RPSC

Food safety officer

Rajasthan Public Service
Commission

Volume - 1

General Knowledge of Rajasthan

 RAJASTHAN FOOD SAFETY
OFFICER
Page
S.No. Chapter
No.

Major sources of history of Rajasthan 1

Major Archaeological Sites of Rajasthan 12
History of Mewar 21
History of Rathore Dynasty and Marwar 39
History of Chauhans 52
History of Amer (Kachhwaha Dynasty) 66
Rajasthan and the Revolt of 1857 77
Peasant movements in Rajasthan 85
Tribal Movements in Rajasthan 93
Political Awakening in Rajasthan 96
Praja Mandal Movement 105
Political integration of Rajasthan 113
Rajasthan Architecture and Crafts 119
Rajasthan Paintings and Folk Art 139
Handicrafts of Rajasthan 152
Folk Songs and Musical Instruments 159
Folk Dances of Rajasthan 169
Folk Theater of Rajasthan 175
Saints and Folk Deities of Rajasthan 180
Rajasthani Language and Dialects 195

Major Physical Landforms of Rajasthan 210

Major Rivers and Lakes 219
Climate of Rajasthan 235
Soil in Rajasthan 244
Natural Vegetation 247
Population of Rajasthan 253
Desertification, Drought & Famine and Development 262
Major Minerals 265
Energy Resources 280
Major Industries 288
Poverty and Unemployment in Rajasthan 294
Major Welfare Schemes of Rajasthan 298
 1 Major sources of history of
Chapter Rajasthan
Major sources of history of Rajasthan

Archaeological source Literary Sources

Inscription Copper Plate Coins

Archives Sanskrit Urdu Persian Valley Prestigious Gen/Ras

Literature Literature Literature Literature Literature

● Father of History - Herodotus of Greece

○ He composed a book called Historica, 2500 years ago.
○ India was also mentioned in it.
● Father of Indian History - Ved Vyas
○ Composed Mahabharata
○ Ancient name of Mahabharata - Jai Samhita
● Father of Rajasthan History - Colonel James Todd.
○ He was a political agent of Mewar (Udaipur) province between 1818 and 1821.
○ Wrote the history of Rajasthan by roaming on a horse.
■ That is why he is also known as ‘Ghode wale Baba’.
○ Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan/ Central and Western Rajput State of India - Published in 1829 in London.
○ Gauri Shankar Hirachand Ojha (GH Ojha) - First Hindi translation.
○ Other Books - Travel in Western India
■ Published by his wife in 1837 after his death.

Inscriptions
Raisingh inscription
● Engraved in 1594 AD in Bikaner.
● By Jain sage Jaita.
● It describes the achievements of the rulers of Bikaner from Rao Bika to Rao Raisingh.
● According to this, the construction of Bikaner fort was completed by Rao Raisingh from 30 January 1589 -1594 by his
minister Karamchand.

Mandore inscription
● It was engraved in Jodhpur in 837 AD.
● This inscription is engraved in the praise of Gurjar King Bouka.
● In this, the genealogy of Gurjara-Pratiharas, worship of Vishnu and Shiva have been mentioned.

Sachiya Mata inscription / Sacchika Mata Temple inscription

● It dates back to 1179 AD.
● Engraved in the temple of Sachiya Mata, Osian (Jodhpur).
● In this, Kalhana is described as the King and Kirtipal as the overlord of Mandavyapur.

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Bijolia inscription
● In 1170 AD, it was engraved in Sanskrit on a large rock in the Parshvanath temple complex of Bijolia town.
● This inscription was established by Jain Shravak Lolak and it’s author was Kayastha Keshav.
● Engraved by - Gunabhadra.
● In this, Sambhar and Ajmer Chauhans are described as Vatsgotriya Brahmins and their genealogy has been described.

Basantgarh inscription
● This inscription is located in Sirohi and dates back to 625 AD.
● It has been obtained from Kshemkari (Khimel) Mata temple of Basantgarh (Sirohi).
● Presently it is preserved in the Rajputana Museum of Ajmer.
● This inscription describes Rajjila, the feudal lord of Arbuda Desh King Varmalat and Rajjila’s father, Vajbhatta
(Satyashraya).
● The earliest use of the word Rajasthan in this inscription as 'Rajasthaniyaditya'.

Chirwa Inscription
● It is dated to 1273 AD.
● On this, 51 verses in 36 lines have been written in Devanagari script and Sanskrit language.
● Mention of the achievements of Guhil dynasty ruler Bappa's descendants Padam Singh, Jaitra Singh, Tej Singh and Samar
Singh.
● The presiding deity of Eklingji, the pioneer of Pashupat yogis, Shivarashi is also described.
● Composer - Ratnaprabhasuri
● Written by - Parshwachand.
● Shilpi Delhan completed the task of writing this article on the wall.

Aparajita Inscription
● Engraved on the wall of Kundeshwar temple near Nagde village in Udaipur district in 661 AD.
● Written by Damodar.
● Information about the history of Mewar in the 7th century.

