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2.1 Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter reviews literature and studies relevant to avian conservation and eco-centric

architectural design, supporting the focus of this research. Key works on bird diversity,

conservation strategies, and community involvement provide a foundation for designing a

conservation and research center tailored to the needs of local avian species in Santa Ana,

Cagayan. By synthesizing these sources, this review establishes the research context and

highlights the importance of integrating architecture with ecological conservation practices.

2.1.1 Local Study

"Philippines’ rich bird life is more threatened than we thought, study says."

By Çağan Şekercioğlu et al.

Definition and Description

The study titled “Philippines’ rich bird life is more threatened than we thought,” by Çağan

Şekercioğlu et al., examines the current conservation status of avian biodiversity in the

Philippines. With over 7,000 islands, the country is a biodiversity hotspot, housing more than

258 endemic bird species out of 594 recorded. However, the habitat loss from human-driven

activities has led to significant conservation concerns. The study highlights that the Philippines is

ranked eighth globally for the number of bird species classified as endangered or critically
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endangered, with endemic species being the most at risk due to habitat-specific needs (Birdlife

International, 2023; Kittelberger, Şekercioğlu, et al., 2024).

Summary of Findings

The research reveals that 84 Philippine bird species are at greater risk than currently reflected in

the IUCN Red List, suggesting an urgent need for reclassification to prioritize conservation

efforts. These species face threats from agricultural expansion, logging, and hunting, with

species like the Philippine eagle-owl and Palawan peacock-pheasant proposed for elevated threat

status. Şekercioğlu’s findings underscore the essential role of accurate conservation status in

enabling effective resource allocation and highlight that reclassifying at-risk species can raise

awareness and direct more focused conservation efforts (Birdlife International, 2018;

Şekercioğlu et al., 2024).

Research Arguments and Gaps

Şekercioğlu et al. (2021) emphasize the importance of regular updates to conservation statuses

for Philippine bird species, as outdated information may lead to misallocation of resources. They

advocate for localized conservation efforts, arguing that global classifications may not fully

address the specific needs of endemic species in the Philippines. The study also critiques large-

scale conservation frameworks, recommending that strategies should incorporate local context

and community involvement for more effective, sustainable outcomes.

In terms of research gaps, the study highlights the need for comparative studies to understand the

unique ecological pressures in the Philippines. It also calls for longitudinal research to track
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population changes over time. Finally, the study points out the lack of data on human impacts,

such as habitat degradation and urbanization, which are crucial for developing comprehensive

conservation strategies.

Designers Perspective

The status of avian biodiversity in the Philippines highlights the urgent need for tailored

conservation efforts for the country’s unique bird populations. From an architectural standpoint,

this presents an opportunity for designers to create sustainable, habitat-friendly structures that

support endangered species like the Philippine eagle-owl and the Palawan peacock-pheasant.

Architectural elements could include observation platforms and walkways that minimize bird

disturbance, shaded resting areas, and native vegetation that provides cover, nesting sites, and

food sources for these species.

Conservation-informed design can also integrate local materials to reduce ecological footprints

and create spaces that promote bird conservation awareness and research. These designs can

support monitoring and rehabilitation efforts while educating visitors on the importance of local

species. By adopting eco-centric principles, designers can ensure that their projects align with

conservation priorities, directly supporting the survival of threatened species in rapidly

diminishing habitats.

This approach calls for a shift in architectural values, placing ecological impact at the forefront

to ensure that built environments harmonize with natural ecosystems, echoing Şekercioğlu's call

for localized, conservation-driven initiatives.

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"Endemic and Threatened: The Conservation Value of the Philippine Duck"

By Khinnel Jay D. Jaafar et al.

Definition and Description

The study highlights the precarious status of the Philippine duck (Anas luzonica), an endemic

species classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. The research focuses on the species' declining

populations due to habitat destruction, particularly the loss of wetlands, illegal hunting, and

insufficient localized conservation measures. Wetlands, the duck's primary habitat, are among

the most degraded ecosystems globally, with over 87% lost since the 18th century due to

agricultural expansion and urban development. In the Philippines, regions such as Ligawasan

Marsh in BARMM and Timako Hill in Cotabato are critical habitats, though populations remain

understudied. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated conservation strategies

involving community support, economic incentives, and habitat restoration.

