ADITYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Surampalem
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Academic Year: 2020-21 Tutorials
Programme : ME Class: IInd yr Semester: I
Course Code: R1921032
Course Title: Mechanics of Solids

Unit - I

1. A force P of 70 N is applied by a rider to the front hand brake of a bicycle (P is

the resultant of an evenly distributed pressure). As the hand brake pivots at A, a
tension T develops in the 460-mm long brake cable (Ae = 1.075 mm2) which
elongates 0.214 mm. Find normal stress and strain in the brake cable.

2. A circular aluminium tube of length L = 400 mm is loaded in compression by

forces P (see figure). The outside and inside diameters are 60 mm and 50 mm,
respectively. A strain gage is placed on the outside of the bar to measure normal
strains in the longitudinal direction. (a) If the measured strain is 550 X 10-6. what
is the shortening deflection of the bar? (b) If the compressive stress in the bar is
intended to be 40 MPa, what should be the load P?
3. A control rod made of yellow brass must not stretch more than 3 mm when the
tension in the wire is 4 kN. Knowing that E = 105 GPa and that the maximum
allowable normal stress is 180 MPa, determine (a) the smallest diameter that can
be elected for the rod, (b) the corresponding maximum length of the rod.

4. A single axial load of magnitude P = 58 kN is applied at end C of the brass rod

ABC. Knowing that E = 105 GPa, determine the diameter d of portion BC for
which the deflection of point C will be 3 mm.
5. Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E = 70
GPa. Knowing that the magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine (a) the value of Q so
that the deflection at A is zero, (b) the corresponding deflection of B.
6. A 1.2-m section of aluminum pipe of cross-sectional area 1100 mm2 rests on a
fixed support at A. The 15-mm-diameter steel rod BC hangs from a rigid bar
that rests on the top of the pipe at B. Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is
200 GPa for teel and 72 GPa for aluminum, determine the deflection of point
C when a 60 kN force is applied at C.
7. An axial force of 60 kN is applied to the assembly shown by means of rigid
end plates. Determine (a) the normal stress in the brass shell, (b) the
corresponding deformation of the assembly.
8. For the composite block shown, determine (a) the value of h if the portion of
the load carried by the aluminum plates is half the portion of the load carried
by the brass core, (b) the total load if the stress in the brass is 80 MPa.
9. Three steel rods (E = 200 GPa) support a 36-kN load P. Each of the rods AB and
CD has 200-mm2 cross-sectional area and rod EF has a 625 mm2 cross sectional
area, Determine the (a) the change in length of rod EF, (b) the stress in each rod.
10. A steel tube (E = 200 GPa) with a 32-mm outer diameter and a 4-mm thickness
is placed in a vise that is adjusted so that its jaws just touch the ends of the tube
without exerting any pressure on them. The two forces shown are then applied
to the tube. After these forces are applied, the vise is adjusted to decrease the
distance between its jaws by 0.2 mm. Determine (a) the forces exerted by the
vise on the tube at A and D, (b) the change in length of the portion BC of the
tube.
11. The concrete post (E= 25 GPa and !c = 9.9 x 10-6/°C) is reinforced with six
steel bars, each of 22-mm diameter (Es =200 GPa and !s = 11.7 x 10-6/°C).
Determine the normal stresses induced in the steel and in the concrete by a
temperature rise of 35°C.
12. Determine (a) the compressive force in the bars shown after a temperature rise
of 96°C, (b) the corresponding change in length of the bronze bar.
13. Knowing that a 0.5-mm gap exists when the temperature is 20 °C, determine
(a) the temperature at which the normal stress in the aluminum bar will be
equal to -90 MPa, (b) the corresponding exact length of the aluminum bar.
14. For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing stresses exerted
on the oblique fade of the shaded triangular element shown. " = 550

15. For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing stresses exerted
on the oblique fade of the shaded triangular element shown. " = 30 0
16. For the given state of stresses, determine (a) the principal planes, (b) the
principal stresses.

(a) (b)
17. For the given state of stresses, determine the normal and shearing stresses after
the element shown has been rotated through (a) 25° clockwise, (b) 10° counter
clockwise.

(1) (2)
18. Two steel plates of uniform cross section 10 x 80 mm are welded together as
shown. Knowing that centric 100-kN forces are applied to the welded plates and
that ( = 25°, determine (a) the in-plane shearing stress parallel to the weld, (b)
the normal stress perpendicular to the weld. (Use both analytical and Mohr circle
methods)
19. The steel pipe AB has A 102-mm outer diameter and a 6-mm wall thickness.
Knowing that arm CD is rigidly attached to the pipe, determine the principal
stresses and a maximum shearing stress at point H using analytical and graphical
method (Mohr circle).
 UNIT - II

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown,
and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the

l.5 kN 1.2 kN l.S kN

SOLUTION

E CoJc., /..,+e 'l'eo.cfio" $

'02.°M 6 -= o
(tfoo)(l.s) - Boo C -.(�2s)(1.�) + (l�S)Ct.8) = o
Dimensiorui in mm
C. .. 3.GS' kN
kN)
.B = o. 85' k.N
�
.-- 2.1S �L Mc = o
O.'IS At A V::-/.S kN ., M-= o
. I.S klJ �M
,. C. D E ' X

-o.SS k100 i V
-1.5
2:5:: o - IS - V = D V =-1.S kN

(100)(1.s) + M = o
I?, X

-1.s +a.,s- - V= o .)
V=:l.lSkN
{11s)(1.s) - (1.sHs.,s) + M � o M:::. 11.:tS' N·m
1.s 1.2. u 2°: i::
___...__,e,�;-·
=
1 0
1
7S ,.-100
-LS'+ a.,s - ,. � - V = o
V V = O.'f.S l<N

ci1s)(I.s) - (11.s-)(3_,s) + (100 )(1.�) + M ,. o

M.,. I06.2r W"'
At 8 V =- - 8 =- - O.iS kN
/v1 = CJ
 f
..... Draw tht "shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown, and detennine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the
bendmg moment.

SOLUTION

At 8 V ::- ioo w M = o
Dimensions in mm At E
,.. �r--lzoo
100
too
vf;;j
'r D
V = Roo N
DZ- Mc � o

c�
-100 - M- to.iis)(:200) "' o
-300 M :::,- 4-5 N · >ri
200

v�
/>. C 0 V + Soo - ioo � o
V = -300 N
;,')
- M + (O. '3 )(soo) - (O.SR.s')(:;,oo) = o
M = l.fS \>J•l'f1

+1 �� = 0 V ::-/OON

• � 'i:: Mc. -: o -M -(O.US')(,too) t(O.S2S)(Soo) -(0.7S)(�oo)::: 0

M.,. .s tJ.m

At A
,1 .

M�t=======:::.==1
�
-M
+1 � rJ
r -- 0 V - 7.00 - 20D +-500 - ZOO = 0 Y = 100 N

+'2MA = o -(o.2)(�00)-(0.S-.tS')(Qoo) • (o.Bzs)(Soo)-(1.os)(200)"' 0

·11" .,... ....