Samoli Inscription (Udaipur)

● This inscription is dated to 646 AD.
● According to this, the temple of Aranyavasini Devi (Jawar Mata) was built by the chief of Mahajan community, Jentak
Mahattar, who came from Vatnagar (Sirohi).
● Jentak Mahattar took fire samadhi at a Siddhasthan named 'Devbuk'.
● This inscription gives information about the mining industry of copper and zinc in Aranyagiri near Jawar.

Amer inscription
● This was instituted in 1612 AD.
● In this, the Kachwaha dynasty has been described as "Raghuvanshtilak".
● In this the names of Prithviraj and his son Bhagwantdas and his son Maharajadhiraj Mansih are mentioned.

Bhabru Inscription
● Two inscriptions of Ashoka Maurya have been found here: Bhabu inscription and Bairath inscription.
● It was discovered in 1837 by Captain Burt from "Bijak Hill".
● At present it is kept in the Calcutta Museum, due to which it is called the Calcutta-Bairath Lekh.
● This inscription proves that Ashoka was a follower of Buddhism.
● It was engraved by Maurya Emperor Ashok himself.

Ghosundi inscription
● Language - Sanskrit, Script - Brahmi |
● First deciphered by DR Bhandarkar.

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● The oldest inscriptions related to Vaishnava or Bhagavata sect.
● Broken into many boulders.
● A large section is preserved in the Udaipur Museum.
● In this, there is a description of the Gaj dynasty's Sarvatat performing the Ashwamedha Yagya and building the boundary
wall of the Vishnu temple.

Nagari inscription
● Period - 200-150 BC
● It has been engraved in Sanskrit language in Brahmi script.
● Its script is same as the one in Ghosundi's inscription.
● Ghosundi inscription + Nagari inscription = Twin inscriptions of Rajasthan.
● Presently located in Udaipur Museum of Rajasthan

Manmori inscription
● This inscription is related to the Maurya dynasty & was founded by Colonel James Tod from the banks of Lake Mansarovar
near Chittor.
● Its is written by Pushya, the son of Nagabhatta and its engraver is Shivaditya, the grandson of Karun.
● The story of Amrit Manthan has been mentioned.
● It was thrown into the sea by Colonel James Tod on his way to England due to ship imbalance.
● In this, Bhima is described as the king of Avantipur.

Raj Prashasti (1676 AD)

● Engraved by - Ranchodbhatt Tailang
● It was engraved during the time of Maharana Raj Singh Sasodia.
● This is the world's largest inscription engraved on 25 black stones on 9 chauki ki pal in Rajsamand Lake.
● It contains the genealogy of the Guhils from Bapa Rawal to Rana Jagatsingh II.
● It describes the Mughal Mewar Treaty signed by Maharana Amar Singh.

Kumbhalgarh inscription (1460 AD)

● Found in Kumbhalgarh around 1460 AD.
● Engraved by - Kavi Mahesh
● It is engraved on 5 rocks located in Kumbhshyam temple located in Kumbhalgarh fort of Rajsamand district of Rajasthan.
● Language – Sanskrit; Script - Nagari.
● It describes the Guhil dynasty and their achievements.
● In this, Bapa Rawal has been described as Vipravanshiya.
● In it, there is a description of Hammir's victory over Chelawat and he has been called Vishmaghati Panchanan.

Kirtistambh prashsti
● Engraved by - Mahesh Bhatt
● Written by – Atri and Mahesh
● It is engraved is the praise of Rana Kumbha.
● A detailed biography of the Guhil dynasty from Bappa Rawal to Kumbha has been described.
● In this, Kumbha has been described as Maharajadhiraj, Abhinav Bharatacharya, Hindu Suratan, Rairayan, Rano Raso,
Chhapguru, Danguru, Rajguru, Shailguru etc.
● It describes the defeat of the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat by Kumbha.
Ranakpur inscription
● It was engraved in the Chaumukha temple of Ranakpur in 1439 AD.
● Engraved by - Depak
● Information about the dynasty of Mewar and Dharanak Seth.
● There is a description of the victory of Kumbha.
● Bappa and Kalbhoj are described as different persons.
● Guhils are said to be the sons of Bappa Rawal.

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Jagannatharai Inscription
● Engraved by - Krishnabhatta
● Its script is Devanagari and language is Sanskrit.
● Description of Guhilas from Bapa Rawal to Jagatsingh Sisodia.
● It is located in the Jagannath Rai Temple of Udaipur.
● The battle of Haldighati fought during the time of Pratap has been mentioned.
● According to it, Maharana got the Mohan temple built in the pond of Pichola and got the Rupsagar pond constructed.

