International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM)

||Volume||11||Issue||12||Pages||428-446||2023||
Website: https://ijsrm.net ISSN (e): 2321-3418
DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v11i12.lla02

Characteristics, Roles and Challenges of Traffic Personnel:

Implications toward Efficient Traffic Management System
Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch1, Dr. Jonathan E. Lobaton2
Information Systems Researcher II
City Government of Bacolod, Philippines
Professorial Lecturer
University of St La Salle, Bacolod City, Philippines

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics, roles and challenges of traffic personnel and
their implications toward efficient traffic management system in Bacolod City during the second quarter of
calendar year 2018. A mixed methods research design was used which involved the use of both quantitative
and qualitative methods by means of survey responded by 150 traffic personnel, key informant interview
participated by 3 Barangay Captains and a City Councilor, and focus group discussion participated by 6
traffic personnel which were all selected through a purposive and convenience sampling techniques.
Frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, Mann- Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis and
IBM SPSS Version 19 were employed to analyze and present the data for quantitative part. While the
qualitative part of the study, Thematic Analysis was utilized. The findings showed that traffic personnel who
participated in the study were almost equally divided when grouped according to age, while majority were
male, attained college level, have less than 7 years of experience and designated as traffic enforcer.
Meanwhile, not all completed the required trainings. When it comes to their roles as traffic personnel, it
showed that they are mainly managing traffic flow and implementing traffic rules and regulations in the
roads. Moreover, it showed that majority of them are highly knowledgeable on City Ordinance 338, and there
are no significant differences when they were grouped according to age, sex, educational attainment, and job
designation. However, significant differences were found in their level of knowledge on the aforementioned
ordinance when they were grouped according to length of service and trainings attended. On the other hand,
it was found out that the top most challenge experienced by the participants is the arrogance of drivers. The
lack of discipline which includes disregarding of traffic rules and regulations among drivers follows next.
Ignorance of the traffic rules and regulations among road users, attitude of drivers, bad weather conditions,
high volume of vehicles and road widening projects are also included in the short list of challenges
encountered by traffic personnel in the City. Finally, results of this study were used in formulating an
enhanced traffic management system program for Bacolod Traffic Authority Office.

Keywords: Challenges and Roles, Efficient Traffic Personnel, Management System

Introduction
Modern societies rely on traffic management system to minimize traffic congestion and its negative effects.
Traffic management is the planning, monitoring and control or influencing of traffic (Winder et al., 2009). Its
main concern is the traffic enforcement (Omar, 2003); it is imperative to assess the technical know-how of the
personnel responsible for transport planning and traffic management (Lidasan et al., 2009). In the Philippines,
Senate Bill 994 or also called as National Traffic Enforcement and Management Act which was introduced and
proposed by Senator Win Gatchalian stated that one of the elements of road policy is an efficient traffic
enforcement which means that the importance of competent traffic corps, traffic enforcers or traffic personnel
Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-428
cannot be underestimated as they play a vital role in maintaining public order in the roads. While an ordinance
organizing Bacolod Traffic Authority Office (BTAO) or City Ordinance 315 was created to supervise the whole
traffic management system in Bacolod City which includes the traffic personnel manning the roads of the city;
these are the “traffic aide” who enforces and implements the traffic laws and related ordinances and the “traffic
enforcer” who assists in planning, organizing, coordinating and supervising traffic enforcement and operational
functions. In this study, “traffic personnel” is used to cover both functions.
On the other hand, the roles of the City Officials and Bacolod Traffic Authority Office Head and
Supervisors are imperative to the performance of traffic personnel in the roads as it requires to have leaders who
can create plans and solve problems in order to make a difference in the public sphere; hence, this study is
linked to the discipline of public management. According to Hughes (2012), public management refers to how
administrative parts of government are organized and how they process information and produce outputs in
policies, laws or goods and services. While according to Small (2015), it enables one to raise vital questions and
identify problems pertaining to the services that are offered to the public in order to make it more effective. It is
also a tool that may be used to improve the overall quality of public service and standard of living. Moreover,
this study is linked to the discipline as the role of public managers is an important element to provide and
develop new ideas for how services can be improved at the local level.
Bacolod City is regarded as a highly urbanized city and the capital of the province of Negros Occidental.
It has the highest population rate in Western Visayas, and takes pride to be chosen as the Top Philippine Model
City in 2017 by the Manila Times in the search for the most livable urban centers in the country. However,
despite the economic boost and title, the city has not escaped from traffic congestion for a lot of reasons. Some
of these are the high volume of motor vehicles, and fairly high commuting and motoring population; according
to Land Transportation Office 2017 Annual Report, Bacolod City is home to 92,827 registered motor vehicles.
With this, the city implemented national and local land transportation laws to cope with the worsening traffic
condition.
RA 4136 or known as the “Land Transportation and Traffic Code” is the major land traffic law of the
Philippines that serves as a guide and basis to all the traffic personnel in the Philippines in maintaining and
promoting order and smooth flow of traffic in the roads.
In Bacolod Traffic Authority Office (BTAO), aside from hand signaling and other related trainings, it is a must
for its traffic personnel to be equipped with knowledge on Republic Act 4136 before they will be dispatched to
man the city roads as all the basic and important road policies are stated on it which the riding and commuting
public should follow. For instance, Section 46, Art. IV of Republic Act 4136 which states that no driver shall
park a vehicle, or permit it to stand, whether attended or unattended, upon a highway in any of the following
places: within an intersection, on a crosswalk, at any place where official signs have been installed prohibiting
parking, and the like, is one of the sections that traffic personnel of Bacolod City should implement in order to
discipline and educate drivers who park their vehicles in a “No Parking” area which usually obstruct other road
users which lead to traffic congestion.
On the other hand, the city has also created and implemented City Ordinance 338 or the Comprehensive Traffic
Management and Regulation Ordinance of Bacolod City. This is an ordinance regulating traffic, parking,
towing, and other transporting or commuting activities in the city streets of Bacolod, establishing the route
system of public utility vehicles (PUV‟s) and trucks, and redefining the loading and unloading zones in the city
of Bacolod. This fundamental local traffic law also serves as a guide to the traffic personnel, to what should be
done on the roads of the city. For instance, under Section V of City Ordinance 338, provides the list of
intersections that are declared as no left turn. While Section VI of the same ordinance provides the list of areas
that are designated as loading and unloading zones for public utility vehicles. The aforementioned local law
helps traffic personnel manning the city roads determine what areas in Bacolod City shouldn‟t be for left-turns,
loading, unloading and the like.
However, despite having Republic Act 4136, City Ordinance 338 and other related traffic laws that serve as
tools for the traffic personnel of Bacolod City, the city still experiences traffic congestion. Hence, this study was
conducted to determine the characteristics, roles and the challenges of traffic personnel and their implications
toward efficient traffic management system in Bacolod City.

