Unit III Tutorials With Ans
Unit III Tutorials With Ans
A rectangular beam of breadth 100 mm and depth 200 mm is simply supported over a span of
4 m. The beam is loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over the entire span.
Find the maximum bending stresses.
Solution:
Span of beam, l = 4 m
The distance of top and bottom fibre from the neutral axis, y = 100 mm
Solution:
1 1
Moment of inertia, I BD 3
bd 3 300 660 3 280 600 3
12
12
4
Maximum bending moment at centre of beam, 102 50 kN.m
M
8
5107 N.mm
The distance of top and bottom fibre from the neutral axis, y = 330 mm
Thus, maximum bending stress, 5 107
M y 330 7.68 N / mm2
21.474
I
108
3. A beam of an I-section shown in Fig. 24 is simply supported over a span of 4 m. Find the
uniformly distributed load the beam can carry if the bending stress is not to exceed 100
N/mm2.
Solution:
1 1
Moment of inertia, I BD 3
bd 3 200 300 3 180 260 3
12
12
Span of beam, l = 4 m
I
Section modulus, Z 180.36 1242400 mm3
ymax
106
150
Maximum bending
M max Z 100 1242400
moment,
124240000 N.mm
124.24 kN.m
wl 2
But M
8
w 4
2
124.24 8
124.24 8
w 64.12 kN / m
16
The maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can carry = 64.12 kN/m.
4. A timber beam of rectangular section carries a load of 2 kN at mid-span. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 3.6 m. If the depth of section is to be twice the breadth, and the
bending stress is not to exceed 9 N/mrn2, determine the cross-sectional dimensions.
Solution:
1.8106 N.mm
M
From the flexural relationship, we Z
have o allow
1 1.8
bd 2
106
9
6
b 64.94 mm
d 2 64.943 129.886 mm
5. A rectangular beam of width 200 mm and depth 300 mm is simply supported over a span of 5
m. Find the safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry per metre length if the
allowable bending stress in the beam is 100 N/mm2.
Solution:
Span of beam, l = 5 m
M wl 2
8
300
w 5
2
8
300 8
w 96 kN.m
25
So, the load that the beam can carry is 96 kN/m.
6. A rectangular beam of size 60 mm x 100 mm has a central rectangular hole of size 15 mm x
20 mm. The beam is subjected to bending and the maximum bending stress is limited to 100
N/mm2. Find the moment of resistance of the hollow beam section.
Solution:
1
Moment of inertia of the hollow beam section, I BD 3
bd 3 1
60 100 3
15 20 3
12
12
4.999 106 mm4
100
Extreme fibre distance, ymax 50 mm
2
I
Section modulus, Z 4.999 9.98 mm3
6
ymax 10
50 104
Moment of resistance,
M allow Z 100 9.98 10 4
9.98 kN.mm
7. Find the ratio of the dimensions of the strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from a
circular log of wood of diameter D.
Solution:
Let b be the width and d the depth of the strongest rectangular beam section as shown in the Fig.
26.
d 2 D 2 b2
1
bD 2
b3
6
dZ 1
Hence, D 2
3b 2 0
db 6
3b 2 D 2
D
b
3
And D
d D 2 b2 D
2
2
3
2D 2 2
3 D
3
8. Two sections of same material; one of solid circular section and the other hollow circular
section of internal diameter half the external diameter, have the same flexural strength.
Which one of them is economical?
Solution:
Section modulus of solid section, Z D3
1
32
Section modulus of hollow section, Z
2
D
1
4
D4
2
1
D
1
4
0.5D 4
32D1 32D1
0.9375D3
1
32
Since both sections have same flexural strength, their section modulus should be equal.
32 32
Hence, 3
D 1
0.9375D3
D3 0.9375D13
D 0.98D1
D2 1 2
D
0.75D 2
0.75
D
1 1
1
0.75
0.98 1.28
2
Since the sectional area of hollow section is less than that of solid section, for a given length of
the beam, the weight of hollow section will be less. Hence hollow section is economical.
9. A cantilever of 2 m length and square section 200 mm x 200 mm, just fails in bending when a
point load of 12 kN is placed at its free end. A beam of rectangular cross section of same
material, 150 mm wide and 300 mm deep, is simply supported over a span of 3 m. Calculate
the maximum concentrated load that the beam can carry at its centre without failure.
Solution:
The two beams with loading conditions are shown in the Fig.
0.75106 W 40.5106
W 54 kN
10. For a given sectional area, compare the moments of resistance of circular and square section.
Solution:
section, ZS d
6 48
ZS
48d 3 1.18
ZC 3
d
32
Hence, flexural strength of square section is 1.18 times more than that of circular section of equal
area.
11. Compare the moments of resistance of a square section of given material when the beam
section is placed such that (i) two sides are parallel and (ii) one diagonal vertical.
Solution:
Square section with two sides horizontal is shown in the Fig. 29(a).
a3
Section modulus of square section with two sides Z1
horizontal, 6
Moment of inertia about the neutral axis, i.e., the diagonal of the square section = Twice the
a4
I2 2a3
Z 12
2
ymax a 12
2
Moment of resistance,
M 2 Z 2 2 a3
12
Ration of the moments of resistance of section in two different positions,
o a3
M1 6 2
1.414
M2 2 a 3
12
12. Three beams of same material with circular, square and rectangular cross sections have the
same length and are subjected to same maximum bending moment. The depth of the
rectangular section is twice the width. Compare their weights.