 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown,
and determine the maximum absolute value (a)oftheshear, (b) of the bending
moment.
3 kN 3 kN

SOLUTION

B '0'2.l"le :0 (-roo)(S) - 4So -1-(!�o )(S)-' 1000,4 = O

A =- 2.ss
/<1,1 1
-(Joo)(a) - 4.So -(?oo'f.a)+/0008 =o
=
300
Dimensions in mm
8 3. '4S l<N 1

\/ (k.lJ) A+ A V =- :?.SS kN

'l.55 A +. C
e. E 8 At C t> Z t,,\ = o
-0.<IS -(300X2.ss) + M = o
M ::: 76S N-"'
-3.'+S
C +. E N-m
f
At ! U'.2M0 :=. o
-(Soo)(-:?.SS)+ {�00)(3)
-+ M = o

c.
M � r.:1s N-m
f:,. D
At ::t/ 3 ,s� ,., '"f)zM0 = o
·-·---·----cJ--1) -(500)(2.ss-) 1Qoo)(S)
300-./ �01) - lfSo + M ,. <:>
V M.,. \ l �s N-n,
E to '8
'D �M ,. = o
- M 1- (Boo )(3.'iS') -= o
M .,, I o 3.5 N ·..,

At B

Ma.><i ,...,.., IV I :: 3. 45 kt.I -

....
 Assuming the upward reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed,
draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam AB and determine
the maximum value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.

SOLUTION
Ovv who)� 'be«"" �tl:"l="y = O
3.b w - (0."1)(10)-3'- -(0.'t)(/o) -=- 0
W-:: IS' ktJ/,-,
V (IOJ)
'18
0 < )( < 0. Cf WI

lSx - lo x - V = 0
V = 5x
I�. IS -(1.5�)-½ +(/ox)� -+ M ,. o
1-"1 .. �.sx'
A-1 >< .. C. v� 4-.Sktv
1\11 "" �- ozs k'N- 111

a.) M...";,.. .,.., IV I

-= 18 kW ◄
ISx-Cf-V::O
V = �x- q
b) M...,. ; .,.. .,.,. IM I
= 12.15 kW· m ... ·OSxXf) + l:f (x-o. '¾S)
+ M :: o
M = 1.s.,_1 - 'fx + ll. os = o
V� 18 kN
M -= 1'2.i./5 l<tJ, m

t) +. 8 Dse .sy ....... e+ry +.. co.lc.vJ11,k

H� s1e"lr o_,.'J her1tili"� mo'-\e,d.
 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown and
detennine the maxirnwn nonnal stress due to bending.

20kN 40kN SOLUTION

� 'l: M G ::- 0
o
BI
(l."('o) - (.e_4 )('lo) + ('l.o) 8 =
S : /6 i<N

9ZM11 = o
W360 X 64

=
1.6m 1.6m

(.r.,x110) - �.o)C + (/.C)(llo) o

V (HJ) C :: 44 kN
'24
Sheo.v-
'j � I> A to c­ V= - ZD kN
c•to D"
)(
V =- �II ktv
- IC. D•to B V =- - fl. kN
-20
M (ktJ•"')
A+ C !) ,:- Me =- o
(I., )(,20) -1- M = o
M =- -32..l<N-1'11

At D
�1H = o o

-M +(I.G.)Ctl.)"o

-
M =- :i.s., Kt.I· m
l'IIA.)( IMI -= 32. k IJ. .... " 3:l 'IC
3
/0 N·""

�ov- t"o}leJ sfeei sec�ion W 360" '-l¼

:3 I. I >t/O'
31. I MP�
P�
-
 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading
shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.

SOLUTION
;) � M c. =- o
B ::
I
(O.G)(:n + (0.1)(�) + (o.ll) 0
A B :- --4-· l<N
·· S100 X 11.5
02 Ha = o
(l.o)(l) -1-(0.S)(II) - (O.!J.)C : 0
C ::- IO kN
Y (kW) s.,
If A +o C
If klJ/,.,.
0 < 'X < o., ,.,
:lHI

-z
A )( !LlL�j1 +f 2 � :: 0
-v 0
I-- )( -�-1./)( :.

V V =- - :?.- 1./x
t)�MJ = �
Zx +- ('TllX�) + M = 0
M :- - =<>(" - �x
At C

C fo B o., 'll'I < )\ < 1.0 'l'l

l kW 4 kll ;,.,
o
-,:..u.I .1.1...U..l..Lt..u....,r,_l_1 - � - 'tx +- lo - V =
y.,, 8-lfx
t_:10:» V - �ll. + (1./x'(f) - (/o)(x- o.,)
+ M =- o
M = - �x' + 8 x - t:

S JOO it 1/.S

H ..... , .. .,.., no"'"'" J stress 38.7 w/o' p�

....
 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown
and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.

30 kN 50k'.'i SOLUTION
D 2Ms = o
-I� - 3., A + (:?. !/ )(so) �(1,�)(So) + ll/ = o
W3!0 X 38.7 A -=- l/-0 kN
V ZM. "' 0
-12 -(1.�)(So) -(�.'1)(.So) + �q. + 3.t: 8 = o
V (HJ)
'lo '8 = ljo lc'N
I
i---....
10 S 'n ec..•I'
A +o c­ V = J./,o :,,:.J
c+ to b- V = 10 k'N
D
+
+.. B V =- -.SO kN
8eh.Ji111� .,.,o..,e111-t
Al A M =- 1, ic'N • ...,
A-t B M = �I./ lfN·,.,
At C '17 o
:> - I 2 •+ (1.:()
c- M ��Mc "'
C!-F===J
r
_______
(1!0 )
12
..._ _,_ )( I.� -;v M " 0
lit, 1-1 � ,:;o k � · "'

A+ D t) M = o
M(!>R
�'I 0
8)
- M + 2; �(I.Z )('lo)
Y ,.�
q0 M ,.. 72. ,.,
"""""'
1114.)( IM I =
$ -= S'l"f 11103 m,.,•
"' S'l't wto·' "''
 5.Draw
JJ_ the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending

SOLUTION

+)!"Ms -= o
W200 X 22.5
- GA + (-Z)(q)(s) + go = 0
A -:: :zo lrl-J

"
+,�MA ,,. C
-;;>1(.<1)(1) + 3� -1- GS =- C)

8 -:: - � "kl'I i.e :Z kt.I \

A to C

81
z
L-�====:::t.... x Cf kU/M
:zc,-9" - V ::: o
V = :Zo- "1 x

�'2/v!J"= 0
'2.0 Ill.I V
- zo >< + (qx) f + M = o
M ,. :?ox - ¥.S x 1

At C

+1'� FJ -:: o
-4
20 -1£1 - V = o
I 1-- V -= :Z. kN
4
:lolt\J
V �LM l)
= c:,

-('t)(:10)+ (3t11)+ M "o

M = �, ""1-m

+'f i- l="y =o V - � ,. o
V = � iflJ
Y:Z:M 0 =o
-M - (�)(ii) =o
M -=- - /./ i,tJ. m

1-------------,-----,----------i----·
 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading
shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending

300N 20mm

a H
1 u
130mm
t

" (IJ)
flSB
12,---
87
I--+------+----� )C

!='ret hod1 ABC OE

4,� M a ·= 0 -o., A -t(0.1/ )(300) +(0.z)(300)
e - (0.:tl(l�,.(l) : 0
A .,, �S?. 7fl fJ
+'!Ma = o -lo.�\Csoo,-(o.<1lC300) -(o.11)cn,.,1>
+ o., 1) .,, 0
1:) " 14,B. gq N
Be....li.,, �n,e111 JB
0 '2:Ma :: o m-.,,. IM-= s,.s, r., • ..,
li4a:
-(0.�)(,257,71) v
M 8 -= SI.,, ,..,,.., 0
S =
:
t3XI0
4, h' s i;(io)(so)'
1 l
,_.,. : 3.,.,0·'.,.,3
'B&"..ti11, ..,o,ne,,f J C
+,'l. M," o · Nof'N1Ai 54-r-ess
-(0.11 \(�s,. 71) +(b. 2 )(300)
-+ Mc. = O S -:- $1.S6 = Ii. l't ll 10' Pct
Mc. :: 3lll0-�
lf1. II N-"" ::: 17. l<t M pq,
8et1.li11-' mo..,e..-1 J D
�, :[H• .._ o
- M_o -(0.2)(213.33)-:: 0
Mo :: - ;tS.33 N•m
 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown, and
determine the maximwn absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.

