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HRW11e_SSMfrontmatter.indd 6 27/10/17 1:37 PM
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1.......................................1 Chapter 23.................................276

Chapter 2.......................................7 Chapter 24.................................286
Chapter 3.....................................20 Chapter 25.................................299
Chapter 4.....................................31 Chapter 26.................................307
Chapter 5.....................................48 Chapter 27.................................315
Chapter 6.....................................64 Chapter 28.................................329
Chapter 7.....................................80 Chapter 29.................................339
Chapter 8.....................................91 Chapter 30.................................351
Chapter 9...................................109 Chapter 31.................................365
Chapter 10.................................125 Chapter 32.................................381
Chapter 11.................................135 Chapter 33.................................390
Chapter 12.................................150 Chapter 34.................................406
Chapter 13.................................162 Chapter 35.................................423
Chapter 14.................................174 Chapter 36.................................438
Chapter 15.................................183 Chapter 37.................................450
Chapter 16.................................196 Chapter 38.................................458
Chapter 17.................................207 Chapter 39.................................466
Chapter 18.................................221 Chapter 40.................................473
Chapter 19.................................233 Chapter 41.................................480
Chapter 20.................................245 Chapter 42.................................486
Chapter 21.................................255 Chapter 43.................................497
Chapter 22.................................264 Chapter 44.................................504

HRW11e_SSMfrontmatter.indd 7 27/10/17 1:37 PM

HRW11e_SSMfrontmatter.indd 8 27/10/17 1:37 PM
Chapter 1

1-1
THINK In this problem we’re given the radius of the Earth, and asked to compute its
circumference, surface area and volume.

EXPRESS Assuming Earth to be a sphere of radius

RE = ( 6.37 × 106 m )(10−3 km m ) = 6.37 × 103 km,

the corresponding circumference, surface area and volume are:

4π 3
C = 2π RE , A = 4π RE2 , V= RE .
3
The geometric formulas are given in Appendix E.

ANALYZE (a) Using the formulas given above, we find the circumference to be

C = 2π RE = 2π (6.37 × 103 km) = 4.00 ×104 km.

(b) Similarly, the surface area of Earth is

( )
2
A = 4π RE2 = 4π 6.37 × 103 km = 5.10 × 108 km 2 ,
(c) and its volume is
4π 3 4π
( )
3
V= RE = 6.37 × 103 km = 1.08 × 1012 km3 .
3 3

LEARN From the formulas given, we see that C ∼ RE , A ∼ RE2 , and V ∼ RE3 . The ratios
of volume to surface area, and surface area to circumference are V / A = RE / 3 and
A / C = 2 RE .

1-5
THINK This problem deals with conversion of furlongs to rods and chains, all of which
are units for distance.

EXPRESS Given that 1 furlong = 201.168 m , 1 rod = 5.0292 m and

1 chain = 20.117 m , the relevant conversion factors are
1 rod
1.0 furlong = 201.168 m = (201.168 m ) = 40 rods,
5.0292 m
and
1 chain
1.0 furlong = 201.168 m = (201.168 m ) = 10 chains .
20.117 m

1
2 CHAPTER 1

Note the cancellation of m (meters), the unwanted unit.

ANALYZE Using the above conversion factors, we find

40 rods
(a) the distance d in rods to be d = 4.0 furlongs = ( 4.0 furlongs ) = 160 rods,
1 furlong
10 chains
(b) and in chains to be d = 4.0 furlongs = ( 4.0 furlongs ) = 40 chains.
1 furlong

LEARN Since 4 furlongs is about 800 m, this distance is approximately equal to 160
rods ( 1 rod ≈ 5 m ) and 40 chains ( 1 chain ≈ 20 m ). So our results make sense.

1-17
THINK In this problem we are asked to rank 5 clocks, based on their performance as
timekeepers.

EXPRESS We first note that none of the clocks advance by exactly 24 h in a 24-h period
but this is not the most important criterion for judging their quality for measuring time
intervals. What is important here is that the clock advance by the same (or nearly the
same) amount in each 24-h period. The clock reading can then easily be adjusted to give
the correct interval.

ANALYZE The chart below gives the corrections (in seconds) that must be applied to
the reading on each clock for each 24-h period. The entries were determined by
subtracting the clock reading at the end of the interval from the clock reading at the
beginning.
CLOCK Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
-Mon. -Tues. -Wed. -Thurs. -Fri. -Sat.
A −16 −16 −15 −17 −15 −15
B −3 +5 −10 +5 +6 −7
C −58 −58 −58 −58 −58 −58
D +67 +67 +67 +67 +67 +67
E +70 +55 +2 +20 +10 +10

Clocks C and D are both good timekeepers in the sense that each is consistent in its daily
drift (relative to WWF time); thus, C and D are easily made “perfect” with simple and
predictable corrections. The correction for clock C is less than the correction for clock D,
so we judge clock C to be the best and clock D to be the next best. The correction that
must be applied to clock A is in the range from 15 s to 17s. For clock B it is the range
from −5 s to +10 s, for clock E it is in the range from −70 s to −2 s. After C and D, A has
the smallest range of correction, B has the next smallest range, and E has the greatest
range. From best to worst, the ranking of the clocks is C, D, A, B, E.

LEARN Of the five clocks, the readings in clocks A, B and E jump around from one 24-
h period to another, making it difficult to correct them.
 3

1-23
THINK This problem consists of two parts: in the first part, we are asked to find the
mass of water, given its volume and density; the second part deals with the mass flow
rate of water, which is expressed as kg/s in SI units.

EXPRESS From the definition of density: ρ = m / V , we see that mass can be calculated
as m = ρV , the product of the volume of water and its density. With 1 g = 1 × 10−3 kg
and 1 cm3 = (1 × 10−2m)3 = 1 × 10−6m3, the density of water in SI units (kg/m3) is

⎛ 1 g ⎞ ⎛ 10 kg ⎞ ⎛ cm ⎞
−3 3
ρ = 1 g/cm3 = ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1 × 10 kg m .
3 3

⎝ cm ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ 10−6 m3 ⎠

To obtain the flow rate, we simply divide the total mass of the water by the time taken to
drain it.

ANALYZE (a) Using m = ρV , the mass of a cubic meter of water is

m = ρV = (1 × 103 kg/m3 )(1 m3 ) = 1 × 103 kg.

(b) The total mass of water in the container is

M = ρV = (1 × 103 kg m3 )(5700 m3 ) = 5.70 × 106 kg ,

and the time elapsed is t = (10 h)(3600 s/h) = 3.6 × 104 s. Thus, the mass flow rate R is
M 5.70 × 106 kg
R= = = 158 kg s.
t 3.6 × 104 s

LEARN In terms of volume, the drain rate can be expressed as

V 5700 m3
′
R = = = 0.158 m3 /s ≈ 42 gal/s.
t 3.6 × 10 s
4

The greater the flow rate, the less time is required to drain a given amount of water.

1-33
THINK In this problem we are asked to differentiate between three types of tons:
displacement ton, freight ton and register ton, all of which are units of volume.