Summary of Findings

The findings highlight several critical aspects of avian conservation. Wetland degradation,

primarily driven by urbanization and agricultural expansion, poses a significant threat to habitats,

with over 87% of wetlands globally being converted. This loss particularly affects waterfowl

species, such as the Philippine duck. Economic valuation plays a vital role in conservation, as
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public perception and willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation efforts are essential for

securing long-term funding. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) indicates strong potential

for public-driven support. Collaborative conservation partnerships between local government

units, Indigenous Peoples, NGOs, and international organizations like WWF-Philippines are

essential in habitat protection and restoration. However, there is a notable gap in comprehensive

data regarding the population size and dynamics of the Philippine duck, particularly in regions

like BARMM, which are critical to their survival. Lastly, community involvement, through

awareness campaigns and livelihood programs, has become increasingly recognized as vital for

sustaining conservation efforts, ensuring that local communities are actively engaged in

preserving biodiversity.

Research Arguments and Gaps

The study emphasizes the urgency of wetland conservation, particularly in relation to the

Philippine duck, as wetland degradation due to urbanization and agriculture continues to threaten

its habitat. Immediate restoration and protection of these habitats are critical to prevent further

population declines (Santos, 2018; Cruz, 2020). Additionally, the role of public engagement in

conservation funding is highlighted, as relying solely on government and NGOs is insufficient

for long-term sustainability. Public willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation could help bridge

funding gaps, ensuring continued support for habitat protection. This approach underscores the

importance of developing WTP-based conservation models for securing financial stability.

Furthermore, the study calls for localized conservation strategies, which address region-specific

challenges and ecological dynamics that are often overlooked in broader conservation
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frameworks. Tailored, community-driven efforts are crucial to ensuring the success and

sustainability of biodiversity protection efforts.

In terms of research gaps, the study stresses the need for comparative studies to explore why

avian diversity and conservation needs in the Philippines differ from other regions. Such studies

could provide insights into unique ecological and human-related pressures that influence

conservation strategies. The study also emphasizes the importance of longitudinal research to

track changes in avian populations and habitats over time. This would offer valuable insights into

trends and environmental shifts, enabling data-driven predictions for future conservation

planning. Lastly, the lack of extensive data on human impact, particularly habitat degradation

and urbanization, is noted as a critical gap. Understanding these impacts is essential for building

comprehensive conservation strategies that address both natural and anthropogenic threats to

biodiversity.

The study was carried out in Maguindanao Del Norte and Maguindanao Del Sur provinces in
BARMM, Mindanao Island, and the Philippines
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Designers Perspective

The study Endemic and Threatened: The Conservation Value of the Philippine Duck emphasizes

the urgent need to protect the rapidly diminishing wetland habitats of the Philippine duck,

primarily due to agricultural expansion and illegal hunting (Jaafar et al., 2024). Designers have a

crucial role to play in addressing this issue by prioritizing the creation and maintenance of

wetland reserves, ensuring these critical habitats are preserved. Furthermore, the study

underscores the importance of community engagement, noting that residents' willingness to

support conservation efforts is closely linked to their understanding of the species' ecological

significance. This insight calls for the integration of educational elements in conservation

projects, such as informative displays and local workshops, to raise awareness and promote

sustainable practices within communities (Jaafar et al., 2024). Financial strategies are also

highlighted as essential for long-term conservation. The study points to the potential for public

financial contributions and stresses the importance of developing fundraising strategies that

secure funding to protect biodiversity. By aligning financial support with local conservation

needs, designers can cultivate stronger community investment. Additionally, the study advocates

for the inclusion of educational spaces, such as visitor centers, that not only educate the public

about the ecological importance of the Philippine duck but also foster long-term ecological

stewardship. In conclusion, effective conservation design should balance habitat protection,

community involvement, financial sustainability, and education to ensure the preservation of the

Philippine duck and its wetland environment (Jaafar et al., 2024).

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In summary, this research advocates for a design approach that harmonizes habitat conservation,

community participation, financial strategies, and educational efforts, which are all vital to the

protection of the Philippine duck and its endangered wetland habitats.

"Avian fauna of Mount Melibengoy, southern Mindanao, Philippines: conservation

implications on a partially protected key biodiversity area under threat"

By Kier Mitchel E. Pitogo et al.

