II-TERM / PHYSICS / Std-IX (2024-2025)

Unit – 4 / ELECTRIC CHARGES AND ELECTRIC CURRENT

I. Choose the correct answer:
1. In current electricity, a positive charge refers to, ______.
(a) Presence of electron (b) Presence of proton
(c) absence of electron (d) absence of proton
2. Rubbing of comb with hair
(a) creates electric charge (b) transfer electric charge
(c) either (a) or (b) (d) neither (a) or (b)
3. Electric field lines ________ from positive charge and _______ in negative charge.
(a) start; start (b) start; end (c) end; end
4. Potential near a charge is the measure of its _______ to bring a positive charge at that point.
(a) force (b) ability (c) tendency (d) work done
5. In an electrolyte the current is due to the flow of, _________.
(a) electrons (b) positive ions (c) both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) or (b)
6. Heating effect of current is called, __________effect.
(a) Joule heating (b) Coulomb heating (c) Voltage heating (d) Ampere heating
7. Electroplating is an example for _________.
(a) Heating effect (b) chemical effect (c) flowing effect (d) magnetic effect
8. Resistance of a wire depends on, __________.
(a) Temperature (b) geometry (c) natural of material (d) all the above

II. Match the following:

1. Electric charge Coulomb
2. Potential difference volt
3. Electric field Newton per coulomb
4. Resistance Ohm
5. Electric current Ampere

III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement

1. Electrically neutral means it is either zero or equal positive and negative charges. – True
2. Ammeter is connected in parallel in any electric circuit.
Ans: False (Correct statement: Ammeter is always connected in series in any electric circuit)
3. The anode in electrolyte is negative. –
False (Correct statement: The anode in electrolyte is positive)
4. Current can produce a magnetic field. – True

IV.Fill in the blanks:

1. Electrons move from lower potential to higher potential.
2. The direction opposite to the movement of electron is called conventional current.
3. The e.m.f of a cell is analogue to the water pump of a pipe line.
4. The domestic electricity in India is an AC with a frequency of 50 Hz.

V. Conceptual questions:
1. A bird sitting on a high power electric line is still safe. How?
Birds can sit on power lines and not get electric shocks because the electricity is always
looking for a way to get to the ground (i.e.) the current is not flowing out of its body to any
other material.
 Current flows in a loop (which means the circuit is closed) A bird sitting on a transmission line
does not complete the circuit. If the same bird keeps one leg on one line and another leg or any
part of its body on another line or the neutral wire points or on the ground, then it will get
burnt.
2. Does a solar cell always maintain a constant potential across the terminals? Discuss.
Solar cell delivers a constant current for any given illumination level, while the voltage is
determined by the load resistance. Potential in a solar cell depends on the intensity or the
frequency of the solar radiation. Since the intensity of solar radiation is not always constant,
the potential across its terminal is also not constant.
3. Can electroplating be possible with alternating current?
The heating effect and the chemical effect experiments have to be performed only with a DC
cell of around 9V. The 9V DC cell will not give any electrical shock. At any cost we should
not use the main domestic electric supply which is 220V ac voltage. If it is used it will give a
heavy electric shock leading to a severe damage to our body.

VI. Answer the following:

1. On what factors does the electrostatic force between two charges depend?
The numerical value (magnitude) of electric force between two charges depend on the,
(i) Value of charges on them,
(ii) Distance between them and
(iii) Nature of medium between them.
2. What are electric lines of force?
The lines representing the electric field are called electric lines of force.
3. Define electric field.
Electric field is the region around a charged body within which its influence can be
experienced (i.e) within which it can attract or repel another charged body.
4. Define electric current and give its unit.
The electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charges through any cross section
of a conductor.
𝑄
Electric current I =
𝑡
Its unit is CS-1
Its SI unit: ampere (A).
5. State Ohm’s law.
Ohm’s law states that, the steady current passing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference across its ends, provided the physical conditions like temperature,
density, etc. remain unchanged. V  1 or V = IR.
6. Name any two appliances which work under the principle of heating effect of current.
Electric heating appliances like iron box, water heater, toaster etc. work under the principle of
heating effect of electric current.
7. How are the home appliances connected in general, in series or parallel? Give reasons.
In a household electric circuit, different home appliances are connected in parallel to one
another due to the following reasons:
(i) The appliances can be operated independently. If one appliance is switched off, others
remain unaffected.
(ii) Each appliance gets the same constant voltage is 220V.
(iii) In parallel connection of electrical appliances, the overall resistance of the circuit is
reduced due to which the current from the power supply is high.
 8. List the safety features while handling with electricity.
(i) Ground connection: The metal bodies of all the electrical appliances are to be connected to
the ground by means of a third wire apart from the two wires used for electrical connections.
(ii) Trip switch: It is an electromechanical device which does not allow a current beyond a
particular value by automatically switching off the connection.
(iii) Fuse: A fuse is another safety device (mechanism) which works on joule heating
principle.
(iv) Damaged insulation: Do not touch the bare wire. Use safety glows and stand on
insulating stool or rubber slippers while handling electricity.
(iv) Overload of powers sockets: Do not connect too many electrical devices to a single
electrical socket
(v) Inappropriate use of electrical appliances: Always use the electrical appliances
according to the power rating of the device like ac point, TV point, microwave oven point etc.
(vi) Environment with moisture and dampness: Keep the place, where there is electricity
out of moisture and wetness as it will lead to leakage of electric current.
(vii) Beyond the reach of children: the electrical sockets are to be kept away from the reach
of little children who do not know the dangers of electricity.