- 0.1:1 A +�_.,,)(,io) -t(o.i<1)(12<>)

- 7. � - 7- � = O
A= IOb N
120N 120N

-(o.2<1)(110) -(4'1'8)(1�0 '\ - 7.�

-7.� + 0.71 B1:o

8 ... I 'lo IJ

V = 100 IJ

V-: IOO - 120 :- - ;to N

y = - :lo - 120 =- - /'/o N

\/ (tJ)
100 A�e"-S ut1�e.- .shec.>" "11<1.ji'�wi
(;lll)
A fo C Sv..11< =(O.�YX'loo) .. :2."i N•111
- :to .
/G:-��"1)
C +o 1) .S \/ �). ,.. (0. l'I )(-�o) :- - '1.8 N- ..,,
(-33.c'
- 140
D -h. B .5 V d)(=- 0.'N)/:./Yo).,. - 3'3.l. Iv· w,

M (tJ. "') l3ei,,J;lllj rno"1e>1ts

MA ::- 0

M&" :: o i :llf = i¥ N-w.

M,:+ = �'¾ -t 1. :i. • 31.:? �- ...-.

Ml>- " s,. � - If. a ..- i,. "I N, i,;,

M t:t = :l,.tJ +7.� = 33.li

-
N, m

Ms -= 3g,c. - 33., = o
P � _,, A s.; � � �Jl-0! Ru,_,.,., ej � 5',,.,, Co.., v

'boo rJ/,,.,., J,:,u,--, oJ- 6'""- J2.,.-d. k I loo ,.J/-,.,, .}U,;-,oJ d.}i.v,_ 4-J_ J),lr:.C..w SFD­
-'< E-r-\-D- A�� p�tiev.4- �k<k e.(
� g_tJ_

L--.1--L___.__h-1__.._....,_.,_---L__-_,_---'---j· }, '
SoL.-uirorJ _, De:olt•"- Gi

iaoNi

I�
"""'� 3
331.3
�L3
..,,.__
(11,
1. A rectangular beam of breadth 100 mm and depth 200 mm is simply supported over a span of
4 m. The beam is loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over the entire span.
Find the maximum bending stresses.

Solution:

Breadth of the beam, b = 100 mm

Depth of beam, d = 200 mm

1 1
Moment of inertia, I = bd 3 = ´100 ´ (200 ) = 66.67 ´10 6 mm 4
3

12 12

Span of beam, l = 4 m

Uniformly distributed load, w = 5 kN/m

wl 2 5 ´ 42
Maximum bending moment at centre of beam, M = =
8 8

= 10 kN.M = 107 N.mm

Neutral axis passes through the centroid of section.

The distance of top and bottom fibre from the neutral axis, y = 100 mm

M 107
Thus, maximum bending stress, s = y= ´ 100 = 15 N / mm2
I 66.67 ´106
2. A beam of I-section shown in Fig. 23 is simply supported over a span of 10 m. It carries a
uniform load of 4 kN/m over the entire span. Evaluate the maximum bending stresses.

Solution:

Moment of inertia, I =
1
(BD 3
)
- bd 3 =
1
(300 ´ 660 3
- 280 ´ 600 3 )
12 12

= 21.474 ´108 mm4

Span of the beam, l = 10 m

Uniformly distributed load, w = 4 kN/m

4 ´102
Maximum bending moment at centre of beam, M = = 50 kN.m
8

= 5´107 N.mm

Neutral axis passes through the centroid of I-section.

The distance of top and bottom fibre from the neutral axis, y = 330 mm
 M 5 ´107
Thus, maximum bending stress, s = y= ´ 330 = 7.68 N / mm2
I 21.474 ´108

The bending stress at top and bottom fibres = 7.68´108 N / mm2

3. A beam of an I-section shown in Fig. 24 is simply supported over a span of 4 m. Find the
uniformly distributed load the beam can carry if the bending stress is not to exceed 100
N/mm2.

Solution:

Moment of inertia, I =
1
(BD 3
)
- bd 3 =
1
(200 ´ 300 3
- 180 ´ 260 3 )
12 12

= 180.36 ´106 mm4

Maximum bending stress, σmax = 100 N/mrn2

Span of beam, l = 4 m

Extreme fibre distance, ymax = 150 mm

I 180.36´106
Section modulus, Z= = = 1242400 mm3
ymax 150

Maximum bending moment, M = s max Z = 100 ´1242400

= 124240000 N.mm
 = 124.24 kN.m

wl 2
But M=
8

w ´ (4 )
2

124.24 =
8

124.24 ´ 8
w= = 64.12 kN / m
16

The maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can carry = 64.12 kN/m.

4. A timber beam of rectangular section carries a load of 2 kN at mid-span. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 3.6 m. If the depth of section is to be twice the breadth, and the
bending stress is not to exceed 9 N/mrn2, determine the cross-sectional dimensions.

Solution:

Span of the beam, l = 3.6 m

Uniformly distributed load, w = 2 kN

Allowable bending stress, σallow = 9 N/mm2

WL 2 ´ 3.6
Maximum bending moment at centre of beam, M = = = 1.8 kN.m
4 4

= 1.8´106 N.mm

M
From the flexural relationship, we have Z=
o allow

1
bd 2 = 1.8 ´10
6

6 9

1.8 ´106
bd 2 = ´ 6 = 1.2 ´106
9

Depth of section is to be twice the breadth, i.e., d = 2b

So, we have b(2b ) = 1.2 ´10 6

2
 1.2 ´106
b3 = = 0.3´106
4

b = 64.94 mm

d = 2 ´ 64.943 = 129.886 mm

Therefore, width of beam = 65 mm, and depth of beam = 130 mm

5. A rectangular beam of width 200 mm and depth 300 mm is simply supported over a span of 5
m. Find the safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry per metre length if the
allowable bending stress in the beam is 100 N/mm2.

Solution:

Span of beam, l = 5 m

Width Breadth of the beam, b = 100 mm

Depth of beam, d = 200 mm

Allowable bending stress, σallow = 100 N/mm2

1 1
Section modulus, Z= bd 2 = ´ 200 ´ 3002 = 3 ´106 mm3
6 2

Moment of resistance of the beam, M = s allow Z = 100 ´ 3 ´106

= 300 ´106 N.mm = 300 kN.m

Maximum bending moment at the centre of the beam,

wl 2
M=
8

w ´ (5)
2

300 =
8

300 ´ 8
\ w= = 96 kN.m
25

So, the load that the beam can carry is 96 kN/m.

6. A rectangular beam of size 60 mm x 100 mm has a central rectangular hole of size 15 mm x
20 mm. The beam is subjected to bending and the maximum bending stress is limited to 100
N/mm2. Find the moment of resistance of the hollow beam section.