Solution:
Fig. 30 shows three different sections, circular, square, and rectangular of beam.
Let Diameter of circular section = d,
Side of square section = a, and
Width and depth of rectangular section are b and 2b respectively.
As beams of three different cross sections of equal allowable stress are subjected same maximum
bending moment, they must have same strength. Hence, all sections should have equal section
modulii.
d 3
Section modulus of circular ZC
section, 32
a3
Section modulus of circular ZS
section, 6
b2b
2
2
Section modulus of circular ZR b3
section, 6 3
We have 2
d3 3 b3
32 a 3
6
d 1.193a and b
0.6299a
d 2
Weigh of circular beam Area of circular sectio 4 d 2
t n
of square beam 2Area of square section a 4 a
Weigh
t
1.193
3
1.118 4
Weigh
t
of square beam Area of square section 2
a2 a
20.6299 0.7936
2
13. A beam of symmetric I-section has flange size 100 mm x 15 mm, overall depth 250 mm.
Thickness of web is 8 mm. Compare the flexural strength of this section with that of a beam
of rectangular section of same material and area. The width of rectangular section is two-
third of its depth.
Solution:
The I-section and the rectangular section of equal area are shown in the Fig. 31.
Area of I-section,
AI 2 100 15 220 8 4760 mm2
max 125
388592 mm3
R
3 3
and
d 84.50 mm
2
b 84.50 56.33 mm
3
sec n
Section modulus of rectangular tio , Z
R
33 84.50
2
bd 2 6
5 .
6 6
67035mm3
Flexural strength of I - section
ZI 388592
5.80
Flexural strength of rectangula r section ZR 67035
14. A cast iron beam of an I-section with top flange 80 mm x 40 mm, bottom flange 160 mm x 40
mm and web 120 mm x 20 mm. If the tensile stress is not to exceed 30 N/mm2 and
compressive stress 90 N/mm2, what is the maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can
carry over a simply supported span of 6 m, if the bottom flange is in tension?
Solution:
Let y is the distance of the centroid (neutral axis) from the bottom fibre (tension fibre).
yy
a i
160 40 20 20 120 100 80 40 180
i
80 40 20 120 80 40 120
A
944000
78.67 mm
12000
Moment of inertia,
1 1
I 160 40 3 160 40 78.67 20 120 3 20 120 100 78.67
2
20
2 12
12
60138670 mm4
1
8
0
4
0
3
8
0
4
0
1
8
0
7
8
.
6
7
2
1
2
Tension occurs at the bottom and compression at the top.
I 60138670
allow 30 22933266.81N.mm
yt 78.67
22.933 kN.m
I 60138670
allow 90 44609579.65 N.mm
yc 121.33
44.609 kN.m
Hence, actual moment resistance is smaller of the above two, i.e., 22.993 kN
Equating the maximum bending moment with the moment of resistance, we have
4.5w 22.933
w 5.096 kN / m
Alternatively,
58.355 30 N /
mm2 (Not possible)
But the permissible tensile stress is only 30 N/mm2. Hence, let the maximum tensile stress be
allowed to reach 30 N/mm2.
Corresponding maximum compressive stress at the top,
yc
o 121.33
c t 30
yt 78.67
42.268 N / mm2 90 N /
mm2 (OK )
I 30 60138670 22933266.81N.mm
allow
yt 78.67
22.933 kN.m
Equating the maximum bending moment with the moment of resistance, we have
4.5w 22.933
w 5.096 kN / m
15. Two wooden planks 60 mm x 160 mm each are connected together to form a cross section of
a beam as shown in the Fig. If a sagging bending moment of 3500 N.m is applied about the
horizontal axis, find the stresses at the extreme fibre of the cross-section. Also calculate the
total tensile force on the cross-section.
Solution:
Let us locate the centroid and hence the neutral axis, and find moment of inertia of the section.
Consider the bottom of T-section as the reference axis for location of centroid. The T-section
consists of two components, web and flange.
edge,
y
ay 2610000
135.94 mm
a 19200
But, I b GI a y 2
I G bI a y 2
431.36106 19200135.94 2
76190074.88 mm4
Let the maximum tensile and compressive stresses at extreme fibres be σtmax and σcmax
respectively.
Components Area a Centroidal ay ay2 ISelf
(mm2) distance from (mm3) (mm4) (mm4)
the bottom
edge, y
(mm)
Web 9600 80 786000 61.44 x 106 60 1603 20.48 10 6
12
Flange 9600 190 1824000 346.56 x 106 160 603 2.88 10 6
12
Total 19200 2610000 408 x 106 23.36 x 106
M
We have, o 3500 1000
t 76190074.88 135.94
max y
t
I
6.245 N / mm2
o c max M
3500 1000
76190074.88 84.06
y
c
I
3.861N / mm2
16. A water main of 1000 mm internal diameter and 10 mm thickness is running full. If the
bending stress is not to exceed 56 N/mm2, find the greatest span on which the pipe may be
freely supported. Steel and water weigh 76800 N/m3 and 10000 N/m3 respectively.
Solution:
0.03173m2
Area of the water section, A d2 12
4 4
0.7854 mm2
Weight of water in one metre length of the pipe = 0.7854 x 1 x 10000 = 7854 N
Total load on the pipe per metre run = 2493.978 + 7854 = 10347.978 N
4046.379106 mm4
We know,
M
I y
l 18.533m