EXPRESS The three different tons are defined in terms of barrel bulk, with
1 barrel bulk = 0.1415 m3 = 4.0155 U.S. bushels (using 1 m3 = 28.378 U.S. bushels ).
Thus, in terms of U.S. bushels, we have
4 CHAPTER 1

⎛ 4.0155 U.S. bushels ⎞

1 displacement ton = (7 barrels bulk) × ⎜ ⎟ = 28.108 U.S. bushels
⎝ 1 barrel bulk ⎠
⎛ 4.0155 U.S. bushels ⎞
1 freight ton = (8 barrels bulk) × ⎜ ⎟ = 32.124 U.S. bushels
⎝ 1 barrel bulk ⎠
⎛ 4.0155 U.S. bushels ⎞
1 register ton = (20 barrels bulk) × ⎜ ⎟ = 80.31 U.S. bushels
⎝ 1 barrel bulk ⎠

ANALYZE (a) The difference between 73 “freight” tons and 73 “displacement” tons is

ΔV = 73(freight tons − displacement tons) = 73(32.124 U.S. bushels − 28.108 U.S. bushels)
= 293.168 U.S. bushels ≈ 293 U.S. bushels

(b) Similarly, the difference between 73 “register” tons and 73 “displacement” tons is

ΔV = 73(register tons − displacement tons) = 73(80.31 U.S. bushels − 28.108 U.S. bushels)
= 3810.746 U.S. bushels ≈ 3.81×103 U.S. bushels

LEARN With 1 register ton > 1 freight ton > 1 displacement ton, we expect the difference
found in (b) to be greater than that in (a). This is indeed the case.

1-39
THINK This problem compares the U.K. gallon with U.S. gallon, two non-SI units for
volume. The interpretation of the type of gallons, whether U.K. or U.S., affects the
amount of gasoline one calculates for traveling a given distance.

EXPRESS If the fuel consumption rate is R (in miles/gallon), then the amount of
gasoline (in gallons) needed for a trip of distance d (in miles) would be

d (miles)
V (gallon) =
R (miles/gallon)

Since the car was manufactured in U.K., the fuel consumption rate is calibrated based on
U.K. gallon, and the correct interpretation should be “40 miles per U.K. gallon.” In U.K.,
one would think of gallon as U.K. gallon; however, in the U.S., the word “gallon” would
naturally be interpreted as U.S. gallon. Note also that since 1 U.K. gallon = 4.5460900 L
and 1 U.S. gallon = 3.7854118 L , the relationship between the two is

⎛ 1 U.S. gallon ⎞
1 U.K. gallon = (4.5460900 L) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.20095 U.S. gallons
⎝ 3.7854118 L ⎠

ANALYZE (a) The amount of gasoline actually required is

 5

750 miles
V′ = = 18.75 U.K. gallons ≈ 18.8 U.K. gallons
40 miles/U.K. gallon

This means that the driver mistakenly believes that the car should need 18.8 U.S. gallons.

(b) Using the conversion factor found above, this is equivalent to

⎛ 1.20095 U.S. gallons ⎞

V ′ = (18.75 U.K. gallons ) × ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 22.5 U.S. gallons
⎝ 1 U.K. gallon ⎠

LEARN A U.K. gallon is greater than a U.S gallon by roughly a factor of 1.2 in volume.
Therefore, 40 mi/U.K. gallon is less fuel-efficient than 40 mi/U.S. gallon.

1-41
THINK This problem involves converting cord, a non-SI unit for volume, to SI unit.

EXPRESS Using the (exact) conversion 1 in. = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m for length, we have

⎛ 0.0254 m ⎞
1 ft = 12 in = (12 in.) × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.3048 m .
⎝ 1 in ⎠
Thus, 1 ft 3 = (0.3048 m)3 = 0.0283 m3 for volume (these results also can be found in
Appendix D).

ANALYZE The volume of a cord of wood is V = (8 ft) × (4 ft) × (4 ft) = 128 ft 3 . Using
the conversion factor found above, we obtain
⎛ 0.0283 m3 ⎞
V = 1 cord = 128 ft 3 = (128 ft 3 ) × ⎜ 3 ⎟ = 3.625 m
3

⎝ 1 ft ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
which implies that 1 m3 = ⎜ ⎟ cord = 0.276 cord ≈ 0.3 cord .
⎝ 3.625 ⎠

LEARN The unwanted units ft3 all cancel out, as they should. In conversions, units obey
the same algebraic rules as variables and numbers.

1-47
THINK This problem involves expressing the speed of light in astronomical units per
minute.

EXPRESS We first convert meters to astronomical units (AU), and seconds to minutes,
using
1000 m = 1 km, 1 AU = 1.50 × 108 km, 60 s = 1 min .
6 CHAPTER 1

ANALYZE Using the conversion factors above, the speed of light can be rewritten as

⎛ 3.0 × 108 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 km ⎞ ⎛ AU ⎞ ⎛ 60 s ⎞
c = 3.0 × 108 m/s = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.12 AU min .
⎠ ⎝ 1000 m ⎠ ⎝ 1.50 × 10 km ⎠ ⎝ min ⎠
8
⎝ s

LEARN When expressed the speed of light c in AU/min, we readily see that it takes
about 8.3 (= 1/0.12) minutes for sunlight to reach the Earth (i.e., to travel a distance of 1
AU).

1-53
THINK The objective of this problem is to convert the Earth-Sun distance (1 AU) to
parsecs and light-years.

EXPRESS To relate parsec (pc) to AU, we note that when θ is measured in radians, it is
equal to the arc length s divided by the radius R. For a very large radius circle and small
value of θ, the arc may be approximated as the straight line-segment of length 1 AU.
Thus,
⎛ 1 arcmin ⎞ ⎛ 1° ⎞ ⎛ 2π radian ⎞
θ = 1 arcsec = (1 arcsec ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
−6
⎟ = 4.85 ×10 rad .
⎝ 60 arcsec ⎠ ⎝ 60 arcmin ⎠ ⎝ 360° ⎠
Therefore, one parsec is
s 1 AU
1 pc = = = 2.06 × 105 AU .
θ 4.85 × 10 −6

Next, we relate AU to light-year (ly). Since a year is about 3.16 × 107 s,

( )
1ly = (186, 000 mi s ) 3.16 × 107 s = 5.9 × 1012 mi .

ANALYZE (a) Since 1 pc = 2.06 × 105 AU , inverting the relation gives

⎛ 1 pc ⎞
1 AU = (1 AU ) ⎜ −6
⎟ = 4.9 × 10 pc.
⎝ 2.06 × 10 5
AU ⎠

(b) Given that 1 AU = 92.9×106 mi and 1 ly = 5.9 × 1012 mi , the two expressions
together lead to
⎛ 1 ly ⎞ −5
1 AU = 92.9 × 106 mi = (92.9 × 106 mi) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.6 × 10 ly .
⎝ 5.9 × 10 12
mi ⎠

LEARN Our results can be further combined to give 1 pc = 3.2 ly. From the above
expression, we readily see that it takes 1.57 ×10−5 y , or about 8.3 min, for Sunlight to
travel a distance of 1 AU to reach the Earth.
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Chapter 2

2-3
THINK This one-dimensional kinematics problem consists of two parts, and we are
asked to solve for the average velocity and average speed of the car.

EXPRESS Since the trip consists of two parts, let the displacements during first and
second parts of the motion be Δx1 and Δx2, and the corresponding time intervals be Δt1
and Δt2, respectively. Now, because the problem is one-dimensional and both
displacements are in the same direction, the total displacement is simply Δx = Δx1 + Δx2,
and the total time for the trip is Δt = Δt1 + Δt2. Using the definition of average velocity
given in Eq. 2-2, we have
Δx Δx1 + Δx2
vavg = = .
Δt Δt1 + Δt2

To find the average speed, we note that during a time Δt if the velocity remains a positive
constant, then the speed is equal to the magnitude of velocity, and the distance is equal to
the magnitude of displacement, with d = | Δx | = vΔt.