Shringi Rishi inscription

● It was engraved in 1428 AD.
● This incription dates to the time of Mokal.
● The construction of the pond by Mokal and his lineage have been described.
● Composer - Kaviraj Vani Vilara Yogeshwar
● Language - Sanskrit

Other inscriptions
Name Place Era Description
Barli inscription Ajmer 2nd century BC ● The oldest inscription of Rajasthan
● Brahmi script
Nandsa yup pillar Bhilwara 225 AD ● Instituted by som
inscription
Barwa Yup inscription Kota 238-39 AD ● The language is Sanskrit and the script is Brahmi.
● The oldest and first inscription of the Maukhari kings.
● Engraved on a yup (pillar).
Bhramarmata Chittor 490 AD ● Description of the rulers of Gauravsh and Aulikar dynasty
inscription ● By - Brahmsom, son of Mitrasom
● Writer - Poorva
Kanswa inscription Kota 738 AD ● Mention of the Maurya dynasty king Dhaval (probably the
last Maurya ruler of Rajasthan)
Pratapgarh Pratapgarh 946 AD ● Description of the achievements of Gurjar Pratihar King
inscription Mahendrapal.
Achaleshwar Abu ● Description of origin of man being from the fire altar.
inscription ● Dhoomraj is described as the ‘Mool Purush’ of Paramaras.
Luna Vasahi Abu - 1230 AD ● Language - Sanskrit
inscription Delwara ● It describes the dynasty of the Parmar rulers of Abu and
Vastupal Tejpal.
Neminath inscription Abu 1230 AD ● Composer - Someshvardev (Shubhchandra)
● It was excavated by Sutradhar Chandeshwar.
Rasiya ki chhatri Chittorgarh 1274 AD ● Author - Ved Sharma, a Brahmin of Nagar caste, son of Priyapattu
inscription ● Engraved by – Sutradhar Sajjan
● In this, Guhil is described as the son of the Bapa.
Second inscription of Alwar 1458 AD ● In this, there is a description of the authority of Bad Gurjar
Machedi ki Bawli dynasty’s Rajpaldev in Alwar.
Barbath inscription Bayana 1613-14 AD ● In this, there is a great mention of the construction of a
garden and a stepwell in Barbath by the wife of Akbar,
Mariam-us-Zamani.
Barnala yup Pillar Jaipur 227 AD
Inscription
Chatsu inscription Jaipur 813 AD ● There is a description of Guhil dynasty’s Bharatrabhatta and
his descendants.

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Buchkala inscription Jodhpur 815 AD ● There is mention of Nagabhatta Pratihara, son of Vatsaraj.
Rajourgarh Alwar 960 AD ● Mathandev Pratihara
inscription
Harsh inscription Sikar 973 AD ● Mention of the lineage of Chauhans.
● The mention of the construction of the Harshnath (Sikar)
temple by Allat.
● Vagad was called Vargat
Dungarpur Dungarpur 1404 AD ● Engraved in Sanskrit language at Upargaon (Dungarpur).
inscription ● Description of the history of the Vagad dynasties.

Coins

● Study of Coins - Numismatics

● Coin trade in Indian History, Indus Valley Civilization, and Vedic Civilization - Based on Barter system.
● First coin circulation - 2500 years ago
○ The coins were found in a fragmented state during excavation.
○ Special symbols on them- hence they are also called punch mark coins.
○ In square, rectangular, and circular form.
● Kautilya's Arthashastra – Coins known as Pana/Karshapan - Mostly of silver metal.
● First of all, the Chauhan dynasty of Rajasthan issued currencies.
○ Copper coins - Drumm and vishopaka
○ Silver coins - rupak
○ Gold coins - dinar
● Akbar issued the Elchi coins in Rajasthan.
○ Akbar had good relations with amer.
■ Therefore, permission was given to open a first mint there.

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 Important facts
● In 1893, William Wilfrid Webb wrote a book titled "The Currency of the Hindu State of Rajputana" on the subject of
coins of the princely states of the then Rajputana.
● The excavation of Raidh (Tonk) has yielded 3075 silver punchmark coins which are the oldest coins of India and the
largest number of coins found from a single place.
○ These coins were called dharana or pana.
● Kushana period coins have been found from Rang mahal (Hanumangarh).
○ Kushana coins have been called Muranda and the first Kushan Kanishka coin has also been found from here.
● Many coins have also been found from Bairath civilization (Jaipur), out of which 16 coins belong to the famous Greek
ruler Menander.
● Indo-Sasani coins have been identified by Indians by the name Gadhiya which is a silver coin and were made of copper
of metal.
● The Swaroopshahi of Mewar and the Alamshahi of Marwar were of British influence on which "Aurang Aram Hind and
Englishtan Queen Victoria" were written.
● In Rajasthan for the first time in 1900 AD, Kaldar's challan was issued in place of local coins.

● Kaldar (Silver) is the most famous of the coins issued during the time of the British.

