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3 views

Isabemo Success

My class paper

Uploaded by

amosthestallion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Isabemo Success

Matric Number:Run/Acc/22/12612

Identifying Information Needs of Various Levels of Management and How


Information Systems Aid in Goal Achievement

In any organization, information is a critical asset that enables effective decision-making,


resource allocation, and goal achievement. However, the types of information needed vary
greatly across different levels of management. These levels typically include Strategic (Top-
Level) Management, Tactical (Middle-Level) Management, and Operational (Lower-Level)
Management. Each level has unique functions, responsibilities, and goals, which shape their
distinct information needs. Information systems (IS) are essential tools that support these needs,
helping each level achieve organizational objectives more effectively and efficiently.

1. Strategic Management (Top-Level)

Information Needs:

Strategic management, comprised of executives and high-ranking officers like the CEO,
President, and Board Members, is responsible for long-term planning and overall organizational
direction. Their information needs are typically broad, externally focused, and predictive. Some
key information needs for top management include:

 Environmental Scanning: Information on market trends, economic changes,


technological advancements, and competitor analysis. This helps in identifying
opportunities and threats within the external environment.
 Organizational Performance Metrics: Data on company performance, profitability,
growth, and market share. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as revenue, customer
satisfaction, and market position are essential for assessing whether the organization is on
track with its strategic objectives.
 Risk Assessment and Management: Information on potential risks affecting the
organization, including regulatory changes, economic shifts, and operational risks. This
information aids in proactive risk management.
 Strategic Forecasting and Planning: Data that supports decision-making on future
investments, expansions, mergers, or partnerships, along with simulation scenarios that
aid in forecasting future performance under different market conditions.

Role of Information Systems:

Top management uses Executive Information Systems (EIS) to access concise, high-level
reports and analytics that enable strategic decision-making. These systems help strategic
managers by:
 Providing Summarized Reports: EIS consolidates data from various departments,
enabling managers to view organizational performance at a glance.
 Supporting Decision-Making with Predictive Analytics: EIS includes forecasting tools
and data models that simulate different scenarios, allowing top managers to make
informed, data-driven decisions about future growth.
 Enabling Real-Time Monitoring: Through dashboards and key metrics, EIS allows
managers to monitor the organization’s performance in real-time, providing alerts on
significant variances or trends.
 Facilitating Strategic Planning: EIS visualizes data trends and patterns through graphs
and reports, which helps executives in understanding complex data and aligning
organizational strategies.

2. Tactical Management (Middle-Level)

Information Needs:

Tactical management includes department heads, regional managers, and project managers who
are responsible for implementing top management’s strategies by creating departmental plans
and overseeing teams. Their information needs are more focused on the internal workings of the
organization and include:

 Resource Allocation and Budgeting: Data on budget limits, resource availability, and
expenditures. This helps middle managers allocate resources optimally for their
departments.
 Performance Metrics and Departmental Goals: Tactical managers need information
on departmental performance, team productivity, project progress, and individual
achievements. Metrics such as project completion rates, quality control data, and team
output are essential for evaluating effectiveness.
 Project Management and Planning: Tactical managers require data on project
timelines, milestones, deadlines, and interdepartmental dependencies to coordinate
projects effectively.
 Internal Communication and Coordination: Information that enables seamless
communication and coordination with other departments to ensure alignment with overall
organizational objectives.

Role of Information Systems:

Tactical managers use Management Information Systems (MIS) and Decision Support
Systems (DSS) to access information that helps in implementing strategic goals at the
departmental level. These systems assist tactical management by:

 Generating Periodic Reports: MIS provides regular reports on departmental


performance and team productivity, enabling tactical managers to monitor performance
and make necessary adjustments.
 Supporting Data Analysis for Decision-Making: DSS offers advanced tools to analyze
large datasets, evaluate different options, and assist managers in choosing the most
effective course of action.
 Facilitating Project Management: MIS and DSS provide scheduling tools, budget
trackers, and resource allocation modules that help managers plan and execute projects
efficiently.
 Enhancing Interdepartmental Coordination: These systems promote cross-functional
communication, helping tactical managers align department-level activities with other
units and the broader goals of the organization.

3. Operational Management (Lower-Level)

Information Needs:

Operational management, or lower-level management, is responsible for overseeing daily


operations and ensuring that tasks are completed efficiently. Managers at this level, such as team
leaders or supervisors, focus on short-term goals and day-to-day activities. Their information
needs include:

 Task Scheduling and Workflow Management: Information on daily work schedules,


task assignments, and workflow sequencing to ensure smooth operations.
 Performance Monitoring: Data on employee performance, including attendance,
productivity rates, and task completion metrics.
 Inventory and Resource Availability: Real-time updates on inventory levels, equipment
status, and other resources necessary for daily operations.
 Operational Procedures and Compliance: Access to operational guidelines, quality
control standards, and safety procedures to ensure compliance with company policies and
standards.

Role of Information Systems:

Operational managers use Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) and Knowledge


Management Systems (KMS) to support their daily functions and manage tasks efficiently.
These systems provide operational managers with:

 Automated Transaction Processing: TPS automates routine transactions such as order


processing, payroll, and inventory management, allowing for quick data entry and
retrieval.
 Real-Time Data Access: TPS provides current data on inventory levels, task completion,
and employee attendance, helping managers make swift adjustments when necessary.
 Knowledge Sharing and Training Support: KMS offers access to training materials,
company guidelines, and operational protocols, enabling employees to stay informed and
adhere to quality standards.
 Enhanced Task Management: These systems include scheduling tools that allow
operational managers to assign tasks, track progress, and manage team rosters.

Integration of Information Systems Across Management Levels

For an organization to operate seamlessly, information systems across various management


levels must be integrated to ensure a continuous flow of information. This integration enables the
sharing of relevant data, which supports informed decision-making across the organization. Key
aspects of integration include:

 Top-Down Information Flow: Strategic goals set by top management are communicated
through information systems, ensuring that tactical and operational managers align their
activities with these objectives.
 Bottom-Up Reporting: Operational data gathered through TPS is processed and
summarized in MIS, allowing middle managers to analyze trends and report to top
management.
 Cross-Level Data Consistency: Ensuring consistent data across all levels minimizes
errors, supports accurate reporting, and facilitates real-time decision-making.

The flow of information across these levels helps maintain organizational alignment, enhances
operational efficiency, and ensures that each level of management has the data it needs to
achieve its specific goals.

Conclusion

Understanding the information needs of each management level and how information systems
support these needs is crucial for organizational success. Strategic, tactical, and operational
management each rely on distinct types of information and systems tailored to their functions
and goals. By leveraging these information systems effectively, organizations can ensure
coordinated decision-making, improved resource allocation, and alignment with long-term
objectives. Integrating these systems across levels creates a unified information flow, enhancing
organizational coherence and adaptability in a dynamic business environment.

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