ANALYZE
(a) During the first part of the motion, the displacement is Δx1 = 40 km and the time taken
is
(40 km)
t1 = = 133
. h.
(30 km / h)
Similarly, during the second part of the trip the displacement is Δx2 = 40 km and the time
interval is
(40 km)
t2 = = 0.67 h.
(60 km / h)

The total displacement is Δx = Δx1 + Δx2 = 40 km + 40 km = 80 km, and the total time
elapsed is Δt = Δt1 + Δt2 = 2.00 h. Consequently, the average velocity is

Δx (80 km)
vavg = = = 40 km/h.
Δt (2.0 h)

(b) In this case, the average speed is the same as the magnitude of the average velocity:
savg = 40 km/h.

(c) The graph of the entire trip, shown below, consists of two contiguous line segments,
the first having a slope of 30 km/h and connecting the origin to (Δt1, Δx1) =
(1.33 h, 40 km) and the second having a slope of 60 km/h and connecting (Δt1, Δx1) to
(Δt, Δx) = (2.00 h, 80 km).

7
8 CHAPTER 2

From the graphical point of view, the slope of the dashed line drawn from the origin to
(Δt, Δx) represents the average velocity.

LEARN The average velocity is a vector quantity that depends only on the net
displacement (also a vector) between the starting and ending points.

2-5
THINK In this one-dimensional kinematics problem, we’re given the position function
x(t), and asked to calculate the position and velocity of the object at a later time.

EXPRESS The position function is given as x(t) = (3 m/s)t – (4 m/s2)t2 + (1 m/s3)t3. The
position of the object at some instant t0 is simply given by x(t0). For the time interval
t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 , the displacement is Δx = x(t2 ) − x(t1 ) . Similarly, using Eq. 2-2, the average
velocity for this time interval is
Δx x(t2 ) − x(t1 )
vavg = = .
Δt t2 − t1

ANALYZE (a) Plugging in t = 1 s into x(t) yields

x(1 s) = (3 m/s)(1 s) – (4 m/s2)(1 s)2 + (1 m/s3)(1 s)3 = 0.

(b) With t = 2 s we get x(2 s) = (3 m/s)(2 s) – (4 m/s2) (2 s)2 + (1 m/s3)(2 s)3 = –2 m.

(c) With t = 3 s we have x (3 s) = (3 m/s)(3 s) – (4 m/s2) (3 s)2 + (1 m/s3)(3 s)3 = 0 m.

(d) Similarly, plugging in t = 4 s gives

x(4 s) = (3 m/s)(4 s) – (4 m/s2)(4 s)2 + (1 m/s3) (4 s)3 = 12 m.

(e) The position at t = 0 is x = 0. Thus, the displacement between t = 0 and t = 4 s is

Δx = x(4 s) − x(0) = 12 m − 0 = 12 m.
 9

(f) The position at t = 2 s is subtracted from the position at t = 4 s to give the

displacement: Δx = x(4 s) − x(2 s) = 12 m − (−2 m) = 14 m . Thus, the average velocity is
Δx 14 m
vavg = = = 7 m/s.
Δt 2s

(g) The position of the object for the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 is plotted below. The straight line
drawn from the point at (t, x) = (2 s, –2 m) to (4 s, 12 m) would represent the average
velocity, answer for part (f).

LEARN Our graphical representation illustrates once again that the average velocity for
a time interval depends only on the net displacement between the starting and ending
points.

2-19
THINK In this one-dimensional kinematics problem, we’re given the speed of a particle
at two instants and asked to calculate its average acceleration.

EXPRESS We represent the initial direction of motion as the +x direction. The average
acceleration over a time interval t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 is given by Eq. 2-7:

Δv v(t2 ) − v(t1 )
aavg = = .
Δt t2 − t1

ANALYZE Let v1 = +18 m/s at t1 = 0 and v2 = –30 m/s at t2 = 2.4 s. Using Eq. 2-7 we
find
v(t ) − v(t1 ) (−30 m/s) − (+1 m/s)
aavg = 2 = = − 20 m/s 2 .
t2 − t1 2.4 s − 0

LEARN The average acceleration has magnitude 20 m/s2 and is in the opposite direction
to the particle’s initial velocity. This makes sense because the velocity of the particle is
decreasing over the time interval. With t1 = 0 , the velocity of the particle as a function of
time can be written as v = v0 + at = (18 m/s) − (20 m/s 2 )t .
10 CHAPTER 2

2-23
THINK The electron undergoes a constant acceleration. Given the final speed of the
electron and the distance it has traveled, we can calculate its acceleration.

EXPRESS Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the electron
can be readily analyzed using the equations given in Table 2-1:

v = v0 + at (2 − 11)
1
x − x0 = v0t + at 2 (2 − 15)
2
v 2 = v02 + 2a ( x − x0 ) (2 − 16)

The acceleration can be found by solving Eq. 2-16.

ANALYZE With v0 = 1.50 ×105 m/s , v = 5.70 × 106 m/s , x0 = 0 and x = 0.010 m, we find
the average acceleration to be

v 2 − v02 (5.7 ×106 m/s) 2 − (1.5 × 105 m/s) 2

a= = = 1.62 × 1015 m/s 2 .
2x 2(0.010 m)

LEARN It is always a good idea to apply other equations in Table 2-1 not used for
solving the problem as a consistency check. For example, since we now know the value
of the acceleration, using Eq. 2-11, the time it takes for the electron to reach its final
speed would be
v − v0 5.70 × 106 m/s − 1.5 ×105 m/s
t= = = 3.426 ×10−9 s
a 1.62 ×10 m/s
15 2

Substituting the value of t into Eq. 2-15, the distance the electron travels is

1 1
x = x0 + v0t + at 2 = 0 + (1.5 ×105 m/s)(3.426 × 10−9 s) + (1.62 × 1015 m/s 2 )(3.426 × 10−9 s) 2
2 2
= 0.01 m

This is what was given in the problem statement. So we know the problem has been
solved correctly.

2-31
THINK The rocket ship undergoes a constant acceleration from rest, and we want to
know the time elapsed and the distance traveled when the rocket reaches a certain speed.

EXPRESS Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the rocket
can be readily analyzed using the equations in Table 2-1:
 11

v = v0 + at (2 − 11)
1
x − x0 = v0t + at 2 (2 − 15)
2
v 2 = v02 + 2a( x − x0 ) (2 − 16)
ANALYZE (a) Given a = 9.8 m/s , v0 = 0 and v = 0.1c = 3.0 × 107 m/s , we solve
2

v = v0 + at for the time:

v − v0 3.0 ×107 m/s − 0
t= = 2
= 3.1× 106 s
a 9.8 m/s

which is about 1.2 months. So it takes 1.2 months for the rocket to reach a speed of 0.1c
starting from rest with a constant acceleration of 9.8 m/s2.

(b) To calculate the distance traveled during this time, we evaluate x = x 0 + v0 t + 12 at 2 ,

with x0 = 0 and v0 = 0 . The result is
1
x = ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) (3.1×106 s) 2 = 4.6 ×1013 m.
2

LEARN In solving parts (a) and (b), we did not use Eq. (2-16): v 2 = v02 + 2a( x − x0 ) . This
equation can be used to check our answers. The final velocity based on this equation is

v = v02 + 2a ( x − x0 ) = 0 + 2(9.8 m/s 2 )(4.6 × 1013 m − 0) = 3.0 ×107 m/s ,

which is what was given in the problem statement. So we know the problems have been
solved correctly.

