Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Chapter 1 29. (a) ƒ(x) = e

x, 0 … x … 1
- x + 2, 1 6 x … 2
Section 1.1, pp. 11–13
1. D: (- q, q), R: 31, q) 3. D: 3- 2, q), R: 30, q) 2, 0 … x 6 1
5. D: (- q, 3) ∪ (3, q), R: (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) 0, 1 … x 6 2
(b) ƒ(x) = d
7. (a) Not a function of x because some values of x have two 2, 2 … x 6 3
values of y 0, 3 … x … 4
(b) A function of x because for every x there is only one possible y
- x, -1 … x 6 0
23 d d3 31. (a) ƒ(x) = c 1, 0 6 x … 1
9. A = x2, p = 3x 11. x = , A = 2d 2, V =
4 23 3 23 - 12 x + 32, 1 6 x 6 3
220x2 - 20x + 25 1
13. L = 2 x, -2 … x … 0
4
(b) ƒ(x) = c - 2x + 2, 0 6 x … 1
15. (- q, q) 17. (- q, q)
- 1, 1 6 x … 3
y y
33. (a) 0 … x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x … 0 35. Yes
4
6 3 g(x) = Í 0 x 0 37. Symmetric about the origin 39. Symmetric about the origin
2 y y
f (x) = 5 − 2x 1
4
x 1
−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 y = −x
2 −1 2
−2 2 y = −x
3 1 1 2
x x
−4 −2 2 4 −2 −1
−1
−2 x −2
−2 2
−4

−2
Inc. - q 6 x 6 0 and
0 6 x 6 q
19. (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) y
t
2 F(t) =
0t0
1 Dec. - q 6 x 6 q
t
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 41. Symmetric about the y-axis 43. Symmetric about the origin
y y
−2

21. (- q, - 5) ∪ (- 5, - 34 ∪ 33, 5) ∪ (5, q) 1 x3

y = ––
8
23. (a) For each positive value of (b) For each value of x ≠ 0, 4
1$8
y = Í0 x 0 x
x, there are two values of y. there are two values of y. 2 −2 −1
−1$8
1 2
y y −1
x
y2 = x2
−4 −2 0 2 4
4
0y0 = x 1 Dec. - q 6 x … 0; Inc. - q 6 x 6 q
2
Inc. 0 … x 6 q
0 2 4 6
x
−1 1
x 45. No symmetry
y
−2
−1
−4 x
0 1 2 3
−1
25. 27. y = −x 3$2
y −2
y
x, 0≤x≤1 −3
f(x) =
2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2 4 y = x 2+ 2x −4
1
−5

Dec. 0 … x 6 q
x x 47. Even 49. Even 51. Odd 53. Even
0 1 2 −2 1
55. Neither 57. Neither 59. t = 180 61. s = 2.4
63. V = x(14 - 2x)(22 - 2x)
2
y=4−x
65. (a) h (b) ƒ (c) g 67. (a) (- 2, 0) ∪ (4, q)
71. C = 5 ( 2 + 22 ) h

A-1
A-2 Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Section 1.2, pp. 18–21 1

33. y - 1 = 35.
1. Dƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, Dg : x Ú 1, Rƒ : - q 6 y 6 q, x - 1
Rg : y Ú 0, Dƒ + g = Dƒ # g = Dg, Rƒ + g : y Ú 1, Rƒ # g : y Ú 0 y y
3. Dƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, Dg : - q 6 x 6 q, Rƒ : y = 2, Rg : y Ú 1, 1 2
y−1=
Dƒ>g : - q 6 x 6 q, Rƒ>g : 0 6 y … 2, Dg>ƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, 2
x–1 y = Íx + 4

Rg>ƒ : y Ú 1>2 y−1=

1
x–1 y=
1 x
1
5. (a) 2 (b) 22 (c) x2 + 2 (d) x2 + 10x + 22 (e) 5 x −4 0
x
(f) - 2 (g) x + 10 (h) x4 - 6x2 + 6 −1 0 1 2
5x + 1 −1
7. 13 - 3x 9. y=
1
A 4x + 1 x

11. (a) ƒ(g(x)) (b) j(g(x)) (c) g(g(x)) (d) j(j(x))

(e) g(h(ƒ(x))) (f) h(j(ƒ(x))) 37. y 39. y
13. g(x) ƒ(x) (ƒ ∘ g)(x)
y = 0x − 20 3
4
(a) x - 7 2x 2x - 7 2 y = 1 + Íx − 1
(b) x + 2 3x 3x + 6 2 1 (1, 1)

(c) x2 2x - 5 2x2 - 5
0 1 2 5
x
x
x x −2 0 2 4 6
(d) x
x - 1 x - 1
1 1 41. y 43. y
(e) 1 + x x
x - 1 1
−2 −1 1 2
1 1
(f) x x x 1
y = (x + 1)
2$3 0
x

−1
x 2$3
15. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 0 (e) - 1 (f) 0 −3 −2 −1 0 1 y=1−x

1 1 45. y 47. y
17. (a) ƒ(g(x)) = + 1, g(ƒ(x)) =
Ax 2x + 1 1 3
2 1
(b) Dƒ∘g = (- q, - 14 ∪ (0, q), Dg∘ƒ = (- 1, q) y = Íx − 1 − 1 y=
x−2
(c) Rƒ∘g = 30, 1) ∪ (1, q), Rg∘ƒ = (0, q) −1 0 1 2 3
x 1
2x
19. g (x) = −1 (1, −1) x
x - 1 0 1 2 3 4
−2
21. (a) y = - (x + 7)2 (b) y = - (x - 4)2 −1
23. (a) Position 4 (b) Position 1 (c) Position 2
−2
(d) Position 3
25. (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 49 27. y + 1 = (x + 1)3 49. y 51. y

y y 3 4
y + 1 = (x + 1) 1
x 2 + y 2 = 49 3 y = –––––––2
y = x3 3 (x − 1)
2 1 2
1 y=x+2
1 1
x x
(–2, –3) 0 −2 −1 0 1 x x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

−2
53. y
2 2
(x + 2) + (y + 3) = 49
5
4 1
29. y = 2x + 0.81 31. y = 2x y= 2 +1
x
3
y y y = 2x 2
1
y = Íx + 0.81 7
2 x
−2 −1 0 1 2
y = Íx y = 2x − 7
1
0.9 x
7$2
x 55. (a) D : 30, 24, R : 32, 34 (b) D : 30, 24, R : 3- 1, 04
−0.81 1 4
y y
−7

1
3
y = f(x) + 2
y = f (x) − 1
2
x
0 1 2
1

x
0 1 2 3 4 −1
 Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-3

(c) D : 30, 24, R : 30, 24 (d) D : 30, 24, R : 3-1, 04 75. y

y y
3
1
2 2
y = 2 f(x) y = −f(x)
y = 0x2 − 10
x
1 0 1 2
x
−2 −1 1 2
x −1
0 1 2 3 −1

(e) D : 3-2, 04, R : 30, 14 (f) D : 31, 34, R : 30, 14

y y 77. (a) Odd (b) Odd (c) Odd (d) Even (e) Even
(f) Even (g) Even (h) Even (i) Odd
2

2 Section 1.3, pp. 27–29

y = f (x + 2) 55p
y = f (x − 1) 1. (a) 8p m (b) m 3. 8.4 in.
1
1 9
5. u -p - 2p>3 0 p>2 3p>4
x
x 0 1 2 3
−2 −1 0
23 1
(g) D : 3-2, 04, R : 30, 14 (h) D : 3- 1, 14, R : 30, 14 sin u 0 - 0 1
2 22
y y
1 1
cos u -1 - 1 0 -
2
2
2 22
tan u 0 23 0 UND -1
y = −f (x + 1) + 1
y = f (−x) 1
1 1 cot u UND UND 0 -1
23

x sec u -1 -2 1 UND - 22
x −1 0 1
−2 −1 0 2
csc u UND - UND 1 22
2 1 1 23
57. y = 3x - 3 59. y = + 2 61. y = 24x + 1
2 2x 7. cos x = -4>5, tan x = -3>4
x 2 28
63. y = 4 - 65. y = 1 - 27x3 9. sin x = - , tan x = - 28
B 4 3
1 2
67. y 69. y 11. sin x = - , cos x = -
25 25
2
5 13. Period p 15. Period 2
4 y y
1
3
1 y = cos px
x 2 1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 y = (x − 1)3 + 2 y = sin 2x
−1 1
x
−2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x x
p p 0 1 2
−3
2
y = −Í2x + 1
−4

−1 −1
71. y 73. y
17. Period 6 19. Period 2p
4 4 y y
3 1 3 p
y= −1 y = cos ax − b
2 2x 2 y = −sin px 1 2
3
1 1 1
x x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 0 3 6 x
−1 p p 2p
−1 0
−2 y = −Íx
3
2
−3
−4 −4 −1
A-4 Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

21. Period 2p 23. Period p>2, symmetric 9. 3-5, 54 by 3-6, 64 11. 3-2, 64 by 3- 5, 44
about the origin y y
y s
5 f (x) = x Í9 − x 2
4
p
y = sin ax − b + 1 4 y = 2x − 3x 2$3
4 3
2 3
2 s = cot 2t 2
2
1 1 1
1
x x
−5−4 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
t −1
x −p p 0 p p
p 0 p 3p 7p −
− 2 2
4 4 4 4
−1
−4
−5
−2
13. 3-2, 84 by 3-5, 104 15. 3-3, 34 by 30, 104
25. Period 4, symmetric about 29. D : (- q, q), y y
the y-axis R : y = - 1, 0, 1
10
s 10
y 9
8 8
y = 5x 2$5 − 2x
7
s = sec p t y = :sin x; y = sin x 6
2
5
−2p −p 1 p 2p 2 4
1 x y = 0x2 − 10
x 3
t −2 2 4 6 8
2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1 −2
−1 −4 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

17. 3-10, 104 by 3-10, 104 19. 3- 4, 44 by 30, 34

y y
26 + 22 22 + 26
39. -cos x 41. - cos x 43. 45.
4 4 8 y=
x+3 3.0
x+2 x2 + 2
2 + 22 2 - 23 p 2p 4p 5p 6 2.5 f (x) =
x2 + 1
47. 49. 51. , , , 4 2.0
4 4 3 3 3 3
x
p p 5p 3p −10−8−6−4 2 4 6 8 10
53. , , , 59. 27 ≈ 2.65 63. a = 1.464 −2
6 2 6 2 −4
1.0

−6 0.5
2
65. A = 2, B = 2p, 67. A = - p, B = 4, −8
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
C = - p, D = -1 1
C = 0, D = p
21. 3-10, 104 by 3-6, 64 23. 3-6, 104 by 3-6, 64
y y pt
y = − 2 sin a b + 1 y y
y = 2sin (x + p) − 1 p 2 p
3
1 6 x−1 6x 2 − 15x + 6
p f (x) = 6 f (x) =
4 x2 − x − 6 4x 2 − 10x
x 4
p p 3p 5p 2
−
2 2 2 2 1 x x
−1 p −10−8−6−4 2 4 6 8 10 −5 5 10
−2 −2
t −4 −4
−1 1 3 5 −6 −6
1
−3 −p

p p
25. c - , d by 27. 3-100p, 100p4 by
125 125
Section 1.4, pp. 34–36
3-1.25, 1.254 3-1.25, 1.254
1. d 3. d
y y
5. 3- 3, 54 by 3- 15, 404 7. 3-3, 64 by 3-250, 504 x
y = cos a50b
1.0 1.0
y y
f (x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 15 f (x) = x 5 − 5x 4 + 10 y = sin 250x

0.5
40 50

x x x
30 −2 1 2 3 4 5 6 −0.02 0.02 −300 300
−50
20
−100 −0.5
10
−150
−1.0
x
−2 −1 1 3 4 −200
−10 −250
 Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-5

p p 41. (a) & (b) y = 9.7571 # 10-3x - 19.118

29. c - , d by 3- 0.25, 0.254 31.
15 15 0.8
y y=x+
1
sin 30x y
10 2 2
(x + 1) + ( y − 2) = 9 0.6
0.2 2

1 0.4
0.1
x
−4 −2 −1 2
0.2
x
−0.2 −0.1 0.1 0.2

0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

−0.2 −0.2

(c) y = 2.6076 # 10-4x2 - 1.0203x + 997.90

33. 35.
y y
f (x) = −tan 2x
f (x) = sin 2x + cos 3x
Section 1.5, pp. 40–41
4 2.0 1. 3.
3 1.5
y y
2 1.0 y = (1$5)x y = 4x
6 5
1 0.5
y = 2x y = 2– t 4
y = 3–x 5
x x 3
−2 −1 1 2 3 −6 −2 2 4 6
−1 4 2
−2 1
3
t
−3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
2 −1
−4 −2.0 −2
1
−3 y = −2 t
37. (a) & (b) y = 3.0625x - 56.213 x −4
190 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−5

180 5. 7.
170 y y
y = 2 –x − 1 y = 2x − 1
160 5 5
1 x
y= x y=e
e 4
150 4
3
3
140 2
2 1
130
1 x
120 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
x
(c) Yes, y (79) = 185.7 lbs. −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −2
9.
39. (a) & (b) y = 3814x - 7.4988 # 10
y
6
3
250,000
2

200,000
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
150,000 −2
y = 1 − e –x −3 y = 1 − ex
100,000 −4
−5
50,000
1>4
11. 16 = 2 13. 41>2 = 2 15. 5 17. 1423 19. 4
0 21. D: - q 6 x 6 q ; R: 0 6 y 6 1>2
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
23. D: - q 6 t 6 q ; R: 1 6 y 6 q
(c) The price of a home within the “bubble” was inflated, in the 25. x ≈ 2.3219 27. x ≈ -0.6309 29. After 19 years
sense that it exceeded the historical trend.
A-6 Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1 t>14 41. (a) ln 3 - 2 ln 2 (b) 2 (ln 2 - ln 3) (c) -ln 2

31. (a) A(t) = 6.6a b (b) About 38 days later 2 1 1
2 (d) ln 3 (e) ln 3 + ln 2 (f) (3 ln 3 - ln 2)
33. ≈11.433 years, or when interest is paid 3 2 2
35. 248 ≈ 2.815 * 1014 2t 2
43. (a) ln 5 (b) ln (x - 3) (c) ln a b
b
Section 1.6, pp. 51–53
1. One-to-one 3. Not one-to-one 5. One-to-one 1 x
45. (a) 7.2 (b) (c) y
7. Not one-to-one 9. One-to-one x2
11. D: (0, 14 R: 30, q) 13. D: 3- 1, 14 R: 3- p>2, p>24 47. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) - x2 - y2
y y
49. e2t + 4 51. e5t + b 53. y = 2xex + 1
–1
y=f
–1
(x) p
y=f (x)
y=x
55. (a) k = ln 2 (b) k = (1>10) ln 2 (c) k = 1000 ln a
y=x 2 ln 2 ln .4
1 57. (a) t = -10 ln 3 (b) t = - (c) t =
y = f(x) k ln .2
1 x 59. 4(ln x)2
p −1 1 p
−
2 2 61. (a) 7 (b) 22 (c) 75 (d) 2 (e) 0.5 (f) -1
y = f (x)
−1
ln 3
x −
p
63. (a) 2x (b) x2 (c) sin x 65. (a) (b) 3 (c) 2
1 2 ln 2
67. (a) - p>6 (b) p>4 (c) - p>3
15. D: 30, 64 R: 30, 34 17. (a) Symmetric about the line
69. (a) p (b) p>2
y = x
71. Yes, g(x) is also one-to-one.
y y
y=x
73. Yes, ƒ ∘ g is also one-to-one.
1
x x
6
y = Í1 − x 2 75. (a) ƒ -1(x) = log2 a b (b) ƒ -1(x) = log1.1 a b
100 - x 50 - x
0≤x≤1
y = f (x)
77. (a) y = ln x - 3 (b) y = ln (x - 1)
3
(c) y = 3 + ln (x + 1) (d) y = ln (x - 2) - 4
0 1
x (e) y = ln (- x) (f) y = ex
y=f
–1
(x) 79. ≈ -0.7667
1 t>12
3 6
x 81. (a) Amount = 8 a b (b) 36 hours
2
-1 -1 3
19. ƒ (x) = 2x - 1 21. ƒ (x) = 2x + 1 83. ≈ 44.081 years
23. ƒ -1(x) = 2x - 1
5 Practice Exercises, pp. 54–56
25. ƒ -1(x) = 2x ; D: - q 6 x 6 q; R: - q 6 y 6 q
C2
27. ƒ -1(x) = 3
2x - 1; D: - q 6 x 6 q; R: - q 6 y 6 q 1. A = pr 2, C = 2pr, A = 3. x = tan u, y = tan2 u
4p
1 5. Origin 7. Neither 9. Even 11. Even
29. ƒ -1(x) = ; D: x 7 0; R: y 7 0
2x 13. Odd 15. Neither
2x + 3 17. (a) Even (b) Odd (c) Odd (d) Even (e) Even
31. ƒ -1(x) = ; D: - q 6 x 6 q, x ≠ 1; 19. (a) Domain: all reals (b) Range: 3-2, q)
x - 1
R: - q 6 y 6 q, y ≠ 2 21. (a) Domain: 3- 4, 44 (b) Range: 30, 44
23. (a) Domain: all reals (b) Range: (-3, q)
33. ƒ -1(x) = 1 - 2x + 1; D: - 1 … x 6 q; R: - q 6 y … 1
25. (a) Domain: all reals (b) Range: 3-3, 14
2x + b
35. ƒ - 1(x) = ; 27. (a) Domain: (3, q) (b) Range: all reals
x - 1
29. (a) Increasing (b) Neither (c) Decreasing (d) Increasing
D: - q 6 x 6 q, x ≠ 1, R: - q 6 y 6 q, y ≠ 2 31. (a) Domain: 3- 4, 44 (b) Range: 30, 24
1
37. (a) ƒ -1(x) = m x 1 - x, 0 … x 6 1
33. ƒ(x) = e
(b) The graph of ƒ -1 is the line through the origin with slope 1>m. 2 - x, 1 … x … 2
39. (a) ƒ -1(x) = x - 1 1 2
35. (a) 1 (b) = (c) x, x ≠ 0
y
y=x+1 22.5 A5
y=x
2 1
(d)
1 21> 1x + 2 + 2
y=x−1
x 37. (a) (ƒ ∘ g)(x) = - x, x Ú - 2, (g ∘ ƒ)(x) = 24 - x2
−2 −1 1 2
−1 (b) Domain (ƒ ∘ g): 3-2, q), domain (g ∘ ƒ): 3-2, 24
−2
(c) Range (ƒ ∘ g): (- q, 24, range (g ∘ ƒ): 30, 24
39. y y
(b) ƒ (x) = x - b. The graph of ƒ -1 is a line parallel to the
-1
2
graph of ƒ. The graphs of ƒ and ƒ -1 lie on opposite sides of
the line y = x and are equidistant from that line.
x x
(c) Their graphs will be parallel to one another and lie on oppo- −4 −2 −1 1 2 −4 −3 2
site sides of the line y = x equidistant from that line. −1 −1
 Chapter 2: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-7

41. Replace the portion for x 6 0 with the mirror image of the por- (ƒ ∘ ƒ)(x) = ln (ln x) and domain: x 7 1;
tion for x 7 0 to make the new graph symmetric with respect to (g ∘ g)(x) = - x4 + 8x2 - 12 and domain: - q 6 x 6 q.
the y-axis. -p p
79. (a) D: (- q, q) R: c , d (b) D: 3-1, 14 R: 3- 1, 14
y 2 2
y = 0x0 81. (a) No (b) Yes
83. (a) ƒ(g(x)) = 1 2 x 2 = x, g(ƒ(x)) = 2x3 = x
3 3 3
y=x
(b) y
2
y = x3
x
1
y = x 1$3
y=x
x
−2 −1 1 2

−1
43. Reflects the portion for y 6 0 across the x-axis
45. Reflects the portion for y 6 0 across the x-axis −2
47. Adds the mirror image of the portion for x 7 0 to make the new
graph symmetric with respect to the y-axis Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 57–58
1 2 1. Yes. For instance: ƒ(x) = 1>x and g(x) = 1>x, or ƒ(x) = 2x and
49. (a) y = g (x - 3) + (b) y = g ax + b - 2 g(x) = x>2, or ƒ(x) = ex and g(x) = ln x.
2 3
3. If ƒ(x) is odd, then g(x) = ƒ(x) - 2 is not odd. Nor is g(x)
(c) y = g (- x) (d) y = - g (x) (e) y = 5g (x) even, unless ƒ(x) = 0 for all x. If ƒ is even, then
(f) y = g (5x) g(x) = ƒ(x) - 2 is also even.
51. y 53. y
5. y
y = −Í1 + x 0x0 + 0y0 = 1 + x
1 2
1
y = 12 + 1
x 2x
−2 −1 1 2 2
x
1 1
−1 −–
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2 −1 −1

55. Period p 57. Period 2 19. (a) Domain: all reals. Range: If a 7 0, then (d, q); if a 6 0,
y y then (- q, d).
y = cos 2x (b) Domain: (c, q), range: all reals
1 y = sin px
1
21. (a) y = 100,000 - 10,000x, 0 … x … 10 (b) After 4.5 years
ln (10>3)
23. After ≈ 15.6439 years. (If the bank only pays interest
0 p p 3p 2p
x x ln 1.08
1 2
2 2 at the end of the year, it will take 16 years.)
25. x = 2, x = 1 27. 1>2
−1 −1

59. y

2
p
y = 2cos ax − b
3
Chapter 2
Section 2.1, pp. 64–66
1
1. (a) 19 (b) 1
5p 4p 11p
x 4 3 23
−
p
6
p
3 6 3 6
3. (a) - p (b) - p 5. 1
−1 7. (a) 4 (b) y = 4x - 9
9. (a) 2 (b) y = 2x - 7
−2
11. (a) 12 (b) y = 12x - 16
13. (a) - 9 (b) y = - 9x - 2
61. (a) a = 1 b = 23 (b) a = 2 23>3 c = 4 23>3
15. Your estimates may not completely agree with these.
b a (a) PQ PQ PQ PQ
63. (a) a = (b) c =
tan B sin A 1 2 3 4
The appropriate units are m > sec.
65. ≈16.98 m 67. (b) 4p 43 46 49 50
69. (a) Domain: - q 6 x 6 q (b) Domain: x 7 0
(b) ≈ 50 m>sec or 180 km > h
71. (a) Domain: - 3 … x … 3 (b) Domain: 0 … x … 4
73. (ƒ ∘ g)(x) = ln (4 - x2) and domain: -2 6 x 6 2;
(g ∘ ƒ)(x) = 4 - (ln x)2 and domain: x 7 0;
A-8 Chapter 2: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

17. (a) y
x - 6.1 - 6.01 - 6.001 - 6.0001
G(x) - .123456 - .124843 - .124984 - .124998
Profit (1000s)

200

100 - 6.00001 - 6.000001

- .124999 - .124999
0 x
2010 11 12 13 14
Year (c) lim G(x) = - 1>8 = - 0.125
x S -6
(b) ≈ +56,000/year 71. (a) ƒ(x) = (x2 - 1)>( 0 x 0 - 1)
(c) ≈ +42,000/year
19. (a) 0.414213, 0.449489, 1 21 + h - 1 2 >h (b) g(x) = 1x x - 1.1 - 1.01 - 1.001 - 1.0001 - 1.00001 - 1.000001
ƒ(x) 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001 2.00001 2.000001
1 + h 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
1.04880 1.004987 1.0004998 1.0000499 x - .9 - .99 - .999 - .9999 - .99999 –.999999
21 + h
ƒ(x) 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 1.99999 1.999999
1 21 + h - 1 2 >h 0.4880 0.4987 0.4998 0.499
(c) lim ƒ(x) = 2
x S -1
1.00001 1.000001 73. (a) g(u) = (sin u)>u
1.000005 1.0000005 u .1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001 .000001
0.5 0.5 g(u) .998334 .999983 .999999 .999999 .999999 .999999
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.5
u - .1 - .01 - .001 - .0001 - .00001 - .000001
21. (a) 15 mph, 3.3 mph, 10 mph (b) 10 mph, 0 mph, 4 mph
(c) 20 mph when t = 3.5 hr g(u) .998334 .999983 .999999 .999999 .999999 .999999
lim g(u) = 1
Section 2.2, pp. 74–77 uS0
1. (a) Does not exist. As x approaches 1 from the right, g(x) 75. (a) ƒ(x) = x1>(1 - x)
approaches 0. As x approaches 1 from the left, g(x) x .9 .99 .999 .9999 .99999 .999999
approaches 1. There is no single number L that all the values ƒ(x) .348678 .366032 .367695 .367861 .367877 .367879
g(x) get arbitrarily close to as x S 1.
(b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 1 > 2 x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001 1.000001
3. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False ƒ(x) .385543 .369711 .368063 .367897 .367881 .367878
(e) False (f ) True (g) True
lim ƒ(x) ≈ 0.36788
5. As x approaches 0 from the left, x> 0 x 0 approaches -1. As x xS1
approaches 0 from the right, x> 0 x 0 approaches 1. There is no 77. c = 0, 1, -1; the limit is 0 at c = 0, and 1 at c = 1, -1.
single number L that the function values all get arbitrarily close 79. 7 81. (a) 5 (b) 5
to as x S 0. 83. (a) 0 (b) 0
7. Nothing can be said. 9. No; no; no 11. -4 13. -8 Section 2.3, pp. 83–86
15. 3 17. - 25>2 19. 16 21. 3 > 2 23. 1 > 10 1. d = 2 ( ( x
25. - 7 27. 3 > 2 29. - 1>2 31. - 1 33. 4 > 3 1 5 7
35. 1 > 6 37. 4 39. 1 > 2 41. 3 > 2 43. - 1 45. 1 3. d = 1>2 ( ( x
47. 1>3 49. 24 - p −7$2 −3 −1$2

51. (a) Quotient Rule (b) Difference and Power Rules 5. d = 1>18 ( ( x
(c) Sum and Constant Multiple Rules 4$9 1$2 4$7

53. (a) - 10 (b) -20 (c) -1 (d) 5 > 7 7. d = 0.1 9. d = 7>16 11. d = 25 - 2
55. (a) 4 (b) - 21 (c) - 12 (d) - 7>3 13. d = 0.36 15. (3.99, 4.01), d = 0.01
57. 2 59. 3 61. 1> 1 2 27 2 63. 25 17. (-0.19, 0.21), d = 0.19 19. (3, 15), d = 5
65. (a) The limit is 1. 21. (10>3, 5), d = 2>3
67. (a) ƒ(x) = (x2 - 9)>(x + 3) 23. 1 - 24.5, - 23.5 2, d = 24.5 - 2 ≈ 0.12
x - 3.1 - 3.01 - 3.001 - 3.0001 - 3.00001 - 3.000001 25. 1 215, 217 2, d = 217 - 4 ≈ 0.12
ƒ(x) - 6.1 - 6.01 - 6.001 - 6.0001 - 6.00001 - 6.000001 0.03 0.03 0.03
27. a2 - m , 2 + m b, d = m
x - 2.9 - 2.99 - 2.999 - 2.9999 - 2.99999 - 2.999999
ƒ(x) - 5.9 - 5.99 - 5.999 - 5.9999 - 5.99999 - 5.999999 1 c c 1 c
29. a - , + b, d = m 31. L = -3, d = 0.01
2 m m 2
(c) lim ƒ(x) = - 6
x S -3 33. L = 4, d = 0.05 35. L = 4, d = 0.75
69. (a) G(x) = (x + 6)>(x2 + 4x - 12) 55. 33.384, 3.3874 . To be safe, the left endpoint was rounded up
x - 5.9 - 5.99 - 5.999 - 5.9999 and the right endpoint rounded down.
59. The limit does not exist as x approaches 3.
G(x) - .126582 - .1251564 - .1250156 - .1250015
- 5.99999 - 5.999999
- .1250001 - .1250000
 Chapter 2: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-9

Section 2.4, pp. 91–93 57. (a) - q (b) 1 > 4 (c) 1 > 4 (d) 1 > 4 (e) It will be - q.
1. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) True 59. (a) - q (b) q 61. (a) q (b) q (c) q (d) q
(e) True (f ) True (g) False (h) False 63. 65.
(i) False ( j) False (k) True ( l ) False y y
3. (a) 2, 1 (b) No, lim+ ƒ(x) ≠ lim- ƒ(x)
xS2 xS2 10 1
10
y=
(c) 3, 3 (d) Yes, 3 x−1 y= 1
2x + 4
5. (a) No (b) Yes, 0 (c) No 5 5
x = −2
7. (a) y (b) 1, 1 (c) Yes, 1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x 3, x ≠ 1
1 y= x=1
0, x=1 −5 −5
x
−1 1 −10
−10
−1
67. 69. Here is one possibility.
y y