Solution:

External dimension of hollow rectangular beam: B = 60 mm, D = 100 mm

Size of the central hole: b = 15 mm, d = 20 mm

Moment of inertia of the hollow beam section, I =

1
(BD 3 - bd 3 =)
1
(60 ´100 3 - 15 ´ 20 3 )
12 12

= 4.999 ´106 mm4

100
Extreme fibre distance, ymax = = 50 mm
2

I 4.999 ´106
Section modulus, Z= = = 9.98 ´104 mm3
ymax 50

Allowable bending stress, σallow = 100 N/mm2

Moment of resistance, M = s allow Z = 100 ´ 9.98 ´104

= 9.98 ´106 N.mm

= 9.98 kN.mm
7. Find the ratio of the dimensions of the strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from a
circular log of wood of diameter D.

Solution:

Let b be the width and d the depth of the strongest rectangular beam section as shown in the Fig.
26.

From the geometry, we have b2 + d 2 = D2

d 2 = D 2 - b2

Section modulus of the rectangular section,

Z =
1
bd 2 =
1
(
b D2 - b2 )
6 6

=
1
(bD 2 - b 3 )
6

Strongest section in bending should have largest section modulus.

Hence,
dZ
=
1
(D 2 - 3b 2 ) = 0
db 6

3b 2 = D 2

D
b=
3
 D2
And d= D 2 - b2 = D-

2D 2 æ 2ö
= =ç ÷D
è 3 ø

8. Two sections of same material; one of solid circular section and the other hollow circular
section of internal diameter half the external diameter, have the same flexural strength.
Which one of them is economical?

Solution:

Let D = Diameter of solid circular section

D1 = Outer diameter of hollow circular section
Inside diameter of hollow circular section, D2 = 0.5 D1

p
Section modulus of solid section, Z = D3
1
32

Section modulus of hollow section, Z =

2
p
(D 4
1
- D4 =
2
) p
{D 4
1
- (0.5D )4 }
1
32D 1 32D 1

p
= ´ 0.9375D13
32

Since both sections have same flexural strength, their section modulus should be equal.
p p
Hence, D3 = ´ 0.9375D31
32 32
 D3 = 0.9375D31

D = 0.98D1

A p 2
Cross - sectional area of solid section = s = 4D D2
Cross - sectional area of hollow section A p 2 {
= D 2 - (0.5D )2 }
(D1 - D2 ) 1
2
h
1
4
2
D2 1 æDö
= 0.75D 2 = 0.75 ´ ç ÷
1 è D1 ø

1
0.75 ´ (0.98 ) = 1.28
= 2

Since the sectional area of hollow section is less than that of solid section, for a given length of
the beam, the weight of hollow section will be less. Hence hollow section is economical.

9. A cantilever of 2 m length and square section 200 mm x 200 mm, just fails in bending when a
point load of 12 kN is placed at its free end. A beam of rectangular cross section of same
material, 150 mm wide and 300 mm deep, is simply supported over a span of 3 m. Calculate
the maximum concentrated load that the beam can carry at its centre without failure.

Solution:

The two beams with loading conditions are shown in the Fig.

Maximum bending moment in cantilever beam, Mc = 12 ´ 2 = 24 kN.m

= 24 ´106 N.mm
 1
Let σallow is the stress at which the beam fails, M c = s Z= bd s
2
allow
allow
6
1
´ 200 ´ 2002 ´s = 24 ´106
allow
6

o allow = 18 N / mm2
Let W kN be the maximum central concentrated that the beam can carry without failure.
WL W ´ 3
Maximum bending moment at the mid span, M = = = 0.75W kN.m
s 4 4

= 0.75 ´106 W N.mm

Moment of resistance of simply supported beam section,
1
M =s Z = 18 ´ ´150 ´ 3002
R allow
6

= 40.5´106 N.mm

Equating maximum bending moment (Ms) to moment of resistance (MR), we have

0.75´106 W = 40.5´106

W = 54 kN

10. For a given sectional area, compare the moments of resistance of circular and square section.

Solution:

Let the diameter of the circular section be d.

p
Area of circular section, A = d2
4
p
Section modulus, ZC = d3
32
Let the square section has side of a.
Since both circular and square section have the same area,

p
a2 = d2
4

p
a= d
2
 a3 pp d
Section modulus of square section, Z S = =
3

6 48

Ratio of Section modulus of square section and circular section,

p
ZS d3
= 48 = 1.18
ZC p 3
d
32

Hence, flexural strength of square section is 1.18 times more than that of circular section of equal
area.

11. Compare the moments of resistance of a square section of given material when the beam
section is placed such that (i) two sides are parallel and (ii) one diagonal vertical.

Solution:

Square section with two sides horizontal is shown in the Fig. 29(a).
a3
Section modulus of square section with two sides horizontal, Z1 =
6
Let σ is the permissible flexural stress.
o a3
Moment of resistance, M1 = sZ1 =
6

Square section with on diagonal vertical is shown in the Fig. 29(b).

Moment of inertia about the neutral axis, i.e., the diagonal of the square section = Twice the

moment of inertia of triangle of base 2a and height a / 2 .

 3
æ aö
2aç ÷
è 2 a4
I 2= 2 ´ =
ø12 12

2a a
Extreme fibre distance, ymax = =
2
Section modulus of square section with one diagonal vertical,
a4
I2 3
Z2 = = 12 = 2a
ymax a 12

2 s a3
Moment of resistance, M 2 = sZ 2 =
12
Ration of the moments of resistance of section in two different positions,

o a3
M1 6 =
= 2 = 1.414
M2 2s a 3
12
12. Three beams of same material with circular, square and rectangular cross sections have the
same length and are subjected to same maximum bending moment. The depth of the
rectangular section is twice the width. Compare their weights.

Solution:

Fig. 30 shows three different sections, circular, square, and rectangular of beam.
Let Diameter of circular section = d,
Side of square section = a, and
Width and depth of rectangular section are b and 2b respectively.
As beams of three different cross sections of equal allowable stress are subjected same maximum
bending moment, they must have same strength. Hence, all sections should have equal section
modulii.

Section modulus of circular section, Z C = pd

3

32
a3
Section modulus of circular section, Z S =
6
b (2b )
2
2
Section modulus of circular section, Z R = = b3
6 3

pd3 = a = 2 b3
3

We have
32 6 3
\ d = 1.193a and b = 0.6299a
pd 2
Weight of circular beam Area of circular section 4 p æ d ö2
of square beam = Area of square section = a 2 = 4 ç a ÷
Weight è ø

p
= (1.193)3 = 1.1184

Weight of rectangula r beam Area of rectangula r section 2b2 æ b ö2

Weight of square beam = Area of square section = a2 = 2ç a÷
è ø

= 2(0.6299 ) = 0.7936
2

13. A beam of symmetric I-section has flange size 100 mm x 15 mm, overall depth 250 mm.
Thickness of web is 8 mm. Compare the flexural strength of this section with that of a beam
of rectangular section of same material and area. The width of rectangular section is two-
third of its depth.