2-33
THINK The car undergoes a constant negative acceleration to avoid impacting a barrier.
Given its initial speed, we want to know the distance it has traveled and the time elapsed
prior to the impact.

EXPRESS Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the car can be
readily analyzed using the equations in Table 2-1:

v = v0 + at (2 − 11)
1
x − x0 = v0t + at 2 (2 − 15)
2
v 2 = v02 + 2a ( x − x0 ) (2 − 16)

We take x0 = 0 and v0 = 56.0 km/h = 15.55 m/s to be the initial position and speed of the
car. Solving Eq. 2-15 with t = 2.00 s gives the acceleration a. Once a is known, the speed
of the car upon impact can be found by using Eq. 2-11.
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emissaries of the United States who conducted the peace
negotiations were reluctant to consent even to this small concession;
that it was in after years represented on the American side as a mere
form of words, necessary to bring matters to a conclusion and to
save the face of the British Government; that its inadequacy was
hotly assailed in both Houses of the British Parliament; and that it
proved to be as a matter of fact in the main a dead letter.
Very bitter were the comments made in Parliament Debates in
upon these provisions in the treaty by the opponents Parliament on the
question of the
of Shelburne’s ministry. On the 17th of February, 1783, Loyalists.
the Preliminary Articles of Peace were discussed in either House. In
the House of Lords Lord Carlisle led the attack, moving an
amendment in which the subject of the Loyalists was The debate in the
prominently mentioned. The terms of the amendment House of Lords.
lamented the necessity for subscribing to articles ‘which, considering
the relative situation of the belligerent Powers, we must regard as
inadequate to our just expectations and derogatory to the honour
and dignity of Great Britain’. Various strong speeches followed, Lord
Walsingham did not mince his words, nor did Lord Townshend. Lord
Stormont spoke of the Loyalists as ‘men whom Britain was bound in
justice and honour, gratitude and affection, and every tie to provide
for and protect. Yet alas for England as well as them they were made
a price of peace’. Lord George Germain, now Lord Sackville, who
had so largely contributed to the calamitous issue of the war, was to
the front in condemning the cruel abandonment of the Loyalists. In
order to prove the futility of the terms intended to safeguard their
interests, he referred to a resolution passed by the Legislature of
Virginia as late as the 17th of December previously, to the effect that
all demands for restitution of confiscated property were wholly
inadmissible. Lord Loughborough in a brilliant speech spoke out that
‘in ancient or in modern history there cannot be found an instance of
so shameful a desertion of men who have sacrificed all to their duty
and to their reliance upon our faith’. The House sat until 4.30 on the
following morning, the attendance of peers being at one period of the
debate larger than on any previous occasion in the reign of George
the Third; and the division gave the Government a majority of
thirteen.
 Meanwhile the House of Commons were also engaged in
discussing the Peace, and here Lord John Cavendish The Debate in the
moved an amendment to the Address, which was House of
Commons.
supplemented by a further amendment in which Lord
North raised the case of the Loyalists. The Government fared ill at
the hands of the best speakers in the House, of all shades of
opinion. ‘Never was the honour, the humanity, the principles, the
policy of a nation so grossly abused,’ said Lord North now happy in
opposition, ‘as in the desertion of those men who are now exposed
to every punishment that desertion and poverty can inflict because
they were not rebels,’ and he denounced the discrimination made in
the fifth article of the Peace against those who had borne arms for
Great Britain. Lord Mulgrave spoke of the Peace as ‘a lasting
monument of national disgrace’. Fox was found in opposition to
Shelburne with whom he had parted company, and on the same side
as his old opponent Lord North with whom he was soon to join
hands. Burke spoke of the vast number of Loyalists who ‘had been
deluded by this country and had risked everything in our cause’.
Sheridan used bitter words to the same effect; and even Wilberforce,
who seconded the Address on the Government side, had to own
that, when he considered the case of the Loyalists, The Government
‘there he saw his country humiliated.’ The debate went defeated.
on through the night, and when the division was taken at 7.30 the
next morning, the ministers found themselves beaten by sixteen
votes.
But the House of Commons had not yet done with the Peace, or
with the ministry. Four days later, on the 21st of Resolutions by
February, Lord John Cavendish moved five resolutions Lord John
Cavendish.
in the House. The first three resolutions confirmed the
Peace and led to little debate, but the fourth and fifth were a direct
attack on the Government. The fourth resolution was as follows, ‘The
concessions made to the adversaries of Great Britain, by the said
Provisional Treaty and Preliminary Articles, are greater than they
were entitled to, either from the actual situation of their respective
possessions, or from their comparative strength.’ The terms of the
fifth resolution were, ‘that this House do feel the regard due from this
nation to every description of men, who, with the risk of their lives
and the sacrifice of their property, have distinguished their loyalty,
and been conspicuous for their fidelity during a long and calamitous
war, and to assure His Majesty that they shall take every proper
method to relieve them, which the state of the circumstances of this
country will permit.’ A long debate on the fourth resolution ended in
the defeat of the Government by seventeen votes; and, the
Opposition being satisfied by carrying this vote of Shelburne’s
censure, the fifth resolution was withdrawn. The result ministry defeated.
of the night’s work was to turn out Shelburne and his colleagues, and
to make way for the famous coalition of Fox and North, which had
been amply foreshadowed in the debates.
It will be noted that, though the case of the Loyalists Unnecessary
was made a text for denouncing the terms of the concessions made
on the English side
Peace, the Government was defeated avowedly not in the Peace of
so much on the ground of dishonourable conduct to 1783.
the friends of England as on that of having made unnecessary
concessions. The case of the Opposition was strong, and the case of
the Government was weak, because sentiment was backed by
common sense. The Loyalists had been shabbily treated, without
any adequate reason either for sacrificing them or for making various
other concessions. That was the verdict of the House of Commons
then, and it is the verdict of history now. England had become
relatively not weaker but stronger since the disaster at Yorktown, and
the United States were at least as much in need of peace as was the
mother country. The Americans had done more by bluff than by
force, and the wholesale cession of territory, the timorous
abandonment of men and places, was an unnecessary price of
peace. The case of the Opposition was overwhelming, and it carried
conviction in spite of the antecedents of many of those who spoke
for it. North and Sackville, who declaimed against the terms which
had been conceded, were the men who had mismanaged the war.
Fox was to the front in attacking the Peace, and with reason, for he
had been the chief opponent in the Rockingham cabinet of
Shelburne and his emissary Oswald, but Fox beyond all men had
lent his energies to supporting the Americans against his own
country in the time of her trial.
 What the Government pleaded in defence of the Excuses made for
articles which related to the Loyalists was first, that the policy of the