9. (a) D : 0 … x … 2, R : 0 6 y … 1 and y = 2 3 (1, 2)

x = −2
(b) (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2) (c) x = 2 (d) x = 0 1.5 y = x+3 (0, 0)
2
x+2 1
y=1 x
y
−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4
x (−1, −2) −2
2 −3 −2 0
Í1 – x 2 , 0 ≤ x < 1 −3
y = 1, y= 1
1≤x<2 x+2
1 2, x=2

x
0 1 2 71. Here is one possibility. 73. Here is one possibility.
y y
11. 23 13. 1 15. 2> 25 17. (a) 1 (b) - 1
y = f (x)
19. (a) 1 (b) 2 > 3 21. 1 23. 3 > 4 25. 2 27. 1 > 2 5
29. 2 31. 0 33. 1 35. 1 > 2 37. 0 39. 3 > 8 4 f (x) =
1
−1 1 x (x − 2)2
41. 3 47. d = P2, lim+ 2x - 5 = 0 0 3
xS5
51. (a) 400 (b) 399 (c) The limit does not exist. 2

1
Section 2.5, pp. 102–104
1. No; discontinuous at x = 2; not defined at x = 2 0 1 2 3 4 5
x

3. Continuous 5. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes

7. (a) No (b) No 9. 0 11. 1, nonremovable; 0, removable
13. All x except x = 2 15. All x except x = 3, x = 1 75. Here is one possibility. 79. At most one
17. All x 19. All x except x = 0 y
x
21. All x except np>2, n any integer h(x) =
0x0
, x≠0
1
23. All x except np>2, n an odd integer
25. All x Ú - 3>2 27. All x 29. All x x
31. 0; continuous at x = p 33. 1; continuous at y = 1 0

35. 22>2; continuous at t = 0 37. 1; continuous at x = 0 −1

39. g(3) = 6 41. ƒ(1) = 3>2 43. a = 4>3 45. a = -2, 3
47. a = 5>2, b = - 1>2 71. x ≈ 1.8794, - 1.5321, - 0.3473 81. 0 83. -3>4 85. 5>2
73. x ≈ 1.7549 75. x ≈ 3.5156 77. x ≈ 0.7391 93. (a) For every positive real number B there exists a corresponding
Section 2.6, pp. 115–117 number d 7 0 such that for all x
1. (a) 0 (b) -2 (c) 2 (d) Does not exist (e) - 1 c - d 6 x 6 c 1 ƒ(x) 7 B.
(f ) q (g) Does not exist (h) 1 (i) 0
3. (a) -3 (b) - 3 5. (a) 1 > 2 (b) 1 > 2 7. (a) -5>3 (b) For every negative real number -B there exists a correspond-
(b) - 5>3 9. 0 11. - 1 13. (a) 2 > 5 (b) 2 > 5 ing number d 7 0 such that for all x
15. (a) 0 (b) 0 17. (a) 7 (b) 7 19. (a) 0 (b) 0 c 6 x 6 c + d 1 ƒ(x) 6 - B.
21. (a) q (b) q 23. 2 25. q 27. 0
29. 1 31. q 33. 1 35. 1>2 37. q 39. - q (c) For every negative real number -B there exists a correspond-
41. - q 43. q 45. (a) q (b) - q 47. q ing number d 7 0 such that for all x
49. q 51. - q 53. (a) q (b) - q (c) - q (d) q
c - d 6 x 6 c 1 ƒ(x) 6 - B.
55. (a) - q (b) q (c) 0 (d) 3 > 2
A-10 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

99. 101. 1 1
9. (a) Does not exist (b) 0 11. 13. 2x 15. -
y y 2 4
17. 2>3 19. 2>p 21. 1 23. 4 25. - q
6 6 y=x+1
(2, 4) 27. 0 29. 2 31. 0
5 5
4
35. No in both cases, because lim ƒ(x) does not exist, and lim ƒ(x)
2 3 4 xS1 x S -1
y = x −4= x + 1 − does not exist.
3 x−1 x−1
2 y=
x2
=x+1+
1 2 37. Yes, ƒ does have a continuous extension, to a = 1 with
x−1 x−1
y=x+1 1 ƒ(1) = 4>3.
−3 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
−3 0 1 3 4 5
x 39. No 41. 2>5 43. 0 45. - q 47. 0 49. 1
51. 1 53. - p>2 55. (a) x = 3 (b) x = 1 (c) x = - 4
−2 −2

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 120–122

103. 105. 3. 0; the left-hand limit was needed because the function is unde-
y y
fined for y 7 c. 5. 65 6 t 6 75; within 5°F
x = −2 13. (a) B (b) A (c) A (d) A
y=x 2 21. (a) lim r+ (a) = 0.5, lim + r+ (a) = 1
y=
x aS0 a S -1
y = − 1x 2
1 y = x −1 Í4 − x 2 1 (b) lim r-(a) does not exist, lim + r-(a) = 1
x aS0 a S -1

−1 1
x
−2 −1 1 2
x
25. 0 27. 1 29. 4 31. y = 2x 33. y = x, y = -x
−1 −1

−2
x=2
Chapter 3
107. Section 3.1, pp. 126–127
y 1. P1: m1 = 1, P2: m2 = 5 3. P1: m1 = 5>2, P2: m2 = - 1>2
3
5. y = 2x + 5 7. y = x + 1
y
2 y
y = x 2/3 + 1
1 x 1/3 5
y=x+1
x y = 2x + 5
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 4
y = 2Íx
−2 (−1, 3) 3 y = 4 − x2 3

−3
2 2 (1, 2)
109. At q: q, at - q: 0
1
1

x
Practice Exercises, pp. 118–120 0
x
0 1 2 3 4
−3 −2 −1 1 2
1. At x = - 1: lim - ƒ(x) = lim + ƒ(x) = 1, so
x S -1 x S -1 9. y = 12x + 16
lim ƒ(x) = 1 = ƒ(- 1); continuous at x = - 1 y
x S -1
y = 12x + 16 y = x3
At x = 0: lim ƒ(x) = lim+ ƒ(x) = 0, so lim ƒ(x) = 0.
x S 0- xS0 xS0
However, ƒ(0) ≠ 0, so ƒ is discontinuous at x
−2
x = 0. The discontinuity can be removed by
redefining ƒ(0) to be 0.
At x = 1: lim- ƒ(x) = -1 and lim+ ƒ(x) = 1, so lim ƒ(x)
xS1 xS1 xS1
does not exist. The function is discontinuous at
x = 1, and the discontinuity is not removable. (−2, −8) −8
y
y = f(x)
1 11. m = 4, y - 5 = 4(x - 2)
13. m = - 2, y - 3 = - 2(x - 3)
x 15. m = 12, y - 8 = 12(t - 2)
−1 0 1
1 1
17. m = , y - 2 = (x - 4)
4 4
−1
19. m = - 1 21. m = - 1>4
3. (a) - 21 (b) 49 (c) 0 (d) 1 (e) 1 (f ) 7 23. (a) It is the rate of change of the number of cells when t = 5.
1 The units are the number of cells per hour.
(g) -7 (h) - 5. 4 (b) P′(3) because the slope of the curve is greater there.
7
7. (a) (- q, + q) (b) 30, q) (c) (- q, 0) and (0, q) (c) 51.72 ≈ 52 cells>h
(d) (0, q) 25. (-2,- 5) 27. y = -(x + 1), y = -(x - 3)
 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-11

29. 19.6 m > sec 31. 6p 35. Yes 37. Yes dy d 2y

39. (a) Nowhere 41. (a) At x = 0 43. (a) Nowhere 5. = 4x2 - 1 + 2ex, 2 = 8x + 2ex
dx dx
45. (a) At x = 1 47. (a) At x = 0 dw 6 1 d 2w 18 2
7. = - 3 + 2, 2 = 4 - 3
Section 3.2, pp. 133–136 dz z z dz z z
2 1 2 dy d 2y
1. -2x, 6, 0, - 2 3. - 3 , 2, - , - 9. = 12x - 10 + 10x-3, 2 = 12 - 30x-4
t 4 3 23 dx dx
3 3 1 3 1 dr -2 5 d 2r 2 5
5. , , , 7. 6x2 9. 11. = 3 + 2, 2 = 4 - 3
2 23u 2 23 2 2 22 (2t + 1)2 ds 3s 2s ds s s
3 1>2 9 13. y′ = - 5x4 + 12x2 - 2x - 3
11. q 13. 1 - 2 , 0 15. 3t 2 - 2t, 5 - 19
2 x 1
15. y′ = 3x2 + 10x + 2 - 2 17. y′ =
-4 1 x (3x - 2)2
17. , y - 4 = - (x - 6) 19. 6
(x - 2) 2x - 2 2 x2 + x + 4 dy t 2 - 2t - 1
19. g′(x) = 21. =
-1 -1 (x + 0.5)2 dt (1 + t 2)2
21. 1>8 23. 25. 27. (b) 29. (d)
(x + 2)2 (x - 1)2 1 1
23. ƒ′(s) = 25. y′ = - 2 + 2x-3>2
31. (a) x = 0, 1, 4 33. y′ 2s( 2s + 1)2 x
(b) y′ - 4x3 - 3x2 + 1
2 27. y′ = 2 29. y′ = - 2e-x + 3e3x
4
1 (x - 1)2(x2 + x + 1)2
f ′ on (−4, 6)
3 x 9
2
0 6 7 8 9 10 11 31. y′ = 3x2ex + x3ex 33. y′ = x5>4 - 2e-2x
1
−1 4
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
x −2 ds 2 dr ses - es
2 4 6 8
−3 35. = 3t 1>2
37. y′ = 5>7 - exe - 1 39. =
dt 7x ds s2
−4
3 2 (4)
−5
41. y′ = 2x - 3x - 1, y″ = 6x - 3, y‴ = 12x, y = 12,
y(n) = 0 for n Ú 5
35. (a) i) 1.5 °F>hr ii) 2.9 °F>hr 43. y′ = 3x2 + 8x + 1, y″ = 6x + 8, y‴ = 6, y(n) = 0 for n Ú 4
iii) 0 °F>hr iv) - 3.7 °F>hr 45. y′ = 2x - 7x-2, y″ = 2 + 14x-3
(b) 7.3 °F>hr at 12 p.m., - 11 °F>hr at 6 p.m. dr d 2r dw d 2w
47. = 3u -4, 2 = -12u -5 49. = -z-2 - 1, 2 = 2z-3
(c) Slope du du dz dz
dT
9 y = –– dw 2z d 2w 2z 2
dt 51. = 6ze (1 + z), 2 = 6e (1 + 4z + 2z )
(ºF/hr) 6 dz dz
3
t (hrs)
53. (a) 13 (b) - 7 (c) 7>25 (d) 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
−3 x 5
55. (a) y = - + (b) m = -4 at (0, 1)
−6 8 4
−9
(c) y = 8x - 15, y = 8x + 17
−12
57. y = 4x, y = 2 59. a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
f(0 + h) - f(0) 61. (2, 4) 63. (0, 0), (4, 2) 65. (a) y = 2x + 2 (c) (2, 6)
37. Since lim+ = 1 67. 50 69. a = - 3
hS0 h
ƒ(0 + h) - ƒ(0) 71. P′(x) = nan xn - 1 + (n - 1)an - 1xn - 2 + g + 2a2 x + a1
while lim- = 0, 73. The Product Rule is then the Constant Multiple Rule, so the
hS0 h
ƒ(0 + h) - ƒ(0) latter is a special case of the Product Rule.
ƒ′(0) = lim does not exist and ƒ(x) is not d
hS0 h 75. (a) (uyw) = uyw′ + uy′w + u′yw
differentiable at x = 0. dx
f(1 + h) - f(1) d
39. Since lim+ = 2 while (b) (u u u u ) = u1 u2 u3 u4′ + u1 u2 u3′u4 + u1 u2′u3 u4 +
hS0 h dx 1 2 3 4
ƒ(1 + h) - ƒ(1) ƒ(1 + h) - ƒ(1) u1′u2 u3 u4
1
lim = , ƒ′(1) = lim d
h 2 h
dx 1 g n
h S 0- hS0 (c) (u u ) = u1 u2 gun - 1un′ + u1 u2 gun - 2un - 1′un +
does not exist and ƒ(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
41. Since ƒ(x) is not continuous at x = 0, ƒ(x) is not differentiable at g + u 1 2 gun
′u
x = 0. dP nRT 2an2
77. = - +
43. (a) - 3 … x … 2 (b) None (c) None dV (V - nb)2 V3
45. (a) - 3 … x 6 0, 0 6 x … 3 (b) None (c) x = 0
47. (a) - 1 … x 6 0, 0 6 x … 2 (b) x = 0 (c) None Section 3.4, pp. 153–156
1. (a) -2 m, - 1 m > sec
Section 3.3, pp. 144–146 (b) 3 m > sec, 1 m > sec; 2 m>sec2, 2 m>sec2
dy d 2y (c) Changes direction at t = 3>2 sec
1. = -2x, 2 = - 2 3. (a) - 9 m, -3 m>sec
dx dx
ds d 2s (b) 3 m > sec, 12 m > sec; 6 m>sec2, -12 m>sec2
3. = 15t - 15t 4, 2 = 30t - 60t 3
2
(c) No change in direction
dt dt
A-12 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

5. (a) - 20 m, - 5 m>sec (a) y = 0 when t = 6.25 sec

(b) 45 m > sec, (1>5) m > sec; 140 m>sec2, (4>25) m>sec2 (b) y 7 0 when 0 … t 6 6.25 1 the object moves up; y 6 0
(c) No change in direction when 6.25 6 t … 12.5 1 the object moves down.
7. (a) a(1) = - 6 m>sec2, a(3) = 6 m>sec2 (c) The object changes direction at t = 6.25 sec.
(b) y(2) = 3 m>sec (c) 6 m (d) The object speeds up on (6.25, 12.54 and slows down on
9. Mars: ≈ 7.5 sec, Jupiter: ≈ 1.2 sec 30, 6.25).
11. gs = 0.75 m>sec2 (e) The object is moving fastest at the endpoints t = 0 and
13. (a) y = - 32t, 0 y 0 = 32t ft>sec, a = - 32 ft>sec2 t = 12.5 when it is traveling 200 ft > sec. It’s moving slowest
(b) t ≈ 3.3 sec at t = 6.25 when the speed is 0.
(c) y ≈ - 107.0 ft>sec (f ) When t = 6.25 the object is s = 625 m from the origin and
15. (a) t = 2, t = 7 (b) 3 … t … 6 farthest away.
(c) (d) 35. s

0 y 0 (m$sec) a
dy
4 a = –– 10 d2s = 6t − 12 ds = 3t 2 − 12t + 7
dt
Speed 3 dt2 dt
3 2 5
1
t t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4
t (sec) −1
0 2 4 6 8 10 −2
−5
−3
−4
−10 s = t 3 − 6t 2 + 7t
17. (a) 190 ft > sec (b) 2 sec (c) 8 sec, 0 ft > sec
(d) 10.8 sec, 90 ft > sec (e) 2.8 sec
(f ) Greatest acceleration happens 2 sec after launch 6 { 215
(g) Constant acceleration between 2 and 10.8 sec, - 32 ft>sec2 (a) y = 0 when t = sec
3
4 6 - 215 6 + 215
19. (a) sec, 280 cm > sec (b) 560 cm > sec, 980 cm>sec2 (b) y 6 0 when 6 t 6 1 the
7 3 3
(c) 29.75 flashes > sec
6 - 215
21. C = position, A = velocity, B = acceleration object moves left; y 7 0 when 0 … t 6 or
3
23. (a) $110 > machine (b) $80 (c) $79.90
6 + 215
25. (a) b′(0) = 104 bacteria>h (b) b′(5) = 0 bacteria>h 6 t … 4 1 the object moves right.
3
(c) b′(10) = - 104 bacteria>h
6 { 215
dy t (c) The object changes direction at t = sec.
27. (a) = - 1 3
dt 12 6 - 215 6 + 215
dy (d) The object speeds up on a , 2b ∪ a , 4d
(b) The largest value of is 0 m>h when t = 12 and the small- 3 3
dt
dy 6 - 215 6 + 215
est value of is - 1 m>h when t = 0. and slows down on c 0, b ∪ a2, b.
dt 3 3
y
(c) (e) The object is moving fastest at t = 0 and t = 4 when it is
6 6 { 215
moving 7 units > sec and slowest at t = sec.
5 3
4
6 + 215
3
y = 6 a1 − t b 2
(f ) When t = the object is at position s ≈ -6.303
12 3
2
units and farthest from the origin.
1

12
t Section 3.5, pp. 160–162
−1
dy t
= −1
1. - 10 - 3 sin x 3. 2x cos x - x2 sin x
dt 12
2 7
29. 4.88 ft, 8.66 ft, additional ft to stop car for 1 mph speed increase 5. -csc x cot x - - x 7. sin x sec2 x + sin x
2x e
6250 - csc2 x
31. t = 25 sec, D = m 9. ( e-x sec x ) (1 - x + x tan x) 11.
9 (1 + cot x)2
33. s 13. 4 tan x sec x - csc2 x 15. 0
17. 3x2 sin x cos x + x3 cos2 x - x3 sin2 x
600 s = 200t − 16t2
-2 csc t cot t
19. sec2 t + e-t 21. 23. - u (u cos u + 2 sin u)
400
(1 - csc t)2
200
ds = 200 − 32t
dt
25. sec u csc u (tan u - cot u) = sec2 u - csc2 u 27. sec2 q
t q3 cos q - q2 sin q - q cos q - sin q
12 29. sec2 q 31.
d2s = −32
(q2 - 1)2
−200
dt2
 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-13

33. (a) 2 csc3 x - csc x (b) 2 sec3 x - sec x dy dy du

15. With u = tan x, y = sec u : = =
35. y dx du dx
(sec u tan u)(sec2 x) = sec (tan x) tan (tan x) sec2 x
y=x dy dy du
y = −x − p 17. With u = tan x, y = u3 : = = 3u2 sec2 x =
1 y = sin x dx du dx
−3p/2 −p −p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p
x 3 tan2 x (sec2 x)
−1
y = −1 (3p$2, −1) dy
19. y = eu, u = -5x, = - 5e-5x
dx
37. y
y = sec x dy
21. y = eu, u = 5 - 7x, = -7e(5 - 7x)
dx
1 4 csc u
(−p$3, 2) 23. - 25. p (cos 3t - sin 5t) 27.
2 2 23 - t cot u + csc u

ap$4, Í2b
29. 2x sin4 x + 4x2 sin3 x cos x + cos-2 x + 2x cos-3 x sin x
(4x + 3)3(4x + 7)
Í2
1
1 31. (3x - 2)5 - 33.
2Í3p 1 2 (x + 1)4
y = −2Í3x − +2 y = Í2 x − 4 + Í2 x3 a4 - 2 b
Í2p
3
2x
x
−p$2 −p$3 0 p$4 p$2 3 5
35. (1 - x)e-x + 3x2ex 37. a x2 - 3x + 3b e5x>2
2
39. Yes, at x = p 41. No
x sec x tan x + sec x
p p 39. 2x sec2 1 2 2x 2 + tan 1 2 2x 2 41.
43. a- , - 1b; a , 1b 2 27 + x sec x
4 4 2 sin u
43. 45. - 2 sin (u 2) sin 2u + 2u cos (2u) cos (u 2)
(1 + cos u)2
y
t + 2 t
y = tan x
49. 2ue-u sin 1 e-u 2
2 2
47. a b cos a b
2(t + 1)3>2 2t + 1
1
(p$4, 1) 8 sin (2t)
51. 2p sin (pt - 2) cos (pt - 2) 53.
y = 2x − p + 1 (1 + cos 2t)5
2
x 55. 10t 10 tan9 t sec2 t + 10t 9 tan10 t
−p$2 −p$4 p$4 p$2

= - 2p sin (pt - 1) # cos (pt - 1) # ecos (pt - 1)

dy 2
y = 2x + p − 1 57.
2 dt
−1
- 3t 6 ( t 2 + 4 )
59. 61. -2 cos (cos (2t - 5)) (sin (2t - 5))
(−p$4, −1)
( t3 - 4t ) 4
45. (a) y = - x + p>2 + 2 (b) y = 4 - 23 t 2
t t
47. 0 49. 13>2 51. -1 53. 0 63. a1 + tan4 a b b atan3 a bsec2 a b b
12 12 12
55. - 22 m>sec, 22 m>sec, 22 m>sec2, 22 m>sec3 t sin (t 2)
57. c = 9 59. sin x 65. - 67. 6 tan (sin3 t) sec2 (sin3 t) sin2 t cos t
61. (a) i) 10 cm ii) 5 cm iii) -5 22 ≈ -7.1 cm 21 + cos (t 2)
6 1 2
(b) i) 0 cm > sec ii) - 5 23 ≈ -8.7 cm>sec 69. 3(2t 2 - 5)3 (18t 2 - 5) 71. a1 + x b a1 + x b
x3
iii) -5 22 ≈ - 7.1 cm>sec
73. 2 csc2 (3x - 1) cot (3x - 1) 75. 16(2x + 1)2 (5x + 1)
Section 3.6, pp. 168–171 77. 2(2x2 + 1) ex 79. 5>2
2
81. - p>4 83. 0 85. - 5
cos x 87. (a) 2>3 (b) 2p + 5 (c) 15 - 8p (d) 37>6 (e) - 1
1. 12x3 3. 3 cos (3x + 1) 5.
2 2sin x (f ) 22>24 (g) 5>32 (h) -5> 1 3 217 2 89. 5
7. 2px sec2 (px2) 91. (a) 1 (b) 1 93. y = 1 - 4x
95. (a) y = px + 2 - p (b) p>2
= 5u4 # 2 =
dy dy du
9. With u = (2x + 1), y = u5 : = 97. It multiplies the velocity, acceleration, and jerk by 2, 4, and 8,
dx du dx
10(2x + 1)4 respectively.
dy dy du 2 4
11. With u = (1 - (x>7)), y = u-7 : = = 99. y(6) = m>sec, a(6) = - m>sec2
dx du dx 5 125
x -8
- 7u-8 # a- b = a1 - b
1
Section 3.7, pp. 175–176
7 7
dy dy du - 2xy - y2 1 - 2y
2
13. With u = ((x >8) + x - (1>x)), y = u : = = 4 1. 3.
dx du dx x2 + 2xy 2x + 2y - 1

4u3 # a + 1 + 2 b = 4a + x - x b a + 1 + 2 b
2 3
x 1 x 1 x 1 - 2x3 + 3x2y - xy2 + x 1
4 8 4 5. 7. 9. cos y cot y
x x x 2y - x 3 + y y (x + 1)2
A-14 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

- cos2 (xy) - y - y2 5. (b) y

11. x 13. 2
1 1 y = x3
y sina y b - cos a y b + xy
1
y = x 1$3
2e2x - cos (x + 3y) 2r -r
15. 17. - 19.
3 cos (x + 3y) 2u u −2 −1 1 2
x

x - y2 - x2
21. y′ = - y , y″ = −1
y3
2 2
dy xex2 + 1 d 2y (2x2y2 + y2 - 2x)ex - x2e2x - 1 −2
23. = y , 2 =
dx dx y3 (c) Slope of ƒ at (1, 1): 3; slope of g at (1, 1): 1 > 3; slope of ƒ at
2y 1 (-1, -1): 3; slope of g at (-1, -1): 1 > 3
25. y′ = , y″ = (d) y = 0 is tangent to y = x3 at x = 0; x = 0 is tangent to
21 2y + 1 2
3
2y + 1 3
y = 2 x at x = 0.
27. -2 29. (-2, 1) : m = - 1, (- 2, - 1) : m = 1 1
7 1 4 29 7. 1>9 9. 3 11. x + 1 13. 2 > t 15. -1>x
31. (a) y = x - (b) y = - x + 1
4 2 7 7 17. - eu 19. 3 > x 21. 2 (ln t) + (ln t)2
1 8 u + 1
33. (a) y = 3x + 6 (b) y = - x + 1 - ln t 1 1
3 3 23. x3 ln x 25. 27. 29.
6 6 7 7 t2 x(1 + ln x)2 x ln x
35. (a) y = x + (b) y = - x -
7 7 6 6 3x + 2 2
p 2 2 p 31. 2 cos (ln u) 33. - 35.
37. (a) y = - x + p (b) y = p x - p + 2x(x + 1) t (1 - ln t)2
2 2 tan (ln u)
x 1 10x 1
39. (a) y = 2px - 2p (b) y = - + 37. 39. 2 +
2p 2p u x + 1 2(1 - x)
1 1 1 2x + 1
41. Points: 1 - 27, 0 2 and 1 27, 0 2, Slope: -2 41. a b 2x(x + 1) a x +
2 x + 1
b =
2 2x(x + 1)
23 23 23 1
43. m = -1 at a , b, m = 23 at a , b 1 t 1 1 1
4 2 4 2 43. a b a - b =
2 At + 1 t t + 1 2 2t (t + 1)3>2
27 27 27
45. (- 3, 2) : m = - ; (- 3, - 2) : m = ; (3, 2) : m = ;
8 8 8 1
27 45. 2u + 3(sin u) a + cot ub
(3, -2) : m = - 2(u + 3)
8
47. (3, -1) 1 1 1
47. t(t + 1)(t + 2) c t + + d = 3t 2 + 6t + 2
t + 1 t + 2
3 2 2
dy y + 2xy dx x + 3xy dx 1
53. = - 2 , = - 3 , = u + 5 1 1
dx x + 3xy2 dy y + 2xy dy dy>dx 49. c - + tan u d
u cos u u + 5 u

Section 3.8, pp. 185–186 x 2x2 + 1 1 x 2

51. c + 2 - d
(x + 1)2>3 x x + 1 3(x + 1)
x 3 x 5
1. (a) ƒ -1(x) = - 3. (a) ƒ -1(x) = - +
2 2 4 4 1 3 x(x - 2) 1 1 2x
(b) (b) 53. a + - b 55. - 2 tan u
3 B x2 + 1 x x - 2 x2 + 1
y y
1 - t
3
y = f (x) = 2x + 3 57. t 59. 1>(1 + eu) 61. ecos t(1 - t sin t)
5
y = f (x) = −4x + 5
y=f
–1 x 3
(x) = − yey cos x dy y2 - xy ln y
2 2 63. 65. = 67. 2x ln x
5
x 5
1 - yey sin x dx x2 - xy ln x
x 4 –1
y=f (x) = − +
−3$2 0 3 4 4 ln 5 2s 1 3
x 69. a b5 71. px(p - 1) 73. 75.
−3$2
0 5 5 2 2s u ln 2 x ln 4
4
2(ln r) -2
77. 79.
r(ln 2)(ln 4) (x + 1)(x - 1)
(c) 2, 1 > 2 (c) -4, - 1>4 1 1
81. sin (log7 u) + cos (log7 u) 83.
ln 7 ln 5
1 1 x
85. t (log2 3)3log2 t 87. t 89. (x + 1)x a + ln(x + 1)b
x + 1

91. 1 2t 2t a ln2 t +
1
2
b 93. (sin x)x(ln sin x + x cot x)

ln x2
95. (xln x) a x b
 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-15

Section 3.9, pp. 192–193 -1

29. (a) m>min (b) r = 226y - y2 m
1. (a) p>4 (b) - p>3 (c) p>6 24p
3. (a) - p>6 (b) p>4 (c) - p>3 dr 5
(c) = - m>min
5. (a) p>3 (b) 3p>4 (c) p>6 dt 288p
7. (a) 3p>4 (b) p>6 (c) 2p>3 31. 2
1 ft > min, 40p ft >min 33. 11 ft > sec
9. 1> 22 11. - 1> 23 13. p>2 15. p>2 17. p>2 35. Increasing at 466>1681 L>min2
37. - 5 m>sec 39. - 1500 ft>sec
- 2x 22
19. 0 21. 23. 5 10 2
21 - x4 21 - 2t 2 41. in.>min, in >min
72p 3
1 - 2x
25. 27. 43. (a) - 32> 213 ≈ - 8.875 ft>sec
+ 2s + 1 + 2s2 + s (x2 + 1) 2x4 + 2x2
(b) du1 >dt = 8>65 rad>sec, du2 >dt = -8>65 rad>sec
-1 -1 1
29. 31. 33. (c) du1 >dt = 1>6 rad>sec, du2 >dt = -1>6 rad>sec
21 - t 2 2 2t (1 + t) (tan-1 x)(1 + x2)
45. - 5.5 deg>min
- et -1 - 2s2
35. = 37. 39. 0
+ et + 2(et)2 - 1 2e2t - 1 21 - s2 Section 3.11, pp. 211–214
41. sin-1 x 1. L(x) = 10x - 13 3. L(x) = 2 5. L(x) = x - p
47. (a) Defined; there is an angle whose tangent is 2. 1 4
7. 2x 9. -x - 5 11. x + 13. 1 - x
(b) Not defined; there is no angle whose cosine is 2. 12 3
k-1
49. (a) Not defined; no angle has secant 0. 15. ƒ(0) = 1. Also, ƒ′(x) = k (1 + x) , so ƒ′(0) = k. This means
(b) Not defined; no angle has sine 22. the linearization at x = 0 is L(x) = 1 + kx.
59. (a) Domain: all real numbers except those having the form 17. (a) 1.01 (b) 1.003
p 3 2 - 2x2
+ kp where k is an integer; range: - p>2 6 y 6 p>2 19. a3x2 - b dx 21. dx
2
(b) Domain: - q 6 x 6 q; range: - q 6 y 6 q 2 2x ( 1 + x2 ) 2
61. (a) Domain: - q 6 x 6 q; range: 0 … y … p 1 - y 5
23. dx 25. cos 1 5 2x 2 dx
(b) Domain: - 1 … x … 1; range: - 1 … y … 1 3 2y + x 2 2x
63. The graphs are identical. x3
27. (4x2) sec2 a b dx
Section 3.10, pp. 198–202 3
dA dr 3
1. = 2pr 3. 10 5. -6 7. - 3>2 29. 1 csc 1 1 - 2 2x 2 cot 1 1 - 2 2x 22 dx
dt dt 2x
# e2x dx
2