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-429

Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to determine the characteristics, roles and challenges of traffic personnel and their
implications toward efficient traffic management system in Bacolod City.

Methodology
This section discusses the methods that were used for data gathering. This presents the research design,
participants, instrumentation, data gathering procedure, statistical and data treatment and ethical considerations.

Research Design
The primary purpose of the study was to explore the characteristics, roles and challenges of traffic personnel;
hence, a mixed methods research design was used. This involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative
methods in a single study which provides a more complete understanding of the research problems. It was used
to gain a better understanding of connections or contradictions between qualitative and quantitative data; they
have provided opportunities for participants to have a strong voice and share their experiences across the
research process, and they facilitated different avenues of exploration that enrich the evidence and enable
questions to be answered more deeply (Allison Shorten & Joanna Smith, 2016). In addition, mixed methods
ideally includes the benefits of both methods (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, & Turner, 2007): Quantitative analyses
employ descriptive and inferential statistics, whereas qualitative analyses produce expressive data that provide
descriptive details which is often in narrative form to examine the study‟s research objectives(Creswell, 2013).

Meanwhile, a quantitative descriptive and a qualitative descriptive design was conducted at the same time as it
only involves describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way(Shuttleworth, 2019). There
was equal emphasis placed on these two strands. Numeric data from survey questionnaires and text data from
the focus group and key informant interviews were analyzed independently. After independent analysis was
completed, the findings were merged, cross tabulated and interpreted to assess relationships meaningfully
(Maninno, 2014). This design helped determine if the age, sex, educational attainment, length of service, job
designation of and trainings attended by the participants (traffic personnel) were associated to their knowledge
on their roles in accordance to City Ordinance 338. Moreover, this also helped describe the challenges that the
participants encountered in their work.

Respondents of the Study

The target population of this study was the traffic personnel (traffic aides and traffic enforcers) of Bacolod City.
There are currently 320 traffic personnel designated as traffic aide and traffic enforcer under the management of
Bacolod Traffic Authority Office (BTAO) and were the target participants to answer the survey questionnaire of
the study. However, only 150 participants were able to answer the survey questionnaires as others refused to
answer, while the rest were not available when the surveys were conducted. On the other hand, 4 key
informants consisted of 3 Barangay Captains and 1 City Councilor, the Chairman of Transport Committee, were
purposively selected to participate in a one-on-one interview to answer questions regarding traffic personnel‟s
characteristics, roles and challenges. On top of that, hiring processeses and trainings for the traffic personnel
were also discussed during the interview in order to assess their relation or influence to the efficiency of the
traffic personnel in the city roads as well as to the traffic management system as a whole. While, 6 traffic
personnel consisted of 3 traffic aides and 3 traffic enforcers were chosen using convenience sampling to
participate in the focus group discussion. Convenience sampling entails selecting participants on the basis of
their availability (Mathieson, 2014).

Data Gathering Instrument

A self-designed questionnaire was utilized to gather data from the participants, to determine their level of
knowledge on their roles according to C.O. 338 and the challenges they often encounter in their work. The