Princely state Coins

Bikaner Gajshahi Coins (Silver)
Jaisalmer Muhammad Shahi, Akhaishahi, Dodiya (Copper)
Udaipur Swaroopshahi, Chandodi, Shah Alamshahi, Dhingal, Trishulian, Bhiladi, Karshapan, Bheedriya,
Padmashahi
Dungarpur Udayshahi, Trishuliya, Patrisiriya, Chittaudi, Salimshahi sikka
Banswara Salimshahi sikka, Lakshmanshahi
Pratapgarh Salimshahi, Mubarakshahi, Sikka Mubarak, London coin
Shahpura Sandia, Madheshahi, Chittaudi, Bhiladi Coins
Kota Gumanshahi, Hali, Madanshahi coins
Jhalawar Old and New Madanshahi Coins
Karauli Manakshahi
Dholpur Tamanchashahi coin
Bharatpur Shah alma
Alwar Akhaishi, Rawshahi coind, Rawshahi copper coind, English pav anna coin
Jaipur Jhadshahi, Muhammad Shahi, Hali
Jodhpur Vijayshahi, Bhimshahi, Gadiya, Gajshahi, Lallulia Rupya
Sojat Lallulia (Pali)
Salumber Padamshahi (Copper currency)
Kishangarh Shah alami
Bundi Ramshahi Coin, Gyarah- Sana, Katarshahi, Chereshahi, purana rupya
Nagaur's mint Amarshahi, Kuchamania coin (Kuchaman’s Mint) known as Iktisanda, Bopushahi, Borasi
Pali Bijaishahi
Sirohi Silver Bhiladi, Dhabbushahi of Copper
Salumber Padamshahi

Copper plates
Major Copper Plates of Rajasthan
Copper Plates Era Description
Dhulev Copper 679 AD ● Maharaj Bheti of Kishkindha (Kalyanpur) ordered his Ministers and informed them
Plates that he had donated the village named Ubarak to a Brahmin named Bhattinag.
Broach Gurjar 978 AD ● Description of the campaign of Gurjar dynasty from Saptsaindhav India to Ganga

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Copper Plates Kaveri.
● Based on this, Cunningham considered the Rajputs to be of the Yuchi tribe of the
Kushanas.
Mathandev 959 AD ● There is mention of the arrangement of land donation for temple.
Copper Plate
Virpur Donation 1185 AD ● In this, there is a mention of giving land by the feudal of Chalukya king Bhimdev of
Plates Gujarat, Guhil dynasty king Amritpaldev of Vagad on Suryaparva.
Ahar Copper 1206 AD ● It belongs to the Solanki king Bhimdev (II) of Gujarat.
Plate ● The geneology of Solanki kings from Mulraj to Bhimdev II of Gujarat has been given.
Parsoli's Copper 1473 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Raimal.
Plate ● Mention of varieties of land – Pival, Gormo, Mal, Magra.
○ These lands were free of all taxes at that time.
Kherada Copper 1437 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Kumbha.
Plate ● There is mention of a donation of 400 taka (currency) to Shambhu.
● Information about the atonement made by Rana Kumbha, the donation of that time,
the religious status in Eklingji has been given.
Cheekli Copper 1483 AD ● Information about miscellaneous ‘lag-baag' collected from farmers.
Plate ● Description of farming by Patel, Suthar and Brahmins.
Dhol Copper Plate 1574 AD ● It dates back to the time of Maharana Pratap when he managed the military post of
a village called Dhol and gave a land grant at Dhol to his administrator Joshi Puno.
Theekra Village 1464 AD ● The word 'Mauja' is used here for the village.
Copper Plate
Pur Copper Plate 1535 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Shri Vikramaditya.
● Information about the land grant given by Hadi Queen Karmavati while entering
Jauhar.
● Throws light on Jauhar custom - gives the exact time of second Saka of Chittor.
Koghakhedi 1713 AD ● The mention of the village of Koghakhedi which was given by Maharana Sangram
(Mewar) Copper Singh II to Dinkar Bhatt in Hiranyashavadan.
Plate
Copper Plate of 1576 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Pratap Singh.
Village Pipli ● Explains that after the Battle of Haldighati, Maharana started the work of settling
(Mewar) people in the region of Central Mewar.
Copper Plate of 1650 AD ● Related to giving donations to Bhatt Vishwanath of the village Keetkhedi.
Keetkhedi ● Given during the consecration of the temple of Govardhannathji built by Rajmata
(Pratapgarh) Chauhan.
Degrol Village 1648 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Jagat Singh.
Copper Plate
Copper Plate of 1656 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Raj Singh.
Rangili Village ○ He gave a village named Rangeela to Gandharva Mohan.
(Mewar) ○ The cost of Khad, Lakad and Taka in the village was removed.
Donation Plate of 1643 AD ● It belongs to the period of Samar Singh (Banswara).
Bedwas Village ● Plough land donation is mentioned.
Raj Singh Copper 1678 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Raj Singh.
Plate
Paranpur 1676 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharaja Shri Rawat Pratap Singh.
Donation Plate ● The names of the rulers of that time and the tradition of religious rites are
mentioned.
● Taxes like Taki, Lag and Rakhwali etc. are also described.
Patanya Village 1677 AD ● Mention of Maharawat Pratap Singh (Pratapgarh) donating Patanya village to Mahta
Donation Plate Jayadeva.
● The names of the Guhil kings from Guhil to Bhartribhatta are given in the opening
lines.
Sakhedi Copper 1716 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharawat Gopal Singh.
Plate ● Mention of a local tax kathakaval & Lagat-Vilagat.
Bengu Copper 1715 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharana Sangram Singh.
Plate
Varkhedi Copper 1739 AD ● Belongs to time of Maharawat Gopal Singh.
Plate ○ Information about Kanha that he was given the village Varkhedi in Lakh-pasaav