9. 31>13 11. (a) - 180 m2 >min (b) - 135 m3 >min 1 2x 2xex

31. 33. dx 35. 2 dx

dV dV 2 2x 1 + x2 1 + e2x
dh dr
13. (a) = pr 2 (b) = 2phr -1
dt dt dt dt 37. dx
dV dh dr 2e-2x - 1
(c) = pr 2 + 2phr
dt dt dt 39. (a) 0.41 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.01
1 41. (a) 0.231 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.031
15. (a) 1 volt > sec (b) - amp > sec
3 43. (a) -1>3 (b) -2>5 (c) 1>15
dR 1 dV V dI 45. dV = 4pr 02 dr 47. dS = 12x0 dx 49. dV = 2pr0 h dr
(c) = a - b
dt I dt I dt 51. (a) 0.08p m2 (b) 2% 53. dV ≈ 565.5 in3
(d) 3>2 ohms > sec, R is increasing. 1
55. (a) 2% (b) 4% 57. , 59. 3%
ds x dx 3
17. (a) = 61. The ratio equals 37.87, so a change in the acceleration of gravity
dt 2x2 + y2 dt on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the
ds x dx y dy dx y dy same magnitude has on Earth.
(b) = + (c) = -x
dt 2x2 + y2 dt 2x2 + y2 dt dt dt 63. Increase V ≈ 40%
dA 1 du ƒ″(a)
19. (a) = ab cos u 65. (a) i) b0 = ƒ(a) ii) b1 = ƒ′(a) iii) b2 =
dt 2 dt 2
dA 1 du 1 da (b) Q(x) = 1 + x + x2 (d) Q(x) = 1 - (x - 1) + (x - 1)2
(b) = ab cos u + b sin u
dt 2 dt 2 dt x x2
dA 1 du 1 da 1 db (e) Q(x) = 1 + -
(c) = ab cos u + b sin u + a sin u 2 8
dt 2 dt 2 dt 2 dt (f ) The linearization of any differentiable function u(x) at x = a
21. (a) 14 cm2 >sec, increasing (b) 0 cm > sec, constant is L(x) = u(a) + u′(a)(x - a) = b0 + b1(x - a), where b0
(c) - 14>13 cm>sec, decreasing and b1 are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms
23. (a) - 12 ft>sec (b) - 59.5 ft2 >sec (c) - 1 rad>sec of the quadratic approximation. Thus, the linearization for
25. 20 ft > sec ƒ(x) at x = 0 is 1 + x; the linearization for g(x) at x = 1
dh dr is 1 - (x - 1) or 2 - x; and the linearization for h(x) at
27. (a) = 11.19 cm>min (b) = 14.92 cm>min x
dt dt x = 0 is 1 + .
2
A-16 Chapter 3: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

67. (a) L(x) = x ln 2 + 1 ≈ 0.69x + 1 95. (a) y 97. (a)

(b) y x
y 1 y
x, 0≤x≤1
y=2 y=
1.4 2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
3 1
1 y = (ln 2)x + 1
x
2 y=2 x 0.8 −1 0 1 x
y = (ln 2)x + 1 0 1 2
1 0.4 (b) Yes (c) No
−1
x x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
x 2, −1 ≤ x < 0
f(x) =
−x 2, 0 ≤ x < 1
Practice Exercises, pp. 215–219
1. 5x4 - 0.25x + 0.25 3. 3x(x - 2) (b) Yes (c) Yes
5. 2(x + 1)(2x2 + 4x + 1) 5 9 3 1
7. 3(u 2 + sec u + 1)2 (2u + sec u tan u) 99. a , b and a , - b 101. (-1, 27) and (2, 0)
2 4 2 4
1
9. 11. 2 sec2 x tan x 103. (a) (-2, 16), (3, 11) (b) (0, 20), (1, 7)
2 2t1 1 + 2t 22 105. y
13. 8 cos3 (1 - 2t) sin (1 - 2t) 15. 5(sec t) (sec t + tan t)5 y = tan x
u cos u + sin u cos 22u 1
y = −–x +p + 1
17. 19. 2 8
1 (p$4, 1)
22u sin u 22u
2 2 2
21. x csc a x b + csc a x b cot a x b
x
−p$2 −p$4 p$4 p$2
1
23. x1>2 sec (2x)2 3 16 tan (2x)2 - x-2 4
2
−1 1 p
(−p$4, −1) y=−–x− −1
25. - 10x csc2 ( x2 ) 27. 8x3 sin ( 2x2 ) cos ( 2x2 ) + 2x sin2 ( 2x2 ) 2 8

- (t + 1) 1 - x -1
29. 31. 33.
8t 3 (x + 1)3 1 1>2 1
2
2x a1 + x b 107. 109. 4
4
1 9
-2 sin u 5x + cos 2x 111. Tangent: y = - x + , normal: y = 4x - 2
35. 37. 3 22x + 1 39. - 9c d 4 4
(cos u - 1)2 (5x2 + sin 2x)5>2 1 7
113. Tangent: y = 2x - 4, normal: y = - x +
2 sin u cos u 2 2
41. -2e-x>5 43. xe4x 45. = 2 cot u
sin2 u 5 4 11
115. Tangent: y = - x + 6, normal: y = x -
2 4 5 5
47. 49. -8-t(ln 8) 51. 18x2.6 1
(ln 2)x 117. (1, 1): m = - ; (1, - 1): m not defined
2
1
53. (x + 2)x + 2(ln(x + 2) + 1) 55. - 119. B = graph of ƒ, A = graph of ƒ′
21 - u2
121. y
-1 t 1
57. 59. tan-1(t) + - 3 (4, 3) y = f(x)
21 - x2 cos-1 x 1 + t2 2t
2 (6, 1)
1 - z y + 2 (−1, 2)
61. + sec-1 z 63. -1 65. -
2z2 - 1 x + 3 −1 1 4 6
x

- 3x2 - 4y + 2 y 1
67. 69. - x 71. 123. (a) 0, 0 (b) 1700 rabbits, ≈1400 rabbits
4x - 4y1>3 2y (x + 1)2 125. -1 127. 1>2 129. 4 131. 1
-1
2e-tan x dp 6q - 4p 133. To make g continuous at the origin, define g(0) = 1.
73. - 1>2 75. y>x 77. - 79. =
1 + x2 dq 3p2 + 4q 2(x2 + 1) 2x
135. c 2 + tan 2x d
81.
dr
= (2r - 1)(tan 2s) 2cos 2x x + 1
ds (t + 1)(t - 1) 5 1 1 1 1
d 2y - 2xy3 - 2x4 d 2y - 2xy2 - 1 137. 5c d c + - - d
83. (a) = (b) = (t - 2)(t + 3) t + 1 t - 1 t - 2 t + 3
2
dx y 5
dx2 x 4y 3
85. (a) 7 (b) - 2 (c) 5>12 (d) 1>4 (e) 12 (f ) 9>2 1 ln sin u
139. (sin u)2u a + u cot ub
2u 2
(g) 3>4
dS dr dS dh
3 22e23>2 1 -2 141. (a) = (4pr + 2ph) (b) = 2pr
87. 0 89. cos 1 e23>2 2 91. - 93. dt dt dt dt
4 2 (2t + 1)2 dS dr dh
(c) = (4pr + 2ph) + 2pr
dt dt dt
dr r dh
(d) = -
dt 2r + h dt
 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-17

143. - 40 m2 >sec 145. 0.02 ohm > sec 147. 2 m > sec 3 9
17. (a) a = ,b = 19. ƒ odd 1 ƒ′ is even
2 125 4 4
149. (a) r = h (b) - ft>min
5 144p 23. h′ is defined but not continuous at x = 0; k′ is defined and
3 18
151. (a) km>sec or 600 m > sec (b) p rpm continuous at x = 0.
5
27. (a) 0.8156 ft (b) 0.00613 sec
p - 2 (c) It will lose about 8.83 min > day.
153. (a) L(x) = 2x +
2
Chapter 4
y

y = tan x
1 Section 4.1, pp. 228–231
y = 2x + (p − 2)$2 1. Absolute minimum at x = c2; absolute maximum at x = b
3. Absolute maximum at x = c; no absolute minimum
x
−p$4 p$4 5. Absolute minimum at x = a; absolute maximum at x = c
7. No absolute minimum; no absolute maximum
−1 9. Absolute maximum at (0, 5) 11. (c) 13. (d)
(−p$4, −1)
15. Absolute minimum at 17. Absolute maximum at
x = 0; no absolute x = 2; no absolute
maximum minimum
22(4 - p)
(b) L(x) = - 22x + y y
4 f (x) = 0 x 0
y = g(x)
y
2 1

1
x
1 2
x
−1 1 2
Í2 −1

−p$4, Í 2 y = sec x
19. Absolute maximum at x = p>2; absolute minimum at
x = 3p>2
x
−p$2 −p$4 0 p$2 y

y = −Í2x + Í2 Q4 − pR $4
3

prh0 x
155. L(x) = 1.5x + 0.5 157. dS = dh p/2 p 3p/2 2p
2
2r + h02
−3
159. (a) 4% (b) 8% (c) 12%

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 219–222 21. Absolute maximum: - 3; 23. Absolute maximum: 3;
1. (a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u; 2 cos 2u = 2 sin u (- sin u) + absolute minimum: - 19>3 absolute minimum: -1
cos u (2 cos u); 2 cos 2u = - 2 sin2 u + 2 cos2 u; cos 2u = y y
cos2 u - sin2 u (2, 3) Abs
x
(b) cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u; - 2 sin 2u = −2 −1 0 1 2 3
3 max

2 cos u (- sin u) - 2 sin u (cos u); sin 2u = −1 y = x2 − 1

2 −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
cos u sin u + sin u cos u; sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u −2
(3, −3)
−3
1 Abs 1
3. (a) a = 1, b = 0, c = - (b) b = cos a, c = sin a −4 max
2
−5 x
y = 23 x − 5
9 5 25 (−2, −19/3) −1 1 2
5. h = -4, k = ,a = −6 −2 ≤ x ≤ 3
2 2 Abs
(0, −1) Abs
min −7
7. (a) 0.09y (b) Increasing at 1% per year min
9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility. 25. Absolute maximum: - 0.25; 27. Absolute maximum: 2;
y
absolute minimum: - 4 absolute minimum: -1
y y
3
y = Îx
x −1 ≤ x ≤ 8 (8, 2)
2
0 1 Abs
t (2, −0.25)
0 1 max
−1 Abs max
x
11. (a) 2 sec, 64 ft > sec (b) 12.31 sec, 393.85 ft −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2 y = − 1 , 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2 −1
x2 (−1, −1)
b −3
15. (a) m = - p (b) m = - 1, b = p Abs min

−4 (0.5, −4)
Abs min
A-18 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

29. Absolute maximum: 2; 31. Absolute maximum: 1; 69. Critical point

absolute minimum: 0 absolute minimum: - 1 Derivative Extremum Value
or endpoint
y y
4 0 Local max 12 1>3
x = - 10 ≈ 1.034
y = Î4 − x2 (0, 2) Abs max (p$2, 1) Abs max 5 25
1
−2 ≤ x ≤ 1 x = 0 Undefined Local min 0
1 −p/2 p/2 5p/6
u
71. Critical point
Derivative Extremum Value
x −1 y = sin u, −p$2 ≤ u ≤ 5p$6 or endpoint
(−2, 0) −1 0 1 (−p$2, −1)
Abs Abs min x = -2 Undefined Local max 0
min −1
x = - 22 0 Minimum –2
33. Absolute maximum: 2> 23; 35. Absolute maximum: 2; x = 22 0 Maximum 2
absolute minimum: 1 absolute minimum: - 1 x = 2 Undefined Local min 0
y
Abs max Abs max y 73. Critical point
Qp$3, 2$Î3R Q2p$3, 2$Î3R Derivative Extremum Value
1.2
(0, 2) Abs or endpoint
max
1.0
0.8
y = csc x (p$2, 1) y=2−0t0 x = 1 Undefined Minimum 2
p$3 ≤ x ≤ 2p$3 Abs 1
0.6 −1 ≤ t ≤ 3
0.4
min 75. Critical point
t
0.2 −1 0 1 2 3 Derivative Extremum Value
x or endpoint
0 p$3 p$2 2p$3 Abs
−1
min (3, −1) x = -1 0 Maximum 5
x = 1 Undefined Local min 1
37. Absolute maximum is 39. Absolute maximum value x = 3 0 Maximum 5
1>e at x = 1; absolute is (1>4) + ln 4 at x = 4; 77. (a) No
minimum is -e at absolute minimum value is (b) The derivative is defined and nonzero for x ≠ 2. Also,
x = - 1. 1 at x = 1; local maximum ƒ(2) = 0 and ƒ(x) 7 0 for all x ≠ 2.
y
at (1>2, 2 - ln 2). (c) No, because (- q, q) is not a closed interval.
Absolute
2
maximum y 1 (d) The answers are the same as parts (a) and (b), with 2
Abs max at a4, + ln 4b
1 Q1, e1R 4 replaced by a.
1.5
x 79. Yes
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 1.25 f(x) = x1 + ln x
−1
1 81. g assumes a local maximum at - c.
−2 Abs min at (1, 1)
(−1, −e) −3
0.75 83. (a) Maximum value is 144 at x = 2.
Absolute
−4
0.5 (b) The largest volume of the box is 144 cubic units, and it oc-
minimum 0.25
x
curs when x = 2.
1 2 3 4 5 y0 2
85. + s0
41. Increasing on (0, 8), decreasing on (-1, 0); absolute maximum: 2g
16 at x = 8; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 87. Maximum value is 11 at x = 5; minimum value is 5 on the inter-
43. Increasing on (- 32, 1); absolute maximum: 1 at u = 1; absolute val [-3, 2]; local maximum at (-5, 9).
minimum: -8 at u = - 32 89. Maximum value is 5 on the interval [3, q); minimum value is
45. x = 3 - 5 on the interval (- q, -2].
47. x = 1, x = 4
49. x = 1 Section 4.2, pp. 237–239
51. x = 0 and x = 4 4
1. 1>2 3. 1 5. { 1 - ≈ {0.771
53. Minimum value is 1 at x = 2. A p2
1
4 41
55. Local maximum at (- 2, 17); local minimum at a , - b 7.
3
1 1 + 27 2 ≈ 1.22, 13 1 1 - 27 2 ≈ -0.549
3 27
57. Minimum value is 0 at x = - 1 and x = 1. 9. Does not; ƒ is not differentiable at the interior domain point
59. There is a local minimum at (0, 1). x = 0.
1 1 11. Does 13. Does not; ƒ is not differentiable at x = - 1.
61. Maximum value is at x = 1; minimum value is - at
2 2 17. (a)
x = - 1.
63. The minimum value is 2 at x = 0. i) −2 0 2
x

1 1 ii) x
65. The minimum value is - e at x = e . −5 −4 −3

p iii) x
67. The maximum value is at x = 0; an absolute minimum value −1 0 2
2
is 0 at x = 1 and x = -1. iv) 0 4 9 18 24
x
 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-19

29. Yes 31. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 3 2p 4p p p 2p

x2 x3 x4 (b) Increasing on a , b; decreasing on a0, b, a , b,
33. (a) + C (b) + C (c) + C 3 3 2 2 3
2 3 4 4p
1 1 1 and a , 2pb
35. (a) x + C (b) x + x + C (c) 5x - x + C 3
4p
1 t (c) Local maximum at x = 0 and x = ; local minimum at
37. (a) - cos 2t + C (b) 2 sin + C 3
2 2 2p
1 t x = and x = 2p
(c) - cos 2t + 2 sin + C 3
2 2 15. (a) Increasing on (- 2, 0) and (2, 4); decreasing on (-4, - 2) and
e2x
39. ƒ(x) = x2 - x 41. ƒ(x) = 1 + (0, 2)
2
1 - cos (pt) (b) Absolute maximum at (-4, 2); local maximum at (0, 1) and
43. s = 4.9t 2 + 5t + 10 45. s = p (4, - 1); absolute minimum at (2, - 3); local minimum at
47. s = et + 19t + 4 49. s = sin (2t) - 3 (-2, 0)
51. If T(t) is the temperature of the thermometer at time t, then 17. (a) Increasing on (- 4, -1), (1>2, 2), and (2, 4); decreasing on
T(0) = -19 °C and T(14) = 100 °C. From the Mean Value (-1, 1>2)
T(14) - T(0) (b) Absolute maximum at (4, 3); local maximum at (-1, 2) and
Theorem, there exists a 0 6 t0 6 14 such that = (2, 1); no absolute minimum; local minimum at (-4, - 1)
14 - 0
8.5 °C>sec = T′(t0), the rate at which the temperature was and (1>2, - 1)
changing at t = t0 as measured by the rising mercury on the 19. (a) Increasing on (- q, -1.5); decreasing on (- 1.5, q)
thermometer. (b) Local maximum: 5.25 at t = - 1.5; absolute maximum: 5.25
53. Because its average speed was approximately 7.667 knots, and at t = - 1.5
by the Mean Value Theorem, it must have been going that speed 21. (a) Decreasing on (- q, 0); increasing on (0, 4>3); decreasing
at least once during the trip. on (4>3, q)
57. The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem yields (b) Local minimum at x = 0 (0, 0); local maximum at
1 1 x = 4>3 (4>3, 32>27); no absolute extrema
- 23. (a) Decreasing on (- q, 0); increasing on (0, 1>2); decreasing
b a 1 a - b
= - 2 1 c2 a b = a - b 1 c = 1ab. on (1>2, q)
b - a c ab
(b) Local minimum at u = 0 (0, 0); local maximum at
61. ƒ(x) must be zero at least once between a and b by the Intermediate u = 1>2 (1>2, 1>4); no absolute extrema
Value Theorem. Now suppose that ƒ(x) is zero twice between a and 25. (a) Increasing on (- q, q); never decreasing
b. Then, by the Mean Value Theorem, ƒ′(x) would have to be zero (b) No local extrema; no absolute extrema
at least once between the two zeros of ƒ(x), but this can’t be true 27. (a) Increasing on (- 2, 0) and (2, q); decreasing on (- q, - 2)
since we are given that ƒ′(x) ≠ 0 on this interval. Therefore, ƒ(x) and (0, 2)
is zero once and only once between a and b. (b) Local maximum: 16 at x = 0; local minimum: 0 at x = {2;
71. 1.09999 … ƒ(0.1) … 1.1 no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = {2
Section 4.3, pp. 242–244 29. (a) Increasing on (- q, -1); decreasing on (-1, 0); increasing
1. (a) 0, 1 on (0, 1); decreasing on (1, q)
(b) Increasing on (- q, 0) and (1, q); decreasing on (0, 1) (b) Local maximum: 0.5 at x = {1; local minimum: 0 at
(c) Local maximum at x = 0; local minimum at x = 1 x = 0; absolute maximum: 1>2 at x = {1; no absolute
3. (a) - 2, 1 minimum
(b) Increasing on (- 2, 1) and (1, q); decreasing on (- q, -2) 31. (a) Increasing on (10, q); decreasing on (1, 10)
(c) No local maximum; local minimum at x = - 2 (b) Local maximum: 1 at x = 1; local minimum: - 8 at x = 10;
5. (a) Critical point at x = 1 absolute minimum: -8 at x = 10
(b) Decreasing on (- q, 1), increasing on (1, q) 33. (a) Decreasing on 1 - 2 22, - 2 2; increasing on (- 2, 2); decreas-
(c) Local (and absolute) minimum at x = 1 ing on 1 2, 2 22 2
7. (a) 0, 1 (b) Local minima: g(- 2) = - 4, g1 2 22 2 = 0; local maxima:
(b) Increasing on (- q, - 2) and (1, q); decreasing on (- 2, 0) g1 - 2 22 2 = 0, g(2) = 4; absolute maximum: 4 at x = 2;
and (0, 1) absolute minimum: -4 at x = - 2
(c) Local minimum at x = 1 35. (a) Increasing on (- q, 1); decreasing when 1 6 x 6 2, de-
9. (a) - 2, 2 creasing when 2 6 x 6 3; discontinuous at x = 2; increas-
(b) Increasing on (- q, - 2) and (2, q); decreasing on (- 2, 0) ing on (3, q)
and (0, 2) (b) Local minimum at x = 3 (3, 6); local maximum at
(c) Local maximum at x = - 2; local minimum at x = 2 x = 1 (1, 2); no absolute extrema
11. (a) - 2, 0 37. (a) Increasing on (- 2, 0) and (0, q); decreasing on (- q, - 2)
3
(b) Increasing on (- q, - 2) and (0, q); decreasing on (- 2, 0) (b) Local minimum: -6 2 2 at x = -2; no absolute maximum;
3
(c) Local maximum at x = - 2; local minimum at x = 0 absolute minimum: -6 2 2 at x = -2
39. (a) Increasing on 1 - q, - 2> 27 2 and 1 2> 27, q 2; decreasing
p 2p 4p on 1 -2> 27, 0 2 and 1 0, 2> 27 2
13. (a) , ,
2 3 3 3
(b) Local maximum: 24 2 2>77>6 ≈ 3.12 at x = - 2> 27; local
3
minimum: - 24 2 2>77>6 ≈ - 3.12 at x = 2> 27; no abso-
lute extrema
A-20 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

41. (a) Increasing on ((1>3) ln (1>2), q), decreasing on 73. a = - 2, b = 4

(- q, (1>3) ln (1>2)) 75. (a) Absolute minimum occurs at x = p>3 with
3 ƒ(p>3) = - ln 2, and the absolute maximum occurs at
(b) Local minimum is 2>3 at x = (1>3) ln (1>2); no local x = 0 with ƒ(0) = 0.
2
3 (b) Absolute minimum occurs at x = 1>2 and x = 2 with
maximum; absolute minimum is 2>3 at x = (1>3) ln (1>2);
2 ƒ(1>2) = ƒ(2) = cos (ln 2), and the absolute maximum oc-
no absolute maximum
curs at x = 1 with ƒ(1) = 1.
43. (a) Increasing on (e-1, q), decreasing on (0, e-1) 77. Minimum of 2 - 2 ln 2 ≈ 0.613706 at x = ln 2; maximum of
(b) A local minimum is -e-1 at x = e-1, no local maximum; 1 at x = 0
absolute minimum is - e-1 at x = e-1, no absolute 79. Absolute maximum value of 1>2e assumed at x = 1> 2e
maximum dƒ-1 1
45. (a) Local maximum: 1 at x = 1; local minimum: 0 at x = 2 83. Increasing; = x-2>3
dx 9
(b) Absolute maximum: 1 at x = 1; no absolute minimum df -1 1
47. (a) Local maximum: 1 at x = 1; local minimum: 0 at x = 2 85. Decreasing; = - x-2>3
dx 3
(b) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 2
49. (a) Local maxima: - 9 at t = - 3 and 16 at t = 2; local mini- Section 4.4, pp. 252–255
mum: - 16 at t = - 2 1. Local maximum: 3>2 at x = -1; local minimum: - 3 at x = 2;
(b) Absolute maximum: 16 at t = 2; no absolute minimum point of inflection at (1>2, - 3>4); rising on (- q, -1) and
51. (a) Local minimum: 0 at x = 0 (2, q); falling on (- 1, 2); concave up on (1>2, q); concave
(b) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 down on (- q, 1>2)
53. (a) Local maximum: 5 at x = 0; local minimum: 0 at x = -5 3. Local maximum: 3 > 4 at x = 0; local minimum: 0 at x = {1;
3 3
and x = 5 32 4 32 4
points of inflection at a- 23, b and a 23, b;
(b) Absolute maximum: 5 at x = 0; absolute minimum: 0 at 4 4
x = - 5 and x = 5 rising on (-1, 0) and (1, q); falling on (- q, - 1) and (0, 1);
55. (a) Local maximum: 2 at x = 0; concave up on 1 - q, - 23 2 and 1 23, q 2; concave down on
local minimum:
23
at x = 2 - 23
1 - 23, 23 2
4 23 - 6 - 2p 23 p 23
(b) No absolute maximum; an absolute minimum at 5. Local maxima: + at x = -2p>3, + at
3 2 3 2
x = 2 - 23
p 23 2p 23
57. (a) Local maximum: 1 at x = p>4; x = p>3; local minima: - - at x = - p>3, -
3 2 3 2
local maximum: 0 at x = p; at x = 2p>3; points of inflection at (- p>2, - p>2), (0, 0), and
local minimum: 0 at x = 0; (p>2, p>2); rising on (- p>3, p>3); falling on (- 2p>3, - p>3)
local minimum: - 1 at x = 3p>4 and (p>3, 2p>3); concave up on (- p>2, 0) and (p>2, 2p>3);
59. Local maximum: 2 at x = p>6; concave down on (- 2p>3, - p>2) and (0, p>2)
local maximum: 23 at x = 2p; 7. Local maxima: 1 at x = - p>2 and x = p>2, 0 at x = - 2p
local minimum: - 2 at x = 7p>6; and x = 2p; local minima: -1 at x = - 3p>2 and x = 3p>2,
local minimum: 23 at x = 0 0 at x = 0; points of inflection at (- p, 0) and (p, 0); ris-
61. (a) Local minimum: (p>3) - 23 at x = 2p>3; ing on (- 3p>2, - p>2), (0, p>2), and (3p>2, 2p); falling on
local maximum: 0 at x = 0; (- 2p, - 3p>2), (- p>2, 0), and (p>2, 3p>2); concave up on
local maximum: p at x = 2p (-2p, - p) and (p, 2p); concave down on (- p, 0) and (0, p)
63. (a) Local minimum: 0 at x = p>4
65. Local maximum: 3 at u = 0; 9. y 11. y
Loc y = x 3 − 3x + 3
local minimum: - 3 at u = 2p 4 max
67. 3 (−1, 5) 5
y y y y 2
y = x 2 − 4x + 3 4
y = f (x) 1
y = f (x) Infl
x
1 1 1 1 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y= f(x) y = f(x) −1 2
(2, −1)
−2 Abs min
x x x x 1 (1, 1)
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Loc min
x
(a) (b) (c) (d) −1 1

69. (a) (b)

y y

2 y = g(x)
2 y = g(x)

x
0 2 x
0 2
 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-21

y y
13. y 15. y 33. 35.
(2, 5) Loc max
2$3
y = 2x − 3 x 4
3 Cusp, Loc max 2$3 5
(0, 0) y=x Q–2 − xR
Infl 2 Infl x 3
(1, 1) 2 (2, 1) −1 1 4 5
1 1 −1
(1, −1) Infl 2 (1, 3$2) Loc max
x Loc min 3
−3 −1 1 2 x Q−1$2, 3/ Î4R
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
(0, −3) x
Loc min y = −2x3 + 6x 2 − 3 −2 −2 −1 (0, 0) 1 2 3
y = (x − 2) 3 + 1 −5 Cusp
Loc min
17. y 19. y 37. y Abs max 39. y
y = x 4 − 2x2 (3, 27)
(2, 4)
27 Abs max (0, 4) Abs max
4
21
(2, 16) 3 y = Î16 − x2
y = 4x 3 − x 4
1
Loc max 15 Infl 2
(0, 0) Loc max
9 1 x
x Infl Q−2Î2 , 0R (0, 0) Infl (−4, 0) (4, 0)
−2 −1 1 2 (0, 0) 3 x Abs min Abs min
x −2 −1 1 2 Q2 2 , 0R
Abs min Abs min 1 2 3 4 Î
(−1, −1) (1, −1) Loc min

Q−1$Î3, −5$9R Q1$Î3, −5$9R

Infl Infl −3 y = xÎ8 − x2

−4
21. 23. (−2, −4)
Abs min
y y
Loc max
y = x 5 − 5x 4 Abs max 41. y 43. y
(0, 0) 2p (2p, 2p)
x 8
−2 0 1 2 3 4 5 y = x + sin x (2, 2)
8x Abs max Q2Î3, Î3R
6 y= 2
2 (3, 6) Loc min x +4 2 Infl
−100 (p, p) y= x −3 4 1
p x−2
2 (1, 2) Loc max x
(3, −162) Infl
−200 −1 1 2
Infl x (0, 0)
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8 −2 Infl
(4, −256) Q−2Î3, −Î3R
−2 Infl (−2, −2)
−300 Loc min Abs min Abs min
x
0 p 2p −4

25. −6
y −8
Loc max
10 Q4p$3, 4Î3p$3 + 1R
Q2p, 2Î3p − 2R
Abs max
45. y 47. y

8 y = Î0x0
6 Infl Q5p$3, 5Î3p$3 − 1R 2
Loc min 3
4 Q3p$2, 3Î3p$2R y = x2 − 1 1
Infl (0, 0)
2 Qp$2, Î3p$2R x
2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
0 p$2 p 3p$2 2p Loc max Cusp
(0, −2) (0, 1) Abs min
Abs min y = Î3x − 2 cos x