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instrument was composed of 3 parts: Part I includes the profile of the participants in terms of age, sex,
educational attainment, length of service, type of job designation and trainings attended. Part II consists of 16
items which has measured the level of knowledge on the roles of traffic personnel in relation to C.O. 338. Part
III consists of one open-ended question about the challenges encountered by the traffic personnel on the roads.
While, another set of self-made question guides were also utilized for the key informant interviews and focus
group discussion which consisted of 5 and 7 questions respectively.
The instruments had undergone an appropriate validity and reliability testing. Content validity was used in
determining the validity of the instrument. This type of validity testing refers to a measure of the degree in
which the items in the test are represented of the characteristic being measured. The questionnaires were
presented to the jurors, who were the members of the panel, served as validators of the instrument using the
criteria developed for evaluating survey questionnaires set forth by Carter V. Good and Douglas B. Scates.
Validation for questionnaires rated 3.93 which interpreted „Very Good‟.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data gathering took place between September 4, 2018 and Oct 5, 2018. Survey was set to be conducted first. So
before survey questionnaires were distributed, permission was sought by sending a letter to the Chief of
Bacolod Traffic Authority Office requesting to conduct a survey and interview with the traffic personnel. After
permission was granted, the researcher went to the respective areas of assignment of traffic personnel during
their break time at work. The researcher introduced herself and lectured on the purpose of the study. Survey
questionnaries were then distributed to the traffic personnel who were present in the area, and others who
refused to participate were not forced to do it. The survey was personally administered by the researcher and
when participants raised some questions, they were answered and instructed politely. Survey questionnaires
were collected as soon as participants finished answering. They were thanked for participating and were assured
that the personal information they have provided will remain confidential. After conducting the surveys, the
researcher forwarded the gathered data to the statistician to be analyzed and evaluated. After completing the
survey, key informant interviews were set to be done next. The researcher went to the respective offices of the
key informants and sought permission to conduct a one-on-one interview through verbal communication. As
soon as permission was granted to conduct the interview, rapport was established and the purpose of the study
and the interview was explained to gain full cooperation of the study participants. In addition, permission was
also sought to use audio recorder to capture verbatim answers. The interviews were conducted using the
interview guide consisted of 5 questions which were answered clearly and directly by the participants. Each
interview lasted from 5 to 15 minutes which has yielded valid answers and significant statements from the
interviewees. After finishing the interviews, the participants were thanked and were assured that the information
they have provided will remain confidential. The last data gathering procedure that was conducted was the
focus group discussion. On the first Saturday of October 2018 during the general assembly of traffic personnel,
the researcher went to the Bacolod Traffic Authority Office grounds to conduct focus group discussion. As soon
as their assembly ended, some of the traffic personnel were approached and requested to participate in the focus
group discussion. 6 traffic personnel consisted of 3 traffic aides and 3 traffic enforcers who were chosen using
the convenience sampling have willingly considered the request. They were then brought to an area where table
and chairs were set up. Rapport was immediately established and the purpose of the study and interview was
explained as soon as everyone has settled in their seats. In addition, the participants were told that they can
answer in vernacular or Hiligaynon and they were also informed that audio recorder will be used to capture
verbatim answers. Interview guide consisted of 7 questions was used in the focus group discussion which were
answered by the participants one by one in any order. The focus group discussion lasted 42 minutes which
yielded valid answers and significant statements from the participants. After finishing the focus group
discussion, the participants were thanked for sharing their time and experiences, and were also assured that the
information they have provided will remain confidential. As soon as key informant interviews and focus
discussion were completed, the recorded interviews have been listened to and verbatim transcriptions were
done. Then a matrix was designed to initiate data analysis using the Thematic Analysis where significant

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statements were extracted from the verbatim proceedings of each participant and eventually formulation and
identification of sub-themes that emerged and various themes that comprised the qualitative data identified and
formulated. Lastly, results of the study were made into a written research report presented to panel of
evaluators.

Ethical Consideration
The principles of Ethics guided the conduct of this study. Formal communication was delivered to all study
participants and permission was sought for their volunterary participation in the study. An informed consent
form was also signed by the participants in key informant interviews and focus group discussion where the
researcher assured them that the data gathered from research will be used for research purposes only. After the
data were collected, the documents were destroyed and disposed of securely.

Analytical Schemes
In statement of the problem 1, frequency count and percentage were employed to answer and present the
demographic characteristics of the participants, while answer to statement of the problem 3 were derived with
the use of weighted mean and standard deviation. To answer statement of the problem 4, Mann-Whitney U and
Kruskal Wallis were employed. In addition, data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Version 19. A p-
value of .05 or less was considered statistically significant.
In statement of the problem 2 and 5, focus group discussion and key informant interviews were employed to
extrapolate the roles of the traffic personnel in relation to City Ordinance 338 as well as the challenges often
encounter by traffic personnel in their work. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and each transcript
were independently analysed line by line. Identified codes were categorized into broader themes and subthemes.
Analysing qualitative data was very challenging(Hirsjärvi & Hurme, 2008) as the data reveals multiple
interesting apsects that the researcher has not even considered beforehand(Tuomi & Sarajärvi, 2009). The
ultimate aim of the analysis is to access the thoughts and feelings of research participants, which can enable
development of an understanding of the meaning that people ascribe to their experiences (Sutton and Austin,
2015).
The qualitative part of the study utilized the thematic analysis as it helps highlights what has been said about
each individual theme (Tuomi & Sarajärvi, 2009). According to Braun and Clarke (2013), thematic analysis is a
flexible data analysis plan that qualitative researchers use to generate themes from interview data. This
approach is flexible in that there is no specific research design associated with thematic analysis; it can be
utilized for case studies, phenomenology, generic qualitative, and narrative inquiry to name a few. This data
analysis plan is perfect for both novice and expert qualitative researchers because the steps are easy to follow
but rigorous enough to generate meaningful findings from the data. According to Braun and Clarke (2013),
there are six phases of Thematic Analysis.
Familiarising the data

Each interaction was transcribed, and then transcripts were read and re-read. Initial ideas were noted down to
understand and familiarize all aspects of data.
Generating initial codes

Preliminary codes were identified after coded interesting features of the data in a systematic fashion across the
entire data set, collating data relevant to each other.
Searching for themes

The third step in the process was the start of the interpretive analysis of the collated codes. Relevant data
extracts were sorted (combined or split) according to overarching themes.
Reviewing themes

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Checked in the themes work in relation to the coded extracts (Level 1) and the entire data set (Level 2),
generated a thematic „map‟ of the analysis.
Defining and naming themes

This step involved „refining and defining‟ the themes and potential subthemes within the data. Ongoing analysis
was required to further enhance the identified themes and to tell the overall story which helped generate a clear
definition and name for each theme.
Producing the report

The final process was the selection of vivid, compelling extract examples, final analysis of selected extracts,
relating back of the analysis to the research question and literature, producing scholary report of the analysis.