Solution:

The I-section and the rectangular section of equal area are shown in the Fig. 31.
Area of I-section, AI = (2 ´100 ´15) + (220 ´ 8) = 4760 mm 2

100 ´ 2503 92 ´ 2203

Moment of inertia of I-section, I I = - = 4.8574 mm4
12 12

I 4.8574 ´107
Section modulus of I-section, ZI = =
ymax 125

= 388592 mm3

Let the depth of the rectangular section = d mm

2
Width of the rectangular section, b = d
3
2 2
Area of the rectangular section, A = d ´ d = d 2
R
3 3
2
Since the area of two sections are equal, d 2 = 4760
3
d = 84.50 mm
2
and b= ´ 84.50 = 56.33 mm
3

bd 2 56.33 ´ (84.50 )
2
Section modulus of rectangular section, Z R = =
6 6

= 67035mm3
 Flexural strength of I - section ZI 388592
= = = 5.80
Flexural strength of rectangula r section ZR 67035

14. A cast iron beam of an I-section with top flange 80 mm x 40 mm, bottom flange 160 mm x 40
mm and web 120 mm x 20 mm. If the tensile stress is not to exceed 30 N/mm2 and
compressive stress 90 N/mm2, what is the maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can
carry over a simply supported span of 6 m, if the bottom flange is in tension?

Solution:

The cross section of the beam is as shown in the Fig. 32.

Let y is the distance of the centroid (neutral axis) from the bottom fibre (tension fibre).

y=
åa yi i
=
160 ´ 40 ´ 20 + 20 ´120 ´100 + 80 ´ 40 ´180
A 80 ´ 40 + 20 ´120 + 80 ´ 40 ´120

944000
= = 78.67 mm
12000

Moment of inertia,

1 1
I= ´160 ´ 40 3 + 160 ´ 40 ´ (78.67 -202) + ´ 20 ´120 3 + 20 ´120 ´ (100 - 78.67)2
12 12
1
+ ´ 80 ´ 40 3 + 80 ´ 40 ´ (180 - 78.62)12

= 60138670 mm4
Tension occurs at the bottom and compression at the top.

Bottom extreme fibre distance (large flange, tension flange), yt = 78.67 mm

Top extreme fibre distance (compression flange), yc = 200 - 78.67 = 121.33mm

Moment of resistance from tensile strength consideration,

I = 30 ´ 60138670 = 22933266.81N.mm
= s allow
yt 78.67

= 22.933 kN.m

Moment of resistance from compressive strength consideration,

I = 90 ´ 60138670 = 44609579.65 N.mm

= s allow
yc 121.33

= 44.609 kN.m

Hence, actual moment resistance is smaller of the above two, i.e., 22.993 kN

wl 2 w ´ 62
Maximum bending moment, = = = 4.5w
8 8

Equating the maximum bending moment with the moment of resistance, we have

4.5w = 22.933

w = 5.096 kN / m

Alternatively,

Suppose the maximum stress in compression at the top is 90 N/mm2.

Corresponding maximum stress in tension at the bottom,

y
o = t ´ s = 78.67 ´ 90
t c
yc 121.33

= 58.355 > 30 N / mm2 (Not possible)

But the permissible tensile stress is only 30 N/mm2. Hence, let the maximum tensile stress be
allowed to reach 30 N/mm2.
Corresponding maximum compressive stress at the top,
yc
o= ´ s = 121.33 ´ 30
c t
yt 78.67

= 42.268 N / mm2 < 90 N / mm2 (OK )

Hence, the beam will fail in tension at the bottom flange.

Moment of resistance from tensile strength consideration,

I = 30 ´ 60138670 = 22933266.81N.mm
= s allow
yt 78.67

= 22.933 kN.m

wl 2 w ´ 62
Maximum bending moment, = = = 4.5w
8 8

Equating the maximum bending moment with the moment of resistance, we have

4.5w = 22.933

w = 5.096 kN / m

15. Two wooden planks 60 mm x 160 mm each are connected together to form a cross section of
a beam as shown in the Fig. If a sagging bending moment of 3500 N.m is applied about the
horizontal axis, find the stresses at the extreme fibre of the cross-section. Also calculate the
total tensile force on the cross-section.
Solution:

Let us locate the centroid and hence the neutral axis, and find moment of inertia of the section.
Consider the bottom of T-section as the reference axis for location of centroid. The T-section
consists of two components, web and flange.

The relevant calculations are shown in the table.

Distance of the centroidal axis GG from the bottom edge,

y=
åay = 2610000 = 135.94 mm
åa 19200

å å
Moment of inertia at the bottom edge, I b = ISelf + ay2

= 23.36 ´106 + 408 ´106 = 431.36 ´106 mm4

But, I b = I G + (å a )y 2

I G = I b - (å a)y 2 = 431.36´106 -19200´135.94 2

= 76190074.88 mm4

Let the maximum tensile and compressive stresses at extreme fibres be σtmax and σcmax
respectively.
Components Area a Centroidal ay ay2 ISelf
(mm2) distance from (mm3) (mm4) (mm4)
the bottom
edge, y
(mm)
Web 9600 80 786000 61.44 x 106 60 ´1603
= 20.48 ´10 6

12
Flange 9600 190 1824000 346.56 x 106 160 ´ 603
= 2.88 ´10 6

12
Total 19200 2610000 408 x 106 23.36 x 106

M
We have, o t max = y = 3500 ´1000 ´135.94
I t 76190074.88

= 6.245 N / mm2

M 3500 ´1000
o c max = I y c = 76190074.88 ´ 84.06

= 3.861N / mm2

Total tensile force = Average tensile stress x area of tensile zone

6.245
= ´ (135.94 ´ 60 ) = 25468.359 N
2

16. A water main of 1000 mm internal diameter and 10 mm thickness is running full. If the
bending stress is not to exceed 56 N/mm2, find the greatest span on which the pipe may be
freely supported. Steel and water weigh 76800 N/m3 and 10000 N/m3 respectively.

Solution:

Internal diameter of the pipe, d = 1000 mm = 1 m

External diameter of pipe, D = 1000 + 2 x 10 = 1020 mm = 1.02 m
Consider 1 m length of the water main.
p p
Area of the pipe section, A = (D 2 - d 2 ) = (1.02 2 - 12 )
4 4

= 0.03173m2
 p p
Area of the water section, A = d2= ´12
4 4

= 0.7854 mm2

Weight of one metre length of pipe = 0.03173 x 1 x 76800 = 2493.978 N

Weight of water in one metre length of the pipe = 0.7854 x 1 x 10000 = 7854 N

Total load on the pipe per metre run = 2493.978 + 7854 = 10347.978 N

Let the maximum span of the pipe l m.

2
wl 2 10347.978l 2
Maximum bending moment, M = = = 1293.497l N.m
8 8

= 1293.497 ´1000l 2 N.mm

Moment of inertia of the pipe section about the neutral axis,

p p
I=
(D 4
-d4=) (1020 4
- 1000 4 )
64 64

= 4046.379´106 mm4

M s
We know, =
I y

1293.497 ´1000l 2 56
=
4046.379 ´106 510
 56 ´ 4046.379 ´106
l2= = 343.494
510 ´1293.497 ´1000

l = 18.533m
1. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length L
carrying a concentrated load P at midspan.

Solution:

At x = 0, y = 0, therefore, C2 = 0

At x = L, y = 0

Thus,

Maximum deflection will occur at x = ½ L (midspan)

The negative sign indicates that the deflection is below the undeformed neutral
axis.

Therefore,

2. Find the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilever beam shown in Fig. 2;
it carries a load that varies from zero at the wall to wo at the free end. Take
the origin at the wall.

Figure 2
Solution:

By ratio and proportion

At x = 0, y' = 0, therefore C1 = 0
At x = 0, y = 0, therefore C2 = 0

Therefore, the equation of the elastic curve is

3. Compute the value of EI δ at midspan for the beam loaded as shown in Fig 3.
If E = 10 GPa, what value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to
1/360 of the span?