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 and laagat in Lakhna.
○ 'Lakh Pasav' was a reward and the laagat of Lakhna mattered a lot.
Pratapgarh 1817 AD ● It belongs to the time of Maharawat Samant Singh.
Copper Plate ● Mention of removal of 'tanki' tax on Brahmins engaged in the state
Gadbod Copper 1739 AD ● Belongs to the time of Maharana Shri Sangram Singh.
Plate
Twin Donation 1747 and ● Belongs to the time of Maharawal Prithvi Singh.
Plates of 1750 AD.
Banswara
Bedvas Copper 1559 AD ● Throws light on the confirmation of the 1616 Samvat of establishing Udaipur.
Plate
Lava Village 1558 AD ● Maharana Udai Singh ordered Brahmin Bhola that he would no longer collect mapa
Copper Plate tax in the marriage of future girls.
○ His right to get the girls of that area married will remain the same.'
Kul Purohit 1459 AD ● It mentions about "neg" on auspicious occasions.
Donation Plate

Archive/ Epigraphic Sources

The following books are stored in the State Archives, Bikaner.
● Hakikat Bahi - Mention of the daily routine of the king
● Hukumat Bahi - Replication of the orders of the king
● Kamthana Bahi - Information related to buildings and fortification
● Kharita Bahi - Description of Correspondences

Literary sources
Important facts
• Ras - Composed by Jain poets around 11th century.
• Raso-Raso literature was written parallelly to Ras literature, though which the background of the evaluation of the
historical, social, religious, cultural conditions of the time
• was created.
o It is the gift of Rajasthan itself.
• Veli - In Rajasthani Veli literature, there is a mention of the valor, history, scholarship, generosity, love-feeling, devotion,
genealogy etc.
• Khyat - Khyat means fame, that is, a book written in praise of a King.
o In Khyat there is praise in exaggeration.
o In the history of Rajasthan, Khyans atttained an important place in the history after 16th century.
o It is a detailed form of genealogy and citation writing.
• Renowned literature is written in prose.

Prithviraj Raso, Chandbardai

● This book was written by the court poet of Prithviraj Chauhan, Chandbardai in Pingal language which was completed by
his son Jalhan.
The popular saying is "Chaar
● It mentions the origin of Gurjara-Pratihara, Parmar, Solanki/Chalukya, and Chauhans
baans chubees gaj angul asht
from the fire pit of Mount Abu of Guru Vashishta, Vishwamitra etc.
praman, taa upar sultaan hai
● It throws light especially on the history of Prithviraj Chauhan.
mat chuke chauhan"
○ It describes the battle of tarain and Sanyogita issue.

Muhnot nainsi ri khyat

● It is written in Marwari and Dingal. Nainsi was called "Abul
● Nainsi (1610-70) was the court poet and Diwan of Jodhpur Maharaja Jaswant Singh I. Fazal of Rajputane" by
● In this a detailed history of the Rathores of Jodhpur & entire Rajputana has been written. Munshi Devi Prasad.

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Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat / Gawan Ri Khayat
● Written by Muhnot Nainasi.
● Being very large, it is also called "Sarvsangraha".
● It describes the economic and social figures of that time and for this reason it is also called "Gazetteer of Rajasthan".

Bankidas Ri khyat / Jodhpur Rajya ri khyat

● Writer - Bankidas (court poet of Maharaja Mansingh Rathod of Jodhpur)
● There is a description of the Rathores and other clans.
● Written in Marwari and Dingal languages.

Dayaldas Ri Khyat
● Writer - Dayaldas Sidhaich (court poet of Maharaj Ratan Singh of Bikaner)
● It is written in Marwari (Dingal) language.
● In this, the history of Bikaner's Rathores from the beginning to Maharaja Sardar Singh has been written (2 parts)

Mundiyar Ri Khyat
● Account of the establishment of the Rathore kingdom in Marwar by Rao Siha to Maharaja Jaswant Singh I.
● It is also written in this khyat that Jodha Bai, the mother of Akbar's son Salim, was the adopted sister of Motaraja Udai
Singh, whose mother was Maldev's maid servant.
Kavi Raja Ri Khyat
● In this khyat, the reign of Maharaja Jaswant Singh I, the king of Jodhpur, has been described in detail.
● Apart from this, the anecdotes of Rao Jodha, Raimal, Soor Singh's minister Bhati Gobinddas are also included.
Kishangarh Ri khyat
● History of Rathores of Kishangarh
Bhatiyon Ri Khayat
● History of Bhatis of Jaisalmer