Definition and Description

The study "Avian Fauna of Mount Melibengoy, Southern Mindanao, Philippines: Conservation

Implications on a Partially Protected Key Biodiversity Area under Threat" by Pitogo et al. (2024)

examines the critical avian biodiversity in the Mount Melibengoy region of southern Mindanao.

The region's biodiversity, shaped by historical geological processes, faces increasing threats due

to deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion. Mount Melibengoy, home to

endangered species like the Philippine eagle and the Mindanao lorikeet, is a partially protected

area that requires urgent conservation measures to address these challenges.

Summary of Findings

Recent surveys show that Mount Melibengoy’s avian species, including the rare Mindanao

lorikeet and the uncertain Philippine eagle, are threatened by habitat loss and insufficient

protection. Despite its rich diversity, with many invertebrate-eating birds, approximately 70% of

Mindanao's Key Biodiversity Areas, including Mount Melibengoy, lack full legal protection. The

Tboli local government has designated a 5,000-hectare conservation area, but without clear

boundaries and effective protection measures, the region remains vulnerable to threats like
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deforestation and illegal hunting. The study calls for more surveys, stronger conservation efforts,

and the establishment of Conservation Hotspots (CHs) for faster protection.

Research Arguments and Gaps

Several gaps exist in the current research on Mount Melibengoy’s avian fauna. There is limited

recent data on key species, such as the Philippine eagle and Mindanao lorikeet, and the actual

extent of their decline. The absence of comprehensive long-term population monitoring further

limits effective conservation planning. Additionally, the study highlights the lack of formal legal

protection for much of the biodiversity in Mount Melibengoy, as many areas fall outside the

National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). The authors argue for the urgent

designation of CHs and stronger collaboration among local communities, Indigenous Peoples,

and conservation agencies, such as the DENR, to ensure the sustainability of biodiversity in the

region. Moreover, the study suggests that a more coordinated approach, including clear boundary

delineation and protection mechanisms, is crucial for the long-term conservation of the area’s

unique avian species.

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Map showing the relative location of Mt Melibengoy and its portions within the Allah Valley
Protected Landscape (AVPL, blue line). A concrete road (white line) bisects the once-contiguous
primary forests of Mt Melibengoy and the adjacent Malibato mountain range.
Designers Perspective

Mount Melibengoy in Southern Mindanao, Philippines, is a vital key biodiversity area (KBA)

threatened by habitat disturbances and human activities. It is home to a diverse range of avian

species, with 130 recorded, including 68 endemic to the Philippines and 19 restricted to

Mindanao. The presence of the elusive Mindanao Lorikeet (Saudareous johnstoniae) highlights

the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these fragile habitats (Senarillos et al., 2021;

Allen, 2020). Architects can play a significant role in this effort by adopting an integrated

approach that combines ecological preservation, community involvement, and responsible

tourism. Design solutions should focus on low-impact development to support biodiversity

conservation while minimizing habitat disruption. Strategically placed bird observation

platforms, research hubs, and eco-friendly pathways can facilitate scientific monitoring without

encroaching on sensitive areas. Additionally, establishing educational centers can engage local

communities, raise awareness, and promote active participation in conservation (Pitogo et al.,

2021; Saavedra & Pitogo, 2021). The study emphasizes the importance of collective and

strategic conservation efforts, particularly in protecting and restoring unprotected forested areas

within the KBA. By focusing on safeguarding endemic bird species and building sustainable,

low-impact infrastructure, architects can contribute to evidence-based conservation strategies for

Mount Melibengoy (Gurney et al., 2021; DENR, 2017).

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"Habitat-related bird community responses in northwest Panay, Philippines”

By David C. Lee et al.

Definition and Description

The Philippines is a recognized biodiversity hotspot, particularly known for its high number of

endemic bird species, which makes it an important center for avian endemism (Convention on

Biological Diversity, 2020; Myers et al., 2000). However, the country's biodiversity faces

significant threats, with 13.6% of its bird species globally threatened and nearly 30% of its

endemic bird species at risk of extinction (Brinkman et al., 2023; IUCN, 2023). Deforestation

and illegal wildlife hunting are major contributors to this crisis, resulting in the loss of over 90%

of the country’s original forest cover (Hughes, 2017; Gray et al., 2018). In the Western Visayas,

particularly in the Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park (NPPNP), deforestation rates are

high, and understanding how bird communities respond to habitat disturbances is crucial for

effective conservation (Lorica & Oliver, 2006; Whytock et al., 2018).