27. x
y −2 (−1, 0) (1, 0) 2
Abs min Abs min
y = sin x cos x

1 Abs max 49. y 51. y

(p$4, 1$2) Infl Loc max y = ln (3 − x 2) Loc max
4 1$x 2
(p$2, 0) (p, 0) y = xe (0, ln 3)
x 3 1
(0, 0) p$4 p$2 3p$4 p (1, e) − Î3 Î3
2
Loc min Loc min x
(3p$4, −1$2) 1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 Abs min −1
x
−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −2
−1
29. y 31. y
−2 −3

2 y= x
2 2
y = x1 5
$
Îx + 1
Vert tan 1
at x = 0 1
x
x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1
(0, 0)
−1 (0, 0) −2 Infl
Infl
−2
A-22 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

53. y 55. Loc 2 1 -2>3 2 -5>3

max 75. y″ = - (x + 1)-5>3 77. y″ = x + x
y = e x − 2e−x − 3x y (0, 0) 3 3 3
1.
Loc Loc Loc Loc
0.5 3
max max max max
x (−4p, 0) (−2p, 0) 2 (2p, 0) (4p, 0) x = −1 x = −2
−1.5−1−0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 −4p −2p 1 2p 4p Infl Infl
Infl
−0.5 x Vert tan
(0, −1) vert tan
(ln 2, 1 − 3 ln 2) x=0
Loc max −1
Loc min
−1.5 1 3
y = QQ R ln 2, Q− R ln 2R
−2 2 2 x=1
Inflection
y = ln (cos x) Abs min
y
57. 59. y″ = 1 - 2x -2, x 6 0
1 Loc max
y=
1 + e –x 1
79. y″ = e 81. y
(0, 0.5) Inflection x=2 2, x 7 0 Loc max y″ y′
Infl y
x x = 12 Infl
−3 −2 1 2 3
−0.5 Loc min P
−1
x = −1 Loc min
Infl
61. y″ = 3(x - 3)(x - 1) 63. y″ = 3(x - 2)(x + 2) x=0 x
Loc max
Infl
x=0
Infl x=3 Infl x = 2
Infl
Abs min x = −2 Abs min
Loc min x=1
x=0 x = −2Î3 x = 2Î3

83. y

65. y″ = 4(4 - x)(5x2 - 16x + 8) P y

Loc max
x = 8$5 Infl Infl
Infl
y′
Loc min x = 8 + 2Î6 x
x=0 Infl 5 Loc
Infl min
x = 8 − 2 Î6 y″
5
x=4
1 u 85. y 87. y
67. y″ = 2 sec2 x tan x 69. y″ = - csc2 ,
2 2
5 2x 2 + x − 1
0 6 u 6 2p y=
4 x2 − 1
u=p y = x2 4
2
Infl Abs max
3 y= x +1
y=2 x2
2
x=0 y= 1 y = 12 1
1 x−1 x
x x
−1 0 1 2 3 −1 1
−1
−2 x=1

p p 2
71. y″ = 2 tan u sec u, - 6 u 6
2 2
89. y 91. y
u = − p Loc max
4
y= 1 2
x2 − 1 y = −x − 2
x2 − 1
y= 1
x2 − 1
u=0 1
Inf1
x
u=p −1 1 x
4 −Î2 −1 1 Î2
Loc min −1
−1
73. y″ = -sin t, 0 … t … 2p x= −1 x= 1
y = −1
−2
t=p x = −1 x=1
2
Loc max
Abs max t = 2p
t=0 t=p
Loc min Infl
t = 3p
2
Abs min
 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-23

93. y 95. y 125. The zeros of y′ = 0 and y″ = 0 are extrema and points of in-
3
x = −1 y= x
2
flection, respectively. Inflection at x = - 2 2; local maximum
x+1 3
2 y= 1 at x = -2; local minimum at x = 0.
y = x −x+1 x−1 y
x−1 y′ = 4x(x 3 + 8)
y=x−1 100
x
x 1 2 50
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 −1
x
y=x −3 2 3
−50 y = 45 x5 + 16x2 − 25
x=1
−4 −100
y″ = 16(x 3 + 2)

97. y 99. y
Section 4.5, pp. 262–263
x
x = −1
y=
x2 − 1
1. - 1>4 3. 5>7 5. 1>2 9. -23>77. 1>4
x = −2 11. 5>7 13. 0 15. -16 19. 1>4 17. -2
(x − 1)3 1
y= 1
9 x2 + x − 2 x 21. 2 23. 3 25. -1 27. ln 3 29. 31. ln 2
2 −1 0 1 ln 2
x −1 33. 1 35. 1>2 37. ln 2 39. - q 41. - 1>2
0 1 4
−6 −4 −2
−4 y=x−4
43. -1 45. 1 47. 0 49. 2 51. 1>e 53. 1
y= 9 x=1
x+2 55. 1>e 57. e1>2 59. 1 61. e3 63. 0 65. 1
−8
67. 3 69. 1 71. 0 73. q 75. (b) is correct.
−12
27 -1
−16 77. (d) is correct. 79. c = 81. (b) 83. - 1
10 2
3
101. y 87. (a) y = 1 (b) y = 0, y =
2
2 y = 8$(x2 + 4) 89. (a) We should assign the value 1 to ƒ(x) = (sin x)x to make it
continuous at x = 0.
y

x 1
0 1
0.8
103. 105. y
y = (sin x)x
Point y′ y″ (6, 7)
0.6

7 0.4
P - +
0.2
Q + 0 4 (4, 4) x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
R + - (2, 1) (c) The maximum value of ƒ(x) is close to 1 near the point
1
S 0 - x x ≈ 1.55 (see the graph in part (a)).
0 2 4 6
T - - Section 4.6, pp. 270–276
107. (a) Towards origin: 0 … t 6 2 and 6 … t … 10; away from 1. 16 in., 4 in. by 4 in.
origin: 2 … t … 6 and 10 … t … 15 3. (a) (x, 1 - x) (b) A(x) = 2x(1 - x)
(b) t = 2, t = 6, t = 10 1 1
(c) square units, 1 by
(c) t = 5, t = 7, t = 13 2 2
(d) Positive: 5 … t … 7, 13 … t … 15; negative: 14 35 5 2450 3
5. * * in., in
0 … t … 5, 7 … t … 13 3 3 3 27
2
109. ≈ 60 thousand units 7. 80,000 m ; 400 m by 200 m
111. Local minimum at x = 2; inflection points at x = 1 and 9. (a) The optimum dimensions of the tank are 10 ft on the base
x = 5>3 edges and 5 ft deep.
115. b = -3 119. -1, 2 (b) Minimizing the surface area of the tank minimizes its weight
121. a = 1, b = 3, c = 9 for a given wall thickness. The thickness of the steel walls
123. The zeros of y′ = 0 and y″ = 0 are extrema and points of would likely be determined by other considerations such as
inflection, respectively. Inflection at x = 3, local maximum at structural requirements.
p
x = 0, local minimum at x = 4. 11. 9 * 18 in. 13. 15. h : r = 8 : p
2
y
y″ = 20x 2 (x − 3)
200

x
0 3 4 5

−200 y′ = 5x 3 (x − 4)

−400
y = x5 − 5x4 − 240
A-24 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

17. (a) V(x) = 2x(24 - 2x)(18 - 2x) (b) Domain: (0, 9) 25

67. (a) The minimum distance is .
V
Maximum
2
1600 x = 3.3944487 V = 1309.9547 (b) The minimum distance is from the point (3>2, 0) to the point
(1, 1) on the graph of y = 1x, and this occurs at the value
1200
x = 1, where D(x), the distance squared, has its minimum
800 value.
y, D(x) 9
D(x) = x2 − 2x + –
400 4

x 2.5
2 4 6 8

(c) Maximum volume ≈ 1309.95 in3 when x ≈ 3.39 in. 2

(d) V′(x) = 24x2 - 336x + 864, so the critical point is at

1.5 y = Îx
x = 7 - 213, which confirms the result in part (c).
(e) x = 2 in. or x = 5 in. 1
19. ≈ 2418.40 cm3
Dmin= Î5
21. (a) h = 24, w = 18 0.5 2
(b) V (24, 10368)
x
Abs max
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
10000
8000
Section 4.7, pp. 279–280
6000
5 13 51 5763 2387
4000 V = 54h − 3 h3
2 1. x2 = - , 3. x2 = - , 5. x2 =
2000
2 3 21 31 4945 2000
0 h 7. x1 , and all later approximations will equal x0.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
9. y
23. If r is the radius of the hemisphere, h the height of the cylinder,
3V 1>3 3V 1>3
and V the volume, then r = a b and h = a p b .
8p
x
51 h
25. (b) x = (c) L ≈ 11 in. −h
8
2p 3 y= Îx , x ≥ 0
27. Radius = 22 m, height = 1 m, volume = m Î−x, x < 0
3
9b b 23p
29. 1 31. m, triangle; m, circle 11. The points of intersection of y = x3 and y = 3x + 1 or
9 + 23p 9 + 23p
y = x3 - 3x and y = 1 have the same x-values as the roots of
3
33. * 2 part (i) or the solutions of part (iv). 13. 1.165561185
2
35. (a) 16 (b) -1 15. (a) Two (b) 0.35003501505249 and - 1.0261731615301
37. (a) y(0) = 96 ft>sec 17. {1.3065629648764, {0.5411961001462 19. x ≈ 0.45
(b) 256 ft at t = 3 sec 21. 0.8192 23. 0, 0.53485 25. The root is 1.17951.
(c) Velocity when s = 0 is y(7) = - 128 ft>sec. 27. (a) For x0 = -2 or x0 = - 0.8, xi S - 1 as i gets large.
39. ≈ 46.87 ft 41. (a) 6 * 6 23 in. (b) For x0 = -0.5 or x0 = 0.25, xi S 0 as i gets large.
43. (a) 4 23 * 4 26 in. (c) For x0 = 0.8 or x0 = 2, xi S 1 as i gets large.
45. (a) 10p ≈ 31.42 cm>sec; when t = 0.5 sec, 1.5 sec, 2.5 sec, (d) For x0 = - 221>7 or x0 = 221>7, Newton’s method does
3.5 sec; s = 0, acceleration is 0. not converge. The values of xi alternate between - 221>7
(b) 10 cm from rest position; speed is 0. and 221>7 as i increases.
47. (a) s = ((12 - 12t)2 + 64t 2)1>2 29. Answers will vary with machine speed.
(b) - 12 knots, 8 knots Section 4.8, pp. 287–290
(c) No x3 x3
(d) 4 213. This limit is the square root of the sums of the 1. (a) x2 (b) (c) - x2 + x
3 3
squares of the individual speeds. 1 1
3. (a) x-3 (b) - x-3 (c) - x-3 + x2 + 3x
a ka2 3 3
49. x = ,y = 1 5 5
2 4 5. (a) - x (b) - x (c) 2x + x
c
51. + 50
2 2 2x3
7. (a) 2x3 (b) 1x (c) + 2 1x
2km 2km 3
53. (a) (b) 9. (a) x2>3 (b) x1>3 (c) x-1>3
A h A h
C 11. (a) ln x (b) 7 ln x (c) x - 5 ln x
57. 4 * 4 * 3 ft, $288 59. M = 65. (a) y = - 1
2 1
13. (a) cos (px) (b) -3 cos x (c) - p cos (px) + cos (3x)
x 2 3x
15. (a) tan x (b) 2 tan a b (c) - tan a b
3 3 2
 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-25

1 px 127. (a) - 1x + C (b) x + C (c) 1x + C

17. (a) -csc x (b) csc (5x) (c) 2 csc a b (d) -x + C (e) x - 1x + C (f) -x - 1x + C
5 2
1 3x
19. (a) e (b) -e-x (c) 2ex>2 Practice Exercises, pp. 291–295
3
1. No 3. No minimum; absolute maximum: ƒ(1) = 16; critical
1 x - 1 -x 1 5 x
21. (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) a b points: x = 1 and 11>3
ln 3 ln 2 ln (5>3) 3
5. Absolute minimum: g(0) = 1; no absolute maximum; critical
1 -1 1
23. (a) 2 sin x (b) tan x (c) tan-1 2x
-1
point: x = 0
2 2
7. Absolute minimum: 2 - 2 ln 2 at x = 2; absolute maximum: 1
x2 t2 x4 5x2
25. + x + C 27. t 3 + + C 29. - + 7x + C at x = 1
2 4 2 2
9. Yes, except at x = 0 11. No 15. (b) one
1 x3 x 3 2>3
31. -x - - + C 33. x + C 17. (b) 0.8555 99677 2
3 3 2
1
2 3>2 3 4>3 8 23. Global minimum value of at x = 2
35. x + x + C 37. 4y2 - y3>4 + C 2
3 4 3
25. (a) t = 0, 6, 12 (b) t = 3, 9 (c) 6 6 t 6 12
2 2 2
39. x + x + C 41. 2 2t - + C 43. -2 sin t + C (d) 0 6 t 6 6, 12 6 t 6 14
2t 27. 29.
u 1 y y
45. - 21 cos + C 47. 3 cot x + C 49. - csc u + C
3 2 15
1 3x 4x 3 y = −x3 + 6x2 − 9x + 3
51. e - 5e-x + C 53. - e-x + + C 3
3 ln 4
8
1 3
55. 4 sec x - 2 tan x + C 57. - cos 2x + cot x + C y = x2 − x
3
2 6
1
1
t sin 4t x
59. + + C 61. ln 0 x 0 - 5 tan-1 x + C x 1 2 3 4
2 8 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 6 −1

3x(23 + 1)
63. + C 65. tan u + C 67. -cot x - x + C −2
23 + 1
31. 33.
69. - cos u + u + C y y
d x2 2x x2 y = x − 3x 2$3
83. (a) Wrong: a sin x + Cb = sin x + cos x = 500
dx 2 2 2 (6, 432)
9 18 27
x
y = x 3(8 − x) −3
2 400
x −4
x sin x + cos x (8, −4)
2 300
(4, 256)
d 200
(b) Wrong: (-x cos x + C) = - cos x + x sin x
dx 100

d x
(c) Right: (- x cos x + sin x + C) = - cos x + x sin x + −2 −1 0 2 4 6 8
dx −100
cos x = x sin x
3 35. 37.
d (2x + 1) 3(2x + 1)2(2) y y
85. (a) Wrong: a + Cb = = (1, 4e)
dx 3 3 2
11
2 9
2(2x + 1) Q1 − Î2, Q6 + 4Î2R e1−Î2R y = (x − 3)2e x
d 1 5
(b) Wrong: ((2x + 1)3 + C) = 3(2x + 1)2(2) = 3
dx 1
x x
6(2x + 1)2 −1 1 2 3 −4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4

d Q1 + Î2, Q6 − 4Î2R e1+Î2R

(c) Right: ((2x + 1)3 + C) = 6(2x + 1)2 −1 y = x Î3 − x
dx
87. Right 89. (b) 91. y = x2 - 7x + 10 −2
2
1 x 1
93. y = -x + - 95. y = 9x1>3 + 4 39. 41.
2 2 y y
97. s = t + sin t + 4 99. r = cos (p u) - 1 5
p 2
1 1 4 y = ln(x 2 − 4 x + 3) y = sin−1(1$x)
2
101. y = sec t + 103. y = 3 sec-1 t - p 3 1
2 2 ln 3
2 x
1 1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
105. y = x2 - x3 + 4x + 1 107. r = t + 2t - 2 x −1
−5 −3 2 5 7 p
−1 −
2
109. y = x3 - 4x2 + 5 111. y = - sin t + cos t + t 3 - 1 −2
−2

1 −3
113. y = 2x3>2 - 50 115. y = x - x4>3 + −4
2
117. y = - sin x - cos x - 2
119. (a) (i) 33.2 units, (ii) 33.2 units, (iii) 33.2 units (b) True
121. t = 88>k, k = 16
123. (a) y = 10t 3>2 - 6t 1>2 (b) s = 4t 5>2 - 4t 3>2
A-26 Chapter 4: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

43. (a) Local maximum at x = 4, local minimum at x = - 4, 4 1

99. 2t 3>2 - t + C 101. - + C 103. (u 2 + 1)3>2 + C
inflection point at x = 0 r + 5
(b) x=4 1 s
105. (1 + x4)3>4 + C 107. 10 tan + C
Loc max 3 10
1 1 x
109. - csc 22 u + C 111. x - sin + C
x=0 22 2 2
Infl
x2 1
113. 3 ln x - + C 115. et + e-t + C
Loc min 2 2
x = −4 u2 - p 3 -1
117. + C 119. sec + x + + C
45. (a) Local maximum at x = 0, local minima at x = -1 and 2 - p 2
x = 2, inflection points at x = 1 1 { 27 2 >3 1
121. y = x - x - 1 123. r = 4t 5>2 + 4t 3>2 - 8t
(b) Loc max
Infl
x=0 125. Yes, sin-1(x) and - cos-1(x) differ by the constant p>2.
x = 1 − Î7 x = 1 + Î7
3
127. 1> 22 units long by 1> 2e units high, A = 1> 22e ≈
3
Loc min Loc min 0.43 units2
Infl
x = −1 x=2
129. Absolute maximum = 0 at x = e>2, absolute minimum =
-0.5 at x = 0.5
47. (a) Local maximum at x = - 22, local minimum at x = 22,
131. x = {1 are the critical points; y = 1 is a horizontal asymp-
inflection points at x = {1 and 0
tote in both directions; absolute minimum value of the function
(b) Loc max
Infl is e- 22>2 at x = -1, and absolute maximum value is e22>2 at
x = −Î2 x = −1 x = 1.
Infl 133. (a) Absolute maximum of 2 > e at x = e2, inflection point
x=0
(e8>3, (8>3)e-4>3), concave up on (e8>3, q), concave down
on (0, e8>3)
Infl x = Î2 (b) Absolute maximum of 1 at x = 0, inflection points
x=1
Loc min 1 {1> 22, 1> 2e 2, concave up on 1 - q, -1> 22 2 ∪
53. 55. 1 1> 22, q 2, concave down on 1 - 1> 22, 1> 22 2
y y (c) Absolute maximum of 1 at x = 0, inflection point
5
(1, 2>e), concave up on (1, q), concave down on (- q, 1)
x2 + 1
y = x+1 = 1 + 4 y= x
x−3 x−3 4
5 = x + 1x (1, 2)
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 295–298
3
1. The function is constant on the interval.
2
2 1
y=x 3. The extreme points will not be at the end of an open interval.
1 x 5. (a) A local minimum at x = - 1, points of inflection at x = 0
x
1 2 3 4
−1 2 3 4 6 −4 −3 −2 −1
–1 and x = 2
−2 (b) A local maximum at x = 0 and local minima at x = - 1
1 { 27
−3
−3
(−1, −2) and x = 2, points of inflection at x =
−4 3
−5 9. No 11. a = 1, b = 0, c = 1
57. 59. 13. Yes
y y 15. Drill the hole at y = h>2.
4 4 x2 − 4 RH
y= 2 17. r = for H 7 2R, r = R if H … 2R
3 2 3
x −3 2(H - R)
y= x 10 5
2 x = −Î 3
2
x = Î3 1 1 1
2 y=1 19. (a) (b) (c) (d) 0 (e) - (f) 1 (g)
3 3 2 2 2
1 y=1 (h) 3
x x
−4 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x c - b c + b b2 - 2bc + c2 + 4ae
0 1 2 3 −1
21. (a) (b) (c)
−1 −2 2e 2 4e
3 2
y= x +2= x + 1
c + b + t
2x 2 x
−3 (d)
2
−3 1 1
23. m0 = 1 - q , m1 = q
61. 5 63. 0 65. 1 67. 3>7 69. 0 71. 1
73. ln 10 75. ln 2 77. 5 79. - q 81. 1 83. ebk
85. (a) 0, 36 (b) 18, 18 87. 54 square units
89. height = 2, radius = 22
91. x = 5 - 25 hundred ≈ 276 tires,
y = 21 5 - 25 2 hundred ≈ 553 tires
93. Dimensions: base is 6 in. by 12 in., height = 2 in.; maxi-
mum volume = 144 in3
x4 5
95. x5 = 2.1958 23345 97. + x2 - 7x + C
4 2
 Chapter 5: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-27

25. s = cekt (c) y

s (2, 3)
3
f (x) = x 2 − 1,
1000 s = soe kt
0≤x≤2
800 Midpoint
2
600
400 s = 16t 2
1
200
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
27. (a) k = -38.72 (b) 25 ft 0 c1 c2 c3 c4
2 22 3>4
29. Yes, y = x + C 31. y0 = b
3 −1

Chapter 5 35. (a) (b)

y y
Section 5.1, pp. 307–309
1. (a) 0.125 (b) 0.21875 (c) 0.625 (d) 0.46875 f (x) = sin x, f (x) = sin x,
−p ≤ x ≤ p −p ≤ x ≤ p
3. (a) 1.066667 (b) 1.283333 (c) 2.666667 (d) 2.083333 Left-hand Right-hand 1
1
5. 0.3125, 0.328125 7. 1.5, 1.574603
x x
9. (a) 87 in. (b) 87 in. 11. (a) 3490 ft (b) 3840 ft c1 = −p c2 c3 = 0 c4 p −p c1 c2 = 0 c3 c4 = p
13. (a) 74.65 ft > sec (b) 45.28 ft > sec (c) 146.59 ft –1 −1
31
15. 17. 1
16 (c) y 37. 1.2
19. (a) Upper = 758 gal, lower = 543 gal 2 1 1 2
(b) Upper = 2363 gal, lower = 1693 gal 39. - - ,
f (x) = sin x, 3 2n 6n2 3
−p ≤ x ≤ p
(c) ≈ 31.4 h, ≈ 32.4 h Midpoint 27n + 9
1
21. (a) 2 (b) 2 22 ≈ 2.828 c1 −p$2 c2 41. 12 + , 12
x 2n2
−p c3 p$2 c4 p
p
(c) 8 sina b ≈ 3.061 5 6n + 1 5
8 −1 43. + ,
6 6n2 6
(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle, p. As n
1 1 1 1
increases, the polygon area approaches p. 45. + + ,
2 n 2n2 2
Section 5.2, pp. 315–316
6(1) 6(2) Section 5.3, pp. 324–328
1. + = 7
1 + 1 2 + 1 2 5 3

L0 L-7 L2 1 - x
1
3. cos(1)p + cos(2)p + cos(3)p + cos(4)p = 0 1. x2 dx 3. ( x2 - 3x ) dx 5. dx

p p 23 - 2 0
5. sin p - sin + sin = 7. All of them 9. b
L-p>4
2 3 2 7. sec x dx

ak 13. a k 15. a (- 1)k + 1

6 4 5
1 1
11.
k=1 k=1 2 k=1 k 9. (a) 0 (b) - 8 (c) -12 (d) 10 (e) - 2 (f ) 16
17. (a) -15 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) - 11 (e) 16 11. (a) 5 (b) 5 23 (c) -5 (d) - 5
19. (a) 55 (b) 385 (c) 3025 13. (a) 4 (b) - 4 15. Area = 21 square units
21. - 56 23. - 73 25. 240 27. 3376 17. Area = 9p>2 square units 19. Area = 2.5 square units
29. (a) 21 (b) 3500 (c) 2620 21. Area = 3 square units 23. b2 >4 25. b2 - a2
31. (a) 4n (b) cn (c) (n2 - n)>2 27. (a) 2p (b) p 29. 1>2 31. 3p2 >2 33. 7>3
33. (a) (b) 35. 1>24 37. 3a2 >2 39. b>3 41. - 14
y y 43. -2 45. - 7>4 47. 7 49. 0
(2, 3) (2, 3) 51. Using n subintervals of length ∆x = b>n and right-endpoint
3 3
f (x) = x 2 − 1, f (x) = x 2 − 1,
values:
0≤x≤2 0≤x≤2 b

L0
Left-hand Right-hand
2 2 Area = 3x2 dx = b3

53. Using n subintervals of length ∆x = b>n and right-endpoint

1 1
values:
b

L0
x x Area = 2x dx = b2
c1 = 0 c2 c3 = 1 c4 2 0 c1 c2 = 1 c3 c4 = 2

55. av(ƒ) = 0 57. av(ƒ) = - 2 59. av(ƒ) = 1

−1 −1
61. (a) av(g) = - 1>2 (b) av(g) = 1 (c) av(g) = 1>4
A-28 Chapter 5: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

63. c(b - a) 65. b3 >3 - a3 >3 67. 9 (g) Right or positive side, because the integral of ƒ from 0 to 9
4 4
69. b >4 - a >4 71. a = 0 and b = 1 maximize the integral. is positive, there being more area above the x-axis than
73. Upper bound = 1, lower bound = 1>2 below.
1 1

L0 L0
Section 5.5, pp. 345–346
75. For example, sin (x2) dx … dx = 1
1 1
1. (2x + 4)6 + C 3. - (x2 + 5)-3 + C
b b 6 3

La La
77. ƒ(x) dx Ú 0 dx = 0 79. Upper bound = 1>2 1 2 5 1
5. (3x + 4x) + C 7. - cos 3x + C
10 3
1
Section 5.4, pp. 336–339 9. sec 2t + C 11. - 6(1 - r 3)1>2 + C
2
1. - 10>3 3. 124>125 5. 753>16 7. 1 9. 2 23 1 1
p 2 - 12 13. ( x3>2 - 1 ) - sin ( 2x3>2 - 2 ) + C
11. 0 13. - p>4 15. 1 - 17. 19. - 8>3 3 6
4 4 1 1
2
21. -3>4 23. 22 - 28 + 14
25. - 1 27. 16 15. (a) - (cot 2u) + C (b) - (csc2 2u) + C
4 4
1 p 1 1 2
29. 7>3 31. 2p>3 33. p (4 - 2 ) p
35. (e - 1) 17. - (3 - 2s)3>2 + C 19. - (1 - u 2)5>4 + C
2 3 5
1 1
37. 226 - 25 39. 1 cos 2x 2 a b 41. 4t 5 21. 1 - 2> 1 1 + 2x 22 + C 23. tan (3x + 2) + C
2 1x 3
3 1 1 6 x r3 6
43. 3x2e-x 45. 21 + x2 47. - x-1>2 sin x 49. 0 25. sin a b + C 27. a - 1b + C
2 2 3 18
(1>2)x2
51. 1 53. 2xe 55. 1 57. 28>3 59. 1>2
2 1
22p 29. - cos ( x3>2 + 1 ) + C 31. + C
61. p 63. 3 2 cos (2t + 1)
2
p 1 sin2 (1>u)

Lp t
1 1 33. - sin a t - 1b + C 35. - + C
65. d, since y′ = x and y(p) = dt - 3 = - 3 2
2 2 1 3>2
0 37. (1 + x)3>2 - 2(1 + x)1>2 + C 39. a2 - x b + C
L0
67. b, since y′ = sec x and y(0) = sec t dt + 4 = 4 3 3
2 3 3>2 1 1
x 41. a1 - 3 b + C 43. (x - 1)12 + (x - 1)11 + C

L2
2 27 x 12 11
69. y = sec t dt + 3 71. bh 73. $9.00
3 1 4 2
45. - (1 - x)8 + (1 - x)7 - (1 - x)6 + C
8 7 3
75. (a) T(0) = 70°F, T(16) = 76°F,
1 2 1 -1
T(25) = 85°F 47. ( x + 1 ) 5>2 - ( x2 + 1 ) 3>2 + C 49. + C
(b) av(T) = 75°F 5 3 4 (x2 - 4)2
77. 2x - 2 79. -3x + 5 51. esin x + C 53. 2 tan 1 e2x + 1 2 + C 55. ln 0 ln x 0 + C
81. (a) True. Since ƒ is continuous, g is differentiable by Part 1 of
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. 5 -1 2r
57. z - ln (1 + ez) + C 59. tan a b + C
(b) True: g is continuous because it is differentiable. 6 3
(c) True, since g′(1) = ƒ(1) = 0. 1
65. ln 0 tan-1 y 0 + C
-1
61. esin x
+ C (sin-1 x)3 + C
63.
(d) False, since g″(1) = ƒ′(1) 7 0. 3
(e) True, since g′(1) = 0 and g″(1) = ƒ′(1) 7 0. 6 6
67. (a) - + C (b) - + C
(f ) False: g″(x) = ƒ′(x) 7 0, so g″ never changes sign. 2 + tan3 x 2 + tan3 x
(g) True, since g′(1) = ƒ(1) = 0 and g′(x) = ƒ(x) is an 6
(c) - + C
increasing function of x (because ƒ′(x) 7 0). 2 + tan3 x
t 1 1
dtL0
ds d 69. sin 23(2r - 1)2 + 6 + C 73. s = (3t 2 - 1)4 - 5
83. (a) y = = ƒ(x) dx = ƒ(t) 1 y(5) = ƒ(5) = 2 m>sec 6 2
dt
p
(b) a = df>dt is negative, since the slope of the tangent line at 75. s = 4t - 2 sin a2t + b + 9
6
t = 5 is negative.
3