VII. Exercises:
1. Rubbing a comb on hair makes the comb get –0.4C.
(a) Find which material has of more electrons and which one gained it.
(b) Find how many electrons are transferred in this process.
a. comb gained electrons. Dry hair lost electron.
b. No. of electrons transferred = –0.4 C
1 coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electron
– 0.4 C = 0.4 x 6.25 x 1018 electrons
= – 2.5 x 1018 electrons
2. Calculate the amount of charge that would flow in 2 hours through an element of an
electric bulb drawing a current of 2.5A.
Current I = 2.5 A
Time t = 2 hours = 2 x 3600 seconds
t = 7200 S
Amount of charge Q = I x t
= 2.5 x 7200
Q = 18,000 C
3. The values of current I flowing through a resistor for various potential differences V
across the resistor are given below. What is th0e value of resistor?
I (ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
V (volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2
 𝑽𝟐 −𝑽𝟏
Resistance of the resistor R =
𝒍𝟐 −𝑰𝟏
𝟏𝟑.𝟐 – 𝟏𝟎.𝟐
=
𝟒−𝟑
𝟑
= = 3Ω
𝟏
R = 3Ω

Unit - 5 / MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

I. Choose the correct answer :
1. Which of the following converts electrical energy into mechanical energy ?
(a) motor (b) battery (c) generator (d) switch
2. The part of the AC generator that passes the current from the armature coil to the
external circuit is
(a) Field magnet (b) split rings (c) slip rings (d) carbon brushes
3. Transformer works on -------------
(a) AC only (b) DC only (c) both AC and DC (d) AC nor effectively than DC
4. The unit of magnetic flux density is
(a) Weber (b) weber / metre (c) weber / metre2 (d) weber.metre2
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. The SI unit of magnetic field induction is Tesla
2. Devices which is used to convert the voltage of high alternating current to low alternating current
are transformers.
3. An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
4. A device for producing electric current is a generator.
III. Match the following :
1. Magnetic material Iron
2. Non- magnetic material wood
3. Current and magnetism Oersted
4. Electromagnetic induction Faraday
5. Electric generator Induction

IV. True or False :

1. A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy – True
2. Magnetic field lines always repels each other and do not intersect. – True
3. Fleming’s Left hand rule is also known as Dynamo rule – False
(Correct statement : Fleming’s Left hand rule is also known as motor rule.)
4. The speed of rotation of an electric motor can be increased by decreasing the area of the coil.
-False (Correct statement : The speed of rotation of an electric motor can be increased by
increasing the area of the coil.)
5. A transformer can step up direct current. – False
(Correct statement: A transformer can step up the voltage of the alternating current (AC).)
6. In a step down transformer the number of turns in primary coil is greater than that of the number
of turns in the secondary coil – True

V. Answer in brief:
1. State Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
Stretch the first three fingers of the left hand so that they are mutually perpendicular to each
other. If the fore finger points the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger points the
direction of the current flow then the thumb will point the direction of the motion or the force
acting on the conductor.
2. Define magnetic flux density.
The number of magnetic field lines crossing per unit area kept normal to the direction of field
lines is called magnetic flux density. Its unit is Wb/m2.
3. List the main parts of an electric motor.
Main parts of an electric motor.
(i) Field magnet (ii) Armature (Rectangular coil) (iii) Split rings (Commutator)
(iv) Brushes (v) Battery

