ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Fluid Kinematics
Unit 2

by
Dr. Pritam Kumar Das
Professor
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Surampalem
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Lecture Plan
Fluid Kinematics:
➢ Streamline, Path line and streak lines and stream tubes,
➢ Classification of flows ideal fluid and real fluid
➢ Steady and unsteady flows, Uniform and non-uniform flows, Laminar
and turbulent flows, Rotational and irrotational flows,
➢ Equation of continuity for one-dimensional flows.

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 2

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
❖ Kinematics of fluid describes the fluid motion and its consequences without consideration of the
nature of forces causing the motion or Fluid kinematics is a field of physics and mechanics
concerned with the movement of fluids. Fluids tend to flow easily, which causes a net motion of
molecules from one point in space to another point as a function of time.
❖ Fluid kinematics deals with describing the motion of fluids without necessarily considering the forces
and moments that cause the motion. Fluid kinematics is a term from fluid mechanics, usually referring
to a mere mathematical description or specification of a flow field, divorced from any account of the
forces and conditions that might actually create such a flow. The term fluids includes liquids or gases,
but also may refer to materials that behave with fluid-like properties, including crowds of people or
large numbers of grains if those are describable approximately under the continuum hypothesis as
used in continuum mechanics.
Fluid Flow Concepts
• Analysis Approaches
• Lagrangian vs. Eulerian
• Descriptions of:
• fluid motion
• fluid flows
• temporal and spatial classifications
• Moving from a system to a control volume
• Reynolds Transport Theorem
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 3
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
Lagrangian Method:
✓ In fluid dynamics, fluid kinematics is the study of how fluids flow and how to describe fluid
motion. From a fundamental point of view, there are two distinct ways to describe motion.
✓ The first and most familiar method is the one you learned in high school physics class-to follow
the path of individual objects.

✓ We have seen experiments, in which a ball on a pool table or a puck on an air

hockey table collides with another ball or puck or with the wall. Newton’s laws
are used to describe the motion of such objects, and can accurately predict
where they go and how momentum and kinetic energy are exchanged from one
object to another. The kinematics involves keeping track of the position vector
of each object, and the velocity vector of each object, as functions of time.
When this method is applied to a flowing fluid, we call it the Lagrangian
description of fluid motion.
✓ This method of describing motion is much more difficult for fluids than for
billiard balls! We cannot easily define and identify particles of fluid as they
move around. A fluid is a continuum (from a macroscopic point of view),
interactions between parcels of fluid are not as easy to describe as are
interactions between distinct objects like billiard balls or air hockey pucks.
Furthermore, the fluid parcels continually deform as they move in the flow.
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 4
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
✓ Travel with the flow and observe what happens around you.
✓ This describes fluid flow tracks the position and velocity of individual particles.
➢ Method of description that follows the particle is referred to as the Lagrangian method of description. In
Lagrangian approach we analyze a fluid flow by assuming the fluid to be composed of a very large number of
particles whose motion must be described.
➢ Identify (or label) a material of the fluid; track (or follow) it as it moves, and monitor change in its properties.
The properties may be velocity, temperature, density, mass, or concentration, etc in the flow field.
Eulerian Method
✓ In the Eulerian description of fluid flow, a finite volume called a flow
domain or control volume is defined, through which fluid flows in and
out. We do not need to keep track of the position and velocity of a
mass of fluid particles of fixed identity.
✓ Instead, we define field variables, functions of space and time, within the
control volume. For example, the pressure field is a scalar field variable ;
for general unsteady three-dimensional fluid flow in Cartesian coordinates

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 5

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

➢ Eulerian: Sit and observe a fixed area from a fixed point

➢ The flow quantities, like Ρ, ρ, Т, ū are described as a function of space
and time without referring to any individual identity of the fluid
➢ In control volume analyses, it is convenient to use the field, or
Eulerian, method of description, which focuses attention on the
properties of a flow at a given point in space as a function of time. In
the Eulerian method of description, the properties of a flow field are
described as functions of space coordinates and time.
➢ Identify (or label) a certain fixed location in the flow field and follow
change in its property, as different materials pass through that
location. In such case, the following property, say temperature is
recorded by the sensor.
Descriptions of Fluid Motion
➢ Streamline
✓ Has the direction of the velocity vector at each point
✓ No flow across the streamline
✓ Steady flow streamlines are fixed in space
23-10-2022
✓ Unsteady flow streamlines move
Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 6
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
➢ Pathline
✓ path of a particle
✓ same as streamline for steady flow
➢ Streakline
✓ tracer injected continuously into a flow
✓ same as pathline and streamline for steady flow
Streamlines
❖ Streamline: A line in the fluid whose tangent is parallel to at a given
instant t. these are imaginary lines.
❖ A streamline is a line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field –
dy/dx=v/u (governing equation).
❖ Streamlines are defined as the path taken by particles of a fluid under
steady flow conditions. If we represent the flow lines as curves, then the
tangent at any point on the curve gives the direction of fluid velocity at that
point.
❖ Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the
velocity vector of the flow. These show the direction in which a massless
fluid element will travel at any point in time