L0
1 9 p
(c) s = ƒ(x) dx = (3)(3) = m, since the integral is the 77. s = sin a2t - b + 100t + 1 79. 6 m
2 2 2
area of the triangle formed by y = ƒ(x), the x-axis, and
x = 3. Section 5.6, pp. 353–356
(d) t = 6, since after t = 6 to t = 9, the region lies below the 1. (a) 14>3 (b) 2>3 3. (a) 1>2 (b) - 1>2
x-axis. 5. (a) 15>16 (b) 0 7. (a) 0 (b) 1>8 9. (a) 4 (b) 0
(e) At t = 4 and t = 7, since there are horizontal tangents there. 11. (a) 506>375 (b) 86,744>375 13. (a) 0 (b) 0
(f ) Toward the origin between t = 6 and t = 9, since the veloc- 15. 2 23 17. 3>4 19. 35>2 - 1 21. 3 23. p>3
ity is negative on this interval. Away from the origin between 1
25. e 27. ln 3 29. (ln 2)2 31. 33. ln 2
t = 0 and t = 6, since the velocity is positive there. ln 4
 Chapter 6: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-29

(x ln x - x + C) = x # x + ln x - 1 + 0 = ln x
23 d 1
35. ln1 2 + 23 2 - 37. p 39. p>12 41. 2p>3 117. (a)
2 dx
43. 23 - 1 45. - p>12 47. 16>3 49. 25>2 1
(b)
e - 1
51. p>2 53. 128>15 55. 4>3 57. 5>6 59. 38>3
-6
61. 49>6 63. 32>3 65. 48>5 67. 8>3 69. 8 119. 25°F 121. 22 + cos3 x 123.
3 + x4
71. 5>3 (There are three intersection points.) 73. 18
dy - 2 cos (2 ln x) dy 1
75. 243>8 77. 8>3 79. 2 81. 104>15 83. 56>15 125. = x e 127. =
dx dx 21 - x2 21 - 2 (sin-1 x)2
4 4
85. 4 87. - 89. p>2 91. 2 93. 1>2 129. Yes 131. - 21 + x2
3 p
95. 1 97. ln 16 99. 2 101. 2 ln 5 133. Cost ≈ $10,899 using a lower sum estimate
103. (a) 1 { 2c, c 2 (b) c = 42>3 (c) c = 42>3 Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 361–364
105. 11>3 107. 3>4 109. Neither 111. F(6) - F(2) 1. (a) Yes (b) No 5. (a) 1>4 (b) 2 3
12
113. (a) -3 (b) 3 115. I = a>2 x 3
7. ƒ(x) = 9. y = x + 2x - 4
Practice Exercises, pp. 357–360 2x2 + 1
1 2
1. (a) About 680 ft (b) h (feet) 11. 36>5 13. -
2 p
700
600
y y
500 y = x 2$3 4 1
400
300 2 y=t
200 x
100 −8 −4 0 3
t (sec) y = −4 t
0 2 4 6 8 −4 0 1 y = sin pt 2

3. (a) - 1>2 (b) 31 (c) 13 (d) 0

5 0 −1

L1 L-p 2
x
5. (2x - 1)-1>2 dx = 2 7. cos dx = 2
15. 13>3 y 21. ln 2 23. 1>6
1

L0
9. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) - 2p (e) 8>5 2
y=2 25. ƒ(x) dx 27. (b) pr 2
11. 8>3 13. 62 15. 1 17. 1>6 19. 18 21. 9>8
p2 22 8 22 - 7 y = 1 − x2
29. (a) 0 (b) -1
23. + - 1 25. 4 27. y=1
(c) -p (d) x = 1
32 2 6
29. Min: - 4, max: 0, area: 27>4 31. 6>5 33. 1 x (e) y = 2x + 2 - p
x
−2 −1 1 2 (f ) x = -1, x = 2

L5
sin t 17. 1>2 19. p>2 (g) 3- 2p, 04
37. y = a t b dt - 3 39. y = sin-1 x

2p sin 4y sin y 0x0

41. y = sec-1 x + ,x 7 1 43. - 4(cos x)1>2 + C 31. 2>x 33. - 35. 2x ln 0 x 0 - x ln
3 1y 2 1y 22
t3 4 1 1
2
45. u + u + sin (2u + 1) + C 47. + t + C 37. (sin x)>x 39. x = 1 41. , , 2:1
3 ln 2 2 ln 2
1
49. - cos ( 2t 3>2 ) + C 51. tan (ex - 7) + C 43. 2 > 17
3
- ln 7
53. etan x
+ C 55.
3
57. ln (9>25) Chapter 6
1 1 Section 6.1, pp. 373–376
59. - (ln x)-2 + C
2
61.
2 ln 3
1 3x2 2 + C
1. 16 3. 16>3 5. (a) 2 23 (b) 8 7. (a) 60 (b) 36
3 22 x - 1 2 2 2p
63. sin-1 2(r - 1) + C 65. tan-1 a b + C 9. 8p 11. 10 13. (a) s h (b) s h 15.
2 2 22 3
32p
1 -1 2x - 1 -1 17. 4 - p 19. 21. 36p 23. p
67. sec ` ` + C 69. esin 2x
+ C 5
4 2 p 1 p p 11
25. a1 - 2 b 27. ln 4 29. pa + 2 22 - b
71. 2 2tan - 1y + C 73. 16 75. 2 77. 1 79. 8 2 e 2 2 3
81. 27 23>160 83. p>2 85. 23 87. 6 23 - 2p 2p
31. 2p 33. 2p 35. 4p ln 4 37. p2 - 2p 39.
3
89. -1 91. 2 93. 1 95. 15>16 + ln 2 97. e - 1
117p 4p 7p
9 ln 2 41. 43. p(p - 2) 45. 47. 8p 49.
99. 1 > 6 101. 9 > 14 103. 105. p 5 3 6
4 32p 8p 224p
51. (a) 8p (b) (c) (d)
107. p> 23 109. p>6 111. p>12 5 3 15
113. (a) b (b) b 16p 56p 64p
53. (a) (b) (c) 55. V = 2a2bp2
15 15 15
A-30 Chapter 6: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

ph2(3a - h) 1 Section 6.4, pp. 393–395

57. (a) V = (b) m>sec
3 120p p>4

L0
4 - b + a 1. (a) 2p (tan x) 21 + sec4 x dx (c) S ≈ 3.84
61. V = 3308 cm3 63.
2
(b) y

Section 6.2, pp. 381–383 1

1. 6p 3. 2p 5. 14p>3 7. 8p 9. 5p>6 0.8

7p 16p
11.
15
13. (b) 4p 15.
15
1 3 22 + 5 2 0.6

8p 4p 16p
17. 19. 21. 0.4
y = tan x
3 3 3
23. (a) 16p (b) 32p (c) 28p 0.2
(d) 24p (e) 60p (f ) 48p x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
27p 27p 72p 108p
25. (a) (b) (c) (d) 2
2 2 5 5
L1
1 -4
6p 4p 3. (a) 2p y 21 + y dy (c) S ≈ 5.02
27. (a) (b) (c) 2p (d) 2p
5 5
2p p (b) y
29. (a) About the x-axis: V = ; about the y-axis: V =
15 6 2
2p p 1.8
(b) About the x-axis: V = ; about the y-axis: V =
15 6
1.6
5p 4p 2p
31. (a) (b) (c) 2p (d) xy = 1
3 3 3 1.4

4p 7p 1.2
33. (a) (b)
15 30 1 x
24p 48p 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
35. (a) (b)
5 5 4

L1
9p 9p 5. (a) 2p ( 3 - x1>2 ) 2 21 + (1 - 3x-1>2)2 dx (c) S ≈ 63.37
37. (a) (b)
16 16
39. Disk: 2 integrals; washer: 2 integrals; shell: 1 integral (b) y
256p 244p
41. (a) (b) 4
3 3
1 3
47. pa1 - e b x1$2 + y1$2 = 3

Section 6.3, pp. 388–389

53 123 99 3 1 x
1 2 3 4
1. 12 3. 5. 7. 9. ln 2 +
6 32 8 8
53 p>3 y
11. 13. 2
L0 L0
6 7. (a) 2p a tan t dtb sec y dy (c) S ≈ 2.08
2

L-1
(b) y
15. (a) 21 + 4x2 dx (c) ≈ 6.13
1
p

L0
17. (a) 21 + cos y dy2
(c) ≈ 3.82 0.8

0.6
3 y

L-1
L0
0.4 x= tan t dt
19. (a) 21 + (y + 1) dy 2
(c) ≈ 9.29
0.2
p>6

L0
x
21. (a) sec x dx (c) ≈ 0.55 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

23. (a) y = 1x from (1, 1) to (4, 2) 9. 4p 25 11. 3p 25 13. 98p>81 15. 2p

(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the 15
17. p 1 28 - 1 2 >9 19. 35p 25>3 + ln 2b 21. pa
value of the function at one value of x. 16
25. 1 27. Yes, ƒ(x) = {x + C where C is any real number. 23. 253p>20 27. Order 226.2 liters of each color.
x
Section 6.5, pp. 400–404
L0
2
35. 21 + 9t dt, (103>2 - 1) 1. 400 N>m 3. 4 cm, 0.08 J
27
5. (a) 7238 lb > in. (b) 905 in.-lb, 2714 in.-lb
7. 780 J 9. 72,900 ft-lb 11. 160 ft-lb
 Chapter 7: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-31

13. (a) 1,497,600 ft-lb (b) 1 hr, 40 min Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 417–418
(d) At 62.26 lb>ft3: a) 1,494,240 ft-lb b) 1 hr, 40 min
At 62.59 lb>ft3: a) 1,502,160 ft-lb b) 1 hr, 40.1 min 2x - a
1. ƒ(x) = p 3. ƒ(x) = 2C 2 - 1 x + a, where C Ú 1
15. 37,306 ft-lb 17. 7,238,299.47 ft-lb A
p 4h 23mh
19. 2446.25 ft-lb 21. 15,073,099.75 J 5. 7. 28 > 3 9.
30 12 3
25. 85.1 ft-lb 27. 98.35 ft-lb 29. 91.32 in.-oz n
31. 5.144 * 1010 J 33. 1684.8 lb 11. x = 0, y = , (0, 1>2)
2n + 1
35. (a) 6364.8 lb (b) 5990.4 lb 37. 1164.8 lb 39. 1309 lb 15. (a) x = y = 4(a + ab + b2)>(3p(a + b))
2
41. (a) 12,480 lb (b) 8580 lb (c) 9722.3 lb (b) (2a>p, 2a>p)
wb 17. ≈ 2329.6 lb
43. (a) 93.33 lb (b) 3 ft 45.
2
47. No. The tank will overflow because the movable end will have
CHAPTER 7
moved only 3 13 ft by the time the tank is full.
Section 7.1, pp. 428–430
Section 6.6, pp. 413–415
1. x = 0, y = 12>5 3. x = 1, y = -3>5 2
1. lna b 3. ln + y2 - 25 + + C 5. ln + 6 + 3 tan t + + C
5. x = 16>105, y = 8>15 7. x = 0, y = p>8 3
9. x ≈ 1.44, y ≈ 0.36 7. ln 1 1 + 2x 2 + C 9. 1 11. 2(ln 2)4 13. 2
ln 4 ln 16 15. 2e2r + C
2
17. -e-t + C 19. -e1>x + C
11. x = p , y = 0 13. x = 7, y =
12 1 1
15. x = 3>2, y = 1>2 21. p esec pt + C 23. 1 25. ln (1 + er) + C 27.
2 ln 2
1 6
224p 29. 31. 33. 32760 35. 322 + 1
17. (a) (b) x = 2, y = 0 ln 2 ln 7
3
2
(c) y 1 (ln x) 3 ln 2
37. a b + C 39. 2(ln 2)2 41. 43. ln 10
ln 10 2 2
4
y=
4 45. (ln 10) ln + ln x + + C t
47. y = 1 - cos (e - 2)
Îx
49. y = 2(e-x + x) - 1 51. y = x + ln + x + + 2
53. p ln 16 55. 6 + ln 2 57. (b) 0.00469
(2, 0) 69. (a) 1.89279 (b) - 0.35621 (c) 0.94575 (d) - 2.80735
x
0 1 4 (e) 5.29595 (f) 0.97041 (g) - 1.03972 (h) - 1.61181

Section 7.2, pp. 437–447

y=− 4
2
9. y3>2 - x1>2 = C 11. ey - ex = C
Îx 3
−4
13. - x + 2 tan 2y = C 15. e-y + 2e2x = C
21. x = y = 1>3 23. x = a>3, y = b>3 25. 13d>6 1
17. y = sin (x2 + C) 19. ln + y3 - 2 + = x3 + C
ap 3
27. x = 0, y = 29. x = 1>2, y = 4 21. 4 ln 1 1y + 2 2 = ex + C
2

4
31. x = 6>5, y = 8>7 35. V = 32p, S = 32 22p 37. 4p2 23. (a) -0.00001 (b) 10,536 years (c) 82%
2a 4b 25. 54.88 g 27. 59.8 ft 29. 2.8147498 * 1014
39. x = 0, y = p 41. x = 0, y = 31. (a) 8 years (b) 32.02 years 33. Yes, y(20) 6 1
3p
35. 15.28 years 37. 56,562 years
a b 41. (a) 17.5 min (b) 13.26 min
43. 22pa3(4 + 3p)>6 45. x = ,y =
3 3
43. - 3°C 45. About 6693 years 47. 54.62% 49. ≈15,683 years

Practice Exercises, pp. 416–417 Section 7.3, pp. 445–447

9p 72p 1. cosh x = 5>4, tanh x = -3>5, coth x = -5>3,
1. 3. p2 5. sech x = 4>5, csch x = -4>3
280 35
7. (a) 2p (b) p (c) 12p>5 (d) 26p>5 3. sinh x = 8>15, tanh x = 8>17, coth x = 17>8, sech x = 15>17,
9. (a) 8p (b) 1088p>15 (c) 512p>15 csch x = 15>8
28p 3 10 1 x
11. p1 3 23 - p 2 >3 13. p 15. ft 17. 5. x + x 7. e5x 9. e4x 13. 2 cosh
3 3 3
1 tanh 2t
19. 3 + ln 2 21. 28p 22>3 23. 4p 25. 4640 J 15. sech2 2t + 17. coth z
8 2t
w
27. ( 2ar - a2 ) 29. 418,208.81 ft-lb 19. (ln sech u)(sech u tanh u) 21. tanh3 y 23. 2
2
31. 22,500p ft@lb, 257 sec 33. x = 0, y = 8>5 1 1
35. x = 3>2, y = 12>5 37. x = 9>5, y = 11>10 25. 27. - tanh-1 u
2 2x(1 + x) 1 + u
39. 332.8 lb 41. 2196.48 lb
A-32 Chapter 8: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1 ln 2 Practice Exercises, pp. 453–454

29. - coth-1 2t 31. - sech-1 x 33.
2 2t 2u 1
1 1. -cos ex + C 3. ln 8 5. 2 ln 2 (ln (x - 5))2 + C
7.
1 + a b 2
B 2
ln 2
cosh 2x 9. 3 ln 7 11. 21 22 - 1 2 13. y =
35. + sec x + 41. + C ln (3>2)
2
1
x 15. y = ln x - ln 3 17. y =
43. 12 sinh a - ln 3b + C 45. 7 ln + ex>7 + e-x>7 + + C 1 - ex
2 19. (a) Same rate (b) Same rate (c) Faster (d) Faster
1 5 (e) Same rate (f) Same rate
47. tanh ax - b + C 49. -2 sech 2t + C 51. ln
2 2 21. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) True
3 -1 3 (e) True (f) True
53. + ln 2 55. e - e 57. 3 > 4 59. + ln 22
32 8 23. 1>3 25. 1>e m>sec 27. ln 5x - ln 3x = ln (5>3)
- ln 3 x + C 2
61. ln (2 > 3) 63. 65. ln 3
29. 1>2 31. y = atan-1 a bb
2
2
67. (a) sinh-11 23 2 (b) ln 1 23 + 2 2 33. y2 = sin-1 (2 tan x + C)
1 1 35. y = -2 + ln (2 - e-x) 37. y = 4x - 4 2x + 1
69. (a) coth-1(2) - coth-1(5>4)(b) a b ln a b 39. 19,035 years
2 3
12 4 Additional and Advanced Exercises, p. 455
71. (a) -sech-1 a b + sech-1 a b
13 5 1. (a) 1 (b) p>2 (c) p
1 + 21 - (12>13)2 1 + 21 - (4>5)2 1 p
(b) -ln ° ¢ + ln ° ¢ 3. tan-1x + tan-1 1 x 2 is a constant and the constant is for
2
(12>13) (4>5)
p
x 7 0; it is - for x 6 0.
3 2
= -ln a b + ln (2) = ln (4>3)
2 y

73. (a) 0 (b) 0 y=p

2 2
mg 1 y = tan
−1
x + tan−1 Qx1R
77. (a) (b) 80 25 ≈ 178.89 ft>sec
A k −4 −2 2 4
x

6 −1
79. 2p 81.
5 y = −p
2
−2

Section 7.4, pp. 452–453

1. (a) Slower (b) Slower (c) Slower (d) Faster ln 4
7. x = p , y = 0
(e) Slower (f) Slower (g) Same (h) Slower
3. (a) Same (b) Faster (c) Same (d) Same
(e) Slower (f) Faster (g) Slower (h) Same Chapter 8
5. (a) Same (b) Same (c) Same (d) Faster (e) Faster Section 8.1, pp. 460–461
(f) Same (g) Slower (h) Faster 7. d, a, c, b 1. ln 5 3. 2 tan x - 2 sec x - x + C
9. (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) True
5. sin-1 x + 21 - x2 + C 7. e-cot z + C
(f) True (g) False (h) True -1 ( z )
9. tan e + C 11. p 13. t + cot t + csc t + C
13. When the degree of ƒ is less than or equal to the degree of g.
1
15. 1, 1 15. 22 17. ln ( 1 + 4 ln2 y ) + C
6 6 8
21. (b) ln (e17000000) = 17, 000,000 6 (e17 * 10 )1>10
t
= e17 ≈ 24,154,952.75 19. ln 0 1 + sin u 0 + C 21. 2t 2 - t + 2 tan-1 a b + C
2
(c) x ≈ 3.4306311 * 1015
(d) They cross at x ≈ 3.4306311 * 1015. 23. 21 22 - 1 2 ≈ 0.82843 25. sec-1 ( ey ) + C
23. (a) The algorithm that takes O(n log2 n) steps -1
27. sin (2 ln x) + C 29. ln 0 sin x 0 + ln 0 cos x 0 + C
0 p
(b) y 31. 7 + ln 8 33. 1 sin-1 y - 21 - y2 4-1 = - 1
y = n(log2 n)
2 2
2500 x - 1 u3 u2 5
35. sec-1 ` ` + C 37. - + u + ln 0 2u - 5 0 + C
2000 7 3 2 2
1500
y= n
3$2 39. x - ln ( 1 + ex ) + C 41. 2 22 - ln 1 3 + 2 22 2
1000
1
500 43. ln 1 2 + 23 2 45. x = 0, y =
y = nlog2 n
n
ln 1 3 + 2 22 2
20 40 60 80 100
1 4
3
47. xex + C 49. ( x + 1 ) 3>2 ( 3x4 - 2 ) + C
25. It could take one million for a sequential search; at most 20 30
steps for a binary search.
 Chapter 8: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-33

Section 8.2, pp. 467–469 19. - 4 sin x cos3 x + 2 cos x sin x + 2x + C

1. -2x cos (x>2) + 4 sin (x>2) + C 21. - cos4 2u + C 23. 4 25. 2
3. t 2 sin t + 2t cos t - 2 sin t + C
3
3 2 4 3 5>2 18 2 3 7>2
27. - 29. a b - - a b 31. 22
5. ln 4 - 7. xex - ex + C B 2 3 5 2 35 7 2
4
9. - ( x2 + 2x + 2 ) e-x + C 1 1 1
33. tan2 x + C 35. sec3 x + C 37. tan3 x + C
2 3 3
11. y tan-1 (y) - ln 21 + y2 + C 2 1
13. x tan x + ln 0 cos x 0 + C 39. 2 23 + ln 1 2 + 23 2 41. tan u + sec2 u tan u + C
3 3
15. (x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 6)ex + C 17. (x2 - 7x + 7)ex + C 43. 4 > 3 45. 2 tan2 x - 2 ln ( 1 + tan2 x ) + C
19. (x5 - 5x4 + 20x3 - 60x2 + 120x - 120)ex + C 1 1 4
1 47. tan4 x - tan2 x + ln 0 sec x 0 + C 49. - ln 23
21. ( - eu cos u + eu sin u ) + C 4 2 3
2 1 1
e2x 51. - cos 5x - cos x + C 53. p
23. (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C 10 2
13 1 1
2 55. sin x + sin 7x + C
25. 1 23s + 9 e23s + 9 - e23s + 9 2 + C 2 14
3 1 1 1
p 23 p2 57. sin 3u - sin u - sin 5u + C
27. - ln (2) - 6 4 20
3 18 2 1 1
1 59. - cos5 u + C 61. cos u - cos 5u + C
29. 3- x cos (ln x) + x sin (ln x) 4 + C 5 4 20
2 63. sec x - ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + C 65. cos x + sec x + C
1
31. ln 0 sec x2 + tan x2 0 + C 1 2 1 1
67. x - x sin 2x - cos 2x + C 69. ln 1 1 + 22 2
2 4 4 8
1 1 1
33. x2 (ln x)2 - x2 ln x + x2 + C 4p 8p 2
+ 3
2 2 4 71. p2 >2 73. x = ,y =
1 1 1 4 3 12p
35. - x ln x - x + C 37. ex + C
4
1 2 2 Section 8.4, pp. 479–480
39. x2 ( x2 + 1 ) 3>2 - ( x + 1 ) 5>2 + C 1. ln 0 29 + x2 + x 0 + C 3. p>4 5. p>6
3 15
2 3 25 -1 t t 225 - t 2
41. - sin 3x sin 2x - cos 3x cos 2x + C 7. sin a b + + C
5 5 2 5 2
2
43. x3>2 (3 ln x - 2) + C
9 1 2 2x 24x2 - 49 2
9. ln + + C
45. 2 2x sin 2x + 2 cos 2x + C 2 7 7
p2 - 4 5p - 3 23 2y2 - 49 y 2x2 - 1
47. 49. 11. 7J - sec-1 a b R + C 13. + C
8 9 7 7 x
1 x
51. ( x2 + 1 ) tan-1 x - + C 1 2
2 2 15. - 29 - x2 + C 17. (x + 4)3>2 - 4 2x2 + 4 + C
53. (a) p (b) 3p (c) 5p (d) (2n + 1)p 3
55. 2p(1 - ln 2) 57. (a) p(p - 2) (b) 2p - 2 24 - w2
p 2 19. w + C 21. sin-1 x - 21 - x2 + C
59. (a) 1 (b) (e - 2)p (c) (e + 9)
2 4p x
1 1 23. 4 23 - 25. - + C
(d) x = (e2 + 1), y = (e - 2) 3 2x2 - 1
4 2
1
(1 - e )
-2p 1 21 - x2 5 4x
61. 63. u = xn, dy = cos x dx 27. - a x b + C 29. 2 tan-1 2x + + C
2p 5 (4x2 + 1)
n ax
65. u = x , dy = e dx 71. x sin-1 x + cos ( sin-1 x ) + C 3
1 2 1 1 y
73. x sec x - ln 0 x + 2x - 1 0 + C
-1 2
75. Yes 31. x + ln 0 x2 - 1 0 + C 33. a b + C
2 2 3 21 - y2
77. (a) x sinh-1 x - cosh (sinh-1 x) + C
(b) x sinh-1 x - ( 1 + x2 ) 1>2 + C 35. ln 9 - ln 1 1 + 210 2 37. p>6 39. sec-1 0 x 0 + C
1
Section 8.3, pp. 474–475 41. 2x2 - 1 + C 43. ln 0 21 + x4 + x2 0 + C
2
1 1
1. sin 2x + C 3. - cos4 x + C 2x
2 4 45. 4 sin-1+ 2x 24 - x + C
1 2
5. cos3 x - cos x + C 1 -1 1
3 47. sin 2x - 2x 21 - x (1 - 2x) + C
2 1 4 4
7. -cos x + cos3 x - cos5 x + C
3 5 2x2 - 4 x
1 3 1 1 49. y = 2 J - sec-1 a b R
9. sin x - sin x + C 11. sin4 x - sin6 x + C 2 2
3 4 6
1 1 3 -1 x 3p
13. x + sin 2x + C 15. 16 > 35 17. 3p 51. y = tan a b - 53. 3p>4
2 4 2 2 8
A-34 Chapter 8: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1 Section 8.6, pp. 493–494

55. (a) (p + 6 23 - 12)
12 2 x - 3
1. atan-1 b + C
3 23 - p p2 + 12 23p - 72 23 A 3
(b) x = ,y =
41 p + 6 23 - 12 2 121 p + 6 23 - 12 2 2(x - 2) (2x - 3)3>2(x + 1)
3. 2x - 2 a + 4b + C 5. + C
1 2 3 5
57. (a) - x2 (1 - x2)3>2 - (1 - x2)5>2 + C
3 15
- 29 - 4x 2 2 29 - 4x - 3 2
1 1 7. x - ln + C
(b) - (1 - x2)3>2 + (1 - x2)5>2 + C 3 29 - 4x + 3
3 5
1 1 (x + 2)(2x - 6) 24x - x2 x - 2
(c) (1 - x ) - (1 - x2)3>2 + C
2 5>2
9. + 4 sin-1 a b + C
5 3 6 2
Section 8.5, pp. 487–488 1 27 + 27 + x2 2
11. - ln 2 x + C
2 3 1 3 27
1. + 3. +
x - 3 x - 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2
2 + 24 - x2 2
-2 -1 2 17 - 12 13. 24 - x2 - 2 ln 2 x + C
5. z + 2 + 7. 1 + +
z z - 1 t - 3 t - 2
e2t
1 15. (2 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) + C
9. 3ln 0 1 + x 0 - ln 0 1 - x 0 4 + C 13
2
x2 1 1
1
11. ln 0 (x + 6)2(x - 1)5 0 + C 13. (ln 15)>2 17. cos-1 x + sin-1 x - x 21 - x2 + C
7 2 4 4
1 1 1 x3 -1 x2 1
15. - ln 0 t 0 + ln 0 t + 2 0 + ln 0 t - 1 0 + C 17. 3 ln 2 - 2 19. tan x - + ln (1 + x2) + C
2 6 3 3 6 6
cos 5x cos x
1 2x + 12 x 21. - - + C
19. ln - + C 21. (p + 2 ln 2)>8 10 2
4 x - 1 2(x2 - 1)
sin (7t>2) sin (9t>2)
1 23. 8c - d + C
23. tan-1 y - 2 + C 7 9
y + 1
6
25. - (s - 1)-2 + (s - 1)-1 + tan-1 s + C 25. 6 sin (u>12) + sin (7u>12) + C
7
1 x 1
2 1 2x + 1 27. ln (x2 + 1) + + tan-1 x + C
27. ln + x - 1 + + ln + x2 + x + 1 + - 23 tan-1 a b + C 2 2 (1 + x2) 2
3 6 23
1 1
1 x - 1 1 29. ax - b sin-1 2x + 2x - x2 + C
29. ln ` ` + tan-1 x + C 2 2
4 x + 1 2
-1 31. sin-1 2x - 2x - x2 + C
31. + ln ( u 2 + 2u + 2 ) - tan-1 (u + 1) + C
u 2 + 2u + 2 1 + 21 - sin2 t 2
33. 21 - sin2 t - ln 2 + C
sin t
x - 1
33. x2 + ln 2 x 2 + C
35. ln 0 ln y + 23 + (ln y)2 0 + C
1
35. 9x + 2 ln 0 x 0 + x + 7 ln 0 x - 1 0 + C 37. ln 0 x + 1 + 2x2 + 2x + 5 0 + C
2 x + 2 9 x + 2
y 1 et + 1 39. 25 - 4x - x2 + sin-1 a b + C
37. - ln 0 y 0 + ln (1 + y2) + C 39. ln a t b + C 2 2 3
2 2 e + 2
sin4 2x cos 2x 2 sin2 2x cos 2x 4 cos 2x
1 sin y - 2 41. - - - + C
41. ln 2 2 + C 10 15 15
5 sin y + 3 3 2 3
sin 2u cos 2u sin 2u
( tan-1 2x ) 2 43. + + C
6 10 15
43. - 3 ln + x - 2 + + + C
4 x - 2 45. tan 2x - 2 ln 0 sec 2x 0 + C
2

2x - 1 (sec px)(tan px)

45. ln ` ` + C 1
2x + 1 47. p + p ln 0 sec px + tan px 0 + C
2x + 1 - 1 - csc3 x cot x 3 csc x cot x 3
47. 2 21 + x + ln ` ` + C 49. - - ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + C
2x + 1 + 1 4 8 8
1
1 x4 51. 3sec ( e - 1 ) tan ( e - 1 ) +
t t
49. ln ` 4 ` + C 51. x = ln 0 t - 2 0 - ln 0 t - 1 0 + ln 2 2
4 x + 1
ln 0 sec (et - 1) + tan (et - 1) 0 4 + C
6t
53. x = - 1 55. 3p ln 25 57. 1.10 53. 22 + ln 1 22 + 1 2 55. p>3
t + 2
59. (a) x =
1000e4t
(b) 1.55 days 57. 2p 23 + p 22 ln 1 22 + 23 2 59. x = 4>3, y = ln 22
499 + e4t 61. 7.62 63. p>8 67. p>4
 Chapter 8: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-35