Summary of Findings

The study investigates the bird community responses to habitat changes in NPPNP across four

habitat types: primary forests, secondary forests, plantations, and open areas. The findings reveal

that primary forests support a higher diversity of specialized and endemic bird species, while

secondary forests host more generalist species. Plantations and open areas exhibited significantly

lower species richness and diversity, suggesting that intensive land-use changes negatively affect
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avian biodiversity (Cadotte et al., 2011). Functional diversity analysis, including categorization

into guilds like insectivores, frugivorous, and nectarivores, further emphasized the importance of

primary forests for conserving endemic species. The study also highlighted that habitat

disturbances impact bird guilds differently, disrupting the trophic structure of the ecosystem

(Flynn et al., 2009; Şekercioḡlu et al., 2002). Furthermore, the research stresses the importance

of maintaining primary forests in NPPNP to preserve bird diversity and regional endemism.

Research Arguments and Gaps

The study highlights key gaps in conservation efforts for the Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural

Park (NPPNP), particularly the lack of financial support for local communities to participate in

conservation. Despite awareness of endangered species, communities struggle to engage due to

limited resources. Whytock et al. (2018) stress the need for sustainable funding models that

incorporate economic incentives for local involvement.

The study calls for a collaborative approach involving government, NGOs, and the private sector

to provide necessary support, protect forests, regenerate secondary habitats, and improve

connectivity. This approach could reduce reliance on destructive practices like logging.

Additionally, the study points out the lack of focus on functional diversity in conservation,

urging future research to include it in planning. Understanding species' ecological roles is crucial

for preserving processes like pollination and seed dispersal, even when species numbers decline.
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Addressing these gaps through a holistic approach that combines community engagement and

functional diversity is vital for long-term conservation success. This can create sustainable

strategies that protect biodiversity and improve local livelihoods.

Designers Perspective

The study underscores the vital role of the Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park (NPPNP) in

preserving bird biodiversity amidst deforestation in Western Visayas. As a designer focusing on

conservation architecture, key insights from the research can inform more effective strategies.

The findings highlight the significance of primary forests, which harbor the highest levels of bird

diversity and endemic species, necessitating their protection and restoration. Design strategies

can incorporate buffer zones around these forests to mitigate disturbances from nearby

agricultural or urban developments. Secondary forests and plantations, while less biodiverse, still

support bird communities, and enhancing habitat connectivity between primary and secondary

forests can help sustain these populations. Creating ecological corridors could enable bird

species to thrive across modified landscapes. Furthermore, local community involvement is

crucial for successful conservation efforts. Designers can facilitate this through educational

spaces such as visitor centers and interpretative trails, fostering public awareness and

encouraging active participation in conservation. The study also emphasizes the importance of

functional diversity, where understanding the roles of different bird species can guide habitat-

specific designs, such as providing suitable environments for frugivores, insectivores, and

omnivores to support ecological functions like seed dispersal and pest control. Design strategies
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should be adaptable, incorporating ongoing research and ecological monitoring as ecosystems

evolve. Lastly, sustainable practices should be prioritized, such as using local materials,

integrating renewable energy systems, and implementing water harvesting techniques to

minimize ecological impact. Ultimately, the study offers a framework for designing conservation

initiatives that focus on primary forest preservation, habitat connectivity, community

engagement, and ecological diversity, promoting long-term avian population

2.1.2 Foreign Study

“Small-scale forest restoration in peri-urban areas provides immediate benefits for birds"

By Mattia Brambilla et al.

Definition and Description

Small-scale forest restoration in peri-urban areas involves the targeted re-establishment of native

vegetation on degraded or fragmented lands near urban environments. This conservation practice

aims to create habitats for wildlife while enhancing ecosystem services such as air quality,

temperature regulation, and water retention. Unlike large-scale restoration projects, small-scale

efforts focus on strategic interventions in urban or peri-urban settings, prioritizing areas with

limited space but high potential for biodiversity gains. These initiatives are often designed to

address urbanization's ecological impacts and promote coexistence between human and natural

systems.