British Government
they could not secure peace on any other terms; with regard to the
secondly, that the Americans would carry out the Loyalists.
terms honourably and in good faith; and thirdly that, if the terms were
not carried out, England would compensate her friends. The first
plea, as we have seen, was rejected. The second plea events
proved to be ill founded. Congress made the recommendation to the
state legislatures which the fifth article prescribed, but Persecution of the
no attention was paid to it. ‘Confiscation still went on Loyalists in the
various states.
actively, governors of the states were urged to
exchange lists of the proscribed persons, that no Tory might find a
resting-place in the United States, and in nearly every state they
were disfranchized’.[167] The Acts against the Loyalists were not
repealed, and in some cases were supplemented. In some states life
was not safe any more than property, and the revolution closed with
a reign of terror. South Carolina stood almost alone in passing, in
March, 1784, an Act for restitution of property and permitting
Loyalists to return to the state. In Pennsylvania Tories were still
disfranchized as late as 1801.
In retaliation for the non-fulfilment of the fifth and sixth articles of
the treaty relating to the Loyalists, as well as of the fourth article by
which creditors on either side were to meet with no lawful
impediment in recovering their bonâ fide debts,[168] the British
Government, in their turn, refused to carry out in full the seventh
article under which all the places which were occupied by British
garrisons within the borders of the United States were to be
evacuated ‘with all convenient speed’; and it was not until the year
1796, after further negotiations had taken place and a new treaty,
Jay’s Treaty of 1794, had been signed, that the inland posts were
finally given up. Meanwhile the Government took in hand
compensation for the sorely tried Loyalists, redeeming the pledges
which had been given and the honour of the nation.
A full account of the steps which were taken to Compensation
compensate in money the American Loyalists is given given to the
Loyalists from
in a Historical view of the Commission for inquiry into Imperial Funds.
the losses, services and claims of the American Loyalists which was
published in London in 1815, by John Eardley Wilmot, one of the
commissioners. Compensation or relief had been going on during
the war, for, as has been seen, each stage of the war and each
abandonment of a city implied a number of refugees with claims on
the justice or the liberality of the British Government. Thus Wilmot
tells us that in the autumn of 1782 the sums issued by the Treasury
amounted to an annual amount of £40,280 distributed among 315
persons, over and above occasional sums in gross to the amount of
between £17,000 and £18,000 per annum for the three last years,
being payments applied to particular or extraordinary losses or
services. Shelburne named two members of Parliament as
commissioners to inquire into the application of these relief funds;
and they reduced the amount stated above to £25,800, but by June,
1783, added another £17,445, thus bringing up the total to £43,245.
In July, 1783, the Portland administration, which had taken the
place of Shelburne’s ministry and which included Fox and North,
passed an Act ‘appointing commissioners to inquire into the losses
and services of all such persons who have suffered in their rights,
properties and professions during the late unhappy dissensions in
America, in consequence of their loyalty to His Majesty and
attachment to the British Government’.[169] The Act was passed for
two years only, expiring in July, 1785; and the 25th of March, 1784,
was fixed as the date by which all claims were to be sent in. But the
time for settlement was found to be too short. In the session of 1785
the Act was renewed and amplified, and the time for receiving claims
was extended under certain conditions till May 1st, 1786. In that year
the Act was again renewed, and it was further renewed in 1787.
Commissioners were sent out to Nova Scotia, to Canada, and to the
United States. On the 6th of June, 1788, there was a debate in
Parliament on the subject of compensation, which was followed by
passing a new Act[170], the operation of which was again twice
extended, and in 1790 the long inquiry came to an end. The total
grant allowed was £3,112,455, including a sum of £253,000 awarded
to the Proprietaries or the trustees of the Proprietaries of
Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, the Penn
family receiving the sum of £100,000 converted into an annuity of
£4,000 per annum.
It was a long drawn out inquiry, and the unfortunate Loyalists
chafed at the delay; but the outcome was not illiberal and showed
that England had not forgotten her friends. William Pitt, who as
Prime Minister carried the matter through, had been Chancellor of
the Exchequer in Shelburne’s ministry which was responsible for the
articles of the Peace, and his subsequent action testified that amid
the many liabilities of England which he was called upon to face, he
well remembered the pledges given in respect of the Loyalists of
America.
The number of claimants who applied for money compensation
was 5,072: 954 claims were withdrawn or not prosecuted, and the
number of claims examined was 4,118.[171] The very large majority
of the Loyalists therefore did not participate in the grant, but for a
great many of them homes, grants of land and, for the time being,
rations were found in Canada, where General Haldimand and after
him Guy Carleton, then Lord Dorchester, cared for the friends of
England. Among the most deserving and the most valuable of the
refugees were the members of ‘His Majesty’s The Loyalist
Provincial Regiments’, the various Loyalist corps soldiers.
raised in America, the commanding officers of which, on the 14th of
March, 1783, presented a touching and dignified memorial to
Carleton while still Commander-in-Chief at New York. They set out
their claims and services. They asked that provision should be made
for the disabled, the widows, and the orphans; that the rank of the
officers might be permanent in America and that they might be
placed on half pay upon the reduction of their regiments; and ‘that
grants of land may be made to them in some of His Majesty’s
American provinces, and that they may be assisted in making
settlements, in order that they and their children may enjoy the
benefits of the British Government’.[172]
Where did the Loyalists come from, where did they Numbers, with
places, and
go, and what was their number? The questions are destinations of the
difficult to answer. In all the states there were many Loyalists.
Loyalists, though the numbers were much larger in some than in
others, and varied at different times according to special
circumstances or the characters and actions of local leaders on
either side. New England and Virginia were to the front on the
Patriot, Whig, or Revolutionary side. In New England Massachusetts,
as always, took the lead. Here the Loyalist cause was weakened and
depressed by the early evacuation of Boston and the departure of a
large number of Loyalist citizens who accompanied Howe’s army
when it left for Halifax. Of the other New England states,
Connecticut, though it supplied a large number of men to
Washington’s army, seems to have contained relatively more
Loyalists than the other New England states, probably because it
bordered on the principal Loyalist stronghold, New York. In Virginia
Washington’s personal influence counted for much, and the King’s
governor Lord Dunmore, by burning down the town of Norfolk, would
seem to have alienated sympathies from the British side. New York
was the last state to declare for independence. New York the
Throughout the war it contained a stronger proportion principal
state.
Loyalist