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of Thematic Analysis for Qualitative Data of the Study

Results and Discussions

This section presents the analysis, interpretation and discussion of the results. The presentation is done
according to the statement of the problem. In addition, qualitative data and findings from key informant
interviews and focus group discussion were also presented with analysis and interpretation utilizing the thematic
analysis and schematic diagrams in the last part of this section Characteristics of the traffic personnel in terms
of age, sex, educational attainment, length of services, type of job designation and trainings attended
Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the participants of the study when they were classified
according to age, sex, educational attainment, length of service, job designation and trainings attended.
The results shows that the participants were almost equally divided when grouped according to age wherein
55% were in the older group (42 years old and above) and 45% of them were in the younger group (below 42
years old). In addition, the participants were mostly (96%) male, while for their educational attainment, 44% of
them attained college level, 14.7% graduated high school, 3% finished elementary, and only 0.7% of them
obtained post graduate studies.

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When it comes to length of service, majority (67%) have less than 7 years of experience. While for the job
designation, majority (85%) of the participants were traffic enforcer and only 15% were traffic aide. Lastly, for
the trainings attended, 61% of the participants completed the trainings required, while 39% of them have not.

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According to Schweitzer (2017), when it comes to age requirements, most law enforcement agencies have only
one rule: you must be over the age of 21. While, Suttle (2016) cited that aging was most likely to affect job
performance if job tasks required sensory perception, selective attention, working memory, information
processing, rapid reaction or physical strength. However, according to JRank Studies, the possible reason why
there was no observed relation between job performance and age was that job performance was usually
multidimensional (as cited in Dacalanio, 2017). While under the City Ordinance No.315 which is an ordinance
organizing the Bacolod Traffic Authority Office (BTAO), minimum age requirement for traffic personnel
applicants was not stipulated. Hence, the result of this study that shows traffic personnel were equally divided
into two groups ( older and younger groups) indicates that age is not an essential requirement to hire or
designate individuals for traffic personnel‟s job.
While the result of the study which shows that majority of the participants were male is supported by
Kokemuller (2017) that police and traffic law enforcerment careers have historically been male-dominated.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, only 12.6 percent of law enforcement officers in 2012 were
women. Additionally, many law enforcement agencies have a relatively small percentage of female applicants
and few, if any, female employees.
On the other hand, one of the results of the study showed that most participants attained college level. Though
City Ordinance 315 stated that high school graduate is the qualification standard for traffic personnel, college
level applicants are still qualified for the traffic personnel job. Similar to the study conducted by Dacalanio
(2017) wherein its result showed that most of its study participants (traffic enforcers) also attained college
level. This signifies that individuals who attained high school diploma and reached college level are still qualified
to apply and do traffic personnel‟s job. According to Stilwell, Ernst and Young (2018), academic qualifications
will still be taken into account and indeed remain an important consideration when assessing candidates as a
whole, but will no longer act as a barrier to getting a foot in the door.
While, for the length of service, the result of the study showed that most of the participants have less than 7
years of experience. According to Smith (2014), career longevity is a blind assumption of the competencies of
employees. He added that it is the quality of works that matter (cited in Dacalanio, 2017).
Further, the result showed that not all participants have completed the required trainings. According to Frost
(2019), an employee who receives the necessary training is better able to perform her job. He becomes more
aware of safety practices and proper procedures for basic tasks. The training may also build the employee's
confidence because he has a stronger understanding of the industry and the responsibilities of his job. This
confidence may push him to perform even better and think of new ideas that help him excel. In addition, Estrada
(2016) said that high levels of enforcement of traffic rules must be ensured in the deployment of trained and
empowered enforcers in thoroughfares. Hence, these traffic personnel need to be fully trained specifically for the
job of traffic management and the enforcement of traffic laws.

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-435

Table 1 : Demographic Characteristics of the Participants of the Study (n=150)

Variable Category Frequency Percentage

Age Older(≥42 years old) 82 54.7%
Younger(<42 years old) 68 45.3%
Sex Male 144 96.0%
Female 6 4.0%
Educational Elementary Graduate 5 3.3%
Attainment High School Level 27 18.0%
High School Graduate 22 14.7%
College Level 66 44.0%
College Graduate 29 19.3%
Post Graduate 1 0.7%
Length of Service Long(≥ 7 years) 49 32.7%
Short(< 7years) 101 67.3%
Job Designation Traffic Enforcer 127 84.7%
Traffic Aide 23 15.3%
Trainings Attended Complete(=6 Trainings) 92 61.3%
Incomplete (<6 Trainings) 58 38.7%

On the roles of the traffic personnel in the traffic management system

Under the general supervision set by the Bacolod Traffic Authority Council in City Ordinance 315, traffic aide or
traffic enforcer enforces, implements the traffic laws and performs other related tasks as may be necessary to
ensure a smooth flow of traffic. While, according to Goldenbeld (2016), traffic teams or traffic enforcers spend
nearly all their time on the enforcement of important traffic rules. In addition, under Senate Bill 994, traffic
enforcers cannot be under estimated as they play a vital role in maintaining order in the roads(Gatchalian W.,
2016). Traffic enforcers are also the ones who inform and guide road users specifically the vehicles and
pedestrians as to where the loading areas are as well as apprehend those who violate traffic laws(Bagolong et
al., 2014).
Level of knowledge on the roles of traffic personnel in relation to City Ordinance 338

Table 2 presents the level of knowledge of the participants on Section I, II and III of City Ordinance 338.
It shows that the participants are highly knowledgeable on the first 3 sections of City Ordinance 338.