Rajasthani Literature Written by

Prithviraja Raso Chandrabardai
Bisaldev Raso Narpati Nalh
Hammir Raso Sharangdhar
Sangat Raso Girdhar Aansia
Veli Krishna Rukmani Ri Prithviraj Rathod
Achaldas Khichi Ri Vachanika Shivdas Gadan
Pathal Aur Peethal Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
Dharti Dhora Ri Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
Leeltaans Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
Roothi Rani, Chetawani Ra Changatya Kesari Singh Barath
Rajasthani Kahavatan Murlidhar Vyas
Rajasthani Shabdkosh Sitaram Leelas
Nainsi Ri Khyat Muhnot Nainsi
Marwad Ra Pargana Ri Vigat Muhnot Nainsi
Rao Ratan Ri Veli (About Raja Ratan Singh of Bundi) Kalyan Das
Kanhade Prabandh Kavi Padmanabha (Description of Alauddin's Jalore Invasion)
Rao Jaitsi Ro Chhand Bithu Suja

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 Raj Roopak Vir Bhan
Suraj Prakash Karnidan (Court Poet Of Jodhpur Maharaja Abhay Singh)
Vansh Bhaskar Suryamal Misran

Sanskrit literature Written by

Prithviraj Vijay Jayanak (Kashmiri)
Hammir Mahakavya Nayan Chandra Suri
Hammir Madmardan Jaisingh Suri
Kuvalayamala Udyotan Suri
Vansh Bhaskar / Chhand Mayukh Suryamalla Mishran (Bundi)
Nrityaratnakosh Rana Kumbha
Bhasha Bhushan Jaswant Singh
Ekling Mahatamya Kumbha
Lalit Vigraraj Kavi Somdev
Rajvallabh Mandan (Chief Poet Of Maharana Kumbha)
Rajvinod Bhatt Sadashiv
Karmachandra Vanshhotkirtanakam Jaya Som
Kavyam
Amarsar Pandit Jeevdhar
Rajratnakar Sadashiv
Ajitodaya Jagjivan Bhatt (Court Poet Of Jodhpur King Ajit Singh)

Persian literature Written by

Chachnama Ali Ahmed
Mimta-Ul-Futuh Amir Khusro
Khazain-Ul-Futuh Amir Khusro
Tuzuk -E- Babri (Turkish) , Babarnama Babar
Humayunama Gulbadan Begum
Akbarnama / Ain I Akbari Abul Fazl
Tuzuk -E -Jahangiri Jahangir
Tarikh-E-Rajasthan Kaliram Kayastha
Waqia-E- Rajputana Munshi Jwala Sahai

Important Historical Battles

Year War Fought Between Result
1191 First Battle Of Tarain Prithviraj - Mohammad Gauri Gauri defeated
1192 Second Battle Of Tarain Prithviraj - Mohammad Gauri Prithviraj defeated
1301 Battle Of Ranthambore Hammir Dev - Alauddin Khilji Hammir defeated
1303 Battle Of Chittor Rana Ratan Singh - Alauddin Khilji Rana Ratan Singh defeated
1311 Battle Of Sivana Saatal Deo Chauhan - Alauddin Khilji Sutal Deo defeated
1527 Battle Of Khanwa Rana Sanga - Babur Rana Sanga defeated
1544 Battle Of Sammel (Jaitaran) Maldeo-Sher Shah Suri Maldeo defeated
1576 Battle Of Haldighati Maharana Pratap-Akbar Maharana Pratap defeated
1582 Battle Of Diver Maharana Pratap, Amar Singh - Mughal Army Maharana victorious
1644 Mateere Ki Raad Amar Singh (Nagaur) - Karn Singh Amar Singh victorious
1803 Battle Of Laswari Daulat Rao Scindhia-Lord Lake Scindhia defeated

Other Antiquities
● In the Vedas, the Saraswati river is eloquently and widely appreciated.
○ Rigveda - the "lifeline" of ancient Rajasthan.

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 ○ Mention of fishermen also.
○ Shatapatha Brahmana - People near the banks of Saraswati.
● The brahmana mentions the Saluva people as a janapada with the Matsyas - who developed an extensive kingdom with
their capital at Virat (present-day Bairath or Biratnagar in Jaipur district).
○ The Pandavas, with the help of their allies, the Matsyas, spent the period of their exile in Virat.
● Mahabharata - Matsya Janpad rich in cattle; Matsya people were famous for their truthfulness.
○ Malavas - A tribe of great warriors who helped the Kauravas in their fight against the Pandavas.
● Sacred places of Rajasthan in Puranas:
○ Skandapurana - gives a list of Indian states which includes some of the states of Rajasthan - Shakambhara
Sapadalaksha; Mewar Sapdalaksha; Tomar Sapadalaksha: Vaguri (beded); Virat (Bairat); and bhadr.
● The Chinese traveler Yuan Chwang - mentioned a place called Po-li-ye-ta-lo which is considered equivalent to Virat or
Bairath (Jaipur district).
○ According to him, "the people of this city were brave and courageous and their king, who belonged to the Fei-shi
(Vaish) caste was famous for his courage and skill in battle."
● 700-1200 AD - Literary activity high.
○ Light on the political, social, economic and religious conditions of Rajasthan through the creations.