Summary of Findings

Recent research demonstrates that small-scale forest restoration provides immediate and

measurable benefits for bird populations. Bird species richness and diversity increase
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significantly in restored areas due to the improved availability of nesting sites, food resources,

and habitat connectivity. Such projects are especially valuable for generalist and adaptable bird

species, which quickly exploit the restored habitats. They also serve as ecological stepping

stones, facilitating species movement and genetic exchange between fragmented patches.

Moreover, these restoration efforts can act as critical refuges for urban-dwelling species,

supporting avian biodiversity even in highly human-modified landscapes.

Research Arguments and Gaps

While small-scale restoration shows promise, several gaps remain in understanding its long-term

sustainability and broader ecological impact. Limited studies address how restored habitats

withstand challenges such as invasive species, urban pollution, and human disturbances over

time. There is also insufficient data on the effectiveness of small-scale projects in supporting

specialist or endangered bird species, which often require more extensive and undisturbed

habitats. Furthermore, questions about scalability persist—how can these projects be expanded

or replicated across different peri-urban areas to maximize their ecological benefits? Addressing

these gaps is essential for optimizing small-scale forest restoration as a viable conservation

strategy, ensuring that it complements larger-scale efforts and contributes meaningfully to urban

biodiversity conservation frameworks.

Designers Perspective

Small-scale forest restoration in peri-urban areas provides designers with an opportunity to create

spaces that benefit both wildlife and human communities. By restoring these areas with native

plants and establishing ecological corridors, designers can enhance bird habitats even in

urbanized regions. These restored spaces can also serve the public by providing recreational
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features like birdwatching platforms and eco-friendly trails. Furthermore, designers can

transform underused urban areas into green spaces by incorporating sustainable elements such as

rain gardens or bios wales to improve storm water management and enhance local ecosystems.

This holistic approach creates multifunctional areas that cater to both the needs of wildlife and

people. By collaborating with ecologists, designers ensure that these projects are effective and

sustainable, fostering a healthy coexistence between nature and urban life

“The effect of small-scale agro-environmental initiatives on avian diversity

In agricultural landscapes”

By Kevin Kuhlmann Clausen et al.

Definition and Description

Small-scale agro-environmental initiatives refer to conservation practices integrated within

agricultural landscapes to promote biodiversity, particularly focusing on avian species. These

initiatives, such as creating hedgerows, planting cover crops, establishing bird-friendly habitats,

and maintaining traditional farming methods, aim to improve habitat availability and ecosystem

connectivity. They have been identified as valuable tools for preserving avian diversity by

mitigating the negative effects of intensive agricultural practices on bird populations (Benton et

al., 2003; Donald et al., 2001).

Summary of Findings

Studies have shown that small-scale agro-environmental interventions significantly enhance bird

diversity in agricultural landscapes by providing critical habitats and resources. For instance, the

establishment of field margins, organic farming practices, and native plant restoration has been
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found to increase both species richness and the abundance of various bird species, including

those that are typically threatened by habitat degradation (Therneau et al., 2012; Kleijn et al.,

2011). Furthermore, the diversity of bird species varies depending on the type and extent of the

agro-environmental initiatives, with some practices being more beneficial for specific bird

guilds, such as insectivores or granivores. Additionally, these practices create a mosaic of

habitats that can increase species' resilience to environmental changes and contribute to

maintaining functional biodiversity (Benton et al., 2003; Batáry et al., 2011).

Research Arguments and Gaps

Despite the positive outcomes reported, research on the long-term effects and scalability of these

initiatives remains limited. More studies are needed to assess how small-scale agro-

environmental initiatives can be integrated into large agricultural systems without compromising

food production (Kleijn et al., 2006). Another gap exists in understanding how these practices

impact the broader ecosystem, including non-avian species and ecosystem services like

pollination and pest control. Additionally, the variability in effectiveness based on geographic

location, local agricultural practices, and species-specific needs requires further exploration to

tailor interventions more effectively. Finally, the socio-economic feasibility of widespread

implementation in farming communities remains a critical challenge, particularly regarding the

cost-benefit analysis and incentives for farmers (Pe'er et al., 2014). The incorporation of local

farmer knowledge and the development of policy frameworks that support agro-environmental

schemes will be vital for maximizing the impact of these conservation efforts.
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Designer's Perspective

Small-scale agro-environmental initiatives present unique opportunities for designers to integrate

ecological and agricultural systems in ways that benefit both wildlife and farming communities.

