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Polymer

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علي جلال
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9 views

Polymer

Uploaded by

علي جلال
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Report About polymer

By : Ali Jalal

0
Research report of polymer
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or
macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of
properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in
everyday life.

Types of plastic- polymer:

Polyethylene (Polythene)
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) also known as vinyl.
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Poly tetra fluoro ethylene (Teflon)

Polyethylene:
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer with a variable crystalline structure and a vast
range of applications depending on the particular type. It is one of the most widely
produced plastics in the world, with tens of millions of tons produced worldwide each
year.

Common Types of Polyethylene (PE):


PE belongs to polyolefin family of polymers and is classified by its density and
branching. The most common types of polyethylene are:

o Branched Versions

o Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)


o Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

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٠ Linear Versions
o High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
o Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

٠ Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX or XLPE)


In addition PE is also available in other types such as: (not discussed in detail in this
guide)

• Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE)


• Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE)
• High-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE)
• Ultra-low-molecular-weight polyethylene (ULMWPE)
• Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)
• Some of the polyethylene suppliers include: Borealis, Celanese Corporation, Dow
Chemicals, ExxonMobil Chemical, NOVA Chemicals, SABIC.
Properties of PE:
Physical Properties:

٠ The mechanical strength of polyethylene is relatively lower than other plastics.


The rigidity and the hardness of these polymers are also relatively low.
٠ Polyethylene is known to be highly ductile. Furthermore, this plastic is known to
possess very high impact strength.
٠ This synthetic polymer exhibits strong creep when placed under a persistent
force.
٠ Poly ethylene usually has a waxy texture.
٠ The melting points of commercial grades of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
and medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) lie in the range of 120 – 180 degrees
Celsius.
٠ The melting point of the commercially available low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
usually lies in the range of 105 – 115 degrees Celsius.
٠ Polyethylene is known to be a very good insulator of electric current since it
offers high electrical treeing resistance.

Chemical Properties:
Polyethylene is made up of nonpolar saturated hydrocarbons with very high molecular
weights. This is believed to be the reason why the chemical properties exhibited by poly
ethylene is quite similar to those of paraffin. It can be noted that the individual
polyethylene macromolecules are not linked via covalent bonds. However, these
molecules crystallize due to their rather symmetric molecular structures. Therefore,

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polythene can be considered as a partially crystalline plastic .The greater the
crystallinity of the polymer the greater its density and chemical stability.
It is important to note that most types of polyethylene have very high chemical
resistance towards acids and alkalis (including LDPE, MDPE, and HDPE). These
plastics are also resistant towards weak oxidizing agents and weak reducing agents.
Most poly ethylene is known to be soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons like xylene or
toluene under elevated temperatures.
Uses of Polyethylene:

٠ The most important application of polyethylene is in packaging products. This


plastic is often employed for the production of plastic bags, plastic films, bottles,
geo membranes, and containers.
٠ Polyethylene is also used in crates, trays, jugs that carry milk or fruit juices, and
other food packaging products.
٠ High-density polyethylene is used in toys, garbage containers, ice trays, and
other house ware. The versatility of this plastic makes it ideal for a wide spectrum
of applications.
٠ HDPE is also used in ropes, fishing nets, agricultural nets, and industrial fabrics.
It is not uncommon for this plastic to be used in wirings and cables as well.
٠ Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely used in the production of squeeze
bottles, garbage bags, laminations, and food packaging due to its high flexibility
and low cost.
٠ LDPE is also used in pipes and fittings. It is ideal for such applications due to its
low water absorption and also due to its plasticity.
٠ Polyethylene is also used for cable jacketing since it is a good insulator of electric
current

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Sharing of Poly ethylene in products:

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Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC):
PVC is a plastic material that is used for many purposes, for example to make clothing
or shoes or to cover chairs. PVC is an abbreviation for 'polyvinyl chloride'.

Types of PVC:
There are three broad classifications for rigid PVC compounds: Type I, Type II, and
CPVC. Type II and CPVC offer better heat and chemical resistance as well as greater
impact resistance. These materials are considered un plasticized (rigid) because they
are less flexible than the plasticized formulations.

Properties:
PVC has been used extensively in a wide range of construction products for over half a
century. PVC's strong, lightweight, durable and versatile characteristics make it ideal for window
profiles. PVC's inherent flame retardant and excellent electrical insulation properties make it
ideal for cabling applications.

Uses & Benefits:


Vinyl is versatile: it can be as rigid as industrial pipes, as pliable as plastic wrap, and as
thin and flexible as wall covering. It can also be completely clear or matched to any
color desired.
Building and Construction:
About three-quarters of all vinyl produced goes into long-lasting building and
construction applications. Life-cycle studies show PVC/vinyl is effective in protecting the
environment, in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions and conservation of resources
and energy.

Because it is strong and resistant to moisture and abrasion, vinyl is ideal for cladding,
windows, roofing, fencing, decking, wall coverings, and flooring. Vinyl does not corrode
like some building materials, does not require frequent painting and can be cleaned with
mild cleaning products.

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Siding and Windows:
Vinyl helps produce siding and window frames that are extremely durable, affordable,
and help conserve energy when heating and cooling homes. In fact, vinyl windows have
three times the heat insulation of aluminum windows.

Wiring and Cables:


Vinyl is able to withstand tough conditions behind building walls – such as
exposure to changing temperatures and dampness – for the life of the building.
As a result, it is one of the most prevalent and trusted materials used in electrical
wiring and cables.

Water Pipes:
PVC helps conserve energy and water by creating virtually leak-free pipes that
are not prone to corrosion and resist environmental stress. PVC breakage rates
are as low as one percent of the breakage rates of cast metal systems. The lack
of build-up in PVC piping improves functionality and increases energy efficiency

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Packaging:
Because it is durable, dependable and light weight, flexible PVC helps packaging do its
job to maintain the integrity of the products inside, including medicines. Clear vinyl is
used in tamper-resistant over-the-counter medications and shrink wrap for consumer
products. Rigid vinyl film is used in blister and clamshell packaging to protect medicines
personal care products and other household goods.

Household Products:
PVC’s affordability, durability and water resistance make it ideal for rain coats, boots
and shower curtains.

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