Figure 3

Solution:
At x = 0, y = 0, therefore C2 = 0
At x = 4 m, y = 0

Therefore,

At x = 2 m (midspan)

Maximum midspan deflection

Thus,
 or

4. For the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 4, determine (a) the deflection and
slope under the load P and (b) the maximum deflection between the
supports.

Figure 4

Solution:
At x = 0, y = 0, therefore C2 = 0
At x = a, y = 0

0 = -[ b / (6a) ] Pa3 + aC1

C1 = (ab/6)P

Therefore,

Part (a): Slope and deflection under the load P

Slope under the load P: (note x = a + b = L)

Deflection under the load P: (note x = a + b = L)

Part (b): Maximum deflection between the supports

The maximum deflection between the supports will occur at the point
where y' = 0.

At y' = 0, ⟨ x - a ⟩ do not exist thus,

At ,
5. Determine the value of EIy midway between the supports for the beam loaded
as shown in Fig 5.

Figure 5

Solution:

At x = 0, y = 0, therefore C2 = 0
At x = 6 m, y = 0

0 = 50(63) - 900(42) - (25/3)(24) + 6C1

C1 = 5600/9 N·m3

Therefore,

At x = 3 m

6. For the beam loaded as shown in Fig 6, compute the moment of area of the
M diagrams between the reactions about both the left and the right
reaction.

Figure 6

Solution:

Moment diagram by parts can be drawn in different ways; three are shown below.
1st Solution:

2nd Solution:
7. For the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 7, compute the moment of area of the
M diagrams between the reactions about both the left and the right reaction.
(Hint: Draw the moment diagram by parts from right to left.)

Figure7
8. The cantilever beam shown in Fig. 8 has a rectangular cross-section 50 mm
wide by h mm high. Find the height h if the maximum deflection is not to
exceed 10 mm. Use E = 10 GPa.

Figure 8

Solution:
9. For the cantilever beam shown in Fig. E4.9, what is the force (P) will cause zero
deflection at A?

Figure 9

Solution:
10. Compute the deflection and slope at a section 3 m from the wall for the
beam shown in Figure 10. Assume that E = 10 GPa and I = 30 × 106
mm4.

Figure 10

Solution:
Therefore:

11. Compute the midspan value of EIδ for the beam shown in Fig 11. (Hint: Draw
the M diagram by parts, starting from midspan toward the ends. Also take
advantage of symmetry to note that the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at
midspan is horizontal.)

Figure 11
Solution:

By symmetry:

From the figure,

Thus
12. A simple beam supports a concentrated load placed anywhere on the span,
as shown in Fig. 12. Measuring x from A, show that the maximum deflection
occurs at x = √[(L2 - b2)/3].

Figure 12

Solution:
From the figure:
Problem 1. A shell 3.25 m long and 1 m diameter, is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.2 N/mm2. If the
thickness of the shell is 10 mm find the circumferential and longitudinal stresses. Find also the maximum
shear stress and changes in dimensions of the shell. Take E = 200 kN/mm2 and Poissons ratio = 0.3.
Solution: L = 3.25 m = 3250 mm
d = 1 m = 1000 mm
t = 10 mm p = 1.2 N/mm2
E = 200 kN/mm = 200 × 103 N/mm2
2