Table 2 : Level of Knowledge on City Ordinance 338 of the Participants of the Study
4 3 2 1 Mean Interp.
HK MK SK NK
1. I am knowledgeable that City Ordinance 338 is 92 41 17 0 3.50 Highly
called as the Comprehensive Traffic Knowledgeable
Management and Regulation Ordinance of
Bacolod City.
2. I am knowledgeable that C.O. 338 is also an 97 36 16 1 3.53 Highly
ordinance that establishes the route system of Knowledgeable
public utility vehicle(PUV‟s) and trucks, and
redefining the loading and unloading zones in
the city of Bacolod.

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 3. I am knowledgeable that City Ordinance 338 is 96 36 13 5 3.49 Highly
an ordinance regulating traffic, parking, towing Knowledgeable
and other transporting or commuting activities
in the city streets of Bacolod.
4. I am knowledgeable that Section 2 of City 93 36 21 0 3.48 Highly
Ordinance 338 states that it is the policy of the Knowledgeable
City of Bacolod to provide the orderly and safe
flow of vehicles and pedestrians for the public
welfare.
5. I am knowledgeable that the downtown area 103 34 13 0 3.60 Highly
shall be bounded by the streets of Lacson, Rizal, Knowledgeable
San Sebastian and San Juan.
6. I am knowledgeable that illegally parked 105 23 20 1 3.58 Highly
vehicles are those which are parked (attended or Knowledgeable
unattended) in areas prohibited by law
7. I am knowledgeable that “Jaywalking” means 112 25 8 5 3.73 Highly
crossing the street, thoroughfare or highway Knowledgeable
outside the marked crosswalk or pedestrian
crossing, or underneath a pedestrian overpass.
8. I am knowledgeable that Parking or Parked 93 34 17 6 3.51 Highly
shall mean that a motor has been brought to a Knowledgeable
stop on the proper edge of highway, and
remains inactive in that place for an appreciable
period of time.
9. I am knowledgeable that a motor vehicle which 102 25 13 10 3.46 Highly
properly stops merely to discharge a passenger Knowledgeable
not be considered as “parked”, if the motor
vehicle again moves away without delay.
10. I am knowledgeable that City Ordinance 338 96 28 20 6 3.43 Highly
states that “Traffic” refers to the flow and Knowledgeable
motions, transit and stops, terminal and
waiting stations of motored or un-motored
vehicles and pedestrians.
Legend: 3.25 - 4.00 Highly Knowledgeable (HK)
2.49 - 3.24 Moderately Knowledgeable (MK)
1.73 - 2.48 Slightly Knowledgeable(SK)
1.00 - 1.72 Not Knowledgeable (NK)

Table 3 presents the level of knowledge of the participants on Section V of City Ordinance 338.
The participants are moderately knowledgeable that Gatuslao – Burgos Street --- is no left turn in all directions
except from Burgos to Gatuslao Street southward and that that Lacson – 23rd Street (Dr. Pablo O. Torre Street) -
-- no left turn in all directions except from Lacson to 23rd Street eastward whose mean scores are 3.23 and 3.08,
respectively.
The participants are highly knowledgeable that from Burgos to Lopez Jaena Streets is no left turn in all directions
as evidenced by the mean score of 3.25.

Table 3 : Level of Knowledge on City Ordinance 338 (Section V) of the Participants of the Study
Item 4 3 2 1 Mean Interp.
HK MK SK NK
Section V: The following intersections are declared as no left turn:
1. I am knowledgeable that Gatuslao – Burgos 89 19 29 13 3.23 Moderately
Street --- is no left turn in all directions except Knowledgeable
from Burgos to Gatuslao Street southward.
2. I am knowledgeable that Lacson – 23rd Street 79 25 23 22 3.08 Moderately
(Dr. Pablo O. Torre Street) --- no left turn in Knowledgeable
all directions except from Lacson to 23rd Street
eastward.

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 3. I am knowledgeable that Burgos – Lopez Jaena 93 19 20 18 3.25 Highly
Streets --- is no left turn in all directions. Knowledgeable
Legend: 3.25 - 4.00 Highly Knowledgeable (HK)
2.49 - 3.24 Moderately Knowledgeable (MK)
1.73 - 2.48 Slightly Knowledgeable(SK)
1.00 - 1.72 Not Knowledgeable (NK)

Table 4 presents the level of knowledge of the participants on Section VII of City Ordinance 338.
The participants are highly knowledgeable on Items No.2 and No. 3. whose mean scores are 3.36 and 3.37
which can be interpreted as Highly Knowledgeable. This shows that the participants are highly knowledgeable
that along Araneta Street, from San Sebastian Street to the Bacolod public plaza is one way aand also along
Libertad Street from Lopez Jaena Street to Mabini Street westward.
The participants are moderately knowledgeable that Gatuslao Street - Luzuriaga - Hernaez(Libertad) Streets is
open to “two way” traffic as shown by the mean score of 3.05.

Table 4 : Level of Knowledge on City Ordinance 338 (Section VII & VIII) of the Participants of the Study
Item 4 3 2 1 Mean Interp.
HK MK SK NK
Section VII & VIII : The following streets are declared as one way and two way:
1. I am knowledgeable that Gatuslao Street - 77 24 28 21 3.05 Moderately
Luzuriaga -Hernaez(Libertad) Streets shall be Knowledgeable
open to “two way” traffic.
2. I am knowledgeable that along Araneta Street, 95 26 17 12 3.36 Highly
from San Sebastian Street to the Bacolod Knowledgeable
public plaza northward is one way.
3. I am knowledgeable that along Libertad Street, 94 32 10 14 3.37 Highly
(Hernaez St.) from Lopez Jaena Street to Knowledgeable
Mabini Street westward (Libertad Public
Market) is one way.
Legend: 3.25 - 4.00 Highly Knowledgeable (HK)
2.49 - 3.24 Moderately Knowledgeable (MK)
1.73 - 2.48 Slightly Knowledgeable(SK)
1.00 - 1.72 Not Knowledgeable (NK)