Section 8.7, pp. 501–504 1 1 p

-1
1. I: (a) 1.5, 0 (b) 1.5, 0 (c) 0% 21. p , p atan 2 - b ≈ 0.10242
4
II: (a) 1.5, 0 (b) 1.5, 0 (c) 0%
8
3. I: (a) 2.75, 0.08 (b) 2.67, 0.08 (c) 0.0312 ≈ 3, 25. mean = ≈ 2.67, median = 28 ≈ 2.83
3
II: (a) 2.67, 0 (b) 2.67, 0 (c) 0%
27. mean = 2, median = 22 ≈ 1.41
5. I: (a) 6.25, 0.5 (b) 6, 0.25 (c) 0.0417 ≈ 4,
II: (a) 6, 0 (b) 6, 0 (c) 0% 29. P1 X 6 12 2 ≈ 0.3935
7. I: (a) 0.509, 0.03125 (b) 0.5, 0.009 (c) 0.018 ≈ 2, 31. (a) ≈ 0.57, so about 57 in every 100 bulbs will fail.
II: (a) 0.5, 0.002604 (b) 0.5, 0.4794 (c) 0% (b) ≈ 832 hr
9. I: (a) 1.8961, 0.161 (b) 2, 0.1039 (c) 0.052 ≈ 5, 33. ≈ 60 hydra 35. (a) ≈ 0.393 (b) ≈ 0.135 (c) 0
II: (a) 2.0045, 0.0066 (b) 2, 0.00454 (c) 0.2% (d) The probability that any customer waits longer than 3 minutes
11. (a) 1 (b) 2 13. (a) 116 (b) 2 is 1 - (0.997521)200 ≈ 0.391 6 1/2. So the most likely
15. (a) 283 (b) 2 17. (a) 71 (b) 10 outcome is that all 200 would be served within 3 minutes.
19. (a) 76 (b) 12 21. (a) 82 (b) 8 37. $10, 256 39. ≈ 323, ≈ 262 41. ≈ 0.89435
23. 15,990 ft3 25. ≈10.63 ft 43. (a) ≈ 16% (b) ≈ 0.23832 45. ≈ 618 females
27. (a) ≈0.00021 (b) ≈1.37079 (c) ≈0.015, 47. ≈ 61 adults 49. ≈ 289 shafts
31. (a) ≈5.870 (b) 0 ET 0 … 0.0032 33. 21.07 in. 35. 14.4 51. (a) ≈ 0.977 (b) ≈ 0.159 (c) ≈ 0.838
39. ≈28.7 mg 55. (a) 5 LLL, LLD, LDL, DLL, LLU, LUL, ULL, LDD, LDU,
LUD, LUU, DLD, DLU, ULD, ULU, DDL, DUL, UDL,
Section 8.8, pp. 513–515 UUL, DDD, DDU, DUD, UDD, DUU, UDU, UUD, UUU 6
1. p>2 3. 2 5. 6 7. p>2 9. ln 3 11. ln 4 (c) 7>27 ≈ 0.26 (d) 20>27 ≈ 0.74
p
13. 0 15. 23 17. p 19. lna1 + b Practice Exercises, pp. 529–531
2
1. (x + 1)(ln (x + 1)) - (x + 1) + C
21. -1 23. 1 25. - 1>4 27. p>2 29. p>3
1
31. 6 33. ln 2 35. Diverges 37. Diverges 3. x tan-1 (3x) - ln (1 + 9x2) + C
6
39. Converges 41. Converges 43. Diverges
5. (x + 1)2ex - 2(x + 1)ex + 2ex + C
45. Converges 47. Converges 49. Diverges
2ex sin 2x ex cos 2x
51. Converges 53. Converges 55. Diverges 7. + + C
5 5
57. Converges 59. Diverges 61. Converges
63. Converges 9. 2 ln 0 x - 2 0 - ln 0 x - 1 0 + C
65. (a) Converges when p 6 1 (b) Converges when p 7 1 1
11. ln 0 x 0 - ln 0 x + 1 0 + + C
67. 1 69. 2p 71. ln 2 x + 1
73. (a) p>2 (b) p 75. (b) ≈0.88621 1 cos u - 1 2
13. - ln 2 + C
7 7. (a) 3 cos u + 2
y y
1
1 15. 4 ln 0 x 0 - ln ( x2 + 1 ) + 4 tan-1 x + C
1.8 2
1.6 0.8
1 (y - 2)5(y + 2)
1.4 x 17. ln 2 2 + C
L0
0.6
1.2 Si(x) = sin t dt 16 y6
t y = sin t
1 0.4 t
1 -1 23 t
0.8 0.2 19. tan t - tan-1 + C
0.6 2 6 23
t
0.4 0 5 10 15 20 25
x2 4 2
0.2 −0.2 21. + ln 0 x + 2 0 + ln 0 x - 1 0 + C
x 2 3 3
0 5 10 15 20 25
x2 9 3
(b) p>2 23. - ln 0 x + 3 0 + ln 0 x + 1 0 + C
2 2 2
y
79. (a) 1 2 2x + 1 - 1 2
0.4 25. ln + C 27. ln 0 1 - e-s 0 + C
3 2x + 1 + 1
0.3 1
29. - 216 - y2 + C 31. - ln 0 4 - x2 0 + C
0.2 2
0.1 1 1 2x + 32
33. ln + C 35. ln + C
x 29 - x2 6 x - 3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
cos5 x cos7 x tan5 x
(b) ≈0.683, ≈0.954, ≈0.997 37. - + + C 39. + C
5 7 5
85. ≈0.16462 cos u cos 11u
41. - + C 43. 4 21 - cos (t>2) + C
Section 8.9. pp. 526–528 2 22
1. No 3. Yes 5. Yes 7. Yes 11. ≈ 0.537 45. At least 16 47. T = p, S = p 49. 25°F
1 51. (a) ≈2.42 gal (b) ≈24.83 mi>gal
13. ≈ 0.688 15. ≈ 0.0502 17. 221 19. ln 2
2
A-36 Chapter 9: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

53. p>2 55. 6 57. ln 3 59. 2 61. p>6 12p 1 ln 2 1

25. 27. a = , - 29. 6 p … 1
63. Diverges 65. Diverges 67. Converges 5 2 4 2
2x
2x3>2 e
69. - x + 2 2x - 2 ln 1 2x + 1 2 + C 33. (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C
3 13
1 -1 1 cos x sin 3x - 3 sin x cos 3x
71. sin (x - 1) + (x - 1) 22x - x2 + C 35. + C
2 2 8
73. - 2 cot x - ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + csc x + C eax
37. (a sin bx - b cos bx) + C
a2 + b2
1 3 + y2 1 y
75. ln 2 + tan-1 + C 2
12 3 - y 6 3 39. x ln (ax) - x + C 41. + C 43. 1
1 - tan (x>2)
u sin (2u + 1) cos (2u + 1) 1
77. + + C 79. sec2 u + C 23p 1 tan (t>2) + 1 - 22
2 4 4 45. 47. ln ` ` + C
9 22 tan (t>2) + 1 + 22
1 22 - x2
3
1 + tan (u>2)
81. 2 £ - 2 22 - x ≥ + C
3 49. ln ` ` + C
1 - tan (u>2)
83. tan-1 (y - 1) + C
Chapter 9
1 1 1 1 1 z
85. ln + z + - - c ln ( z2 + 4 ) + tan-1 a bd + C
4 4z 4 2 2 2 Section 9.1, pp. 542–544
1. (d) 3. (a)
1 et + 1
87. - 29 - 4t 2 + C 89. lna t b + C 91. 1>4 5. y
4 e + 2
2 3>2 1
93. x + C 95. - tan-1 (cos 5t) + C
3 5
x
97. 2 2r - 2 ln 1 1 + 2r 2 + C
1 1
99. x2 - ln ( x2 + 1 ) + C
2 2
2 1
101. ln + x + 1 + + ln 0 x2 - x + 1 0 + 7. y′ = x - y; y(1) = - 1 9. y′ = -(1 + y) sin x; y(0) = 2
3 6
x 4
1 2x - 1 11. y(exact) = - x , y1 = -0.25, y2 = 0.3, y3 = 0.75
tan-1 a b + C 2
23 23
13. y(exact) = 3ex(x + 2), y1 = 4.2, y2 = 6.216, y3 = 9.697
4 8 4
103. 1 1 + 2x 27>2 - 1 1 + 2x 25>2 + 1 1 + 2x 23>2 + C
2
15. y(exact) = ex + 1, y1 = 2.0, y2 = 2.0202, y3 = 2.0618
7 5 3
17. y ≈ 2.48832 , exact value is e.
105. 2 ln 0 2x + 21 + x 0 + C 19. y ≈ -0.2272 , exact value is 1> 1 1 - 2 25 2 ≈ - 0.2880.
107. ln x - ln 0 1 + ln x 0 + C 23.
1 ln x 1 1 - 21 - x4
109. x + C 111. ln ` ` + C
2 2 x2
p 1
113. (b) 115. x - tan-1 1 22 tan x 2 + C
4 22

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 531–535

1. x ( sin - 1 x ) 2 + 2 ( sin - 1 x ) 21 - x2 - 2x + C
25. 27.
x2 sin - 1 x x 21 - x2 - sin - 1 x y y
3. + + C
2 4 4 4
1
5. aln 1 t - 21 - t 2 2 - sin - 1 tb + C 7. 0 3 3
2 2 2
9. ln (4) - 1 11. 1 13. 32p>35 15. 2π 1 1
17. (a) p (b) p(2e - 5) x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
8 (ln 2)2 16 (ln 2) 16 −1 −1
19. (b) pa - + b
3 9 27 −2 −2
−3 −3
e2 + 1 e - 2
21. a , b −4 −4
4 2
21 + e 2
1 35. Euler’s method gives y ≈ 3.45835 ; the exact solution is
23. 21 + e2 - ln a e + e b - 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 2 y = 1 + e ≈ 3.71828.
37. y ≈ 1.5000 ; exact value is 1.5275.
 Chapter 9: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-37

Section 9.2, pp. 548–550 Section 9.4, pp. 562–563

ex + C C - cos x 1. y′ = ( y + 2)( y - 3)
1. y = x , x 7 0 3. y = , x 7 0
x3 (a) y = - 2 is a stable equilibrium value and y = 3 is an
1 1 C 1 unstable equilibrium.
5. y = - x + 2 , x 7 0 7. y = xe x>2 + Ce x>2
2 x 2
9. y = x(ln x)2 + Cx 1
(b) y″ = 2( y + 2) ay - b( y - 3)
2
t3 t C
11. s = - +
3(t - 1)4 (t - 1)4 (t - 1)4
y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
13. r = (csc u)(ln + sec u + + C), 0 6 u 6 p>2 y
−4 −2 0 2 4
3 1 1 p y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0
15. y = - e-2t 17. y = - cos u +
2 2 u 2u
2
2 ex 0.5
19. y = 6ex - 21. y = y0 ek t
x + 1
L (c) y
23. (b) is correct, but (a) is not. 25. t = ln 2 sec
R
4 y′ > 0, y″ > 0
V V V V
27. (a) i = - e-3 = ( 1 - e-3 ) ≈ 0.95 amp (b) 86%
R R R R 2
y′ < 0, y″ < 0
1 y = 1$2
29. y = 31. y3 = 1 + Cx-3
1 + Ce-x x
−0.5 0.5 1 1.5
y′ < 0, y″ > 0
Section 9.3, pp. 555–556 −2
1. (a) 168.5 m (b) 41.13 sec y′ > 0, y″ < 0

3. s(t) = 4.911 1 - e-(22.36>39.92)t 2

1 2 1 2 3. y′ = y3 - y = ( y + 1)y( y - 1)
5. x2 + y2 = C 7. ln + y + - y = x + C
2 2 (a) y = - 1 and y = 1 are unstable equilibria and y = 0 is a
y stable equilibrium.
y
(b) y″ = (3y2 - 1)y′
= 3( y + 1)1 y + 1> 23 2y1 y - 1> 23 2 ( y - 1)

y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0

x y
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1.5
x y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″<0 y″>0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0

kx 2 + y 2 = 1 1 1
−
Ë3 Ë3

(c) y
9. y = { 22x + C
y 1.5
y′ > 0, y″ > 0

y′ < 0, y″ < 0
0.5
y′ < 0, y″ > 0
x
−0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
y′ > 0, y″ < 0
x −0.5
y′ > 0, y″ > 0

y′ < 0, y″ < 0
−1.5

5. y′ = 2y, y 7 0
y (a) There are no equilibrium values.
13. (a) 10 lb > min (b) (100 + t) gal (c) 4a b lb>min 1
100 + t (b) y″ =
dy 4y 2
(d) = 10 - , y(0) = 50, y′ > 0
dt 100 + t
y
150 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2(100 + t) - y″ > 0
t 4
a1 + b
100
y (25) 188.6
(e) Concentration = = ≈ 1.5 lb>gal
amt. brine in tank 125
15. y(27.8) ≈ 14.8 lb, t ≈ 27.8 min
A-38 Chapter 9: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(c) y p
y′ > 0
17.5 y″ > 0 4
15 P′ > 0, P″ > 0
3
12.5
10 2 P′ < 0, P″ < 0
7.5
1 P′ < 0, P″ > 0
5
2.5 t
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
−2 2 4 6 8 −1 P′ > 0, P″ < 0
−2
7. y′ = ( y - 1)( y - 2)( y - 3)
(a) y = 1 and y = 3 are unstable equilibria and y = 2 is a 13. Before the catastrophe, the population exhibits logistic growth
stable equilibrium. and P(t) increases toward M0 , the stable equilibrium. After
(b) y″ = (3y2 - 12y + 11)( y - 1)( y - 2)( y - 3) = the catastrophe, the population declines logistically and P(t)
decreases toward M1 , the new stable equilibrium.
6 - 23 6 + 23
3( y - 1) ay - b( y - 2) ay - b( y - 3) Before Catastrophe After Catastrophe
3 3
P P

y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0

y M0
0 1 2 3 4
Pc
y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0

M1
6 − Ë3 6 + Ë3
< 1.42 < 2.58
3 3
t t
tcatastrophe tcatastrophe

(c) y
dy k
15. = g - m y2, g, k, m 7 0 and y(t) Ú 0
4 dt
3.5 mg
y′ > 0, y″ > 0 dy k
3
y′ < 0, y″ < 0 Equilibrium: = g - m y2 = 0 1 y =
2.5 dt A k
y′ < 0, y″ > 0
2 d 2y k dy k k
1.5
y′ > 0, y″ < 0 Concavity: 2 = -2a m yb = -2a m yb ag - m y2 b
y′ > 0, y″ > 0 dt dt
1
y′ < 0, y″ < 0
0.5
x
(a) (b)
−1 1 2 3
dy dy y
>0 <0
dt dt mg
y
dP 1 0 d 2y d 2y Ä k
9. = 1 - 2P has a stable equilibrium at P = ; <0 >0
dt 2 dt 2
mg
dt 2

d 2P dP yeq = Ä k
= -2 = - 2(1 - 2P) .
dt 2 dt
t
P

1.5
160
(c) yterminal = = 178.9 ft>sec = 122 mph
1
A 0.005
P′ < 0, P″ > 0
dy 1
0.5
P′ > 0, P″ < 0 17. F = Fp - Fr; ma = 50 - 5 0 y 0 ; = m (50 - 5 0 y 0 ) . The
dt
t dy
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 maximum velocity occurs when = 0 or y = 10 ft>sec .
dt
−0.5
19. Phase line:
dP
11. = 2P(P - 3) has a stable equilibrium at P = 0 and an di
>0
di
<0
dt dt dt
i
d 2P dP 0 d 2i d 2i
<0 >0
unstable equilibrium at P = 3; 2 = 2(2P - 3) = dt 2 dt 2
dt dt V
4P(2P - 3)(P - 3). ieq =
R

P′ > 0 P′ < 0 P′ > 0 If the switch is closed at t = 0 , then i(0) = 0 , and the graph of
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
P the solution looks like this:
P″ < 0 P″ > 0 P″ < 0 P″ > 0
 Chapter 9: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-39

i
23.
V x y x y
R
0 0 1.1 1.6241
0.1 0.1000 1.2 1.8319
0.2 0.2095 1.3 2.0513
t 0.3 0.3285 1.4 2.2832
0.4 0.4568 1.5 2.5285
V
As t S q, i(t) S isteady state = . 0.5 0.5946 1.6 2.7884
R
0.6 0.7418 1.7 3.0643
Section 9.5, pp. 567–569 0.7 0.8986 1.8 3.3579
1. Seasonal variations, nonconformity of the environments, effects 0.8 1.0649 1.9 3.6709
of other interactions, unexpected disasters, etc. 0.9 1.2411 2.0 4.0057
3. This model assumes that the number of interactions is propor- 1.0 1.4273
tional to the product of x and y:
dx 25. y(3) ≈ 0.9131
= (a - by)x, a 6 0,
dt 27. (a)
dy y m
= m a1 - by - nxy = yam - y - nxb.
dt M M
Rest points are (0, 0), unstable, and (0, M), stable.
5. (a) Logistic growth occurs in the absence of the competitor, and [−0.2, 4.5] by [−2.5, 0.5]
involves a simple interaction between the species: Growth
dominates the competition when either population is small, (b) Note that we choose a small interval of x-values because
so it is difficult to drive either species to extinction. the y-values decrease very rapidly and our calculator cannot
(b) a: per capita growth rate for trout handle the calculations for x … -1 . (This occurs because
m: per capita growth rate for bass the analytic solution is y = - 2 + ln (2 - e-x) , which has
b: intensity of competition to the trout an asymptote at x = -ln 2 ≈ - 0.69 . Obviously, the Euler
n: intensity of competition to the bass approximations are misleading for x … - 0.7 .)
k1: environmental carrying capacity for the trout
k2: environmental carrying capacity for the bass
a
: growth versus competition or net growth of trout
b
m
n : relative survival of bass
[−1, 0.2] by [−10, 2]
dx a a
(c) = 0 when x = 0 or y = - x, 1 2 3 1
dt b bk1 29. y(exact) = x - ; y(2) ≈ 0.4 ; exact value is .
2 2 2
dy k2n 2
= 0 when y = 0 or y = k2 - m x. 31. y(exact) = - e(x - 1)>2; y(2) ≈ - 3.4192 ; exact value is
dt - e3>2 ≈ - 4.4817 .
By picking a>b 7 k2 and m>n 7 k1 , we ensure that an 33. (a) y = - 1 is stable and y = 1 is unstable.
equilibrium point exists inside the first quadrant. d 2y dy
(b) 2 = 2y = 2y(y2 - 1)
dx dx
Practice Exercises, pp. 569–570
y = −1 y=1
2 4
1. y = - lnaC - (x - 2)5>2 - (x - 2)3>2 b dy
>0
dy
<0
dy
<0
dy
>0
5 3 dx dx dx dx
y
d 2y d 2y d 2y d 2y
<0 >0 <0 >0
3. tan y = -x sin x - cos x + C 5. ( y + 1)e-y = - ln + x + + C dx2 dx2 dx2 dx2
y=0
x - 1 x2
7. y = C x 9. y = ex>2 + Cex>2 (c) y
4
x2 - 2x + C e-x + C 2
11. y = 13. y = 15. xy + y3 = C
2x2 1 + ex
1
2x3 + 3x2 + 6 1
19. y = ( 1 - 4e-x )
3
17. y =
6(x + 1)2 3
0 x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
21. y = e-x (3x3 - 3x2)
−1

−2
A-40 Chapter 10: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 570–571 5 1 5 1 5 1 23

1. (a) y = c + ( y0 - c)e-k (A>V )t 11. (5 + 1) + a + b + a + b + a + b + g,
2 3 4 9 8 27 2
(b) Steady-state solution: yq = c
1 1 1 1 1 1 17
5. x2 ( x2 + 2y2 ) = C 13. (1 + 1) + a - b + a + b + a - b + g,
2 5 4 25 8 125 6
7. ln 0 x 0 + e-y>x = C 15. Converges, 5>3 17. Converges, 1>7 19. 23>99
9. ln 0 x 0 - ln 0 sec (y>x - 1) + tan (y>x - 1) 0 = C 21. 7>9 23. 1>15 25. 41333>33300 27. Diverges
29. Inconclusive 31. Diverges 33. Diverges
1
Chapter 10 35. sn = 1 -
n + 1
; converges, 1 37. sn = ln 2n + 1; diverges
Section 10.1, pp. 581–584 p 1 p
39. sn = - cos-1 a b; converges, -
1. a1 = 0, a2 = -1>4, a3 = -2>9, a4 = - 3>16 3 n + 2 6
3. a1 = 1, a2 = -1>3, a3 = 1>5, a4 = -1>7 1
41. 1 43. 5 45. 1 47. - 49. Converges, 2 + 22
5. a1 = 1>2, a2 = 1>2, a3 = 1>2, a4 = 1>2 ln 2
e2
3 7 15 31 63 127 255 511 1023 51. Converges, 1 53. Diverges 55. Converges, 2
7. 1, , , , , , , , , e - 1
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
57. Converges, 2 > 9 59. Converges, 3 > 2 61. Diverges
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 p
9. 2, 1, - , - , , , - , - , , 63. Converges, 4 65. Diverges 67. Converges, p - e
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
11. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 69. a = 1, r = -x; converges to 1>(1 + x) for + x + 6 1
13. an = (-1)n + 1, n Ú 1 71. a = 3, r = (x - 1)>2; converges to 6>(3 - x) for x in (- 1, 3)
2n - 1 1 1 1
15. an = (-1)n + 1(n)2, n Ú 1 17. an = ,n Ú 1 73. + x + 6 , 75. -2 6 x 6 0,
3(n + 2) 2 1 - 2x 2 + x
19. an = n2 - 1, n Ú 1 21. an = 4n - 3, n Ú 1 p 1
1 + (-1)n + 1 77. x ≠ (2k + 1) , k an integer;
3n + 2 2 1 q- sin x
79. (a) a (b) a
23. an = ,n Ú 1 25. an = ,n Ú 1 q
1 1
n! 2
27. Converges, 2 29. Converges, -1 31. Converges, - 5 n = -2 (n + 4)(n + 5) n = 0 (n + 2)(n + 3)

(c) a
33. Diverges 35. Diverges 37. Converges, 1 > 2 q
1
39. Converges, 0 41. Converges, 22 43. Converges, 1
n = 5 (n - 3)(n - 2)
45. Converges, 0 47. Converges, 0 49. Converges, 0 1 + 2r
89. (a) r = 3>5 (b) r = -3>10 91. + r + 6 1,
51. Converges, 1 53. Converges, e7 55. Converges, 1 1 - r2
57. Converges, 1 59. Diverges 61. Converges, 4 93. (a) 16.84 mg, 17.79 mg (b) 17.84 mg
63. Converges, 0 65. Diverges 67. Converges, e-1 1 2 1 2 7 8 1 2 7 8
69. Converges, e2>3 71. Converges, x (x 7 0) 95. (a) 0, , , , , , , , , , , 1
27 27 9 9 27 27 3 3 9 9
(b) a a b
73. Converges, 0 75. Converges, 1 77. Converges, 1 > 2 q
1 2 n-1
79. Converges, 1 81. Converges, p>2 83. Converges, 0 = 1
n=1 2 3
85. Converges, 0 87. Converges, 1 > 2 89. Converges, 0
91. 8 93. 4 95. 5 97. 1 + 22 99. xn = 2n - 2 Section 10.3, pp. 598–599
101. (a) ƒ(x) = x2 - 2, 1.414213562 ≈ 22 1. Converges 3. Converges 5. Converges 7. Diverges
(b) ƒ(x) = tan (x) - 1, 0.7853981635 ≈ p>4 1
(c) ƒ(x) = ex, diverges 9. Converges 11. Converges; geometric series, r = 6 1
10
103. (b) 1 111. Nondecreasing, bounded n
13. Diverges; lim = 1 ≠ 0
113. Not nondecreasing, bounded n Sq n + 1
15. Diverges; p-series, p 6 1
115. Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem
1
117. Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem 17. Converges; geometric series, r = 6 1
8
119. Diverges, definition of divergence 121. Converges 19. Diverges; Integral Test
123. Converges 135. (b) 23 21. Converges; geometric series, r = 2>3 6 1
23. Diverges; Integral Test
Section 10.2, pp. 591–593 2n
2(1 - (1>3)n) 1 - (- 1>2)n 25. Diverges; lim ≠ 0
n Sq n + 1
1. sn = ,3 3. sn = , 2>3
1 - (1>3) 1 - (-1>2) 27. Diverges; limn Sq 1 2n>ln n 2 ≠ 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1
4 16 64 g 5
5. sn = - , 7. 1 - + - + , 29. Diverges; geometric series, r = 7 1
2 n + 2 2 ln 2
3 9 57 249 31. Converges; Integral Test 33. Diverges; nth-Term Test
4 16 64 256 g
9. - + + + + , diverges.
35. Converges; Integral Test 37. Converges; Integral Test
 Chapter 10: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-41

39. Converges; Integral Test 41. a = 1 45. Diverges; limit comparison with g(1>n)
43. (a) y tan-1 n p>2
47. Converges; 1.1 6 1.1
49. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )
n n

51. Diverges; limit comparison with g (1>n)

1

53. Converges; limit comparison with g ( 1>n2 )

1
1 y=
x 1$n
1$2
x
0 1 2 3 n n+1
65. Converges 67. Converges 69. Converges

L1
n+1
1 dx < 1 + 1 + … + 1
x 2 n Section 10.5, pp. 609–610
1. Converges 3. Diverges 5. Converges 7. Converges
y
9. Converges 11. Diverges 13. Converges 15. Converges
1
17. Converges; Ratio Test 19. Diverges; Ratio Test

23. Converges; compare with g(3>(1.25)n)

y=
1 21. Converges; Ratio Test
1 x
1$2 1$n

0 1 2 3 n−1 n
x
3 n
25. Diverges; lim a1 - n b = e-3 ≠ 0

L1 Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

n n Sq
1+ 1 +…+ 1 <1+ 1 dx

Diverges; compare with g(1>(2n))

2 n x 27.
29.
(b) ≈41.55 31. Diverges; an S> 0 33. Converges; Ratio Test

41. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

45. True 47. (b) n Ú 251,415 35. Converges; Ratio Test 37. Converges; Ratio Test
49. s8 = a 3 ≈ 1.195
8
1 39. Converges; Root Test
51. 1060
n=1 n 43. Converges; Ratio Test 45. Converges; Ratio Test
59. (a) 1.20166 … S … 1.20253 (b) S ≈ 1.2021, error 6 0.0005 47. Diverges; Ratio Test 49. Converges; Ratio Test
p2 1 (1>n!) S
61. a - 1b ≈ 0.64493 51. Converges; Ratio Test 53. Diverges; an = a b 1
6 3
55. Converges; Ratio Test 57. Diverges; Root Test

1. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

Section 10.4, pp. 603–604 59. Converges; Root Test 61. Converges; Ratio Test 65. Yes

3. Diverges; compare with g 1 1> 2n 2 Section 10.6, pp. 615–616

5. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n3>2 )
1. Converges by Alternating Series Test
3. Converges; Alternating Series Test
7. Converges; compare with g = 25 g 3>2
n + 4n 1 5. Converges; Alternating Series Test

11. Diverges; limit comparison with g(1>n)

B n4 + 0 n 7. Diverges; an S> 0

Diverges; limit comparison with g 1 1> 2n 2

9. Converges 9. Diverges; an S> 0

17. Diverges; limit comparison with g 1 1> 2n 2

13. 11. Converges; Alternating Series Test

Converges; compare with g(1>2n)

15. Diverges 13. Converges by Alternating Series Test
19. 15. Converges absolutely. Series of absolute values is a convergent

Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

geometric series.
17. Converges conditionally; 1> 2n S 0 but g n = 1
21. Diverges; nth-Term Test
23. q 1
diverges.

19. Converges absolutely; compare with g n = 1 ( 1>n ) .

n 2n
n n n 1 n q 2
25. Converges; a b 6 a b = a b

Diverges; direct comparison with g(1>n) 21. Converges conditionally; 1>(n + 3) S 0 but g n = 1
3n + 1 3n 3
q 1

Diverges; limit comparison with g(1>n)

27.
diverges (compare with g n = 1(1>n)).
n + 3

Diverges; limit comparison with g(1>n)

29. q

Converges; compare with g ( 1>n3>2 )

31.
3 + n
33. 23. Diverges; S1
1 1 5 + n
35. Converges; n … n 1 1
n2 2 25. Converges conditionally; a 2 + n b S 0 but (1 + n)>n2 7 1>n
n
1 1
37. Converges; n - 1 6 n-1 27. Converges absolutely; Ratio Test
Converges; comparison with g ( 1>5n2 )
3 + 1 3 29. Converges absolutely by Integral Test
Diverges; comparison with g(1>n)
39.
31. Diverges; an S> 0 33. Converges absolutely by Ratio Test
41.
Converges; comparison with g
cos np (-1)n + 1 1
1 35. Converges absolutely, since ` ` = ` ` = 3>2
with g ( 1>n2 )
43. or limit comparison n 2n n3>2 n
n(n - 1)
(convergent p-series)
A-42 Chapter 10: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

37. Converges absolutely by Root Test 39. Diverges; an S q Section 10.8, pp. 630–631
41. Converges conditionally; 2n + 1 - 2n = 1. P0(x) = 1, P1(x) = 1 + 2x, P2(x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 ,

1 compare with g 1 1> 2n 2 2 .

