Grand-
son
11) Mother’s Brother: Maternal Uncle
38) Grandson’s Daughter/ Grand Daughter’s daughter:
12) Mother’s Sister: Maternal Aunty
Great Granddaughter
13) Mother’s Father: Maternal Grandfather
Generation gap
14) Mother’s Mother: Maternal Grandmother
1) Plus two generation:
15) Son’s wife: Daughter in law
(+2) Grandfather/ Grandmother
16) Daughter’s Husband: Son in law
2) Plus one generation:
17) Wife’s Sister/Husband’s Sister/ Brothers wife: Sis-
ter in law (+1) Father/ Mother/ Uncle/ Aunty/ Father in law/
Mother in law
18) Wife’s Brother/ Husband’s Brother/ Sisters Hus-
band: Brother in law 3) Zero generation:
19) Wife’s Father/ Husband’s Father: Father in law (0) Myself/ Brother/ Brother in law/ Husband/
Wife/ sister/ Sister in law/Cousins
20) Wife’s Mother/ Husband’s Mother: Mother in law
400 BLOOD RELATIONS
From this, S is son of B. Hence option (d) is not true. lows:
(i) E,F,G,H,I and J are six members of a family.
Q. 13) (a) three
(ii) One couple has perents and their children in
 Given expression can be represented as shown:
the family.
(iii) E is the son of G and I is the daughter of E.
(iv) H is the daughter of F who is the mother of I.

6. Who are the male members in the family?

(a) E and G (b) G and J
(c) E,F and H (d) Can’t be determined
 From above figure, we are not certain about the gen- (e) F and J
der of H. So there are minimum three males i.e. B,
7. Which of the following pairs are the parents of
C and E.
the children?
Blood Relations with Puzzle (a) FG (b) GJ
Directions (Q. 1 to Q. 5) A, B, C, D, E and F are (c) EF (d) None
6 members of a family. There is one couple, his
8. Which of the following pair are the parents of
parents and his children in the family. A is C’s
the couple?
son and E is A’s daughter. D is F’s daughter who
is E’s mother. a) EF b) FG
1) Who is parent of couple? c) EJ d) EG e) GJ
(a) DE (b) CB 9. How many female members are there in the
(c) AC (d) BD (e) BE family?
a) Two b) Three
2) How is A related to F?
c) Four d) Can’t be determined
(a) Husband (b) Wife
(c) Mother (d) Brother-in-law 10. What relationship do H and I bear to each other?
(e) Sister (a) Sister and brother
(b) Mother and son
3) Who is grandfather or maternal grandfather in
the family? (c) Grandmother and granddaughter
(a) C (b) Data inadequate (d) Sister
(c) E (d) A (e) D (e) Brother

4) How is E related to F? Directions (Q. 11 to Q. 15) A, B, C, D, E, F and

G are 7 member of a family and related to three
(a) Grandmother (b) Grandson
generation. There are two couples in family. C
(c) Daughter (d) Son is brother of D while D is daughter of G. G is
(e) Mother daughter in law of A, while A is mother of E.
B is oldest in family while F related to second
5. How is D related to A?
generation but he has no children. F is brother
(a) Sister (b) Granddaughter of E.
(c) Mother (d) Sister-in-law 11. How is C related to A?
(e) Daughter a) Uncle b) Aunt
Directions (Q. 6 to Q. 10) Read the information c) Grandson d) Grandfather
given below and answer the question that fol- e) Father

410 BLOOD RELATIONS

12. How is F related to D?  Directions (Q. 21 to Q. 22) Study the following in-
(a) mother (b) Grandmother formation and answer the given questions:
(c) Father (d) Uncle  A and Y are brothers of K. Y is son of P and S. P
daughter of X. M is father in law of S. Q is son of X.
(e) Aunt
21) If J is brother of X, then how is J related to Q?
13. How many male members in family? a) Uncle b) Nephew
(a) 2 (b) 6 c) Niece d) Aunt
(c) 3 (d) 5 (e) 4
22) How Q related to K?
14. Who are the couples in the family? a) Niece/Nephew b) Aunt
(a) AD, DG (b) FE, EC c) Uncle d) None
(c) AB, EG (d) AC, BD
Answers
(e) AD, DB
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 e
15. Who is last generation?
6 d 7 c 8 e 9 c 10 d
(a) A,B (b) G,C
11 c 12 d 13 e 14 c 15 a
(c) C,E (d) D,C
16 c 17 d 18 b 19 c 20 e
 Directions (Q. 16 to Q. 20) Study the following
21 a 22 c
information carefully and answer the given ques-
tions Explanations
1. T is sister of D. D is married to P. P is son of M. Q. (1) – Q. (5) Family of 6 persons can be represented
2. T is mother of J. Y is father of U. as shown in the figure:
3. Y has only one son and only one daughter
4. U is daughter of T. Q is son of D.
16) How P related T?
a) Cannot determined b) Brother
c) Brother in law d) Cousin (Brother)

17) How is J related to D? Q. 1) (b) CB

a) Son b) Niece From figure it is clear, that C and B are parents of
couple A, F.
c) Son in law d) Nephew
Q. 2) (a) husband
18) Who is mother of U?
A is husband of F.
a) V b) T
c) D d) P Q. 3) (b) data inadequate
We cannot decide gender of C and B so we cannot
19) How many persons are there in second
solve the question.
generation?
a) 2 b) 3 Q. 4) (c) daughter
c) 4 d) 5 E is daughter of F.

20) How D is related to J? Q. 5) (e) daughter

a) Cousin Brother b) Cousin Sister D is daughter of A.
c) Brother d) Sister

BLOOD RELATIONS 411

Q. (6) – Q. (10) Given information of family can be Q. (16) – Q. (20) Given information can be repre-
represented as shown in figure below: sented as shown below:

Q. 6) (d) can’t be determined Q. 16) (c) brother-in-law

Gender of G and J cannot be determined. From above figure, we can say that, P is brother-in-
law of T.
Q. 7) (c) EF
E and F are the parents of the children. Q. 17) (d) nephew
J is nephew of D.
Q. 8) (e) GJ
G and J are the parents of the couple. Q. 18) (b) T
T is mother of U.
Q. 9) (c) four
G and J is a couple out of which one is female and Q. 19) (c) 4
F, I, H are females in the family, so total number of Y, T, D and P are in second generation.
females is four.
Q. 20) (e) maternal aunt
Q. 10) (d) sister D is maternal aunt of J.
I and H are sisters of each other.
Q. (21) – Q. (22) Information given in the question can
Q. (11) – Q. (15) Given information can be repre- be represented as shown below:
sented as shown below:

Q. 21) (a) uncle

If J is brother of X then:

Q. 11) (c) grandson

From figure, C is grandson of A.

Q. 12) (d) uncle

F is uncle of D. J is maternal uncle of Q.

Q. 13) (e) 4 Q. 22) (c) uncle

B, C, E and F are male members in the given Q is maternal uncle of K.
family.
Extra Practice Questions
Q. 14) (c) AB, EG Directions (Q. 1 to Q. 5) Ravi’s family reunion
AB and EG are couples in the family. is coming up, and he is excited to meet all his
relatives. Ravi’s family consists of his father
Q. 15) (a) AB Shyam, his mother Lata, his sister Priya, his
A, B is last generation of family. uncle Mahesh, and his cousin Aditya. On the
day of the reunion, Ravi introduces everyone
to his friend Ramesh. Ravi says, “This is my

412 BLOOD RELATIONS

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