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ROCKS

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Tristan Nabong
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25 views

ROCKS

Uploaded by

Tristan Nabong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EARTH SCIENCE – ROCKS

ROCKS
 is a naturally occurring solid
mixture of one or more minerals, or
organic matter
 are classified by how they are
formed, their composition, and
texture
 change over time through the rock
cycle

IGNEOUS ROCK
Intrusive Igneous Rocks:
 this rock begins as magma o magma pushes into
 Magma can form: surrounding rock below the
o when rock is heated Earth’s surface, cools slowly
o when pressure is released with larger crystal formation
o when rock changes o cooling takes place slowly
composition beneath Earth’s surface
 Magma “freezes” between 700 °C Extrusive Rocks:
and 1,250 °C o forms when magma erupts
 Magma is a mixture of many onto the Earth’s surface
minerals (lava), cools quickly with very
small or no crystals formed
Types of Igneous Rocks
o cooling takes place rapidly on
Felsic: light colored rocks that are Earth’s surface
rich in elements such as aluminum,
potassium, silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass
rich in calcium, iron, and that forms from the very rapid cooling of
magnesium, poor in silicon molten rock material. It cools so rapidly
Coarse-grained: takes longer to that crystals do not form.
cool, giving mineral crystals more
time to grow
Fine-grained: cools quickly with
little to no crystals

Tristan Angelo R. Nabong STEM 11-Alpha


This rock is Mafic, fine grained, and
extrusive.
Chemical sedimentary – minerals
crystallize out of solution to become rock
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 is formed by erosion
 are moved from one place to
another
 are formed at or near the Earth’s
surface
 No heat and pressure involved
 are deposited in layers, with the Limestone is a sedimentary rock
older ones on the bottom composed primarily of calcium carbonate
 layers become compacted and (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral
cemented together calcite. It most commonly forms in clear,
 forms from the compaction and/or warm, shallow marine waters.
cementation of sediments
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock
 This process is called
that forms from the accumulation of
LITHIFICATION
shell, coral, algal and fecal debris
 Strata – layers of rock
 STRATIFICATION – the process in
which sedimentary rocks are
Organic sedimentary – remains of plants
arranged in layers
and animals
 Sediments are:
o rock pieces
o mineral grains
o shell fragments
Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or quartz

Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that


forms from the accumulation and
preservation of plant materials, usually in
a swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible rock and along with
oil and natural gas it is one of the three
Breccia is a term most often used for most important fossil fuels.
clastic sedimentary rocks that are
composed of large angular fragments
(over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular
fragments can be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral cement
that binds the rock together.
METAMORPHIC ROCK Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that
has a banded appearance and is made
 Meaning to change shape
up of granular mineral grains.
 Changes with temperature and
pressure, but remains solid It typically contains abundant quartz or
 Usually takes place deep in the feldspar minerals.
Earth
 CONTACT METAMORPHISM –
heated by nearby magma  Non-Foliated – mineral grains are
 Increased temperature changes the not arranged in plains or bands
composition of the rock, minerals
are changed into new minerals

Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic


rock that is produced from the
metamorphism of limestone.
Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated
metamorphic rock produced by contact It is composed primarily of calcium
metamorphism. carbonate.

 REGIONAL METAMORPHISM – THE ROCK CYCLE


pressure builds up in rocks that is
deep within the Earth
 Large pieces of the Earth’s crust
collide and the rock is deformed
and chemically changed by heat
and pressure

 Foliated - contain aligned grains of


flat minerals
 The rock cycle is an ongoing series
of processes inside Earth and on
the surface
 Slowly changes rocks from one
kind to another
 Any type of rock can change into
another type

How does this relate to plate


tectonics?
 Plate movement drives the rock
cycle
 Subduction (1 plate pushed
under another plate)
 Re-melts rock into
magma
 Mountain building
 Folding, faulting, uplift
 Exposes rock at the
surface to be
weathered and eroded

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