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8F Summary Sheet

Uploaded by

adham.elminiawy.3915
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8F Summary Sheets

Dalton’s atomic theory


Dalton’s theory stated that:
● All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
● Atoms are indestructible, and cannot be created, or destroyed.
● The atoms in an element are all identical.
● In compounds, each atom of an element is always joined to a fixed
number of atoms of the other elements. Atoms of an element

● During chemical reactions, atoms rearrange, to make new substances.


For example:

Atoms in a compound

Chemical reactions
Some signs of a chemical reaction include such as a colour change, a gas being produced, a solid
forming in a solution and an increase/decrease in temperature.
The word equation for the reaction in the diagram above is:
hydrogen + chlorine → hydrogen chloride
REACTANTS PRODUCT
No atoms are lost or gained so the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products.

Changes of state
A change of
state is a
physical
change. No
atoms are lost
or gained
during a
physical change
and so the
mass of the
substance stays
the same.

Elements and symbols Examples:

The symbols for the elements used today have been agreed by nitrogen = N lithium = Li
scientists in all countries. They are either a single or double letter. sulfur = S copper = Cu
The first letter is always a capital letter.
chlorine = Cl iron = Fe

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8F Summary Sheets

Formulae

The chemical formula of a


substance tells you the
number of atoms of each
element that are joined in its
molecules, or the ratio of
atoms of each element in
the compound.

Metals and non-metals


The common properties of most metals are: The common properties of most non-metals are:
● high melting points (most are solids) ● low melting point
● strong, malleable and ductile ● brittle (when solid)
● shiny (when polished) ● not shiny
● good conductors of heat and electricity. ● poor conductors of heat and electricity.

The properties of a substance are what it looks like or what it does. There are two types:
● chemical properties (e.g.
flammability, pH, reaction with acid)
● physical properties (e.g. melting
point, boiling point, density).

Periodic table
Mendeleev originally ordered the
elements in the periodic table by their
masses. Today, the elements are in
order of atomic number (the number of
particles called protons in an atom).
Elements with similar properties are in
the same vertical group. The periodic
table allows us to spot trends and
patterns in these groups and across the
rows (periods).

Metal and non-metal oxides


Many elements burn in air/oxygen to form oxides; e.g.:
● calcium + oxygen  calcium oxide  carbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide
● metal oxides tend to form alkaline solutions.  non-metal oxides tend to form acidic solutions.
Metal oxides are bases and react with acids in neutralisation reactions:
acid + base → salt + water
e.g. hydrochloric acid + magnesium oxide → magnesium chloride + water
sulfuric acid + copper oxide → copper sulfate + water

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purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. Page 2 of 2

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