1> ( 2n + 2n + 1 2 S 0, but series of absolute values diverges 4
P3(x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + x3
3
43. Diverges, an S 1>2 ≠ 0 1
3. P0(x) = 0, P1(x) = x - 1, P2(x) = (x - 1) - (x - 1)2,
2 2en 2
45. Converges absolutely; sech n = n = 2n 6 1 1
e + e-n e + 1 P3(x) = (x - 1) - (x - 1)2 + (x - 1)3
2en 2 2 3
= n , a term from a convergent geometric series. 1 1 1
47. Converges conditionally; g(-1)n + 1
e2n e 5. P0(x) = , P1(x) = - (x - 2),
1 2 2 4
converges by 1 1 1
2(n + 1)
Alternating Series Test; g
P2(x) = - (x - 2) + (x - 2)2,
1 2 4 8

son with g(1>n).

diverges by limit compari- 1 1 1 1
2(n + 1) P3(x) = - (x - 2) + (x - 2)2 - (x - 2)3
2 4 8 16
22 22 22 p
49. + Error + 6 0.2 51. + Error + 6 2 * 10-11 7. P0(x) = , P1 (x) = + ax - b,
2 2 2 4
53. n Ú 31 55. n Ú 4 57. 0.54030
59. (a) an Ú an + 1 (b) - 1>2 22 22p 22 p 2
P2(x) = + ax -
b - ax - b ,
2 2 4 4 4
Section 10.7, pp. 624–626
22 22 p 22 p 2
1. (a) 1, -1 6 x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) none P3(x) = + ax - b - ax - b
2 2 4 4 4
3. (a) 1>4, - 1>2 6 x 6 0 (b) - 1>2 6 x 6 0 (c) none 3
5. (a) 10, -8 6 x 6 12 (b) - 8 6 x 6 12 (c) none 22 p
- ax - b
7. (a) 1, -1 6 x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) none 12 4
9. (a) 3, -3 … x … 3 (b) - 3 … x … 3 (c) none 1
9. P0(x) = 2, P1(x) = 2 + (x - 4),
11. (a) q, for all x (b) for all x (c) none 4
13. (a) 1>2, - 1>2 6 x 6 1>2 (b) -1>2 6 x 6 1>2 (c) none 1 1
P2(x) = 2 + (x - 4) - (x - 4)2,
15. (a) 1, -1 … x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) x = -1 4 64
1 1 1
17. (a) 5, -8 6 x 6 2 (b) - 8 6 x 6 2 (c) none P3(x) = 2 + (x - 4) - (x - 4)2 + (x - 4)3
4 64 512
19. (a) 3, -3 6 x 6 3 (b) - 3 6 x 6 3 (c) none
11. a
q
(- x)n x2 x3 x4
21. (a) 1, -2 6 x 6 0 (b) - 2 6 x 6 0 (c) none = 1 - x + - + - g
23. (a) 1, -1 6 x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) none n=0 n! 2! 3! 4!

13. a (-1)nxn = 1 - x + x2 - x3 + g
q
25. (a) 0, x = 0 (b) x = 0 (c) none
27. (a) 2, -4 6 x … 0 (b) - 4 6 x 6 0 (c) x = 0 n=0

15. a 17. 7 a 19. a

29. (a) 1, -1 … x … 1 (b) - 1 … x … 1 (c) none q
(- 1)n32n + 1x2n + 1 q
(- 1)nx2n q
x2n
31. (a) 1>4, 1 … x … 3>2 (b) 1 … x … 3>2 (c) none
n=0 (2n + 1)! n=0 (2n)! n=0 (2n)!
33. (a) q, for all x (b) for all x (c) none
35. (a) 1, -1 … x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) -1 21. x4 - 2x3 - 5x + 4
37. 3 39. 8 41. - 1>3 6 x 6 1>3, 1>(1 - 3x) 23. 8 + 10(x - 2) + 6(x - 2)2 + (x - 2)3
43. - 1 6 x 6 3, 4> ( 3 + 2x - x2 ) 25. 21 - 36(x + 2) + 25(x + 2)2 - 8(x + 2)3 + (x + 2)4

a (-1) (n + 1)(x - 1) 29. a (x - 2)n

q q 2
45. 0 6 x 6 16, 2> 1 4 - 2x 2 n n e
27.
n = 0 n!
47. - 22 6 x 6 22, 3> ( 2 - x2 ) n=0

a (-1)
q

49. x = a 2(- 1)n(x - 1)n, 0 6 x 6 2

q n+1 2
2n p 2n
2 31. ax - b
n=0 (2n)! 4
n=0

51. a ( - 13 ) (x - 5)n, 2 6 x 6 8
q 5 2
n 33. - 1 - 2x - x - g, - 1 6 x 6 1
2
n=0
1 1
53. 1 6 x 6 5, 2>(x - 1), a ( - 12 ) n(x - 3)n - 1,
q
n 35. x2 - x3 + x4 + g, -1 6 x 6 1
2 6
n=1 41. L(x) = 0, Q(x) = - x2 >2 43. L(x) = 1, Q(x) = 1 + x2 >2
1 6 x 6 5, - 2>(x - 1)2 45. L(x) = x, Q(x) = x
x2 x4 x6 x8 x10
55. (a) cos x = 1 - + - + - + g; converges Section 10.9, pp. 637–638
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
1. a
q
for all x (- 5x)n 52x2 53x3
= 1 - 5x + - + g
(b) Same answer as part (c) n=0 n! 2! 3!

3. a = a
23x3 25x5 27x7 29x9 211x11 q
5(- 1)n(- x)2n + 1 q
5( - 1)n + 1x2n + 1
(c) 2x - + - + - + g
3! 5! 7! 9! 11! (2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
2 4 6 8 10 n=0 n=0
x x x 17x 31x p p
57. (a) + + + + ,- 6 x 6 5x3 5x5 5x7
2 12 45 2520 14175 2 2 = - 5x + - + + g
3! 5! 7!
2x4 17x6 62x8 p p
(b) 1 + x + 2
+ + + g, - 6 x 6
3 45 315 2 2
 Chapter 10: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-43

5. a
q
(-1)n ( 5x2 ) 2n 25x4 625x8 x2 x4
= 1 - + -g 27. (a) -
(2n)! 2! 4! 2 12
n=0

7. a (- 1)n + 1 n = x2 -
q x2 x4 x6 x8 x32
- # + # - # + g + (-1)15
31 # 32
x2n x4 x6 x8 (b)
+ - + g 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 3 4
n=1 29. 1>2 31. -1>24 33. 1>3 35. - 1 37. 2
9. a (- 1)n a b x3n = 1 - x3 + 2 x6 - 3 x9 + g
q
3 n 3 32 33 3 23 x3
4 4 4 4 39. 3>2 41. e 43. cos 45. 47.
n=0 4 2 1 - x

11. a
q
xn + 1 x3 x4 x5 x3 -1
= x + x2 + + + + g 49. 51. 55. 500 terms 57. 4 terms
n = 0 n! 2! 3! 4! 1 + x2 (1 + x)2

13. a
q
(-1)nx2n x4 x6 x8 x10 x3 3x5 5x7
= - + - + g 59. (a) x + + + , radius of convergence = 1
6 40 112
n = 2 (2n)! 4! 6! 8! 10!
x3 3x5 5x7
+ g = a
p
p 2x 3 p 4x 5 p 6x 7
q
(-1)np2nx2n + 1 (b) - x - - -
15. x - + - 2 6 40 112
2! 4! 6! n=0 (2n)! 61. 1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3 + g
17. 1 + a
67. (a) -1 (b) 1 1> 22 2(1 + i) (c) - i
q
(- 1)n(2x)2n
#
n = 1 2 (2n)!
=
1 1 5
71. x + x2 + x3 - x + g, for all x
3 30
(2x)2 (2x)4 (2x)6 (2x)8
1 - # + # - # + # - g
2 2! 2 4! 2 6! 2 8!
Practice Exercises, pp. 648–649
19. x2 a (2x)n = x2 + 2x3 + 4x4 + g
q
1. Converges to 1 3. Converges to - 1 5. Diverges
n=0 7. Converges to 0 9. Converges to 1 11. Converges to e-5
21. a nxn - 1 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + g
q
13. Converges to 3 15. Converges to ln 2 17. Diverges
n=1
19. 1 > 6 21. 3 > 2 23. e>(e - 1) 25. Diverges

23. a (-1)n + 1
q 27. Converges conditionally 29. Converges conditionally
x4n - 1 x7 x11 x15
= x3 - + - + g 31. Converges absolutely 33. Converges absolutely
n=1 2n - 1 3 5 7
35. Converges absolutely 37. Converges absolutely
25. a a + (- 1)n b xn = 2 + x2 - x3 +
q
1 3 5 25 4 39. Converges absolutely
x - g
n = 0 n! 2 6 24 41. (a) 3, - 7 … x 6 -1 (b) -7 6 x 6 - 1 (c) x = -7

27. a
q
(-1)n - 1x2n + 1 x3 x5 x7 43. (a) 1>3, 0 … x … 2>3 (b) 0 … x … 2>3 (c) None
= - + - g 45. (a) q, for all x (b) For all x (c) None
n=1 3n 3 6 9
47. (a) 23, - 23 6 x 6 23 (b) - 23 6 x 6 23 (c) None
x3 x5
29. x + x2 + - + g 49. (a) e, - e 6 x 6 e (b) -e 6 x 6 e (c) Empty set
3 30
57. a 2nxn
q
2 23 44 8 1 1 4
31. x2 - x4 + x6 - x + g 51. , ,
1 + x 4 5
53. sin x, p, 0 55. ex, ln 2, 2
3 45 105 n=0

59. a 61. a 63. a

1 1 q
(- 1)np2n + 1x2n + 1 q
(-1)nx10n>3 q((px)>2)n
33. 1 + x + x2 - x4 + g
2 8
1 n=0 (2n + 1)! n=0 (2n)! n=0 n!
35. + Error + … 4 # 6 4.2 * 10-6 (x + 1) 3(x + 1)2 9(x + 1)3
10 4!
+ g
2 # 1! 23 # 2!
65. 2 - + +
37. + x + 6 (0.06)1>5 6 0.56968 25 # 3!
39. + Error + 6 ( 10-3 ) 3 >6 6 1.67 * 10-10, - 10-3 6 x 6 0 1 1 1 1
67. - (x - 3) + 3 (x - 3)2 - 4 (x - 3)3
4 42 4 4
41. + Error + 6 ( 30.1 ) (0.1)3 >6 6 1.87 * 10-4
69. 0.4849171431 71. 0.4872223583 73. 7 > 2 75. 1 > 12
k(k - 1) 2
49. (a) Q(x) = 1 + kx + x (b) 0 … x 6 100-1>3 77. -2 79. r = -3, s = 9>2 81. 2 > 3
2
n + 1 1
83. ln a b; the series converges to ln a b.
Section 10.10, pp. 645–647 2n 2
x x2 x3 85. (a) q (b) a = 1, b = 0 87. It converges.
1. 1 + - + 3. 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3
2 8 16
2 3
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 650–652
3x x x3 3x6 5x9 1. Converges; Comparison Test 3. Diverges; nth-Term Test
5. 1 - x + - 7. 1 - + -
4 2 2 8 16
5. Converges; Comparison Test 7. Diverges; nth-Term Test
1 1 1
9. 1 + - 2 + 1 23 1
2x 8x 16x3 9. With a = p>3, cos x = - (x - p>3) - (x - p>3)2
2 2 4
11. (1 + x)4 = 1 + 4x + 6x2 + 4x3 + x4
23
13. (1 - 2x)3 = 1 - 6x + 12x2 - 8x3 + (x - p>3) + g
3
12
15. 0.0713362 17. 0.4969536 19. 0.0999445 21. 0.10000
x2 x3
1 x3 x7 x11 11. With a = 0, ex = 1 + x + + + g
- #
13 # 6! 11 # 5!
23. ≈ 0.00011 25. + 2! 3!
3 7 3!
A-44 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1 1 13. 15.
13. With a = 22p, cos x = 1 - (x - 22p)2 + (x - 22p)4
2 4! y y

1
- (x - 22p)6 + g 3
0≤t≤
p
6! 2
2
1
15. Converges, limit = b 17. p>2 21. b = { t=0 y = Î1 − x2
5 1 x=y
2

23. a = 2, L = - 7>6 27. (b) Yes t=0

x

31. (a) a nxn - 1

q −2 −1 1 2 3 4
1
(b) 6 (c) q t = −1
x −1
n=1 −1 0 1
33. (a) Rn = C0e ( 1 - e-nkt ) > ( 1 - e-kt ) ,
-kt0 0 0 −2
−p ≤t<0
R = C0 ( e-kt ) > ( 1 - e-kt ) = C0 > ( ekt - 1 )
0 0 0
−3
2

(b) R1 = 1>e ≈ 0.368,

R10 = R ( 1 - e-10 ) ≈ R(0.9999546) ≈ 0.58195; 17. y
R ≈ 0.58198; 0 6 ( R - R10 ) >R 6 0.0001 x2 − y2 = 1
(c) 7

Chapter 11 t=0
x
−1 0
Section 11.1, pp. 659–661
1. 3.
y y
y = x2
4

t= 5
19. (a) x = a cos t, y = -a sin t, 0 … t … 2p
2
(b) x = a cos t, y = a sin t, 0 … t … 2p
t<0 t>0
1
y = 2x + 3 (c) x = a cos t, y = -a sin t, 0 … t … 4p
x
(d) x = a cos t, y = a sin t, 0 … t … 4p
t= 7 −1 1 2 3 4
21. Possible answer: x = - 1 + 5t, y = -3 + 4t, 0 … t … 1
4 −1
1
−2
23. Possible answer: x = t 2 + 1, y = t, t … 0
x −3
25. Possible answer: x = 2 - 3t, y = 3 - 4t, t Ú 0
0 1
−4 27. Possible answer: x = 2 cos t, y = 2 + sin t + , 0 … t … 4p
-at a
29. Possible answer: x = , y = , -q 6 t 6 q
5. 7. 21 + t 2 21 + t 2
4 4 tan u
y y 31. Possible answer: x = , y = ,
1 + 2 tan u 1 + 2 tan u
2
x 2 + y2 = 1
0 … u 6 p>2 and x = 0, y = 2 if u = p>2
x2 + y2 = 1
16 4 33. Possible answer: x = 2 - cos t, y = sin t, 0 … t … 2p
1 2
35. x = 2 cot t, y = 2 sin2 t, 0 6 t 6 p
t=p t=0 37. x = a sin2 t tan t, y = a sin2 t, 0 … t 6 p>2 39. (1, 1)
2 t = 0, 2p
x x
−2 −1 0 1 2 0 4
t=p Section 11.2, pp. 669–671
d2 y
−1 1. y = - x + 2 22, = - 22
dx2
−2
1 d 2y 22
3. y = - x + 2 22, = -
2 dx2 4
9. 11. 2
1 dy d 2y
y y 5. y = x + , = -2 7. y = 2x - 23, = -3 23
y = x 2 (x − 2) 4 dx2 dx2
1 d 2y 1
y = 1 − 2x 2 9. y = x - 4, =
t<0 dx2 2
changes
direction p 23 d 2y
at t = 0 11. y = 23x - + 2, = -4
x (0, 0) 3 dx2
−1 1 x
2
d 2y 3
13. y = 9x - 1, = 108 15. - 17. - 6
dx2 16
t=−p t= p
2 −1 2
19. 1 21. 3a2p 23. 0 ab 0 p 25. 4 27. 12
52p
29. p2 31. 8p 2
33. 35. 3p 25
3
 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-45

37. ( x, y ) = a 12 24 24
p - 2, 2 - 2b 19. y 21. y
p p
1 4
39. ( x, y ) = a , p - b 41. (a) p (b) p u=
p
3 3 2 r=1
r≥0 0≤u≤p
dy 1 dy
43. (a) x = 1, y = 0, = (b) x = 0, y = 3, = 0
dx 2 dx
23 - 1 3 - 23 dy 2 23 - 1 x
(c) x = , y = , = x 0 1
2 2 dx 23 - 2 O
22
45. a , 1b, y = 2x at t = 0, y = - 2x at t = p
2 23. y 25. y p p
p 3p − ≤u≤
≤u≤ 2 2
64p 4 4
47. (a) 8a (b) 1 0≤r≤1 2 1≤r≤2
3
1

x
Section 11.3, pp. 674–675 0 1 2
y
1. a, e; b, g; c, h; d, f 3. 0
x −1

p −2
Q2, 2 R

x
27. x = 2, vertical line through (2, 0) 29. y = 0, the x-axis
(−2, 0) (2, 0) 31. y = 4, horizontal line through (0, 4)
p
Q−2, 2 R 33. x + y = 1, line, m = -1, b = 1
35. x2 + y2 = 1, circle, C(0, 0), radius 1
37. y - 2x = 5, line, m = 2, b = 5
p p 39. y2 = x, parabola, vertex (0, 0), opens right
(a) a2, + 2npb and a- 2, + (2n + 1)pb, n an integer 41. y = ex, graph of natural exponential function
2 2
(b) (2, 2np) and (- 2, (2n + 1)p), n an integer 43. x + y = {1, two straight lines of slope - 1, y-intercepts
b = {1
3p 3p 45. (x + 2)2 + y2 = 4, circle, C(-2, 0), radius 2
(c) a2, + 2npb and a- 2, + (2n + 1)pb, n an integer
2 2 47. x2 + (y - 4)2 = 16, circle, C(0, 4), radius 4
(d) (2, (2n + 1)p) and (- 2, 2np), n an integer 49. (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 = 2, circle, C(1, 1), radius 22
51. 23y + x = 4 53. r cos u = 7 55. u = p>4
5. (a) (3, 0) (b) (- 3, 0) (c) 1 -1, 23 2 (d) 1 1, 23 2
57. r = 2 or r = - 2 59. 4r 2 cos2 u + 9r 2 sin2 u = 36
(e) (3, 0) (f ) 1 1, 23 2 (g) (- 3, 0) (h) 1 - 1, 23 2 61. r sin2 u = 4 cos u 63. r = 4 sin u
p 11p 65. r 2 = 6r cos u - 2r sin u - 6
7. (a) a 22, b (b) (3, p) (c) a2, b
4 6 67. (0, u), where u is any angle
4 Section 11.4, pp. 678–679
(d) a5, p - tan-1 b
3 1. x-axis 3. y-axis
y
5p 5p y
9. (a) a-3 22, b (b) (- 1, 0) (c) a-2, b
4 3
r = 1 + cos u
3 r = 1 − sin u
(d) a-5, p - tan-1 b 1
4 −1 0 1
x

11. y 13. y
x
2
2 r=2 r≥1

−1 −2
x x
0 2 0 1

5. y-axis 7. x-axis, y-axis, origin

y y
Î2
15. y 17. y 3 r = sin (u$2) 2

3 p
u=
3 2
p −1 ≤ r ≤ 3
0≤u ≤
6 r = 2 + sin u
r≥0
1 x
−1 1
x p
0 x
3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x 2
−1 0 2 −Î
2
−1 −1
A-46 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

9. x-axis, y-axis, origin 11. y-axis, x-axis, origin 25. y 27. y

y y 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 − 2 cos u
r=2
1 r 2 = −sin u 2
r 2 = cos u
r = −1

x x
−4 0
x x
−1 1

−2

−1
29. Equation (a)
13. x-axis, y-axis, origin 15. Origin Section 11.5, pp. 682–683
17. The slope at (-1, p>2) is - 1, at (- 1, - p>2) is 1.
y 1 p p
1. p3 3. 18p 5. 7. 2 9. - 1
6 8 2
p
Q−1, − R
2 p 23
r = −1 + cos u 11. 5p - 8 13. 3 23 - p 15. +
3 2
8p 3 p
17. + 23 19. (a) - 21. 19 > 3 23. 8
2
x 3 2 4
p 3
25. 31 22 + ln1 1 + 22 22 27. +
8 8
Q−1,
p 31. (a) a (b) a (c) 2a>p
2
R

Section 11.6, pp. 689–692

19. The slope at (1, p>4) is - 1, at (-1, - p>4) is 1, at (- 1, 3p>4) 1. y2 = 8x, F(2, 0), directrix: x = -2
is 1, at (1, -3p>4) is - 1. 3. x2 = - 6y, F(0, - 3>2), directrix: y = 3>2
y
x2 y2
5. - = 1, F1 { 213, 0 2, V( {2, 0),
p
Q−1, − R
4
p
Q1, R
4
4 9
3
asymptotes: y = { x
2
r = sin 2u
x2
x 7. + y = 1, F( {1, 0), V1 { 22, 0 2
2
2
9. 11.
3p 3p y y
Q1, − Q−1,
4 4
R R

y 2 = 12x
x = −3 2 y=2
21. (a) y (b) y 3

2
3 x x
2 −3 0 F(3, 0) 0
1
1
2 r= + cos u
2 1 F(0, −2)
r= + sin u
2 x 2 = −8y
x
1 3
2 2
1
−
2 13. 15.
x
1 1 y y
−
2 2
y = 4x 2
x = −3y 2 1 1
23. (a) y (b) y
1
6 x=
12
1 4
3 1
2 F a0,
3 3 16
b
2 − x
2 2 1 0 1
3 x F a− , 0b
r= + cos u 12
2 12
3 x
x r = − sin u 0 1$4 1
2 −
1 0 5
− 1 6
2 2 directrix y = −
16

−3 −
5
2 2
 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-47

17. 19. 39. (a) Vertex: (1, -2); focus: (3, - 2); directrix: x = -1
y y (b) y

x2 y2 Î2 y2
+ =1 x2 + =1
4 25 16 2 ( y + 2) 2 = 8(x − 1)
1 F1 2

x
0 1 2 3
F1 F2
x x −2 F(3, −2)
−5 −3 0 3 5 0 1 V(1, −2)
−4

−1 F2
−4

21. 23. 41. (a) Foci: 1 4 { 27, 3 2; vertices: (8, 3) and (0, 3); center: (4, 3)
(b) y
y y

x2 y2 x2 y2 (x − 4) 2 (y − 3) 2
Î3 + =1 =1 + =1
2 3 Î6 9
+
6 16 9
6
1 F1
F1(4 − Î7, 3)
F1 F2 C(4, 3)
x
0 x (0, 3) (8, 3)
Î2 −Î3 0 3
Î3
F2(4 + Î7, 3)
−1 F2

x
0 4 8

43. (a) Center: (2, 0); foci: (7, 0) and (-3, 0); vertices: (6, 0) and
x y2 2 3
25. + = 1 (-2, 0); asymptotes: y = { (x - 2)
4 2 4
27. Asymptotes: y = {x 29. Asymptotes: y = {x (b) y
y 2 2
y (x − 2) y
y2 − =1
x2 16 9
− =1 3
8 8 y = − (x − 2)
4 3
y = (x − 2)
4
x2 − y2 = 1 F1
4
F1 F2
2Î2 (–3, 0) (7, 0)
x x x
−Î2 Î2 0 2
(–2, 0) (6, 0)

−4 F2

45. (y + 3)2 = 4(x + 2), V(-2, - 3), F(-1, -3),

31. Asymptotes: y = {2x 33. Asymptotes: y = {x>2 directrix: x = -3
y
y 47. (x - 1)2 = 8(y + 7), V(1, -7), F(1, - 5), directrix: y = - 9
y2 x2
Î10 F1 − =1 (x + 2)2 (y + 1)2
x2
−
y2
=1
2 8
49. + = 1, F1 - 2, { 23 - 1 2,
2 8 6 9
Î2
V(-2, {3 - 1), C(-2, - 1)
F1 F2
Î2
x
x (x - 2)2 ( y - 3)2
−Î10 Î10
51. + = 1, F(3, 3) and F(1, 3),
3 2
V1 { 23 + 2, 3 2, C(2, 3)
−Î10 F2
(x - 2)2 (y - 2)2
53. - = 1, C(2, 2), F(5, 2) and F(-1, 2),
4 5
25
x2 y2 V(4, 2) and V(0, 2); asymptotes: (y - 2) = { (x - 2)
35. y2 - x2 = 1 37. - = 1 2
9 16
A-48 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

55. (y + 1)2 - (x + 1)2 = 1, C(-1, -1), F1 - 1, 22 - 1 2 x2 y2 x2 y2

13. + = 1 15. + = 1
9 4 64 48
and F1 - 1, - 22 - 1 2, V(-1, 0) and V(- 1, - 2); asymptotes
17. e = 22; F1 { 22, 0 2; 19. e = 22; F(0, {4);
(y + 1) = {(x + 1)
1
57. C(- 2, 0), a = 4 59. V(-1, 1), F(- 1, 0) directrices are x = { . directrices are y = {2.
22
(x + 2)2 y
61. Ellipse: + y2 = 1, C(-2, 0), F(0, 0) and y
5 y2 2
− x =1 6
3 8 8
F(-4, 0), V1 25 - 2, 0 2 and V1 - 25 - 2, 0 2
2 2
x −y =1
2 4 F1
(x - 1)2
63. Ellipse: + (y - 1)2 = 1, C(1, 1), F(2, 1) and 1 2 Î8
2 −Î2 Î2
x x
F(0, 1), V1 22 + 1, 1 2 and V1 - 22 + 1, 1 2 –3 –2 F1 –1 1 F2 2 3 −4 −2 2 4
−1 −2 −Î8
65. Hyperbola: (x - 1)2 - (y - 2)2 = 1, C(1, 2),
−2 −4 F2
F1 1 + 22, 2 2 and F1 1 - 22, 2 2, V(2, 2) and
−3
V(0, 2); asymptotes: (y - 2) = {(x - 1)
−6

( y - 3)2 x2
67. Hyperbola: - = 1, C(0, 3), F(0, 6) 21. e = 25; F1 { 210, 0 2; 23. e = 25; F1 0, { 210 2;
6 3
and F(0, 0), V1 0, 26 + 3 2 and V1 0, - 26 + 3 2; 2 2
directrices are x = { . directrices are y = { .
210 y
210
asymptotes: y = 22x + 3 or y = - 22x + 3 y2 2
x2 − y2 = 1
y − x =1 F1
Î10
2 8
69. (b)1 : 1 73. Length = 2 22, width = 22, area = 4 2 8
10
75. 24p 2

77. x = 0, y = 0: y = -2x; x = 0, y = 2: y = 2x + 2; 5 1 Î2
x = 4, y = 0: y = 2x - 8 F2 F1
x
x
−4 −2 2 4
16 −4
−Î10
−2
−Î2 Î2
2
Î10
4
79. x = 0, y = −1 − 2
3p −5 Î
−2
Section 11.7, pp. 697–698 −10
F2 − 10
3 1
1. e = , F( {3, 0); 3. e = ; F(0, {1);
Î

5 22
25 directrices are y = {2.
directrices are x = { . x2 y2 2
3 y 25. y2 - = 1 27. x2 - = 1 29. r =
8 8 1 + cos u
y
x2 + y2 = 1 30 1 10
4 25 16 Î2 x2 +
y2
=1 31. r = 33. r = 35. r =
F1 1 2 1 - 5 sin u 2 + cos u 5 - sin u
F1 F2
x 37. 39.
x −1 1
−5 −3 3 5
F2 −1 y
y
−Î2 x=1
−4 2
r= 1 25
x = −5 r=
1 + cos u 10 − 5 cos u
1 1
a , 0b
1 2 a5 , 0b
5. e = ; F(0, {1); 7. e =
23
; F1 { 23, 0 2; −5 3 (5, 0)
x
23 3 −2 −1 0 1
x
5 0
a , pb
directrices are y = {3.
3
directrices are x = {3 23. −1
y
y
−2
x2 + y2 = 1
Î6 9 6
x2 + y2 = 1
Î3 2 3 41. 43.
F1 F2 y
F1 1 x y
−3 − 3 3
Î Î3 y = 50
x 8
−Î2 r=
Î2 50 p 2 − 2 sin u
−1 −Î 6 a , b 400
F2 3 2 r=
16 + 8 sin u x
−2 0 2
−Î3 x
0 a2, 3pb y = −4
2
50 3p
a , b
3 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 3p
a50, b
9. + = 1 11. + = 1 2
27 36 4851 4900
 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-49

23 69. 71.
45. y = 2 - x 47. y = x + 2 23 y y
3
y y

x 1
r=
3 −2 −1 1 1 − sin u
4 y = Î x + 2 Î3
2 3 −1
x +y=2 2
−6 x
8 −1 1
x r=
x 4 + cos u
2

73. y

p p
49. r cos au - b = 3 51. r cos au + b = 5 1 1
4 2 2
x
−1 1
53. 55.
y y

1
r=
1 + 2 sin u
r = 4 cos u

75. (b) Planet Perihelion Aphelion

r = −2 cos u
(2, 0) (1, p)
x x Mercury 0.3075 AU 0.4667 AU
−2
Radius = 1 Venus 0.7184 AU 0.7282 AU
Radius = 2
Earth 0.9833 AU 1.0167 AU
Mars 1.3817 AU 1.6663 AU
57. r = 12 cos u 59. r = 10 sin u Jupiter 4.9512 AU 5.4548 AU
y y
r = 10 sin u
Saturn 9.0210 AU 10.0570 AU
x2 + (y − 5)2 = 25 Uranus 18.2977 AU 20.0623 AU
(x − 6) + y = 362 2
Neptune 29.8135 AU 30.3065 AU
r = 12 cos u

(0, 5)

Practice Exercises, pp. 699–701

x
1. 3.
x
(6, 0) y
y
4y2 − 4x2 = 1
y = 2x + 1 1
1
61. r = -2 cos u 63. r = - sin u t=0

y 1 t=0
y 2
x
0 1
x
2
(x + 1) + y = 1 2 x2 + ay + 1b 2 = 1 1 0
2 4 −
r = −2 cos u 2
r = −sin u

x x
(−1, 0)

1
a0, − b
2 5. y
2
y=x

65. 67.
t=0 1 t=p
y y

4 r = 4 sin u
p
r = 3 sec au − b
3 x
−1 0 1
2Î3

x
7. x = 3 cos t, y = 4 sin t, 0 … t … 2p
6 x
23 1 1
9. y = x + ,
2 4 4
A-50 Chapter 11: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

{ + x + 3>2 { 21 - x2 55. Focus is (0, - 1), 3

11. (a) y = - 1 (b) y = x directrix is y = 1. 57. Focus is a , 0b,
8 4
10 285 9p 76p 3
13. 15. 17. 10 19. 21. directrix is x = - .
3 8 2 3 4
23 y y
23. y = x - 4 25. x = 2
3
y y 1 y=1 y2 = 3x
x=2 2
x= –3
x 4
−2 0 2
x − Î 3 y = 4Î 3
x
0 3
a4 , 0b
x x
4Î3 2
−2
2
x = −4y
−4

3 61. e = 2; the asymptotes are

3 59. e =
27. y = - 29. x2 + ( y + 2)2 = 4 4 y = { 23 x.
2
y y y
y
x2 y2 y = Î3x
4 + =1
7 16
3
y2
x2 − =1
3
x r = −4 sin u x2 + (y + 2)2 = 4
x x
x −2 −1 1 2
3 0
− Î7
2
3 (0, −2)
y=−
2

−3
y = −Î3x
−4
31. 1 x - 22 22 + y2 = 2 33. r = - 5 sin u
y y
63. (x - 2)2 = - 12( y - 3), V(2, 3), F(2, 0), directrix is y = 6.
r = 2Î2 cos u r = −5 sin u
(x + 3)2 ( y + 5)2
65. + = 1, C(- 3, -5), F(- 3, -1) and
x + ay + 5b = 25
2
2
2
4
9 25
QÎ2 , 0R
x
x F(-3, -9), V(-3, -10) and V(- 3, 0).
1y - 2 22 22 (x - 2)2
67. - = 1, C1 2, 2 22 2,
5
a0, − 2b
8 2
2
F1 2, 2 22 { 210 2, V1 2, 4 22 2 and V(2, 0), the asymptotes
2
ax − Î2b + y = 2

are y = 2x - 4 + 2 22 and y = - 2x + 4 + 2 22.