of Loyalists than any other state, and of the claims to

compensation which were admitted by the commissioners quite one-
third were credited to New York. The commercial interests of the
port, traditional jealousy of New England, neighbourhood to Canada,
made for the British connexion. Family and church interests were
strong, the De Lanceys leading the Episcopalian party on the side of
the King, as against the Livingstons and the Presbyterians and
Congregationalists who threw in their lot with the Revolution. Most of
all, after Howe occupied New York, it was held strongly as the British
head quarters till the end of the war, and became the resort of
Loyalist refugees from other parts of America. In Pennsylvania the
Loyalists were numerous. Here the Quaker influence was strong,
opposed to war and to revolution. As already stated, when
Philadelphia was abandoned, 3,000 Loyalists left with the British
army. In the south the Loyalists were strong, but in the back country
where there were comparatively new settlers, many of Scotch
descent, rather than on the coast. In North Carolina parties are said
to have been evenly divided. In South Carolina, and possibly in
Georgia also, the Loyalists seem at one time to have preponderated.
When the British garrisons at Charleston and Savannah were finally
withdrawn, 13,271 Loyalists were enumerated as intending to leave
also, including 8,676 blacks. But any calculation is of little avail, for
Loyalists were made and unmade by the vicissitudes of the war. In
America, as in other countries in revolutionary times, it must be
supposed that the stalwarts on either side were very far from
including the whole population.
If it is not easy to trace where the Loyalists came from, it is equally
difficult with any accuracy to state, except in general terms, where
they all went. It was not a case of a single wave of emigration
starting from a given point and directed to a given point. For years
refugees were drifting off in one direction and another. Many went
during the war overland to Canada. Many were carried by sea to
Nova Scotia. A large number went to England. Before and after the
conclusion of the Peace there was considerable emigration from the
southern states to Florida, the Bahamas, and the West Indies. But
Canada, including Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, The Loyalists in
became the chief permanent home of the Loyalists. It Canada.
was the country which wanted them most, and where they found a
place not as isolated refugees but as a distinct and an honoured
element in the population. The coming of the Loyalists to Canada
created the province of New Brunswick and that of Ontario or Upper
Canada.
As far as dates can be given for an emigration which, was spread
over a number of years, 1783 may be taken as the birth year of the
Loyalist settlements in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and 1784
as that of Upper Canada. We have an accurate official account of
the Loyalists in the maritime provinces in the year 1784, entitled a
report on Nova Scotia by Colonel Robert Morse, R.E. Loyalist
[173] The scope of the report included New Brunswick, colonization of
Nova Scotia and
which was in that year separated from Nova Scotia; New Brunswick.
and it is noteworthy that the writer recommended union of the
maritime provinces with Canada, placing the capital for the united
colony in Cape Breton. The Loyalists in Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick or, as Colonel Morse styled them, the ‘new inhabitants,
viz., the disbanded troops and Loyalists who came into this province
since the Peace’, were mustered in the summer of 1784 and were
found to number 28,347, including women, children and servants.
Among them were 3,000 negroes, largely from New York. As against
these newcomers there were only 14,000 old British inhabitants, of
whom a great part had been disaffected during the war owing to their
New England connexion. Of the refugees 9,000 were located on the
St. John river, and nearly 8,000 at the new township of Shelburne in
the south-west corner of Nova Scotia. Morse gave a pitiable account
of the condition of the immigrants at the time when he wrote. Very
few were as yet settled on their lands; if not fed by the Government
they must perish. ‘They have no other country to go to—no other
asylum.’ There had been the usual emigration story in the case of
Nova Scotia, supplemented by exceptional circumstances. Glowing
accounts had been circulated of its attractions as a home and place
of refuge. Thousands who left New York after the Peace had been
signed, and before the port was finally evacuated by the British
troops, went to Nova Scotia, having to find homes somewhere. Then
ensued disappointment, hardship and deep distress; and the country
and its climate were maligned, as before they had been unduly
praised. Nova Scotia was christened in the United States Nova
Scarcity, and the climate was described as consisting of nine months
winter and three months cold weather.[174] In the end many of the
emigrants drifted off again. Some succumbed to their troubles; but
the strong ones held on, and the Loyalists made of New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia sound and thriving provinces of the British Empire.
In addition to the refugees who have been enumerated above,
some 3,000 settled in Cape Breton Island, others found homes in the
Gaspé peninsula on the Bay of Chaleurs, others again on the
seignory of Sorel at the mouth of the Richelieu river, Loyalist
which Haldimand had bought for the Crown in colonization of the
province of Ontario.
1780[175] and which had a special value from a
military point of view; but more important was the emigration to
Upper Canada and the settlement of the present province of Ontario.
Through the war the Loyalists had been coming in from the revolting
states, many of them on arrival in Canada taking service for the
Crown in the provincial regiments. When peace came, more arrived
and, with the disbanded soldiers, became colonists of Canada. In
July, 1783, an additional Royal Instruction was given to Haldimand to
allot lands to such of the ‘inhabitants of the colonies and provinces,
now in the United States of America’, as were ‘desirous of retaining
their allegiance to us and of living in our dominions and for this
purpose are disposed to take up and improve lands in our province
of Quebec’, and also to such non-commissioned officers and
privates as might be disbanded in the province and be inclined to
become settlers in it. The lands were to be divided into distinct
seignories or fiefs, in each seignory a glebe was to be reserved, and
every recipient of land was to make a declaration to the effect that ‘I
will maintain and defend to the utmost of my power the authority of
the King in his Parliament as the supreme legislature of this
province’.[176] Along the St. Lawrence from Lake St. Francis
upwards; in the neighbourhood of Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, near
the outlet of Lake Ontario, where the name of Kingston tells its own
tale; on the Bay of Quinté in Lake Ontario; near the Niagara river;
and over against Detroit, the Loyalists were settled. The strength of
the settlements was shown by the fact that by the Imperial Act of
1791 Upper Canada was constituted a separate province. About that
date there seem to have been some 25,000 white inhabitants in
Upper Canada, but the number of Loyalists who came into the
province before or immediately after the Peace was much smaller.
[177] It is impossible to give even the roughest estimate of the total
number of emigrants from the United States in consequence of the
war, or even of the total number of Loyalist settlers in British North
America. A census report estimates that in all about 40,000 Loyalists
took refuge in British North America.[178] Mr. Kingsford[179] thinks
that the original emigration to the British American provinces did not
exceed 45,000; a modern American writer[180] places the number of
those who came to Canada and the Maritime Provinces within the
few years before and succeeding the Peace at 60,000. Whatever
were their numbers, the refugees from the United States leavened
the whole history of the Dominion; and from the date of their arrival
Canada entered on a new era of her history and made a long step
forward to becoming a nation.
 The British Government and the nation on the whole did their duty
by the Loyalists in Canada. They gave money, they gave lands, they
gave food and clothing, and they gave them a title of honour. At a
council meeting held at Quebec on the 9th of November, 1789, Lord
Dorchester said that it was his wish to put a mark of honour upon the
families who had adhered to the unity of the Empire and joined the
Royal Standard in America before the Treaty of Separation in the
year 1783; and it was ordered that the land boards should keep a
registry of them ‘to the end that their posterity may be discriminated
from future settlers’. From that time they were known as the United
Empire Loyalists; and when in the year 1884 the The United Empire
centenary of their arrival in Canada was kept, the Loyalists.
celebration showed that the memory of their sufferings and of their
loyalty was still cherished, that their descendants still rightfully
claimed distinction as bearing the names and inheriting the traditions
of those who through good and evil report remained true to the
British cause.
In the debate in the House of Commons on the American
terms of the Peace, Lord North, speaking of the persecution of the
Loyalists a political
attitude of the Americans toward the Loyalists, said, ‘I mistake.
term it impolitic, for it will establish their character as a vindictive
people. It would have become the interests as well as the character
of a newly-created people to have shown their propensity to
compassion’. The record of the treatment of the Loyalists by their
compatriots in the United States is not the brightest page in
American history. The terrible memory of the border war was not
calculated to make the victorious party lean to the side of
compassion when the fighting was over, but when all allowance has
been made for the bitterness which was the inevitable result of the
long drawn out struggle, the Americans cannot be said to have
shown much good faith or generosity in their dealings with the
Loyalists or much political wisdom. There were exceptions among
them. Men like Jay and Alexander Hamilton and the partisan leader
in the south, General Marion, gave their influence for justice and
mercy; but on the whole justice and mercy were sadly wanting. The
newly-created people, as Lord North styled the Americans, did not
show themselves wise in their generation. Their policy towards the
Loyalists was not that of men confident in the strength and the
righteousness of their cause; nor, if they wished to drive the English
out of America and, as Franklin tried in his dealings with Oswald, to
secure Canada for the United States, did they take the right course
to achieve their end. This point is forcibly put by the American writer
Sabine, whose book published in 1847 is not wanting in strong
patriotic bias. He shows how British colonization in Canada and
Nova Scotia was the direct result of the persecution of the Loyalists,
and sums up that ‘humanity to the adherents of the Crown and
prudent regard for our own interests required a general amnesty’.
[181] The Americans, for their own future, would have done well to
conciliate rather than to punish, to retain citizens by friendly
treatment not to force them into exile. Their policy bore its inevitable
fruit, and the most determined opponents of the United States in
after years were the men and the children of the men who were
driven out and took refuge in Canada.
The policy was unwise, but it was intelligible; and it Reasons for the
is the more intelligible when viewed in the light of the persecution
Loyalists.
of the

