Lecture 8

Cellular Respiration and

Fermentation 1
Dr. Mohamed Elhadidy
 Objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should learn the stages of
cellular respiration:
• Glycolysis
• Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
• oxidative phosphorylation as the last stage of cellular
respiration.
– Electron transport Chain
– Chemiosmosis

• Anaerobic respiration and cellular fermentation.

These objectives are achieving CLO 4
Reading material: Chapter 10 in the textbook
 Overview: Life Is Work
• Living cells require energy from outside sources to perform their
tasks such as moving and reproduction.

• Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat.

• Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used

in cellular respiration by mitochondria.

• Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate

ATP, which powers work and produce CO2 and water (the raw
materials for photosynthesis).

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 Light
energy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts Organic
CO2 + H2O
molecules+ O2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria

ATP ATP powers

most cellular work

Heat
energy

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 What is Cellular Respiration?

• Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down

glucose and produces ATP.

• The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate

oxidation, the citric acid (Krebs cycle), and oxidative
phosphorylation.

• The biochemical reactions involved in respiration are Catabolic

pathways and most are Redox Reactions.
 The Stages of Cellular Respiration

GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE CITRIC OXIDATIVE

OXIDATION ACID PHOSPHORYL-
CYCLE ATION

ATP

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 Catabolic Pathways
• Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by
breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic
pathways.

• Organic compounds + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

• The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic

(Exergonic reactions are those that release energy).
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• Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2
and yields ATP.

• Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but

consumes compounds other than O2

• Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs

without O2.

• Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic

respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration.

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 Redox Reactions

• Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between

reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or
redox reactions.

• The transfer of electrons (relocation) during chemical

reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules.

• This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP.

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 LEO the lion says GER
• In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized.

• In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced

(the amount of positive charge is reduced).

• The electron donor is called the reducing agent.

• The electron receptor is called the oxidizing agent.

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 Redox reactions during cellular
respiration

• During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as

glucose) is oxidized, and O2 is reduced. The
electrons lose potential energy along the way
and energy is released.
becomes oxidized

becomes reduced

• Hydrogen (with their electron) transfer from

glucose to oxygen.
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 Role of Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

• In cellular respiration, there are two important electron

carriers, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(abbreviated as NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide
(abbreviated as FAD).

• NAD+ accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) and two electrons

(2e−), as it becomes reduced to NADH + H+. The NADH
moves to the electron transport chain and donates a
pair of electrons (becomes oxidized) liberating energy.

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 The Stages of Cellular Respiration

• Harvesting of energy from glucose has three stages

– Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of

pyruvate).

– The citric acid cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose).

– Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP

synthesis).

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 Electrons
carried
via NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

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 Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Pyruvate
Glycolysis Citric
oxidation
acid
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle

Oxidized
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation

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 Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Pyruvate Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
oxidation
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation

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• The process that generates most of the ATP is called oxidative
phosphorylation because it is powered by redox reactions.

• Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP

generated by cellular respiration.

• A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid

cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation.

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 Enzyme Enzyme

ADP
P
Substrate ATP
Product

substrate-level phosphorylation

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 Step 1: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy
by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
• Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate.

• Occurs in the cytosol.

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:

– Energy investment phase
– Energy payoff phase

• Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present.

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

• In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the

mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation
of glucose is completed.

• Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be

converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which
links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

• This step is carried out by a multienzyme complex that

catalyses three reactions.

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 MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL
Coenzyme A
CO2
1 3

NAD+ NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate

Transport protein

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 Step 2: The Citric Acid Cycle
• The citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic
acid cycle or Krebs cycle, completes the break
down of pyruvate to CO2

• The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from

pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1
FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) per turn.

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 Pyruvate

CO2
NAD+
CoA
NADH

+ H+ Acetyl CoA
CoA

CoA

Citric
acid
cycle 2 CO2
FADH2
3 NAD+

FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ATP ADP + P i

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Cellular respiration
QUESTIONS
?