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Optics

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7 views

Optics

Uploaded by

Mh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optics:

Wave Fronts and Rays


We use rays to analyse re ection and
refraction

Rays are particularly useful when studying


optics

Convex and Concave Lenses


A lens is a thin piece of glass (or transparent material) which bends light to a focal point
(refraction)
The refractive index and the geometry of the glass determines what happens to the rays.

LENSE TYPE

• double convex lenses


• double concave lenses

A (double) convex lens brings rays of parallel


light together to a focal point. It converges
the rays.
The focal point is where rays from in nitely
far away will meet.
These rays are parallel.

A (double) concave lens diverges


parallel rays of light.

Lens Analysis
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• The P ray (parallel ray) lies parallel to the lens axis. (It is always bent so that it passes through
the focal point of the lens.)

• The F ray (focal ray) is drawn through the focal point and on to the lens.
The lens bends the F ray so that it is parallel to the axis, the F ray is the opposite of the P ray.

• The M ray (midpoint ray) goes through the middle of the lens. (For an ideal lens {also called a
thin lens}, the M ray is not bent.)

Objects and Images


The object is the source of the light rays, It is anything which is being observed, and it is real. The
object is usually drawn on the left of the lens.

An image is formed at the location when all the rays leaving the object are brought back together
again. An image can be real or virtual, and it can be formed on the left or right of the lens.

Virtual and Real Images

An image is real if it is formed on the opposite side to the object.

An image is virtual if it is formed on


the same side as the object

For a concave lens, the image is


imaginary. Its location can be found
using ray optics.

If the object is further away than the focal point, then the image
formed by a convex lens is real (and upside down).

If the object lies inside the focal point, then the


image is virtual (and magni ed and the correct way up).

If the object lies at the focal point, then the image is never formed (in reality, it is formed at
in nity).
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Thin Lens
The precise location of an image formed by a lens can be
calculated using the thin lens equation:
• Here, do is the distance from the object to the lens. (It is
positive when light diverges from the object)
• Also, di is the distance between the lens and the image. (It is
positive for real images and negative for virtual images)
• f is the focal length of the lens

Magni cation
The magni cation also includes the orientation of the image.
upside down (-ve) or right way up (+ve).

Lens Conventions
The sign of the image and object distance is very important in ray optics.

For Convex lenses, do determines


whether the image is real (and
inverted) or virtual (and upright).

Spherical Mirror Optics EXTRA

Mirrors work using re ection rather than refraction and can be used to
produce real and virtual images much like glass lenses.
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Human Eye EXTRA

Light passes through the cornea of the human eye and is


focused by the variable lens on the retina. The eye produces a
real, inverted image on the retina.

The ciliary muscles adjust the shape of the lens to alter


the focal point. The ciliary muscles tense to focus on
nearby objects, they relax to focus on distant objects.
There is a limit on how close the eye can focus; this is
called the near point.

The near point is the closest point to the eye that the lens
is able to focus. For those with normal vision, it is about
25 cm from the eye.
The far point is the farthest point at which the eye can
focus; it is in nitely far away, if vision is normal.

The Camera EXTRA

The simplest camera consists of a lens and lm in a light-tight box.The camera


lens cannot change shape. Instead, it moves
closer to or farther away from the lm in order to focus.

Lenses in Combination
In a two-lens system, the image produced by the rst lens serves
as the object for the second lens.

This is true regardless of whether the image produced by the rst


lens is real or virtual, or whether it is in front or behind the second
lens.

The total magni cation of a lens system is equal to the product of


the magni cations produced by each lens individually.
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Corrective Optics
A nearsighted person has a far point that is a nite distance
away; objects farther away will appear blurry. This is due to
the relaxed lens focusing too strongly, so the image is
formed in front of the retina.

To correct this, a diverging lens is used. Its focal length is


such that a distant object forms an image at the far point.

The strength of corrective lenses is usually quoted as refractive power,


which is the inverse of the focal length.

A person who is farsighted can see distant objects clearly,


but cannot focus on close objects: the near point is too far
away. The lens of the eye is not strong enough, and the
image focus is behind the retina.

To correct farsightedness, a converging lens is used to


augment the converging power of the eye. The nal image
is past the near point.

Magnifying Glass
A magnifying glass is a simple convex lens. When used together with the
human eye, it forms a two lens system. Similar to the correction for
farsightedness, the magnifying glass moves the near point closer to the
eye; the object appears closer and larger.

The angular size of an object is the angle it subtends on the retina, and
depends both on the size of the object and its distance from the eye.

This angle, assuming it is small, is given by the height of the object divided by
its distance from the eye.
If the object is moved closer to the eye, its angular size increases.

If the object is brought to the near point (the closest point where you can still
focus) then.

A converging lens whose focal length is less


than N is placed very close to the eye, and the
object is at the focal point of the lens. This
gives the object a larger angular size.
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The magni cation can be maximised by having the image
at the near point.
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