contrast furnished by the sequel to the great civil war

between the Northern and the Southern states. As time goes on and
the world becomes more civilized, public and private vendettas tend
to go out of fashion and individuals and nations alike find it a little
easier to forgive, though possibly not to forget. In any case,
therefore, the outcome of a war eighty years later than the American
War of Independence might have been expected to The American War
bear traces of kindlier feeling and broader humanity. of Independence as
contrasted with the
But there were other reasons for the contrast between later war between
the North and the
the attitude taken up by the victorious Northern states South.
towards the defeated Southern confederacy and that
of the successful Revolutionary party towards their Loyalist
opponents. The cause for which the Northerners fought and
conquered was the maintenance of the Union; the cause for which
the partisans of the Revolution fought and conquered was
separation. It was therefore logical and consistent, when the fighting
was over, in the former case to do what could be done to cement the
Union, in the latter to do all that would accentuate and complete
separation. Amnesty was in a sense the natural outcome of the later
war, proscription was in a sense the natural outcome of the earlier.
Slowly and reluctantly the revolting states came to the determination
to part company with the mother country. Having made their decision
and staked their all upon carrying it to a successful issue, they were
minded also to part company for all time with those among them who
held the contrary view. They were a new people, not wholly sure of
their ground; they would not run the risk, as it seemed, of trying to
reconcile men whose hearts were not with theirs.
Furthermore, in contrasting the two wars it will be noted that in the
later there was a geographical division between the two parties
which did not exist in the earlier case. The great civil war was a fight
between North and South; there was not fighting in each single state
of the Union. The result, broadly speaking, was a definite conquest
of a large and well-defined area where the feeling had been solidly
hostile, and the only practical method of permanently retaining the
conquered states was by amnesty and reconciliation. The War of
Independence, as already pointed out, was not thus geographically
defined. In each separate state there was civil war, local, narrow, and
bitter; and, when the end came, the solution most congenial to the
victorious majority in each small community was also a practicable
though not a wise or humane solution, viz., to weed out the
malcontents and to make good the Patriots’ losses at the expense of
the Loyalists. Union was accepted by the thirteen states as a
necessity; it was not the principle for which they contended. They
fought for separation, they jealously retained all they could of their
local independence, and each within its own limits carried out the
principle of separation to its bitter end by proscribing the adherents
to the only Union which they had known before the war, that which
was produced by common allegiance to the British Crown.
The main result of the incoming of the Loyalists was The Glengarry
to give to Canada a Protestant British population by settlers.
the side of a Roman Catholic French community; but among the
immigrants were Scottish Highlanders from the back settlements of
the province of New York, Gaelic speaking and Roman Catholic in
religion, who had served in the war and who were very wisely settled
in what is now Glengarry county on the edge of the French Canadian
districts. Here their religion was a bond between them and the
French Canadians, while their race and traditions kept them in line
with the other British settlers of Ontario. They brought with them the
honoured name of Macdonell, and in the early years of the
nineteenth century another body of Macdonells, also disbanded
soldiers, joined them from the old country. It needs no telling how
high the record of the Macdonells stands in the annals of Canada, or
how the Glengarry settlers proved their loyalty and their worth in the
war of 1812.[182]
Side by side with this Macdonell immigration, may Scheme for a
be noted an abortive immigration scheme for Upper settlement of
French Royalists in
Canada, which was not British and was later in time Upper Canada.
than the War of American Independence, but which had something
in common with the advent of the Loyalists. This was an attempt to
form a French Royalist settlement in Upper Canada under Count
Joseph de Puisaye, ‘ci devant Puisaye the much enduring man and
Royalist’,[183] a French emigré who had taken a leading part in the
disastrous landing at Quiberon Bay in 1795. In or about 1797 he
seems to have made a proposal to the British Government that they
should send out a number of the Royalist refugees to Canada. The
projected settlement was to be on military and feudal lines. ‘The
same measure must be employed as in founding the old colony of
Canada.... It was the soldiery who cleared and prepared the land for
our French settlements of Canada and Louisiana.’ The writer of the
above had evidently in mind the measures taken in the days of Louis
XIV to colonize New France, and the planting out of the Carignan-
Salières Regiment.[184] The scheme, it was anticipated, would
commend itself to the Canadians in view of the community of race,
language and religion, while to the British Government its value
would consist in placing ‘decided Royalists in a country where
republican principles and republican customs are becoming leading
features’, i. e. on the frontiers of the United States. In July, 1798, the
Duke of Portland wrote to the Administrator of Upper Canada on the
subject, evidently contemplating the possibility of a considerable
emigration to Canada of French refugees then living in England, of
whom de Puisaye and about forty others, who were to embark in the
course of the summer, would be the forerunners. The Duke laid
down that de Puisaye and his company were to be treated as
American Loyalists in the matter of allotment of land. William
Windham, Pitt’s Secretary for War, also wrote, introducing de
Puisaye to the Administrator as being personally well-known to
himself, and explaining that the object of the scheme was ‘to provide
an asylum for as many as possible of those whose adherence to the
ancient laws, religion, and constitution of their country has rendered
them sacrifices to the French Revolution’, to select by preference
those who had served in the Royalist armies, to allow them to have a
settlement of their own ‘as much as possible separate from any other
body of French, or of those persons speaking French, who may be at
present in America, or whom Government may hereafter be
disposed to settle there’, and by this comparative isolation, as well
as by giving them some element of military and feudal discipline, to
preserve to them the character ‘of a society founded on the
principles of reverence for religion and attachment to monarchy’. The
scheme was born out of due time. The coming century and the New
World were not the time and place for reviving feudal institutions. But
on paper it was an attractive scheme. Side by side with the British
Loyalists who had been driven out of the newly-formed American
republic, would be settled French Loyalists whom the Revolution had
hunted from France. Their loyalty and their sufferings for their cause
would commend them to their British fellow colonists: their kinship in
race, religion, and language would commend them to the French
Canadians, who in turn had little sympathy with a France that knew
not Church or King.
The place selected for the settlement was between Toronto and
Lake Simcoe. It was chosen as being roughly equidistant from the
French settlements in Lower Canada and those on the Detroit river,
and as being near the seat of government, Toronto then York, and
consequently within easy reach of assistance and well under control.
Here a township was laid out and called Windham. De Puisaye and
his party arrived at Montreal in October, 1798, and in the middle of
November de Puisaye himself was at York, while his followers
remained through the winter at Kingston. It was a bad time of year
for starting a new settlement in Upper Canada, and possibly this was
one of the reasons why it failed from the first. Another was that de
Puisaye, who seems to have formed a friendship with Joseph Brant,
[185] divided the small band of emigrants and went off himself to form
a second settlement on or near the Niagara river. The scheme in
short never took root: the emigrants or most of them went elsewhere;
the name Windham went elsewhere and is now to be found in
Norfolk county of Ontario. De Puisaye went back to London after the
Peace of Amiens, and the project for a French Royalist colony in
Upper Canada passed into oblivion.[186]
White Loyalists were not the only residents within the present
boundaries of the United States who expatriated themselves or were
expatriated in consequence of the War of Independence, and who
settled in Canada. It has been seen that the Six Nation Indians had
in the main been steadily on the British side Loyalty of the Six
throughout the war, and that prominent among them Nation Indians and
their settlement in
were the Mohawks led by Joseph Brant. When peace Canada.
was signed containing no recognition or safeguard of
the country of the Six Nations or of native rights, the Indians
complained with some reason that their interests had been sacrificed
by Great Britain. Under these circumstances Governor Haldimand
offered them lands on the British side of the lakes; and a number of
them—more especially the Mohawks—permanently changed their
dwelling-place still to remain under their great father, the King of
England.
There were two principal settlements. One was on the Bay of
Quinté, west of Kingston, where some of the Mohawks took up land
side by side with the disbanded Rangers, in whose company they
had fought in the war, and where the township Tyendenaga recalled
the Indian name of Brant. A larger and more important settlement
was on the Grand river, also called Ours or Ouse, flowing into Lake
Erie due west of the Niagara river. Here Haldimand, by a
proclamation dated the 25th of October, 1784, found homes for
these old allies of England, the land or part of it having, by an
agreement concluded in the previous May, been bought for the
purpose from the Mississauga Indians. The proclamation set forth
that His Majesty had been pleased to direct that, ‘in consideration of
the early attachment to his cause manifested by the Mohawk
Indians, and of the loss of their settlement which they thereby
sustained, a convenient tract of land under his protection should be
chosen as a safe and comfortable retreat for them and others of the
Six Nations who have either lost their settlements within the territory
of the American states or wish to retire from them to the British;’ and
that therefore, ‘at the desire of many of these His Majesty’s faithful
allies’, a tract of land had been purchased from the Indians between
the Lakes Ontario, Huron and Erie, possession of which was
authorized to the Mohawk nation and such other of the Six Nation
Indians as wished to settle in that quarter, for them and their
posterity to enjoy for ever.
The lands allotted were defined in the proclamation as ‘six miles
deep from each side of the river, beginning at Lake Erie and
extending in that proportion to the head of the said river’. Here, in the
present counties of Brant and Haldimand, many tribesmen of the Six
Nations settled. Brant county and its principal town Brantford recall
the memory of the Mohawk leader, and such villages as Cayuga,
Oneida, and Onondaga testify that other members of the old
confederacy, in addition to the Mohawks, crossed over to British soil.
Within a few years difficulties arose as to the intent of the grant, the
Indians, headed by Brant, wishing to sell some of the lands; a further
and more formal document, issued by Governor Simcoe in 1793, did
not settle the question; and eventually a large part of the area
included in the original grant was parted with for money payments
which were invested for the benefit of the Indians. A report made in
July, 1828, and included in a Parliamentary Blue Book of 1834[187],
stated that the number of the Indian settlers on the Grand river was
at that date under 2,000 souls: that ‘they are now considered as
having retained about 260,000 acres of land, mostly of the best
quality. Their possessions were formerly more extensive, but large
tracts have been sold by them with the permission of H. M.’s
Government, the moneys arising from which sales were either
funded in England or lent on interest in this country. The proceeds
amount to about £1,500 p.a.’.
 Thus a large number of the Six Nation Indians adhered to the
English connexion and left their old homes for ever: most of them
became members of the Church of England, and the first church built
in the Province of Ontario is said to have been one for the Mohawks.
[188] In the second American war, as in the first, they remained
faithful as subjects and allies; and to this day the descendants of the
once formidable confederacy hold fast to the old-time covenant
which their forefathers made with the English King.