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 7

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
✓ Streamline flow in fluids is defined as the flow in which the fluids flow in parallel layers such that
there is no disruption or intermixing of the layers and at a given point, the velocity of each fluid
particle passing by remains constant with time.
✓ Here, at low fluid velocities, there are no turbulent velocity fluctuations and the fluid tends to flow
without lateral mixing. Here, the motion of particles of the fluid follows a particular order with
respect to the particles moving in a straight line parallel to the wall of the pipe such that the adjacent
layers slide past each other like playing cards.
➢ A stream tube consists of a bundle of streamlines, much like a communications
cable consists of a bundle of fiber-optic cables. Since streamlines are everywhere
parallel to the local velocity, fluid cannot cross a streamline by definition. By
extension, fluid within a stream tube must remain there and cannot cross the
boundary of the stream tube.
➢ You must keep in mind that both streamlines and stream tubes are instantaneous
quantities, defined at a particular instant in time according to the velocity field at
that instant. In an unsteady flow, the streamline pattern may change significantly
with time.
➢ There is no flow normal to it. Sometimes, as shown in Fig. we pull out a bundle of
streamlines from inside of a general flow for analysis. Such a bundle is called
stream tube and is very useful in analysing flows.
➢ The fluid mass bounded by group of streamlines, ex. pipe
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 8
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
Pathlines
✓ A pathline is the actual path travelled by an individual fluid particle over some time period.
✓ A pathline is the line traced out by a given particle as it flows
✓ A pathline follows the movement of a single fluid particle.
✓ The path followed by a fluid particle in motion.
➢ Pathlines are the easiest of the flow patterns to understand. A pathline is a Lagrangian concept in that we
simply follow the path of an individual fluid particle as it moves around in the flow field.
➢ A modern experimental technique called particle image velocimetry (PIV) utilizes particle pathlines to
measure the velocity field over an entire plane in a flow.
➢ Pathlines can also be calculated numerically for a known velocity field.
Streaklines
✓ A streakline is the locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially
through a prescribed point in the flow.
✓ Streaklines are the most common flow pattern generated in a physical
experiment. If you insert a small tube into a flow and introduce a
continuous stream of tracer fluid (dye in a water flow or smoke in an
airflow), the observed pattern is a streakline.

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 9

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

✓ A streakline consists of all particles in a flow that have previously

passed through a common point
✓ Streaklines are the loci of points of all the fluid particles that have
passed continuously through a particular spatial point in the past.
Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed point extends along a
streakline.
✓ If colored dye was continuously injected at a fixed location, it
would leave a streakline.
✓ A line created by a particles in a flow that have previously passed
through a point.
Types of fluid flow: Steady and Unsteady Flow
❑ Steady and Unsteady Flow. ➢ A flow that is not a function of time is called steady
❑ Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow. flow. Steady-state flow refers to the condition where
❑ Laminar and Turbulent Flow. the fluid properties at a point in the system do not
❑ Compressible and Incompressible Flow. change over time.
❑ Rotational and Irrotational Flow. ➢ Time dependent flow is known as unsteady (also
❑ One, Two and Three -dimensional Flow. called transient).
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 10
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 11

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
Laminar flow
fluid moves along smooth paths
viscosity damps any tendency to swirl or mix
Turbulent flow
fluid moves in very irregular paths
efficient mixing
velocity at a point fluctuates

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 12

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 13

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 14

 Rate of Flow or Discharge (Q) ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Continuity Equation
➢ The continuity equation describes the transport of some quantity. It is particularly simple and powerful when
applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to apply to any extensive quantity.
➢ Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities are conserved under their respective
appropriate conditions, a variety of physical phenomena may be described using continuity equations.
➢ Continuity equations are a stronger local form of conservation laws.
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 15
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 16