pd 1.2 × 1000
∴ Hoop stress f1 = = = 60 N/mm2
2t 2 × 10
pd 1.2 × 1000
Longitudinal stress f2 = = = 30 N/mm2
4t 4 × 10
f1 − f 2 60 − 30
qmax = = = 15 N/mm2
2 2
δd f f
Diametral strain = = e1 = 1 − µ 2
d E E
1
= ( f1 − µ f 2 )
E
1
= (60 − 0.3 × 30)
200 × 103
2.55 × 10–4
=
∴ 2.55 × 10–4 × d
δd =
2.55 × 10–4 × 1000
=
0.255 mm.
= Ans.
δL f 2 f
Longitudinal strain = = −µ 1
L E E
1
= ( f 2 − µ f1 )
E
1
= (30 − 0.3 × 60)
200 × 103
= 6 × 10–5
δL = 6 × 10–5 × L = 6 × 10–5 × 3250 = 0.195 mm. Ans.
Change in volume:
δV
= 2e1 + e2 = 2 × 2.55 × 10–4 + 6 × 10–5
V
= 5.7 × 10–4
 π
δV = 5.7 × 10–4 × V = 5.7 × 10–4 × 10002 × 3250
4
= 1454950 mm3. Ans.
Problem 2. A cylindrical shell 2.4 m long 600 mm in diameter with metal thickness 12 mm is completely
filled with water at atmospherical pressure. If an additional 300,000 mm3 water is then pumped in, find the
stresses developed and change in dimensions. Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2, µ = 0.3.
pd p × 600
Solution: f1 = = = 25 p
2t 2 × 12
pd p × 600
f2 = = = 12.5 p
4t 4 × 12
δd f f
Diametrical strain e1 = = 1 −µ 2
d E E
1
= [25 p − 0.3 × 12.5 p]
E
21.25 p
=
E
δL 1
Longitudinal strain e2 = = ( f 2 − µ f1 )
L E
1
= [12.5 p − 0.3 × 25 p ]
E
5p
=
E
δV
Volumetric strain = = 2e1 + e2
V
21.25 p 5 p
= 2× +
E E
p
= 47.5
E
δV E
∴ p = ×
V 47.5
300,000 2 × 105
= ×
π 47.5
× 6002 × 2400
4
= 1.861413 N/mm2
∴ Hoop stress = 25 p = 25 × 1.861413 = 46.537 N/mm2
δd 21.25 p
∴ = e1 =
d E
21.25 p
∴ δd = × 600 = 0.1186 mm
E
δL 5p
= e2 =
L E
 5× p
δL = × L = 0.1116 mm
E
f2 = 12.5 p = 23.268 N/mm2
δV = 300,000 mm3.
Problem 3. The diameter of a riveted boiler is 1.5 m and has to withstand a pressure of 2 N/mm2. Find the
thickness of plates to be used if efficiency is 85% in longitudinal joints and 40% in circumferential joints.
The permissible stress is 150 N/mm2.
Solution: Let ‘t’ be the thickness of plate. Equating bursting force longitudinal joint strength, we get,
pdL = n1 2t L f
pd 2 × 1500
t = = = 11.764 mm
2 fn1 2 × 150 × 0.85
Considering longitudinal forces
πd 2
p = n2 πdtf
4
pd 2 × 1500
∴ t = = = 12.5 mm
4 f n2 4 × 150 × 0.4
∴ Provide a minimum thickness of 12.5 mm.
Problem 4. A copper cylinder of 100 mm diameter and metal thickness 4 mm is closely wound with steel
wire of 2 mm diameter with tensile stress of 60 N/mm2. Find the stresses in copper cylinder and steel wire
when a fluid is filled at a pressure of 4 N/mm2. Take Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2, Ec = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2 and
µc = 0.28.
Solution: Consider 2 mm length of cylinder
No. of wires = 1
∴ Force exerted by steel wire at diametral section
πd 2
= fw0 × 2 × ×1
4
π × 22
= 60 × 2 × × 1 = 376.991 N.
4
If initial stress is fc in cylinder, then
fc × 2t × 2 = 376.991
376.991
fc = = 23.561 N/mm2 (comp.)
2×4×2
Let due to fluid pressure alone, stresses developed in steel wire be fw and in cylinder.
Let it be f1 and f2.
Then, f2 = longitudinal stress
pd 4 × 100
= = = 25 N/mm2 (tensile)
4t 4×4
Considering the equilibrium of the cylinder (Ref. Fig. 1) of
2 mm length, we get
π
fw × 2 × × 22 × 1 + f1 × 2 × 4 × 2
4 Fig. 1
= 4 × 100 × 2
 6.883 fw + 16 f1 = 800
fw + 2.546 f1 = 127.327 ... (1)
Equating strain in wire to circumferential strain in cylinder, we get
fw 1
= (f1 – µ × f2)
Es Ec
fw 1
5
= (f1 – 0.28 × 25)
2 × 10 1.2 × 105
fw = 1.667 f1 – 11.667 ... (2)
Substituting it in eqn. (1), we get
1.667 f1 – 11.667 + 2.546 f1 = 127.327
138.994
∴ f1 = = 32.991 N/mm2
4.213
From eqn. (2),
fw = 1.667 × 32.991 – 11.667
= 43.328 N/mm2
Hence, final stresses are
(a) in steel wire = 60 + 43.328 = 103.328 N/mm2
(b) in cylinder = – 23.561 + 32.991 = 9.43 N/mm2
Problem 5. A thin spherical shell of diameter 1.2 m has metal thickness of 10 mm at atmospheric pressure.
Find the change in diameter and the capacity of the shell if fluid pressure is raised to 2.5 N/mm2.
Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2, µ = 0.25.
Solution: d = 1.2 m = 1200 mm p = 2.5 N/mm2 t = 10 mm
pd 2.5 × 1200
Hoop stress = f1 = f2 = = = 75 N/mm2
4t 4 × 10
δd pd
= = (1 – µ)
d 4tE
δd 2.5 × 1200
∴ = [1 − 0.25]
1200 4 × 10 × 2 × 105
δd = 0.3375 mm. Ans.
δV pd
and, = 3 (1 − µ )
V 4 tE
3 × 2.5 × 1200 π 3
∴ δV = (1 − 0.25) × d
4 × 10 × 2 × 105 6
3 × 2.5 × 1200 π
= × 0.75 × × (1200)3
4 × 10 × 2 × 105 6
i.e. δV = 763407 mm3. Ans.
Problem 6. In a chemical plant a sphere of diameter 900 mm and metal thickness 8 mm is used to store a
gas. If the permissible stress in the metal is 150 N/mm2, find the maximum pressure with which the gas can
be stored if
(i) the sphere is seamless
(ii) the efficiency of joint is 0.65.
Solution: (i) When the sphere is seamless :
pd
f =
4t
p × 900
150 =
4×8
∴ p = 5.333 N/mm2. Ans.
(ii) When the efficiency of the joint is 0.85,
pd
f =
4t η
f 4t η 150 × 4 × 8 × 0.85
∴ p = =
d 900
i.e. p = 3.467 N/mm2. Ans.
Problem 7. A thick cylindrical pipe of outside diameter 300 mm and internal diameter of 200 mm is
subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 20 N/mm2 and external fluid pressure of 5 N/mm2. Determine the
maximum hoop stress developed and draw the variation of hoop stress and radial stress across the
thickness. Indicate values at every 25 mm interval.
200
Solution: ri = = 100 mm
2
300
ro = = 150 mm
2
If the hoop stress and radial stress in the cylinder at a distance x from the centre of cylinder is fx and px
respectively, from Lame’s equation,
b b
fx = 2
+ a and px = 2 − a
x x
where a and b are constants.
Now, at x = 100 mm, px = 20 N/mm2
b
∴ 20 = −a ... (1)
1002
At x = 150 mm, px = 5 N/mm2
b
∴ 5 = −a ... (2)
1502
Substituting equation (2) from equation (1), we get
b b  1 1 
15 = − = b − 
100 2
150 2
 100 2
1502 
1502 − 1002
= b
1002 × 1502
∴ b = 269978.4
269978.4
∴ From eqn. (1), 20 = −a
1002
∴ a = 6.9976
269978.4
∴ fx = + 6.9976
x2
 ∴ Maximum hoop stress occurs when x is least i.e. at x = 100 mm
269978.4
∴ fmax = + 6.9976
1002
= 34 N/mm2
269978.4
f125 = + 6.9976 = 24.4 N/mm2
1252
269978.4
f150 = + 6.9976 = 19 N/mm2
1502
269978.4
p100 = − 6.9976 = 20 N/mm2
1002
269978.4
p125 = − 6.9976 = 10.481 N/mm2
1252
269978.4
p150 = − 6.9976 = 5 N/mm2
1502
Hence variation of fx and px are as shown in the Fig. 2:

Fig. 2
Problem 8. A thick cylindrical pipe of internal radius 150 mm and external radius 200 mm is subjected to
an internal fluid pressure of 17.5 N/mm2. Determine the maximum hoop stress in the cross-section. What is
the percentage error if it is determined from thin cylinders theory?
Solution: r1 = 150 mm r2 = 200 mm
If the radial stress and hoop stress developed in the cylinder at a distance of x from the centre are px and
fx respectively, from Lame’s equation,
b
px = −a
x2
b
fx = +a
x2
where a and b are arbitrary constants.
At x = 150 mm px = 17.5 N/mm2
b
∴ 17.5 = −a ... (1)
1502
Again when x = 200 mm px = 0
b
∴ 0 = −a ... (2)
2002
 From eqn. (1) and (2), we get
b b 2002 − 1502
17.5 = − = b
1502 2002 1502 × 2002
∴ b = 900205.76
b 900205.76
Hence a = = = 22.505
2002 2002
The value of fx is maximum when x is least
i.e. at x = 150 mm
900205.76
∴ Maximum hoop stress = + 22.505
1502
= 62.5 N/mm2. Ans.
Internal pressure × Internal diameter 17.5 × 2 × 150
Maximum hoop stress = = = 52.5 N/mm2
2 × thickness 2(200 − 150)
62.5 − 52.5
∴ Percentage error = × 100
62.5
= 16. Ans.
Problem 9. The internal and external diameters of a thick cylinder are 300 mm and 500 mm respectively. It
is subjected to an external pressure of 4 N/mm2. Find the internal pressure that can be applied if the
permissible stress in cylinder is limited to 13 N/mm2. Sketch the variation of hoop stress and radial stress
across the thickness of the cylinder.
300 500
Solution: r1 = = 150 mm r2 = = 250 mm
2 2
From Lame’s equations,
b b
px = 2 − a fx = 2 + a
x x
At x = 250 mm px = 4 N/mm2
b
∴ 4 = −a ... (1)
2502
Maximum hoop stress occurs for the least value of x i.e. at inner edge, where x = r1 = 150 mm.
b
∴ 13 = +a ... (2)
1502
From eqn. (1) and (2), we get
b b 1502 + 2502
17 = + =b
2502 1502 2502 × 1502
∴ b = 281270.68
From eqn. (1),
b 281270.68
a = 2
−4= −4
250 2502
= 0.5
281270.68
∴ px = − 0.5
x2
Internal pressure i.e. pressure at x = 150 mm, is
 281270.68
pi = − 0.5 = 12 N/mm2
1502 13