By incorporating bird-friendly practices such as creating hedgerows, planting native vegetation,

and designing buffer zones between agricultural fields and natural habitats, designers can

improve avian diversity while supporting sustainable farming methods (Kleijn et al., 2011).

These interventions not only offer immediate habitat benefits but also contribute to long-term

ecological resilience by promoting biodiversity and ecosystem services such as pest control and

pollination (Benton et al., 2003).

From a design perspective, these agro-environmental practices should be viewed as

multifunctional spaces that can integrate agricultural production with ecological goals. Designers

can create spaces that balance both the practical needs of farming and the conservation of bird

species by focusing on sustainable design principles that include biodiversity-friendly

agricultural practices (Therneau et al., 2012). Additionally, community engagement is essential

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—designing spaces where farmers are actively involved in the process and where agro-

environmental initiatives are tailored to the specific ecological and social needs of the area (Pe'er

et al., 2014).

Moreover, designers can explore how these agro-environmental interventions can be scaled,

ensuring that they are both cost-effective and adaptable to different agricultural settings.

Integrating green infrastructure such as rainwater harvesting systems, habitat corridors, and

sustainable water management practices can further enhance these spaces' ability to support

avian diversity while addressing environmental challenges like water scarcity (Batáry et al.,

2011). This holistic approach encourages the coexistence of agricultural production with

biodiversity conservation, ensuring that both environmental and community needs are met.

"Avian Wonders of the World to Nest in New Homes at Singapore's Bird Paradise"

By: Where Singapore Editorial Team, n.d.

Definition and Description

Singapore's Bird Paradise, situated within the Mandai Wildlife Reserve, serves as a

groundbreaking example of avian conservation and sustainable tourism. The sanctuary is

designed to replicate natural habitats, such as rainforest canopies and wetland ecosystems,

providing an immersive environment for over 400 species of birds. It emphasizes biodiversity

protection through habitat recreation, education, and conservation research. This facility

integrates visitor engagement by offering interactive tours and educational programs that

showcase the significance of avian biodiversity and the threats these species face globally. As

part of Singapore's commitment to sustainable tourism, Bird Paradise merges conservation

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efforts with public awareness initiatives to inspire environmental stewardship (Where Singapore

Editorial Team, n.d.)

Summary of Findings

Research on Bird Paradise highlights its role as a sanctuary that combines habitat restoration

with innovative public outreach. By providing naturalistic environments, the facility ensures

species-specific care for birds, allowing them to thrive while engaging the public through

experiential learning opportunities. Furthermore, Bird Paradise collaborates with international

conservation organizations to address critical issues such as habitat loss and the declining

populations of endangered species. These efforts position it as a model for integrating wildlife

protection with community involvement. The sanctuary also fosters awareness of avian

migration patterns and the ecological importance of conserving their habitats, making it a leader

in promoting urban biodiversity (Where Singapore Editorial Team, n.d.)

Research Arguments and Gaps

Despite its successes, Bird Paradise reveals gaps that warrant further exploration. First, while the

sanctuary provides robust on-site conservation, more data is needed on its long-term impact on

global avian population trends. Additionally, its educational programs focus primarily on visitor

experiences, leaving questions about their measurable influence on changing public behaviors

toward conservation. Another area for exploration is the sanctuary's contribution to scientific

research. While collaborations are noted, details on the outcomes of these studies and their

application to broader conservation strategies remain limited. Addressing these gaps could

enhance the sanctuary's role as a global leader in avian conservation and further strengthen its

scientific and public outreach initiatives

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Designer's Perspective

The design of Bird Paradise reflects an innovative and eco-centric approach that prioritizes the

needs of its avian inhabitants while creating an immersive and educational experience for

visitors. Inspired by the natural habitats of birds, the sanctuary's architecture integrates features

such as rainforest canopies, wetland sanctuaries, and open flight aviaries. These elements allow

birds to exhibit natural behaviors while ensuring their well-being.

From a designer’s perspective, Bird Paradise exemplifies how architecture can blend ecological

functionality with human engagement. The use of biophilic design principles fosters a seamless

connection between visitors and nature, encouraging conservation awareness. The strategic

placement of interactive spaces, such as bird-watching platforms and feeding stations, enhances

the visitor experience while minimizing disturbance to the animals.