4. Draw and label the diagram of an AC generator.

Parts
N, S - Permanent magnet
A B C D - Rectangular coil or armature
S1 , S2 - Slip rings
B1 , B2 - Carbon brushes

5. State the advantages of AC over DC.

(i) The cost of generation of AC is less than the cost of generation of DC.
(ii) AC can be easily converted into DC.
(iii) Only alternating voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by using a transformer.
(iv) AC can be transmitted to distant places without much loss of electric power than DC.
6. Differentiate step up and step down transformer.
Step up transformer Step down transformer
1. It is a device used to raise the AC voltage (Vs It is a device used to reduce the AC
> Vp ) voltage (Vs < Vp)
2. It has more turns on its secondary coil in It has less turns on the secondary coil
comparison to the primary one (Ns > Np) (Ns < Np)
3. It is used to start the electric motor and step- It is used to balance the ratio of the
up the voltage in the coil. voltage and current on the primary
and secondary coil.
4. It takes a lot of voltage to initially start the The secondary coil has fewer turns
motor coil. It increases the voltage but which mean low voltage and higher
decreases the current. current while it is opposite in the case
of the primary coil.
5. It is found in television and in power It is found in laptops and phone
stations. chargers.

7. A portable radio has a built in transformer so that it can work from the mains instead
of batteries. Is this a step up or step down transformer? Give reason
It is a step down transformer. So that rectified DC voltage is equal to battery voltage, hence it
can work on mains as well as on battery.
8. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
First law: Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf (electric
current) is induced. The induced potential difference lasts so long as there is a change in the
magnetic flux linked with the coil.
Second law: The magnitude of the induced current is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the coil.
VI. Answer in detail:
1. Explain the principle, construction and working of a dc motor.
Principle : An electric motor works on the principle that a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. The direction of force is given by the Fleming’s
left hand rule.
Construction : An electric motor consists of the following main parts.

Armature : It is a rectangular coil ABCD having a large number of turns of this insulated
copper wire wound over a soft iron core. The armature is placed between the poles of the field
magnet and it can be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.
Split rings (commutators ) : It consists of a cylindrical metal ring split into two halves S1 & S2.
As the coil rotates, the split rings also rotate about the same axis of rotation. The function of the
split rings is to reverse the direction of current in the coil after every half rotation.
Carbon brushes : Two graphite or flexible metal rods maintain a siding contact with split rings
S1 and S2 alternately.
Battery : A battery of few cells is connected to the brushes. The current from the battery flows
to the armature coil through the brushes and the split rings.
Working : A simple coil is placed inside two poles of a magnet. Now look at the current
carrying conductor segment AB. The direction of the current is towards B, whereas in the
conductor segment CD the direction is opposite. As the current is flowing in opposite directions
in the segments AB and CD, the direction of the motion of the segments would be in opposite
directions according to Fleming’s left hand rule. When two ends of the coil experience a force in
opposite direction, they rotate. If the current flow is along the line ABCD, then the coil will
rotate in clockwise direction first and then in anticlockwise direction. If we want to make the coil
rotate in any one direction, say clockwise, then the direction of the current should be along
ABCD in the first half of the rotation and along DCBA in the second half of the rotation.
When the gap in the split ring commutator is aligned with terminals X and Y there is no flow of
current in the coil. But, as the coil is moving, it continues to move forward bringing one of the
split ring commutator in contact with the carbon brushes X and Y. The reversing of the current is
repeated at each half rotation giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil.
2. Explain two types of transformer.
Step up transformer: The transformer is used to change a low
alternative voltage to a high alternating voltage is called a step up
transformer. Ie (Vs >VP) . In a step up transformer, the number of
turns in the secondary coil is more than the number of turns in
the primary coil (Ns>Np)
Step down transformer: The transformer used to change a high
alternating voltage to a low alternating voltage is called a step
down transformer (Vs < VP) . In a step down transformer, the
number of turns in the secondary coils are less than the number
of turns in the primary coil (Ns < Np).
 3. Draw a neat diagram of an AC generator and explain its working.