Difference in the level of knowledge on City Ordinance 338 of the participants when they are grouped
according to age, sex, educational attainment, length of service, job designation and trainings attended
Table 5 shows that no significant differences were found in the level of knowledge on City Ordinance 338 of the
participants of the study when they were grouped according to age, sex, educational attainment, and job
designation whose p - values are greater than
.05 level of significant. This shows that the level of knowledge on City Ordinance 338 of the participants cannot
be characterized by age, sex, educational attainment, and job designation.
On the other hand, the findings shows that there is significant difference in the level of knowledge on City
Ordinance 338 of the participants when they were grouped according to length of service and trainings attended
whose p-values are .041 and .000, respectively and less than .05 alpha.
When grouped according to length of service, the participants whose number of years is equal to or greater than
7 years (3.52) have higher level of knowledge on City Ordinance 338 than the other group which have less than
7 years of service(3.36). The difference between these two groups is found to be statistically significant.

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-438

Table 5 : Difference in the Level of Knowledge on City Ordinance 338 of the Participants when they
are grouped according to selected variables
Variable Category Mean Test p-value Decision

Age Older(≥42 years old) 3.44 Accept

Mann-Witney U
Younger(<42 years 3.39 .297 Ho
Test
old)
3.43 Mann-Witney U .474 Accept
Sex Male 3.11 Test Ho
3.49
Female
3.30 Kruskal Wallis .157 Accept
Educational Attainment Elementary Graduate High 3.32 Test Ho
School Level 3.39
3.64
High School
3.06
Graduate College
Level 3.52 Mann-Witney U .041* Reject
3.36 Test Ho
College Graduate Post
Length of Service 3.45 Mann-Witney U .325 Accept
Graduate Long(≥ 7 3.23 Test Ho
Job Designation years) Short(< 7years) 3.65 Mann-Witney U .000* Reject
Trainings Attended Traffic Enforcer Traffic Test Ho
3.03
Aide

Complete(=6
Trainings) Incomplete
(<6

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-439

 Trainings)

*Significant @ .05L

The challenges encountered by the participants on their job are summarized on Table 6.
The top most challenge encountered and answered by the survey participants is the arrogance of the drivers.
Almost half of the survey participants (58.9%) have experienced this problem. This was supported by
participants from the focus group discussion.
Secondly, the lack of discipline which includes disregarding traffic rules and regulations and obstructing
roadways (13.4%) among drivers follows next. This was supported by the participants from focus group
discussion Ignorance of the traffic rules among drivers and pedestrians (10.7%) is the third challenge often
encountered by the survey participants. This was validated by participants from focus group discussion. One
participant stated “Kulang sg edukasyon gid sg mga driver sa nahungod sa traffic.” (“Lack of education among
drivers about traffic rules and regulations.”) Another focus group discussion participant supported stating “The
pedestrian who violates the anti-jaywalking ordinance.”“Drivers who do not understand the policy or the
traffic policy and regulation in the city of Bacolod.”
According to Gana et al. (2014), it is a great challenge to make road users comply with traffic laws and
regulations. Road users who ignore traffic signage do not have basic knowledge of road signage
communication. While according to NSA (2018), traffic violation play a significant role in obstructing traffic
flow. It showed that 96% or 90% of the drivers disregard traffic signs and traffic lights and 95% failed to give
signals and 94% had illegal overtaking. It also showed that traffic enforcement has high apprehension to traffic
violations (Bagolong et al., 2014). Furthermore, lack of discipline and ignorance of traffic law and rules among
motorists and vehicle owners are partly to be blamed of the existing traffic congestion (SunStar, Eli Gatanela,
2018).
Attitude of the drivers, weather conditions, high volume of vehicles, and road widening projects are also
included in the short list of challenges encountered by the traffic personnel in the roads of Bacolod City.

Table 6 : Frequency Distribution on the Job - Related Challenges encountered by the Participants (
n= 112)

Ra Challeng n Percenta
nk es ge

1 Arrogant drivers 6 58.9%

6
2 Lack of discipline among drivers such as disregarding 1 13.4%
traffic rules and obstructing roadways 5
3 Ignorance of traffic rules among drivers and pedestrians 1 10.7%
2
4 Attitude of drivers such as yelling, etc 8 7.1%

5 Weather conditions 7 6.3%

6.5 High volume of vehicles 2 1.8%

6.5 Road widening projects 2 1.8%

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-440

Thematic Analysis of Key Informant Interviews

On Screening Applicants for Traffic Personnel

The theme that emerged from the responses of the key informants on screening applicants for traffic personnel
is “Background Investigation and Profile Evaluation.” which is supported by the literature New York
Government (2018) that one of the important parts of the hiring process is the background investigation and
profile evaluation. One key informant stated, “We give emphasis for their local clearances ..we conduct
background investigation regarding their character as a person..generally, they should not be affected or
involved with any drug related activities… they should have a good moral character.”Another key informant
stated,“Before we get the traffic enforcer, we consider na dapat high school graduate.”(Before we hire
applicant for traffic enforcer, we consider that he should be a high school graduate.”) One of the key
informants also stated that “We are recommending that the traffic enforcers should be at least high school
graduate, physically fit, physically able to withstand the rigors of their job.”
According to Alison Doyle (2018), background investigation is the process of reviewing a person‟s commercial,
criminal and financial records. Employers conduct background investigations for job applicants because of a lot
of reasons. First, the employer may want to make sure they are telling the truth as it‟s estimated that up over
40% of resumes can contain false information. Second, to make sure what the applicants had written in their
educational attainment, whether they graduated from high school or college, is true; or to confirm that the
applicants had worked at a previous employer during the time stated on the resume.
While according to Andrew Greenberg, background investigations and profile evaluation should always be a
required part of the recruitment process. He stated that background investigations can be a valuable tool to select
the right candidate as this will help prevent future problems (Greenberg A., 2013).