FOOTNOTES:
[165] The text of the treaty is given in Appendix I.
[166] See the text of the treaty in Appendix I.
[167] From The Loyalists in the American Revolution, by C. H.
Van Tyne. Macmillan & Co., 1902, p. 295. The author gives in the
Appendices to his book a list of the laws passed against the
Loyalists in the various states.
[168] American creditors sued Loyalist debtors in England, while
the Loyalists’ property in America was confiscated.
[169] Act 23 Geo. III, cap. 80.
[170] 28 Geo. III, cap. 40.
[171] Wilmot’s account of the claimants and of the money
awarded is most confusing. The figures are taken from the last
Appendix, No. IX, which says the ‘claims including those in Nova
Scotia and Canada’ were 5,072. It is difficult to reconcile these
figures with those given on pp. 90-1 of the book, unless in the
latter case the claims made in Canada are omitted.
[172] See the Annual Register for 1783, p. 262.
[173] Printed in Mr. Brymner’s Report on the Archives of Canada
for the year 1884, Note C, pp. xl, xli.
[174] See The American Loyalists, by Lorenzo Sabine. Boston,
1847, Historical Essay, p. 62, note.
[175] See Shortt and Doughty, p. 495, note.
[176] Shortt and Doughty, pp. 494-5.
[177] In the volume for 1891 of Mr. Brymner’s Report on
Canadian Archives, p. 17, the ‘Return of Disbanded Troops and
Loyalists settled upon the King’s Lands in the Province of Quebec
in the year 1784’ is given as 5,628, including women, children,
and servants. The province of Quebec at this time included both
Lower and Upper Canada.
[178] Census of Canada for 1871, vol. iv; Censuses of Canada,
pp. xxxviii-xlii. See also p. 238, note below.
[179] vol. vii, p. 223.
[180] Mr. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p.
299.
[181] The American Loyalists, Preliminary Historical Essay, p. 91.
[182] See the Canadian War of 1812 (Lucas) pp. 11-15. More
than one book has been written on the Macdonells in Canada.
Reference should be made to the Report on the Canadian
Archives for 1896, Notes B and C.
[183] Carlyle’s French Revolution, Book 4, chap. ii. Carlyle
evidently thought lightly of de Puisaye. For this French Royalist
scheme see Mr. Brymner’s Report on Canadian Archives for
1888, pp. xxv-xxxi, and Note F.
[184] See Parkman’s The Old Régime in Canada, and see above,
p. 71.
[185] See the Canadian Archives Report for 1888, Note F, p. 85,
and Stone’s Life of Brant, vol. ii, p. 403 and note.
[186] On ‘A map of the Province of Upper Canada, describing all
the new settlements, townships, &c., with the countries adjacent
from Quebec to Lake Huron, compiled at the request of His
Excellency Major-General John G. Simcoe, first Lieutenant-
Governor, by David William Smyth, Esq., Surveyor-General’, and
published by W. Faden, London, April 12, 1800, ‘French Royalists’
is printed across Yonge Street between York and Lake Simcoe.
The map is in the Colonial Office Library.
[187] Entitled Aboriginal Tribes. Printed for the House of
Commons, 617, August 14, 1834, pp. 28-9. See also the House
of Commons Blue Book 323, June 17, 1839, entitled,
Correspondence Respecting the Indians in the British North
American Provinces.
[188] Before the War of American Independence, the Mohawks
had a church built for them in their own country in the present
state of New York by the British Government, to which Queen
Anne in 1712 presented silver Communion plate and a Bible. The
plate was inscribed with the Royal Arms, in 1712, of ‘Her Majesty
Anne by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland
and Her Plantations in North America, Queen, to Her Indian
Chapel of the Mohawks 1712’; and the Bible was inscribed, ‘To
Her Majesty’s Church of the Mohawks 1712.’ After the War of
Independence, two churches were built in Canada for the
Mohawks who had emigrated to remain under British rule, one
begun in 1785 on the Grand River at the present town of
Brantford, and one on the bay of Quinté. The Communion plate
and Bible, which had been buried by the Indians for safety during
the war, were divided, four pieces of the plate and the Bible being
brought to the Brantford Church, and three to the church on the
bay of Quinté. The Brantford Church was the first Protestant
church in Canada, and a bell, said to be the first bell to call to
prayer in Ontario, and a Royal Coat of Arms were sent out to it by
the British Government in 1786. This church, known as ‘St. Paul’s
Church of the Mohawks’, and in common parlance as the old
Mohawk Church, was in 1904, on a petition to the King, given by
His Majesty the title of ‘His Majesty’s Chapel of the Mohawks’, in
order to revive the old name of Queen Anne’s reign.