PARTS :
N, S – Permanent magnet
A B C D – Rectangular coil or armature.
S1, S2 – Slip rings
B1, B2 – Carbon brushes
a) An alternating current (AC) generator, [as shown] consists of a rotating rectangular coil
ABCD called armature placed between the two poles of a permanent magnet.
b) The two ends of this coil are connected to two slip rings S1 and S2. The inner sides of these
rings are insulated.
c) Two conducting stationary brushes B1 and B2 are kept separately on the rings S1 and S2
respectively.
d) The two rings S1 and S2 are internally attached to an axle.
e) The axle may be mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic
field. Outer ends of the two brushes are connected to the external circuit.
f) When the coil is rotated, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. This change in
magnetic flux will lead to generation of induced current.
g) The direction of the induced current, as given by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, is along ABCD
in the coil and in the outer circuit it flows from B2 to B1.
h) During the second half of rotation, the direction of current is along DCBA in the coil and in
the outer circuit it flows from B1 to B2.
i) As the rotation of the coil continues, the induced current in the external circuit is changing its
direction for every half a rotation of the coil.

Unit – 6 / LIGHT
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. A ray of light passes from one medium to another medium, refraction takes place when angle
of incidence is
a) 0° b) 45° c) 90°
2. _________ is used as reflectors in torchlight.
a) concave mirror b) Plane mirror c) Convex mirror
3. We can create enlarged, virtual images with a _________.
a) concave mirror b) Plane mirror c) Convex mirror
4. When the reflecting surface is curved outwards the mirror formed will be
a) concave mirror b) Convex mirror c) Plane mirror
5. When a beam of white light passes through a prism it gets __________.
a) reflected b) only deviated c) deviated and dispersed
6. The speed of light is maximum in _____
a) Vacuum b) glass c) diamond
II. True or false:
1. The angle of deviation depends on the refractive index of the glass – True.
2. If a ray of light passes obliquely from one medium to another, it does not suffer any
deviation – False
Correct Statement: If a ray of light passes obliquely from one medium to another, it bends
away from the normal.
3. The convex mirror always produces a virtual, diminished and erect image of the object. –
True
4. When an object is at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, the image formed will be
Virtual and erect. – False
Correct statement - When an object is at the centre of curvature of concave mirror, the
image formed will be a real and inverted and a same size image.
5. The reason for brilliance of diamonds is total internal reflection of light. – True

III. Fill in the blanks:

1. In going from a rarer to denser medium, the ray of light bends towards the normal.
2. The mirror used in search lights is a concave mirror.
3. The angle of deviation of a light ray in a prism depends on the angle of incidence.
4. The radius of curvature of a concave mirror whose focal length is 5cm is 10cm.
5. Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.

IV. Match the following:

S. No. List 1 List II
1. Ratio of height of image to height of object. Magnification
2. Used in hairpin bends of mountains Convex mirror
3. Coin inside water appearing slightly raised Refraction
4. Mirage Total internal reflection
5. Used as Dentist’s mirror Concave mirror

V. Assertion & Reason:

In the following questions, the statement of assertion is followed by a reason. Mark the
Correct choice as:
a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation.
b) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation
c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion: For observing the traffic at a hairpin bend in mountain paths a plane mirror is
preferred over convex mirror and concave mirror
Reason: A convex mirror has a much larger field of view than a plane mirror or a concave
mirror.
Ans: d) Assertion is false but reason is true.

2. Assertion: The Incident ray is directed towards the centre of a curvature of spherical mirror.
After the reflection, it retraces its path.
Reason: Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r) = 0°
Ans: a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation.
VI. Very short answer type:
1. According to Cartesian sign convention, which mirror and which lens have negative
focal length?
Concave
2. Name the mirror(s) that can give (i) an erect and enlarged image, (ii) same sized,
inverted image.
Concave mirror
3. If an object is placed at the focus of a concave mirror where is the image formed?
Infinity
4. Why does a ray of light bend when it travels from one medium to another?
A ray of light bends, when it travels from one medium to another due to the change in
velocity of light in two different medium.
5. What is the speed of light in vacuum?
The only medium in which speed of light is equal to that in vacuum is air. Speed of light in
vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s. Armand Fizeau fist measured the speed of light.
6. Concave mirrors are used by dentists to examine teeth. Why?
As concave mirrors produce virtual, erect and magnified images, when an object is placed in
between the focus and pole. So he can clearly get a magnified view of the cavities.

VII. Short answer type

1. a) Complete the diagram to show how a concave mirror forms the image of the object.
b) What is the nature of the image?

a)

b) Real, inverted and magnified.