On the minimum qualifications of applicants for traffic personnel

“Possessing Qualification Standards” is the theme that emerged from the responses of the key informants
which is supported by the literature (Sec. 4b, Bacolod City Ordinance 315, 2002) that Personnel of the Bacolod
Traffic Authority Office (BTAO) shall be subjected to Civil Service Commission Rules and Regulations and
shall conform to the qualification standards set for and as defined by the Human Resource Development Office.
One of the qualification standards of a traffic aide or traffic enforcer is that educational attainment should be
High School Graduate.
One key informant stated, “Aside from high school graduate, dapat kabalo sang mga signages..” “dapat may
ara xa driver’s license..”( Aside from high school graduate, applicant should know about traffic signages and
should have a driver‟s license..”).
Another key informant answered,“First and foremost, at least high school graduate.. they have to understand
what is the traffic sign, what is the ruling. It is a must requirement that they must at least high school
graduate.”One of the key informants also stated, “Traffic enforcers should be at least high school graduate,
physically fit” “must be residence of the City of Bacolod.”
New York City Government (2018) provided the qualifications that traffic enforcer applicants should meet: they
should have a high school diploma or at least high school graduate or GED, pass a character and background
investigation; pass a drug screening; a city resident or be a city resident within 90 days of appointment if newly
hired; and possess a driver license. While according to the Office of Personnel Management of the United
States, qualification standards are description of the minimum requirements necessary to perform work of a
particular occupation successfully and safely. These minimum requirements may include specific job-related
work experience, education, medical or physical standards, training, security, and/or licensure. They are not
designed to rank candidates, identify the best qualified for a particular position, or substitute for an analysis of
an applicant's knowledge, skills, and abilities/competencies(OPM US GOV, 2018).
Alison Doyle provided the purpose and importance of job requirements or qualification standards. First, to
improve the accuracy of the recruitment process, resulting to the company being able to hire the right person for

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-441

the job, or the candidate with qualifications that match the requirements of the job; Second, to reduce the
number of potential; By making the jobs requirements as specific as possible, employers are able to reduce the
pool of applicants further, resulting in a shortlist of candidates that possess the necessary qualities and
qualifications for the job; Third, to assist applicants in making decisions on whether to apply for the job or not.
On the other hand, job requirements have its components. These are skill and knowledge requirements, these
might include working with a specific population or in a specific industry or employment sector; Years of work,
may refer to a number of years of experience either in a general way or in a specific role; Educational
requirements, Some positions will require applicants to have a certain level of education. For example, the job
may require a high school diploma, a college degree, or a graduate degree. The employer will list the
educational requirements for the job in the job posting. In some cases, related work experience, known as
equivalent experience, may be substituted for some or all of the educational requirements (Doyle A., 2018).

On the importance of qualifications in selecting traffic personnel

The theme that emerged from the responses of the key informants on the importance of qualifications in
selecting traffic personnel is “Establishing Qualifications” which is supported by the literature (Mott
Community College, 2018) that establishing minimum qualifications provides clear and appropriate eligibility
standards for a specific position wherein it should not be so restrictive that they exclude candidates who might
reasonably have the ability to do the job.
One key informant‟s answer on the importance of qualifications in selecting traffic personnel:“It is very vital
considering that their qualification that should serve as their recommendation….” “Because normally, we
could not deliver good output, if you could not screen and pre-qualified traffic enforcer.” “The qualification
itself could speak on how well the person is prepared, to adapt and to handle the responsibility as traffic
enforcers.”This was supported by another key informant who stated, “That is important because they will be
the front-liner in the implementation of traffic ordinances.”
“Minimum” means --- the cut-off point; the lowest level of acceptable education and/or experience needed to
successfully perform the job duties which mean that minimum requirements are used to establish clear and
appropriate eligibility standards for a specific position wherein it should not be so restrictive that they exclude
candidates who might reasonably have the ability to do the job; should not present artificial barriers to
employment; need to be practical in the sense that they are obtainable in the general labor market; should
address knowledge, skills and abilities and the “soft” skills (i.e., characteristics, values and work ethics)
required at the time of hire. KSAs that can be obtained on the job should not be factored into the requirements;
need to be tied directly to the job duties(Mott Community College, 2018).
While according to Department of Human Resource of San Francisco City, minimum qualifications reflect the
lowest level of acceptable education and experience required of an individual such that the individual
reasonably could be expected to satisfactorily perform the duties of the position. Establishing minimum
requirements help provide consistency in decision making across benchmarks for managers when determining
their needs for a particular position(DHS, 2016).

On the related problems encountered regarding traffic personnel‟s qualifications “Competency and Performance
Evaluation and Validation” is the theme that emerged from the responses of the key informants on the related
problems encountered regarding traffic personnel‟s qualifications. One of the key informants stated, “Damo
damo gid. For example, nakwa na sila sa BTAO or sa traffic enforcer, iban gapadungol, gaduty hubog, permi
late, absences, mga uniform, so ginapatawag ko na sila kag ginaestorya, nga amo na dapat indi na
matabo.”(There are lots of instances when they are already hired in BTAO or as a traffic enforcer, some were
reported as being nuisance or ignorant, being drunk while on duty, always late and absent, wearing improper
uniform; so I‟d summon and tell them not to let it happen again.”) This was supported by another key informant
stating,“They are not committed, and some of them are not physically fit.” “Secondly, there are some traffic
enforcers who are apprehended because of political backing and sometimes, they rely so much on the influence
that they are no longer performing their duties well.”

