MAT060 - Formulas

I. Some Trigonometric Identities

1. (sin x)(csc x) = 1 6. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 11. sin2 x = 21 (1 − cos 2x)

2. (cos x)(sec x) = 1 7. 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 12. cos2 x = 12 (1 + cos 2x)

3. (tan x)(cot x) = 1 8. 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x 13. sin α cos β = 21 [sin(α − β) + sin(α + β)]

4. tan x = sin x
9. sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x 14. sin α sin β = 12 [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
cos x
cos x 15. cos α cos β = 21 [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
5. cot x = sin x 10. cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x

II. Differentiation Formulas

1. Dx k = 0 for all constant k 12. Dx (csc u) = (− csc u cot u)Dx u

r r−1
2. Dx (x ) = rx ,r∈Q 13. Dx eu = eu Dx u
3. Dx kf (x) = kDx f (x) where k is a constant 14. Dx au = (au ln a)Dx u for a > 0
4. Dx [f (x) + g(x)] = Dx f (x) + Dx g(x) 15. Dx (ln u) = u1 Dx u
5. Dx [f (x)g(x)] = f (x)Dx g(x) + g(x)Dx f (x) 16. Dx (logb u) = 1 1
u ln b Dx u for b > 0
6. Dx fg(x)
(x)
= g(x)Dx f (x)−f (x)Dx g(x)
g 2 (x) 17. Dx (sin−1 u) = √ 1 D u
1−u2 x
For the succeeding items, let u = f (x). 18. Dx (cos−1 u) = − √1−u
1
Dx u
2
7. Dx (sin u) = (cos u)Dx u
19. Dx (tan−1 u) = 1
1+u2 Dx u
8. Dx (cos u) = (− sin u)Dx u
9. Dx (tan u) = (sec2 u)Dx u 20. Dx (cot−1 u) = − 1+u
1
2 Dx u

10. Dx (cot u) = (− csc2 u)Dx u 21. Dx (sec−1 u) = √1 D u

|u| u2 −1 x

11. Dx (sec u) = (sec u tan u)Dx u 22. Dx (csc−1 u) = − |u|√1u2 −1 Dx u

III. Antidifferentiation Formulas

xr+1
R
xr dx =
R
1. + C for r 6= −1
r+1
11. cot udu = ln | sin u| + C
R
12. sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
R R
2. kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx for any constant k
R
13. csc udu = ln | csc u − cot u| + C
R R R
3. [f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx
eu du = eu + C
R
14.
R
4. sin udu = − cos u + C
au
au du =
R R
5. cos udu = sin u + C 15. ln a + C for a > 0
1
R
16. u du = ln |u| + C
R
6. sec u tan udu = sec u + C
√ 1 = sin−1 u
R R
7. csc u cot udu = − csc u + C 17. a2 −u2
du a +C
sec2 udu = tan u + C
R
8. 1 1
tan−1 u
R
18. a2 +u2 du = a a +C
csc2 udu = − cot u + C
R
9. 19.
R
√ 1 du = 1
sec−1 u
+C
u u2 −a2 a a
R
10. tan udu = ln | sec u| + C R R
20. udv = uv − vdu (Integration By Parts)

IV. Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

√ √ √
Case 1: a2 − u2 . Let u = a sin θ. Case 2: a2 + u2 . Let u = a tan θ. Case 3: u2 − a2 . Let u = a sec θ.

V. Integration by Partial Fractions

P (x) c1 c2 cn
1. (a1 x+b1 )(a2 x+b2 )···(an x+bn ) = a1 x+b1 + a2 x+b2 + . . . an x+bn

P (x) c1 c2 cn
2. (ax+b)n = ax+b + (ax+b)2 + . . . (ax+b)n

P (x) A1 (2a1 x+b1 )+B1 A2 (2a2 x+b2 )+B2

3. (a1 x2 +b1 x+c1 )(a2 x2 +b2 x+c2 )···(an x2 +bn x+cn ) = a1 x2 +b1 x+c1 + a2 x2 +b2 x+c2 + . . . Ana(2an x+bn )+Bn
2
n x +bn x+cn

P (x) A1 (2ax+b)+B1 A2 (2ax+b)+B2

4. (ax+bx+c)n = ax2 +bx+c + (ax2 +bx+c)2 + . . . A(ax
n (2ax+b)+Bn
2 +bx+c)n