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 17

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 18

 ADITYA E NGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 19

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 20

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 21

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
Reynolds Transport Theorem
➢ Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) expresses the relationship between the rate of change of extensive
property of a system and for control volume. The main purpose of the RTT is to provide the link between the
system and control volume.
➢ An analytical tool to shift from describing the laws governing fluid motion using the system concept to using the
control volume concept. A moving system flows through the fixed control volume, The moving system
transports extensive properties across the control volume surfaces.
✓ System: A collection of matter of fixed identity.
Always the same atoms or fluid particles
A specific, identifiable quantity of matter
✓ Control Volume (CV): A volume in space
through which fluid may flow.
A geometric entity
Independent of mass

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 22

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
➢ We took the duster in solid mechanics, we called this duster as a system. You were able to directly apply the
principles of conservation of mass, linear momentum, etc. directly on the system to interpret the mechanics.
For the duster, as its mass is constant and the particles inside are same, the above conservation principle were
easy to apply.
➢ However, in fluid mechanics, it is difficult to analyze a system (or volume) from fluid by considering or
tracking the same particle. So, in fluids we assumed a definite volume in space that forms the required
environment and we can apply mechanics principles on the volume. Such volumes are called control volumes.
To analyze control volume, we need to convert the mechanics principles that were applicable to a system to the
form of control volume.
➢ If you take a control volume of a liquid, where it is flowing, you can visualize that a fluid system that was
initially occupying the control volume will be replaced by another fluid system at the next instant (i.e., the fluid
particles are changing). To convert the systems analysis conservation concept to a control volume conservation
concept, we need to appropriately relate, conceptually as well as mathematically, both of them.
✓ An extensive property is a property that depends on
the amount of matter in a sample. Mass, length, and
volume are examples of extensive properties.
✓ An intensive property is a property of matter that
depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not
on the amount. Ex: color, taste, and melting point.
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 23
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

✓ Conservation of mass (for all species)

✓ Newton’s 2nd law of motion (momentum)
✓ First law of thermodynamics (energy)

➢ According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in

a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants. The law of
conservation of mass is useful for a number of calculations and can be
used to solve for unknown masses, such the amount of gas consumed or
produced during a reaction.
➢ The law of conservation of mass indicates that mass cannot be created
nor destroyed. This means the total mass of reactants in a chemical
reaction will equal the total mass of the products.

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 24

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

➢ Momentum is defined to be the mass of an object multiplied by the velocity

of the object. The conservation of momentum states that, within some problem
domain, the amount of momentum remains constant; momentum is neither
created nor destroyed, but only changed through the action of forces as
described by Newton's laws of motion.
➢ Dealing with momentum is more difficult than dealing with mass and energy
because momentum is a vector quantity having both a magnitude and a
direction. Momentum is conserved in all three physical directions at the same
time. It is even more difficult when dealing with a gas because forces in one
direction can affect the momentum in another direction because of the
collisions of many molecules. On this slide, we will present a very, very
simplified flow problem where properties only change in one direction.
➢ The problem is further simplified by considering a steady flow which does not
change with time and by limiting the forces to only those associated with the
pressure. Be aware that real flow problems are much more complex than this
simple example.
➢ Newton's second law of motion states that the rate of change of a body's
momentum is equal to the net force acting on it.
23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 25
 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
Law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system
remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. This law, means that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or
transferred from one form to another.
➢ Conservation of energy applies only to isolated systems. A ball
rolling across a rough floor will not obey the law of
conservation of energy because it is not isolated from the
floor. The floor is, in fact, doing work on the ball through
friction. However, if we consider the ball and floor together,
then conservation of energy will apply. We would normally
call this combination the ball-floor system.

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 26

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Fluid Dynamics

➢ Various forces acting on a fluid element- Euler’s and Bernoulli’s

equation for flow along a stream line

➢ Momentum equation and its applications for pipe bend problem

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 27

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
Dynamics of Fluid Flow

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 28

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 29

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 30

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 31

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 32

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 33

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 34

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 35

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 36

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 37

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 38

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 39

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 40

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 41

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 42

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 43

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 44

 ADITYA EN GINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 45

 ADITYA ENGINE ERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 46

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 47

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 48

 ADITYA EN GINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 49

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 50

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 51

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 52

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 53

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 54

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 55

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 56

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 57

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 58

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 59

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 60

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 61

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 62

 ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

23-10-2022 Dr. Pritam Kumar Das 63