281270.68 12 7.53
f150 = 2
+ 0.5 = 13 N/mm2
150
5.0
281270.68 6.53
f200 = + 0.5 = 7.53 N/mm2 4.0
2002
150 150 250
281270.68
f250 = + 0.5 = 5 N/mm2
2502
281270.68
p150 = − 0.5 = 12 N/mm2
1502
281270.68 Fig. 3
p200 = 2
− 0.5 = 6.53 N/mm2
200
281270.68
and p250 = − 0.5 = 4 N/mm2
2502
Problem 10. A compound cylinder of inner radius 100 mm, outer radius 240 mm has common radius at
180 mm. The radial pressure developed at junction is 12 N/mm2. Determine the radial and hoop stresses
developed at inner, common and outer radii when the fluid is admitted at a pressure of 60 N/mm2.
Solution: (a) Inner cylinder : Let Lame’s equation be,
b b
px = 12 − a1 and fx = 12 + a1
x x
At x = r1 = 100 mm, px = 0.
b1
0 = − a1 ... (1)
1002
At x = r2 = 180 mm, px = 12 N/mm2
b1
∴ 12 = − a1 ... (2)
1802
From eqns. (1) and (2),
b1 b1 1002 − 1802
12 = 2
− 2
= b1
180 100 1802 × 1002
∴ b1 = – 173565.99
b1 − 173565.99
∴ a1 = 2
= = – 17.357
100 1002
b1 − 173565.99
∴ f100 = + a1 = − 17.357
1002 1002
= – 34.717 N/mm2
b1 − 173565.99
f180 = + a1 = − 17.357
1802 1802
= – 22.71 N/mm2
(b) Outer cylinder : Let Lame’s equation be,
b2 b
px = 2
− a2 and fx = 22 + a2
x x
At x = 180 mm, px = 12
 b2
∴ 12 = − a2 ... (3)
1802
At x = 240 mm, px = 0
b2
∴ 0 = − a2 ... (4)
2402
∴ From equations (3) and (4), we get
 1 1  2402 − 1802
12 = b2  − 2
= b2
180 2
240  1802 × 2402
∴ b2 = 888685.71
From equation (4),
b2 888685.71
a2 = 2
= = 15.42
240 2402
b2 888685.71
f180 = + a2 = + 15.42 = 42.84 N/mm2
1802 1802
888685.71
f240 = + 15.42 = 30.84 N/mm2
2402
b1 − 173565.99
p100 = 2
− a1 = − ( − 17.357)
100 1002
= 0
173565.99
p180 = − − ( − 17.357) = 12.0 N/mm2
1802
173565.99
p240 = − ( − 17.357) = 14.34 N/mm2
2402
(c) When fluid is pumped in, let Lame’s equation be,
b b
px = 32 − a3 and fx = 32 + a3
x x
At x = 100, px = 60 N/mm2
b3
60 = − a3 ... (5)
1002
and at x = 240 mm, px = 0
b3
0 = − a3 ... (6)
2402
From equations (5) and (6), we get
b3 b3 2402 − 1002
60 = 2
− 2
= b3
100 240 1002 × 2402
∴ b3 = 726050.42
b3
Hence a3 = = 12.605
2402
p100 = 60 N/mm2
726050.42
p180 = − 12.605 = 9.804 N/mm2
1802
 p240 = 0
726050.42
f100 = + a3 = 85.209 N/mm2
1002
f180 = 35.014 N/mm2
f240 = 25.210 N/mm2
∴ Final stresses are:
f100 = – 34.717 + 85.209 = 50.492 N/mm2
f180, inner = – 22.71 + 35.014 = 12.304 N/mm2
f180, outer = 42.84 + 35.014 = 77.854 N/mm2
f240 = 30.84 + 25.21 = 56.05 N/mm2
Problem 11. A compound cylinder is to made with inner radius of 160 mm and outer radius of 320 mm.
The radius at common junction is to be 240 mm. If the two cylinders with allowance 0.3 mm are used, find
the radial pressure developed at contact surfaces. Also determine the hoop stresses induced at inner edge,
common edge and outer edge of compound cylinder. Take Young’s modulus E = 2 × 105 N/mm2.
Solution: r1 = 160 mm r2 = 240 mm r0 = 320 mm
Let p be the radial pressure developed at junction. Let Lame’s equations for internal cylinder be
b b
px = 12 − a1 fx = 12 + a1
x x
At x = 160 mm px = 0
b1
0 = − a1 ... (1)
1602
At x = 240 mm, px = p
b1
∴ p = − a1 ... (2)
2402
From eqns. (1) and (2), we get
b1 b
p = 2
− 12
240 160
 1602 − 2402 
p = b1 
 1602 × 2402 
or
 
∴ b1 = – 46082.94 p.
− 46082.94 p
Hence a1 = = – 1.8 p.
1602
Hoop stress at junction is
− 46082.94 p
f21 = − 1.8 p
2402
= – 2.6 p
Lame’s equation for outer cylinder be,
b b
px = 22 − a2 and fx = 22 + a2
x x
At x = 240 mm, px = p
 b2
p = − a2 ... (3)
2402
At x = 320 mm, px = 0
b2
0 = − a2 ... (4)
3202
From equations (3) and (4), we get
b2 b2 (3202 − 2402 )
p = − = b2
2402 3202 2402 × 3202
∴ b2 = 131657.14 p.
∴ From eqn. (4),
b2 131657.14 p
a2 = 2
=
320 3202
= 1.285 p.
∴ At junction, hoop stress in outer cylinder is
b2 131657.14 p
= + a2 = + 1.285 p
2402 2402
= 3.57 p
Considering the circumferential strain, the compatibility equation is,
δr 1
= (f21 + f20)
r2 E
where f21 is compressive and f20 is tensile.
0.15 1
= [2.6 p + 3.57 p]
240 2 × 105
∴ p = 20.25 N/mm2
b1
f1 = + a1
1602
− 46082.94 × 20.25
= − 1.8 × 20.25
1602
= – 72.9 N/mm2
b1 − 46082.94 × 20.25
f2, inner = 2
+ a1 = − 1.8 × 20.25
240 2402
= 52.65 N/mm2
b2
f2, outer = + a2 = 3.57 p
2402
= 3.57 × 20.25 = 72.29 N/mm2
b2 131657.14 × 20.25
fouter = + a2 = + 1.285 × 20.25
3202 3202
= 52 N/mm2.
Problem 12. A spherical shell with internal diameter 320 mm and 640 mm external diameter is subjected
to an internal fluid pressure of 75 N/mm2. Find the hoop stresses developed at 40 mm interval across the
thickness.
Solution: r0 = 320 mm r1 = 160 mm p = 75 N/mm2
The radial pressure and the hoop stress at any radial distance x are given by,
2b b
px = 3 − a and fx = 3 + a
x x
Now, at x = 160 mm, px = 75 N/mm2
2b
∴ 75 = −a ... (1)
1603
At x = 320 mm, px = 0
2b
∴ 0 = −a ... (2)
3203
From equations (1) and (2), we get
 1 1 
75 = 2b  −
 160 3
3203 
∴ b = 175542857
From equation (2),
2 × 175542857
a = = 10.714
3203
175542857
f = + 10.714
x3
175542857
∴ f160 = + 10.714 = 53.57 N/mm2
1603
175542857
f200 = + 10.714 = 32.656 N/mm2
2003
175542857
f240 = + 10.714 = 23.41 N/mm2
2403
175542857
f280 = + 10.714 = 18.71 N/mm2
2803
175542857
f320 = + 10.714 = 16.071 N/mm2 Ans.
3203