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This is supported by Lary (2016) who cited that competency is defined as the integrated knowledge, skills,
attitudes and decision-making required to perform within the scope of an individual‟s practice; while for Levine
and Johnson (2014), competence is more than a checklist; it is about performance. Competency is defined in
terms of the “knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics (KSAOs) that are needed for effective
performance in a job (Campion et al., 2011); hence, one of the important hiring processes is a need for
assessment on employees competence in order to measure and see if they‟re doing their task well; this
measurement is called Competency Validation method. The use of at least two of the following validation
methods are required to adequately assess competence: direct observation, employee feedback, return
demonstration, rounds, record or document review, continuing education/inservice, simulation, test or
verbalization. Those assessing competence must be familiar with the task/process for which they are validating
competence. These assessments can be performed by the Chief or Assistant Chief, SPS, or SPS supervisors,
educators, or other designated staff members (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2017). Moreover, competency or
qualification validation is an indispensable stage for obtaining reliable information about employee
potential(Shippmann et al.,2000).

On the importance of trainings in the performance of the traffic personnel

The theme “The Importance of Trainings” emerged from the responses of four key informants on the
importance of trainings in the performance of the traffic personnel.
One key informant stated that,“Trainings is very important coz if you want to solve particularly, you’re serving
the public, you must be equipped.. whatever endeavor that you have because the training itself could guarantee
on how you could be upgraded, your human development.” This is supported by another key informant,“Very
very important, considering that would make them fit to implement traffic rules and regulations…that is
necessary, that is in fact mandatory, that there must be training for them.” Another key informant stated,
“Supreme important… important gid ang trainings..at least confident sila sa ila nga work kag well-equipped
man sila kung makasugata sila A+ nga mga taho.”(“Supreme important..trainings are important.. so they‟ll be
at least confident on their work and be well-equipped when they encounter people from higher society.”)
This is supported by the literature Zamora et. al. (2018) that there is a need of trainings for traffic enforcers.
Traffic enforcers should be trained in order for them to

manage the traffic effectively (SunStar, Gatanela, 2018). Training and development program are needed to
improve traffic enforcers knowledge, skills and understanding of traffic rules and regulations (Torregoza, 2017).
Traffic enforcers who are equipped with proper trainings and best practices in the enforcement of traffic laws
will be able to perform and manage the traffic flow well(SBN 994, Sen. Gatchalian W., 2016). Well- trained
traffic enforcers are seen to manage vehicular traffic better and properly deal with sectors contributing to street
congestion(PanayNews, Acebuche, 2017). Furthermore, traffic enforcement training program should go along
with the changes in the organizational and operational structure to get the best results((National Academy of
Sciences, 2018).
According to Vinesh (2014), to enhance the performance of employees in an organization, training and
development should be provided; hence, this is one of the important organizational activities as it means to
develop “Human” resources to remain efficient in the workplace. Trainings focus on doing activities that will
prepare employees for future roles and responsibilities which shall also enhance organization development.
Moreover, training is particularly important for new employees as this serves as a platform to get new
employees up to speed with the processes of the agency and address any skill gaps(Bhanu Chopra 2015). With
trainings, shortcomings and weaknesses of employees are addressed and employees‟ performance is improved.
Furthermore, employees who have attended the right trainings need lesser supervision and guidance. It is
therefore important for employees to be trained as it develops necessary skill sets in employees and enable them
to address tasks independently with which also allows
supervisors and management to focus on more pressing areas(Bhanu Chopra 2015).

Mary Jo Salvacion Goetsch, IJSRM Volume 11 Issue 12 December 2023 EM-2023-443

Conclusion
This section presents the conclusion drawn from the results of this study. While the set of recommendations for
the stakeholders of this study follow the conclusion.
Bacolod Traffic Authority Office (BTAO) traffic personnel who participated in the study were almost equally
divided when grouped according to age, while majority of them were male and have attained college level.
When it comes to participants‟ length of service as traffic personnel, majority of them have less than 7 years of
experience, and it also showed that majority are designated as traffic enforcer, while not all have completed the
required trainings.
On the other hand, the findings revealed that the roles of traffic personnel are mainly managing traffic flow and
implementing traffic rules and regulations in the city roads. Meanwhile, on their knowledge on City Ordinance
338, it showed that majority of them are highly knowledgeable except on Section V (paragraphs 5 and 8) and
Section VIII of the same ordinance wherein they are only moderately knowledgeable.
Moreover, there were no significant differences in the level of knowledge on City Ordinance 338 of the
participants when they were grouped according to age, sex, educational attainment, and job designation.
However, it showed that there are significant differences in the level of knowledge on City Ordiance 338 of the
participants when they were grouped according to length of service and trainings attended as participants whose
number of years is equal to or greater than 7 years have higher level of knowledge on City Ordinance 338 than
the other group which have less than 7 years of service. The differences between these two groups were found
to be statistically significant.
Furthermore, the top most challenge experienced by the participants of the study is the arrogance of drivers
wherein almost half of the participants have experienced this problem. The lack of discipline which includes
disregarding traffic rules and regulations among drivers follows next. Moreover, ignorance of the traffic rules
and regulations among road users, attitude of drivers, bad weather conditions, high volume of vehicles and road
widening projects were also among the challenges encountered by the traffic personnel.

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