2. Pick out the concave and convex mirrors from the following and tabulate them Rear-
view mirror, Dentist’s mirror, Torch-light mirror, Mirrors in shopping malls, Make-up
mirror.
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
Dentist’s mirror Rear view mirror
Torch light mirror Mirrors in corners of shops /shopping malls
Make up mirror Hairpin bends
 3. State the direction of incident ray which after reflection from a spherical mirror
retraces its path. Give reason for your answer.
Incident ray is directed towards the centre of curvature Reason: The ray is normal to the
spherical mirror so  i = 0, ∴  r = 0)
4. What is meant by magnification? Write its expression. What is its sign for real image
and Virtual image?
Magnification is the increase or the decrease in size of an image compared to true size.

height of the image

Magnification m =
height of the object

height of the image

=
height of the object
𝑕2 −𝑣
so m = =
𝑕1 𝑢

Negative – real image

Positive – virtual image

5. Write the spherical mirror formula and explain the meaning of each symbol used in it.
Mirror formula
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑢 𝑣

f – focal length of a spherical mirror

u – distance of the object from the pole of the mirror
v – distance of image from the pole of the mirror

VIII. Answer in detail:

1. a) Draw ray diagrams to show how the image is formed, using a concave mirror when
the position of objects is i) at C ii) between C and F iii) between F and P of the mirror.
b) Mention the position and nature of image in each case.
Position of object: At C.
Position of image: At C.
Nature of the image:
(i) Real
(ii) Inverted
(iii) Same size as object.

Position of object: Between C and F.

Position of image: Beyond C.
Nature of the image:
(i) Real
(ii) Inverted
(iii)Magnified.
 Position of object: Between F and P
Position of image: Behind the Mirror
Nature of the image:
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Magnified

2. Explain with diagram how refraction of incident light takes place from a) rarer to
denser medium b) denser to rarer medium c) normal to the surface separating the
two media.
a) rarer to denser medium
When a ray of light travels from optically rarer medium to optically denser medium, it bends
towards the normal.

b) denser to rarer medium

When a ray of light from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium it bends
away from the normal.

c) normal to the surface separating the two media.

A ray of light incident normally on a denser medium it goes without any deviation.

IX. Numerical problems:

1. A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object placed at 7cm in
front of it. Where is the image located?
Ans: Here given magnification m = 3
Object distance u = -7 cm
𝑣
Magnification m = – Real image
𝑢
𝑣
–3 = –
𝑢
3u = -v
v = 3u = 3 x 7 = -21cm
The image will be formed at a distance of 21cm in front of convex mirror from it’s the pole.
2. Light enters from air into a glass plate having refractive index 1.5. What is the speed of
light in glass?
Ans: Refractive index of a glass plate 𝜇 = 1.5
Speed of light in vacuum is C = 3 x 108 ms-1
Speed of light in glass V=?
𝐶 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
𝜇= =
V 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

3 𝑥 10 8
1.5 =
𝑣
3 𝑥 10 8
∴v = = 2 x108 ms-1
1.5
Speed of light in glass = 2 x 108 ms-1

3. The speed of light in water is 2.25 x 108 ms-1. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1.
Calculate the refractive index of water.
Ans. Speed of light in water V = 2.25 x 108 ms-1
Speed of light in vacuum C = 3 x 108 ms-1
Refractive index of water 𝜇 = ?
𝐶 3 𝑥 10 8
𝜇= = = 1.33 (no unit)
V 2𝑥10 8
∴ 𝝁 = 1.33

X) Higher Order Thinking Skills:

1. Light ray emerges from water into air. Draw a ray diagram indicating the change in its
path in water.

2. When a ray of light passes from air into glass, is, the angle of refraction greater than or
less than the angle of incidence?
Light bends towards the normal because glass is denser than air.
It bends towards the normal. Since light has to travel with lesser speed in glass but within
short time.
r < i. Angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.
3. What do you conclude about the speed of light in diamond? If the refractive index of
diamond is 2.41?
Refractive index of diamond  = 2.41
𝑐
=
𝑣
3 × 10 8
2.41 =
𝑣
3 × 10 8
v=
2.41
v = 1.24 x 108 ms–1
Speed of light in diamond (1.24 x 108ms–1) is lesser than the speed of light in air
(3 x 108ms–1)
The refractive index of diamond is 2.42, it means that speed of light in air (vacuum) is 2.42
times the speed of light in diamond.
*==*==*==*==*==*==*