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2.2 Conceptual Framework

 Environmental Data: Research on local

INPUT bird species, their habitat needs, and
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM migration patterns.
 Conservation Guidelines: Existing
practices and principles for avian habitat
conservation.
 Architectural Principles: Sustainable and
DATA GATHERING passive design strategies.

 Data gathering (site analysis, biodiversity

PROCESS studies).
 Consultation with ecologists,
ANALYSIS OF GATHERED conservationists, and local communities.
INFORMATION AND DATA  Architectural translation of
ecological data into design solutions.

 Functional and eco-friendly spaces for

OUTPUT avian conservation (e.g., bird rehabilitation
PROPOSED SOLUTION centers, observation platforms).
 Enhanced habitat connectivity and
restoration.

 Improved avian biodiversity and

INNOVATION OUTCOME ecosystem health.
 Increased public awareness and
participation in conservation efforts.
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2.3 Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

Objectives:
 Design Functional Rehabilitation Spaces: Create safe and functional
environments that cater to the specific rehabilitation needs of various bird
species, ensuring they can recover and thrive.
 Facilitate Public Interaction: Design spaces that allow for controlled
public access and interaction, enhancing educational opportunities about
avian rehabilitation without disturbing the wildlife.
 Incorporate Sustainable Practices: Implement eco-friendly materials,
energy-efficient systems, and passive architectural strategies in the design to
minimize the carbon footprint and create a supportive environment for bird
rehabilitation.

What are the appropriate design standards, guidelines,

and principles that can be integrated to the avian
sanctuary that ensures effective conservation?

AVIAN CONSERVATION AND

Will play a critical role in protecting avian biodiversity
in Santa Ana, Cagayan. By providing a safe haven for
rehabilitation and conservation of both migratory and
native birds.

Municipality of Santa Ana Data Gathering and Research Avian Species Conservation

 Site Analysis and Site  Habitat Preferences

 Inspection
Consultation with  Migration
Threats andPatterns
Challenges
 Case Studies
Data Analysis
ecologists, conservationists,  Research
Breeding and Monitoring
Nesting
and local communities. Architectural Translation  Rehabilitation Techniques
 Public Awareness and
Education Techniques
A modern development designed to support avian conservation through rehabilitation,
research, and education, while integrating sustainable practices and utilizing eco-friendly
materials to address the needs of both birds and users.
 ASPIRE: A PROPOSED AVIAN CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH
CENTER IN SANTA ANA CAGAYAN: THROUGH ECO-CENTRIC
APPROACH

2.4 Laws, Regulations, Ordinances and Codes

International Agreements

1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

 Promotes the conservation of biological diversity, including avian species and their

habitats.

2. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

 Protects migratory birds and their critical habitats.

National Laws and Regulations

1. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (RA 9147)

 Provides legal protection for wildlife, including birds, and regulates their trade

and conservation.

2. Philippine Forestry Code (PD 705)

 Promotes the conservation of forests, a critical habitat for many bird species.

3. National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act

(RA 7586, amended by RA 11038)

 Establishes protected areas critical for wildlife and bird conservation.

4. Climate Change Act (RA 9729)

 Supports adaptation and mitigation efforts to protect ecosystems vulnerable to

climate change, including avian habitats.

 ASPIRE: A PROPOSED AVIAN CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH
CENTER IN SANTA ANA CAGAYAN: THROUGH ECO-CENTRIC
APPROACH

Local Government and Zoning Ordinances

1. Local Government Code (RA 7160)

 Empowers LGUs to enforce ordinances that protect natural resources, including

avian habitats.

2. Santa Ana, Cagayan Environmental Ordinances

 Research any municipal ordinances focusing on biodiversity conservation or eco-

tourism.

Building Codes and Standards

1. National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096)

 Ensures structures adhere to safety and sustainability standards.

2. Green Building Code (Philippine Green Building Initiative)

 Encourages eco-friendly design and construction for facilities

Other Related Policies

1. Executive Order No. 26 (National Greening Program)

 Advocates for reforestation, which benefits avian habitats.

2. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Orders

 Guidelines on wildlife rescue, rehabilitation, and biodiversity-friendly enterprises.