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 2 Major Archaeological Sites of
Chapter Rajasthan
• Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India – Alexander Kavangham (1861)
• Work started in Rajasthan – ACL. Kalayil (1871) reported the receipt of hard stone and human bones from
Sarvayapratham Dausa.
• Reorganized by John Marshall in 1902

Kalibanga (Hanumangarh)
● In the region of present-day Ghaggar river on the left bank of the ancient Drishadvati and Saraswati River valley.
● First discovery – 1952 AD.
● Discovered by – Amalanand Ghosh.
● Excavator - BK Thapar and B B Lal in 1961-69.
● Location – Hanumangarh, Rajasthan
Evidences:
● The world's first plowed field found.
○ It is also called the "multi-prosperous field" in Sanskrit literature.
○ A “grid pattern” was also observed in the field.
● By 2900 BC, there was a developed city here.
● Script - Indus script
● Burial
○ There were 3 methods of this ritual.
■ Complete burial
■ Partial burial
■ Cremation
● Kalibanga is the first archaeological site in independent India which was excavated after independence.
Archaeological materials found from Kalibanga
● Copper tools and sculptures
○ Provides evidence that humans had entered the Copper Age from the Stone Age.
○ It was called Kalibanga only because of the black copper bangles.
● Seals
○ Seals Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization were found
○ Pictures of taurus and other animals
○ Indus script - not been deciphered yet.
○ Written from right to left.
● Weights and measures
○ Humans had learned to use weights and measures made of stone.
● Pottery
○ Various types of pottery were also found on which paintings were found.
○ “Charu” was used for making utensils.
● Jewellery
○ Received jewellery made from glass, oysters, conch shells, snail shells, etc., used by men and women.
○ Example - bracelets, bangles etc.
● Town Planning
○ Sun-baked brick houses
○ Doors
○ 5-5.5 metre roads cutting at right angles

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 ○ Pre-planned wells, drains etc.
○ Unlike Mohenjodaro, the houses were made of mud bricks.
● Agricultural Residues
○ Remains of cotton cultivation received
○ Evidence of mixed farming (gram and mustard).
○ The lines marked with the plow were also obtained, which proves that the humans also used to do agricultural work.
○ This is also confirmed by the idols of bulls and other domestic animals.
○ Bones of bull and reindeer were also found.
○ Bullock cart toys were also discovered.
● Toys
○ Like Mohenjodaro and Harappa, toys made of wood, metal and clay have been obtained from here.
● Religious Relics
○ Unlike Mohenjodaro and Harappa, the idol of Mother Goddess was not found from Kalibanga.
○ Rectangular and oval fire altars and bones of bull, reindeers were found.
○ This gives evidence that humans also used to sacrifice animals in the yajna.
● Durg (Fort)
○ Unlike other centers, the remains of a huge fort were also found.
○ There is evidence of protective measures adopted by humans.
• There was no developed domestic or urban drainage system in Kalibanga.
○ Only the remains of a wooden drain have been found
• Pierced door and tiger markings on currency outside Sindh region have been found from only this place.
• Evidence of 6 holes in the skull of a child has been found from Kalibanga.
○ "Earliest example of surgery".
• The earliest evidence of an earthquake, which occurred in 2600 BC, has been found.

Rangmahal (Hanumangarh)
● Located near Saraswati River / Ghaggar river in Hanumangarh district.
● Stone Age and Metal Age Civilization.
● The excavations were carried out in the year 1952-54 by a Swedish company under the direction of Dr. Hannarid.
● 105 copper coins of Kushana period and earlier were found.
● 2 bronze seals inscribed with names in Brahmi script were found
● Mainly rice cultivation
● The houses were built of bricks.
● Pottery - red and pink
○ Made on potter’s wheel, were thin and polished.
● Teacher -disciple earthen idol was found.
● Goods of Kushan period civilization were found.
Ahar Civilization (Udaipur)
● In ancient inscriptions, Ahar is mentioned as "Tamravati".
● In the 10th and 11th centuries, it was called "Aghatpur/Aghat Durg" or "Dhulkot" or "Tamravati Nagari", & "Tambavali".
● It is situated on the bank of river Bedach.
● Period – Existed from 1900 BC to 1200 BC
● Age - Chalcolithic Age
● First excavation work - in 1953 under the chairmanship of Akshay Kirti Vyas.
● Other Excavators – RC Agarwal (Ratanchandra Agrawal) in 1953-1956 and then HD (Hasmukh Dheerajlal) Sanklia
● Microliths are not found in this culture.
Features:
● Major Industries - Copper smelting and equipment manufacturing
o Copper mines are located nearby.
o A furnace for smelting copper (metal) was also found.
● Residents used to bury the dead along with their ornaments.

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● Weights & measures discovered
o Evidence of commerce Gore and Koth
● Red and black ware were used. ● Large grain holding vessels found in the Ahar civilization.
● Banas river was an important part of Currencies Discovered In Ahar
civilization; hence it is also called Banas ● 6 Greek copper coins and 3 seals
culture. ○ There is 1 Trishula on one mudra and on the other side the
Goods Discovered deity Apollo is inscribed with arrow and quiver in his hand.
● Use of stones in the foundations of houses "Banasian Bull"
● Copper smelting furnaces ● Terracotta Taurus figures found from Ahar
Dharma Culture
● Wooden stamps for printing cloth
● A similar dharma culture of Ahar has been received from Gilund
● Small hand pots of Iranian style
in Rajsamand.
● Knives made of bones
● Difference-paved bricks were not used in Ahad, whereas they
● head scratcher
were used extensively in Gilund.
● Earthen griddle (Tava)
● Amphora (Surahi)
● 7 chulhas in a row in a house
● 2 female torsos made of terracotta

Bairath Civilization
● Bairath is situated in Shahpura subdivision of present Jaipur
district on the bank of the Banganga river. Archaeological importance of Bairath
● Iron Age civilization. Extensive evidences of stone, Chalcolithic, Iron Age,
● Ancient name- Viratnagar. broken inscription of Ashoka, evidence of Shankh
○ Capital of Matsya Mahajanapada. script, Buddhist Vihara, the remains of Buddhist
● Discovered by - Captain Burt in 1837. Chaitya, Punch mark Coins, Greek coins, detailed
● Excavators- Dayaram Sahni in 1936-37, Nilratan Banerjee and evidence of second civilization in India etc. has been
Kailashnath Dixit in 1962-63. discovered.
● The first Bhabru inscription of Ashoka was discovered from
Bijak hill in 1837 by Captain Burt. ● Due to the large quantity of rock paintings
● Three hills of archaeological importance: received from Bairath, it is called the ‘Art Gallery’
○ Bijak Dungri of the ancient era.
○ Bhim Dungri ● Among the sites representing the culture of
○ Mahadev Dungri North Indian black polished ware culture in
● 36 coins found - 8 silver punch mark coins, 28 Indo-Greek and Rajasthan, the most important ancient site is
Greek Biratnagar.
● Polished ware culture ● A large number of evidences of the mysterious
● Remains of round Buddhist temples, stupas and Buddhist "Shankh script" have been found.
monasteries belonging to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
● It was a completely rural culture.
● Excessive use of clay bricks for building construction.
● It is believed that it was demolished by the Hun ruler MihirKul.
● Information about the Mahabharata period, Mahajanapada period, Maurya period, Gupta period, Harsh period etc. is
available.

Ganeshwar (Sikar)
● It is situated on the banks of river Kantali in Neem-ka-Thana tehsil.
● Developed in 2800 BC.
● Ganeshwar Civilization - "Pushkar of Archeology".
● A rich store of copper age culture discovered.
○ That is why it is called the "mother of copper age civilizations".

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● Excavation - in 1977 under the leadership of RC Agarwal.
● Evidence of massive stone dam.
● The houses were built of stones.
○ There is no evidence of the use of bricks.
● A copper arrow and a fishing hook were found.

Bagor Civilization
● Situated on the banks of Kothari River near Bhilwara.
● Stone age civilization site.
● Excavation – by Dr. Virendranath Mishra, Dr. L S Leshnik in 1967-68
● Major excavation site – Mahasatiyon ka teela
● Considered the "Museum of Primitive Culture"
● Remains of 14 types of agriculture have been found.
● Main work - agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting
○ The earliest evidence of agriculture and animal husbandry was found.
● Five human skeletons were found which were systematically buried.
● Most of the evidences of the Stone Age were found.
○ Main Tools- Blades, Borers, Scrapers, etc
● Away from human-organized social life.
● Stones were used to make the floor and windproof curtains were made of thatch.
● Industry - Manufacture of very small objects and very advanced in terms of geometrical forms.

Sunari civilization
● Situated on the banks of river Kantali in Khetri Tehsil of Jhunjhunu.
● Excavation- by Rajasthan State Archaeological Department in 1980-81.
● The oldest iron smelting furnaces found.
● Gray ware discovered.
○ Remnants of Mauryan Civilization having a characteristic black polished ware.
● Matravedi idols and paddy store room were also discovered.
● Remains of the Shunga and Kushan periods were also discovered.
● The residents used rice and pulled chariots by horses.
● Iron arrows, spear-heads, iron bowls and black polished ware have also been found.
Raidh civilization
● Situated on the banks of Dhil river in Niwai tehsil of Tonk district.
● It is called Tatanagar of ancient Rajasthan.
● Excavation - by Dayaram Sahni in 1938-39 and then by Dr. Kedarnath Puri.
● 3075 punch mark coins and 300 coins of Malav district were discovered.
○ A broken coin of the Greek ruler Apollodotus was also found.
● Remains of idols of Matrdevi and Shakti made from pottery chalk were also found.
● Various ornaments - Earrings, necklaces, anklets etc.
● Remains of stately buildings.
● Asia's largest-ever coin deposit discovered.

Nagar Civilization - Kheda Civilization

● It is located near Uniara town in Tonk district.
● Other names- Karkot Nagar, Matav Nagar.
● Excavator - Shri Krishna Dev in 1942-43.
● Findings-
○ A large number of Malava coins and punch mark coins were found.
○ Most of the remains of pottery are red in color.
○ From the excavation, the idol of Mahishasurmardini, made of gray stone of the post-Gupta period, was found.

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