35. r = 3 cos u 37.
69. Hyperbola: C(2, 0), V(0, 0) and V(4, 0), the foci are
y y
x - 2
F1 2 { 25, 0 2 , and the asymptotes are y = { .
3 2 2 9
2
ax − 2b + y = 4
0 ≤ r ≤ 6 cos u 71. Parabola: V(-3, 1), F(-7, 1), and the directrix is x = 1.
73. Ellipse: C(-3, 2), F1 -3 { 27, 2 2, V(1, 2) and V(-7, 2)
r = 3 cos u
x
3
a , 0b 0 6
x 75. Circle: C(1, 1) and radius = 22
2
77. V(1, 0) 79. V(2, p) and V(6, p)
y
y

9 p
39. d 41. l 43. k 45. i 47. p 49. 2 +
2 4 3
51. 8 53. p - 3 2 r=
2
1 + cos u 6
r=
(2, p) 1 − 2 cos u
x
0 (1, 0) x
(6, p) 0
−2

−3
 Chapter 12: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-51

81. r =
4
83. r =
2 Chapter 12
1 + 2 cos u 2 + sin u
85. (a) 24p (b) 16p Section 12.1, pp. 707–708
1. The line through the point (2, 3, 0) parallel to the z-axis
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 701–703 3. The x-axis
2 y 5. The circle x2 + y2 = 4 in the xy-plane
7 y
1. x - = 7. The circle x2 + z2 = 4 in the xz-plane
2 2 7 y2
x−
2
=
2
9. The circle y2 + z2 = 1 in the yz-plane
11. The circle x2 + y2 = 16 in the xy-plane
13. The ellipse formed by the intersection of the cylinder
0
x x2 + y2 = 4 and the plane z = y
1 3 F(4, 0)
15. The parabola y = x2 in the xy-plane
17. (a) The first quadrant of the xy-plane
(b) The fourth quadrant of the xy-plane
19. (a) The ball of radius 1 centered at the origin
(b) All points more than 1 unit from the origin
3. 3x2 + 3y2 - 8y + 4 = 0 5. F(0, {1) 21. (a) The ball of radius 2 centered at the origin with the interior of
3 2 the ball of radius 1 centered at the origin removed
ay + b
(y - 1) x
2 2 4 x2 (b) The solid upper hemisphere of radius 1 centered at the origin
7. (a) - = 1 (b) - = 1 23. (a) The region on or inside the parabola y = x2 in the xy-plane
16 48 25 75
a b a b and all points above this region
16 2
(b) The region on or to the left of the parabola x = y2 in the
11. 13. xy-plane and all points above it that are 2 units or less away
x2 + 4y2 − 4 =0
y
x2 − y2 − 1=0
y from the xy-plane
5 x2
+
y2
≤1
4 25. (a) x = 3 (b) y = -1 (c) z = - 2
9 16
27. (a) z = 1 (b) x = 3 (c) y = - 1
29. (a) x2 + (y - 2)2 = 4, z = 0
1 (b) (y - 2)2 + z2 = 4, x = 0 (c) x2 + z2 = 4, y = 2
0
x x 31. (a) y = 3, z = -1 (b) x = 1, z = -1
1 2 0 3
(c) x = 1, y = 3
33. x2 + y2 + z2 = 25, z = 3 35. 0 … z … 1 37. z … 0
39. (a) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 6 1
(b) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 7 1
x2 + y2 − 25 = 0
41. 3 43. 7 45. 2 23 47. C(- 2, 0, 2), a = 2 22
49. C1 22, 22, - 22 2, a = 22
15. y 51. (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 + (z - 3)2 = 14
9x2 + 4y2 − 36 = 0 1 2 2 2 16
53. (x + 1)2 + ay - b + az + b =
3 2 3 81
4x2 + 9y2 = 16
1 1 1 5 23
55. C(- 2, 0, 2), a = 28 57. C a- , - , - b, a =
4 4 4 4
x
0 2 59. (a) 2y2 + z2 (b) 2x2 + z2 (c) 2x2 + y2
61. 217 + 233 + 6 63. y = 1
65. (a) (0, 3, - 3) (b) (0, 5, -5)

Section 12.2, pp. 716–718

25 1. (a) 89, - 69 (b) 3 213 3. (a) 81, 39 (b) 210
17. (a) r = e2u (b) ( e4p - 1 )
2
5. (a) 812, -199 (b) 2505
4 2
19. r = 21. r = 1 14 2197
1 + 2 cos u 2 + sin u 7. (a) h , i (b) 9. 81, -49
5 5 5
a + b
23. x = (a + b) cos u - b cos a ub , 1 23 23 1
b 11. 8-2, -39 13. h - , i 15. h - ,- i
2 2 2 2
a + b 17. - 3i + 2j - k 19. -3i + 16j
y = (a + b) sin u - b sin a ub
b 21. 3i + 5j - 8k
p
27.
2
A-52 Chapter 12: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

23. The vector v is horizontal and 1 in. long. The vectors u and w are 10 + 217
11 7. (a) 10 + 217, 226, 221 (b)
in. long. w is vertical and u makes a 45° angle with the hori- 2546
16
zontal. All vectors must be drawn to scale. 10 + 217 10 + 217
(a) (b) (c) (d) (5i + j)
v
226 26
u+v+w
u+v
w 9. 0.75 rad 11. 1.77 rad
u
v 1
13. Angle at A = cos-1 a b ≈ 63.435 degrees, angle at
25
u
3
B = cos-1 a b ≈ 53.130 degrees, angle at
5
(c) −v (d)
u 1
u −w C = cos-1 a b ≈ 63.435 degrees.
u−v 25
u−w 23. Horizontal component: ≈ 1188 ft>sec, vertical component:
≈ 167 ft>sec
25. (a) Since 0 cos u 0 … 1, we have 0 u # v 0 = 0 u 0 0 v 0 0 cos u 0 …
2 1 2
25. 3a i + j - kb 27. 5(k)
3 3 3
0 u 0 0 v 0 (1) = 0 u 0 0 v 0 .
1 1 1 1 (b) We have equality precisely when 0 cos u 0 = 1 or when one or
29. a i - j - kb
A 2 23 23 23 both of u and v are 0. In the case of nonzero vectors, we
3 2 have equality when u = 0 or p, that is, when the vectors are
31. (a) 2i (b) - 23k (c) j + k (d) 6i - 2j + 3k
10 5 parallel.
7 27. a
33. (12i - 5k)
13 33. x + 2y = 4 35. - 2x + y = -3
3 4 1
35. (a) i + j - k (b) (1 > 2, 3, 5 > 2) y y
5 22 5 22 22 −2i + j
1
1 1 1 5 7 9
37. (a) - i - j - k (b) a , , b
23 23 23 2 2 2 2
i + 2j
x
−2 0 3
3 1 2
39. A(4, -3, 5) 41. a = , b = x + 2y = 4
2 2
−2x + y = −3
43. ≈ 8- 338.095, 725.0469
x
100 cos 45° 0 1 4
45. 0 F1 0 = ≈ 73.205 N, −3
sin 75°
100 cos 30°
0 F2 0 = ≈ 89.658 N, 37. x + y = -1 39. 2x - y = 0
sin 75°
y
F1 = 8- 0 F1 0 cos 30°, 0 F1 0 sin 30° 9 ≈ 8-63.397, 36.6039, y

F2 = 8 0 F2 0 cos 45°, 0 F2 0 sin 45° 9 ≈ 863.397, 63.3979 P(−2, 1)

1
P(1, 2)

100 sin 75° 2x − y = 0

47. w = ≈ 126.093 N,
cos 40° x
w cos 35° x
0 F1 0 = ≈ 106.933 N −2 1
sin 75° x + y = −1 −i − 2j

5 5 23
49. (a) (5 cos 60°, 5 sin 60°) = a , b −1 i−j
2 2
(b) (5 cos 60° + 10 cos 315°, 5 sin 60° + 10 sin 315°) =
5 + 10 22 5 23 - 10 22
a , b p p
2 2 41. 5 J 43. 3464 J 45. 47. 49. 0.14
4 6
3 3
51. (a) i + j - 3k (b) i + j - 2k (c) (2, 2, 1)
2 2
Section 12.4, pp. 730–732
Section 12.3, pp. 724–726 2 1 2
1. (a) -25, 5, 5 (b) - 1 (c) -5 (d) - 2i + 4j - 25k 1. 0 u * v 0 = 3, direction is i + j + k; + v * u + = 3,
3 3 3
1 5 1 2 1 2
3. (a) 25, 15, 5 (b) (c) (d) (10i + 11j - 2k) direction is - i - j - k
3 3 9 3 3 3
2 2 3. 0 u * v 0 = 0, no direction; 0 v * u 0 = 0, no direction
5. (a) 2, 234, 23 (b) (c)
23 234 234 5. 0 u * v 0 = 6, direction is - k; 0 v * u 0 = 6, direction is k
1
(d) (5j - 3k) 1 2
17 7. 0 u * v 0 = 6 25, direction is i - k; + v * u + = 6 25,
25 25
1 2
direction is - i + k
25 25
 Chapter 12: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-53

9. 11. 3 15. x = 1, y = 1 + t,
z 13. x = t, y = t, z = t,
2 z = 0, - 1 … t … 0
z 0 … t … 1
z z
j+k
i×j=k
3
i−j+k a1, 1, 2b
y
y y
j

i
(1, 1, 0)
(0, 0, 0) (1, 0, 0)
x i−k y
x x

13. x

z 17. x = 0, y = 1 - 2t, 19. x = 2 - 2t, y = 2t,

z = 1, 0 … t … 1 z = 2 - 2t, 0 … t … 1
y z z
i–j
i+j
(0, −1, 1) (0, 1, 1)

x –2k (2, 0, 2)
y
(0, 2, 0)
y

1
15. (a) 2 26 (b) { (2i + j + k) x x
26
22 1 21. 3x - 2y - z = - 3 23. 7x - 5y - 4z = 6
17. (a) (b) { (i - j) 25. x + 3y + 4z = 34 27. (1, 2, 3), -20x + 12y + z = 7
2 22
19. 8 21. 7 23. (a) None (b) u and w 29. y + z = 3 31. x - y + z = 0 33. 2 230 35. 0
25. 10 23 ft@lb 9 242
37. 39. 3 41. 19 > 5 43. 5 > 3 45. 9> 241
27. (a) True (b) Not always true (c) True (d) True 7
(e) Not always true (f) True (g) True (h) True 3 3 1
u#v 47. p>4 49. 1.38 rad 51. 0.82 rad 53. a , - , b
2 2 2
29. (a) projv u = v # v v (b) { u * v (c) { (u * v) * w
55. (1, 1, 0) 57. x = 1 - t, y = 1 + t, z = -1
(d) + (u * v) # w + (e) (u * v) * (u * w) (f) + u +
v
+v+ 59. x = 4, y = 3 + 6t, z = 1 + 3t
31. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) No 61. L1 intersects L2; L2 is parallel to L3, 25>3; L1 and L3 are
33. No, v need not equal w. For example, i + j ≠ -i + j, but skew, 10 22>3
i * (i + j) = i * i + i * j = 0 + k = k and 63. x = 2 + 2t, y = -4 - t, z = 7 + 3t; x = - 2 - t,
i * (-i + j) = -i * i + i * j = 0 + k = k. y = - 2 + (1>2)t, z = 1 - (3>2)t
11 25 1 3
35. 2 37. 13 39. 2129 41. 43. 65. a0, - , - b, (-1, 0, -3), (1, - 1, 0)
2 2 2 2
3 221 69. Many possible answers. One possibility: x + y = 3 and
45. 47.
2 2 2y + z = 7.
49. If A = a1 i + a2 j and B = b1 i + b2 j, then 71. (x>a) + (y>b) + (z>c) = 1 describes all planes except those
i j k through the origin or parallel to a coordinate axis.
a a2 3
A * B = 3 a1 a2 03 = 3 1 k
b1 b2
b1 b2 0 Section 12.6, pp. 744–745
and the triangle’s area is 1. (d), ellipsoid 3. (a), cylinder 5. (l), hyperbolic paraboloid
12 1 a a2 2 7. (b), cylinder 9. (k), hyperbolic paraboloid 11. (h), cone
A * B2 = { 2 1 .
2 2 b1 b2 13. z 15. z
The applicable sign is ( +) if the acute angle from A to B runs x2 + y2 = 4
counterclockwise in the xy-plane, and (-) if it runs clockwise. x2 + 4z2 = 16
2

Section 12.5, pp. 738–740

−2
1. x = 3 + t, y = - 4 + t, z = - 1 + t 4
3. x = - 2 + 5t, y = 5t, z = 3 - 5t 2 y
x y
5. x = 0, y = 2t, z = t
7. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 + t x

9. x = t, y = -7 + 2t, z = 2t
11. x = t, y = 0, z = 0
A-54 Chapter 12: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

17. z 19. 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 = 36 37. x 2 + y2 − z2 = 4 39. z

z
9x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 z
3
3 x2 + z2 = 1
−3 1
−1 −3
−2
1
1 3 y
2 y y x
y
x 3
−3
x
−3 x

21. z 23. z
z = x2 + 4y2 41. z 43. z
2 z = −(x 2 + y 2)
4 4y 2 + z2 − 4x 2 = 4
x = 4 − 4y2 − z2
1
2 y

1 y
x
y
y 4
x x

x
25. z 27. x 2 + y2 − z2 = 1
x 2 + y 2 = z2 z
2p ( 9 - c2 ) 4pabc
45. (a) (b) 8p (c)
9 3

Practice Exercises, pp. 746–747

y −1
−1 1. (a) 8-17, 329 (b) 21313
3. (a) 86, - 89 (b) 10
1 y
1
23 1
x 5. h - , - i [assuming counterclockwise]
2 2
x
8 2
7. h ,- i
217 217
1 1
29. z 31. z 9. Length = 2, direction is i + j.
22 22
2 2 2
z −x −y =1
11. v (p>2) = 2(-i)
y2 − x 2 = z
2 3 6
13. Length = 7, direction is i - j + k.
2 y 7 7 7
8 2 8
1 15. i - j + k
233 233 233
17. 0 v 0 = 22, 0 u 0 = 3, v # u = u # v = 3, v * u = - 2i + 2j - k,
x y x
Î3 Î3

1 p
u * v = 2i - 2j + k, + v * u + = 3, u = cos-1 a b = ,
22 4
3 3
33. 35. + u + cos u = , projv u = (i + j)
z2 = 1 + y 2 − x 2 z
22 2
z y = −(x 2 + z 2)
4
19. (2i + j - k)
3
21. u * v = k
y z
y

x
x i × (i + j) = k

i+j
x
 Chapter 13: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-55

23. 2 27 25. (a) 214 (b) 1 29. 278>3 2400 1000

(b) 0 F1 0 = ≈ 184.615 lb, 0 F2 0 = ≈ 76.923 lb,
13 13
31. x = 1 - 3t, y = 2, z = 3 + 7t 33. 22 -12,000 28,800
35. 2x + y + z = 5 37. -9x + y + 7z = 4 F1 = h , i ≈ 8-71.006, 170.4149,
169 169
1 3 12,000 5000
39. a0, - , - b, (- 1, 0, - 3), (1, - 1, 0) 41. p>3 F2 = h , i ≈ 871.006, 29.5869 ,
2 2 169 169
43. x = - 5 + 5t, y = 3 - t, z = - 3t 12 5
a = tan-1 , b = tan-1
45. (b) x = - 12t, y = 19>12 + 15t, z = 1>6 + 6t 5 12
47. Yes; v is parallel to the plane. 9. (a) u = tan-1 22 ≈ 54.74° (b) u = tan-1 2 22 ≈ 70.53°
6
49. 3 51. - 3j + 3k 13. (b) (c) 2x - y + 2z = 8
214
2 11 26 7
53. (5i - j - 3k) 55. a , , - b (d) x - 2y + z = 3 + 5 26 and x - 2y + z = 3 - 5 26
235 9 9 9
32 23 13
57. (1, -2, -1); x = 1 - 5t, y = -2 + 3t, z = -1 + 4t 15. i + j - k
41 41 41
59. 2x + 7y + 2z + 10 = 0 17. (a) 0, 0 (b) - 10i - 2j + 6k, - 9i - 2j + 7k
61. (a) No (b) No (c) No (d) No (e) Yes (c) - 4i - 6j + 2k, i - 2j - 4k
63. 11> 2107 (d) - 10i - 10k, -12i - 4j - 8k
65. 67. 19. The formula is always true.
x 2 + y2 + z2 = 4 4x 2 + 4y2 + z2 = 4
z z

Chapter 13
2
2

−2 Section 13.1, pp. 757–759

−1
1. y = x2 - 2x, v = i + 2j, a = 2j
2 y 1 y
1
2 2
3. y = x2, v = 3i + 4j, a = 3i + 8j
x −2 x 9
−2 p 22 22 - 22 22
5. t = : v = i - j, a = i - j;
4 2 2 2 2
t = p>2: v = -j, a = - i
69. z = −(x 2 + y 2) 71. z
z y
x 2 + y2 = z2
1

y p
aQ R v QpR
4
4

x x
y 0
a QpR
2
v QpR
2

3p
7. t = p: v = 2i, a = -j; t = : v = i - j, a = −i
2
73. x 2 + y 2 − z2 = 4 75. y2 − x2 − z2 = 1
z z y
t=p
v(p)
2
t = 3p
3 a(p) 2
Î5
1 v Q3pR
3 2
3 −2 r = (t – sin t)i + (1 – cos t)j a Q3pR
3 2
−1 x
−2 0 p 2p
2 3
2 y 1 2 2
x Î 10 y 9. v = i + 2tj + 2k; a = 2j; speed: 3; direction: i + j + k;
3 3 3
−3 1 2 2
x v(1) = 3a i + j + kb
3 3 3
11. v = (- 2 sin t)i + (3 cos t)j + 4k;
a = (- 2 cos t)i - (3 sin t)j; speed: 2 25;
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 748–750 direction: 1 -1> 25 2i + 1 2> 25 2k;
1. (26, 23, -1>3) 3. 0 F 0 = 20 lb v(p>2) = 2 25 31 - 1> 25 2i + 1 2> 25 2k 4
5. (a) 0 F1 0 = 80 lb, 0 F2 0 = 60 lb, F1 = 8-48, 649,
4 3
F2 = 848, 369, a = tan-1 , b = tan-1
3 4
A-56 Chapter 13: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

2 -2 43. (a) r(t) = (x(t)) i + (y(t)) j; where

13. v = a bi + 2tj + tk; a = a bi + 2j + k;
t + 1 (t + 1)2 1
x(t) = a b ( 1 - e-0.08t ) (152 cos 20° - 17.6) and
1 2 1 0.08
speed: 26; direction: i + j + k;
26 26 26 152
y(t) = 3 + a b ( 1 - e-0.08t ) (sin 20°)
0.08
1 2 1
v(1) = 26¢ i + j + k≤
26 26 26 32
+a b ( 1 - 0.08t - e-0.08t )
15. p>2 17. p>2 0.082
1 (b) At t ≈ 1.527 sec it reaches a maximum height of about
19. x = t, y = -1, z = 1 + t 21. x = t, y = t, z = t 41.893 feet.
3
23. (a) (i): It has constant speed 1. (ii): Yes (c) Range ≈ 351.734 ft; flight time ≈ 3.181 sec
(iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes (d) At t ≈ 0.877 and 2.190 sec, when it is about 106.028 and
(b) (i): It has constant speed 2. (ii): Yes 251.530 ft from home plate
(iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes (e) No
(c) (i): It has constant speed 1. (ii): Yes
(iii): Counterclockwise Section 13.3, pp. 771–772
(iv): It starts at (0, - 1) instead of (1, 0). 2 2 25
1. T = a- sin tbi + a cos tbj + k, 3p
(d) (i): It has constant speed 1. (ii): Yes 3 3 3
(iii): Clockwise (iv): Yes 2t 52 3
1
(e) (i): It has variable speed. (ii): No 3. T = i + k, 5. T = -cos tj + sin tk,
21 + t 21 + t 3 2
(iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes
cos t - t sin t sin t + t cos t
25. v = 2 25i + 25j 7. T = a bi + a bj
t + 1 t + 1
Section 13.2, pp. 765–768 22t 1>2 p2
+a bk, + p
p + 2 22 t + 1 2
1. (1>4)i + 7j + (3>2)k 3. ¢ ≤j + 2k
2 9. (0, 5, 24p)
5. (ln 4)i + (ln 4)j + (ln 2)k 5p
e - 1 e - 1 p 11. s(t) = 5t, L =
7. i + e j + k 9. i - j + k 2
2 4 3 23
13. s(t) = 23et - 23, L = 15. 22 + ln1 1 + 22 2
- t2 - t2 - t2 4
11. r(t) = a + 1bi + a + 2bj + a + 3bk 2 2
2 2 2 17. (a) Cylinder is x + y = 1; plane is x + z = 1.
13. r(t) = ((t + 1)3>2 - 1)i + (- e-t + 1)j + (ln(t + 1) + 1)k (b) and (c) z

15. r(t) = 8ti + 8tj + (- 16t 2 + 100)k (0, –1, 1)

(–1, 0, 2)
3 6 1 2
17. r(t) = ¢ t 2 + t + 1≤i - ¢ t 2 + t - 2≤j
2 211 2 211
1 2 1 2t
+ ¢ t2 + t + 3≤k = ¢ t 2 + ≤(3i - j + k)
2 211 2 211
+ (i + 2j + 3k) (1, 0, 0) (0, 1, 1)
19. 50 sec x y
21. (a) 72.2 sec; 25,510 m (b) 4020 m (c) 6378 m 2p

L0
23. (a) y0 ≈ 9.9 m>sec (b) a ≈ 18.4° or 71.6° (d) L = 21 + sin2 t dt (e) L ≈ 7.64
25. 39.3° or 50.7° 31. (b) v0 would bisect ∠AOR.
33. (a) (Assuming that “x” is zero at the point of impact)
r(t) = (x(t))i + (y(t))j, where x(t) = (35 cos 27°)t and Section 13.4, pp. 777–778
y(t) = 4 + (35 sin 27°)t - 16t 2. 1. T = (cos t)i - (sin t)j, N = (-sin t)i - (cos t)j, k = cos t
(b) At t ≈ 0.497 sec, it reaches its maximum height of about 1 t -t 1
7.945 ft. 3. T = i - j, N = i - j,
21 + t 2 21 + t 2 21 + t 2 21 + t 2
(c) Range ≈ 37.45 ft; flight time ≈ 1.201 sec
1
(d) At t ≈ 0.254 and t ≈ 0.740 sec, when it is ≈ 29.532 and k =
≈ 14.376 ft from where it will land 21 21 + t 2 23
(e) Yes. It changes things because the ball won’t clear the net. 5. (b) cos x
35. 4.00 ft, 7.80 ft > sec
 Chapter 13: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-57

- 2e2t 1 29. Components of v: 2.0000, 0, - 0.1629

7. (b) N = i + j Components of a: 0, -1.0000, - 0.0086; Speed: 2.0066
21 + 4e4t 21 + 4e4t
1 Components of T: 0.9967, 0, - 0.0812
(c) N = - 1 24 - t 2 i + tj 2 Components of N: -0.0007, - 1.0000, - 0.0086
2
3 cos t 3 sin t 4 Components of B: - 0.0812, 0.0086, 0.9967;
9. T = i - j + k, N = (- sin t)i - (cos t)j, Curvature: 0.2484
5 5 5
3 Torsion: 0.0411; Tangential component of acceleration: 0.0007
k =
25 Normal component of acceleration: 1.0000
cos t - sin t cos t + sin t
11. T = a ≤i + ¢ ≤j, Section 13.6, pp. 787–788
22 22 1. v = (3a sin u)ur + 3a(1 - cos u)uu
- cos t - sin t - sin t + cos t 1 a = 9a(2 cos u - 1)ur + (18a sin u)uu
N = ¢ ≤i + ¢ ≤j, k =
22 22 et 22 3. v = 2aeauur + 2eauuu
t 1 i tj a = 4eau(a2 - 1)ur + 8aeauuu
13. T = i + j, N = - ,
2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1 5. v = (- 8 sin 4t)ur + (4 cos 4t)uu
1 a = (- 40 cos 4t)ur - (32 sin 4t)uu
k = 2
t(t + 1)3>2 11. ≈29.93 * 1010 m 13. ≈2.25 * 109 km2 >sec
15. ≈1.876 * 1027 kg
t t
15. T = asech a bi + atanh a bj,
Practice Exercises, pp. 788–790
t t x2 y2
N = a- tanh a bi + asech a bj, 1. + = 1
16 2
1 t y
k = a sech2 a
2 v QpR
4
19. 1 > (2b) Î2 (2Î2, 1)
1 a QpR
p 2 4 v(0)
21. ax - b + y2 = 1
2 –4 0 a(0) 4
x

23. k(x) = 2> ( 1 + 4x2 ) 3>2 –1

25. k(x) = 0 sin x 0 > ( 1 + cos2 x ) 3>2

At t = 0: aT = 0, aN = 4, k = 2;
Section 13.5, pp. 783–784
4 2 25 p 7 4 22 4 22
1. a = 0 a 0 N 3. a(1) =
T + N 5. a(0) = 2N At t = :a = ,a = ,k =
3 3 4 T 3 N 3 27
3. 0 v 0 max = 1 5. k = 1>5 7. dy>dt = - x; clockwise
p 22 22 p 22 22
7. ra b = i + j - k, T a b = - i + j, 11. Shot put is on the ground, about 66 ft 3 in. from the stopboard.
4 2 2 4 2 2
p 22 22 p p p2 p p2
Na b = - i - j, B a b = k; osculating plane: 15. Length = 1 + + ln ¢ + 1 + ≤
4 2 2 4 4B 16 4 B 16
z = - 1; normal plane: -x + y = 0; rectifying plane: 2 2 1 1 1
17. T(0) = i - j + k; N(0) = i + j;
x + y = 22 3 3 3 22 22
4 4 3 4 1 1 4 22 1
9. B = a cos tbi - a sin tbj - k, t = - B(0) = - i + j + k; k = ;t =
5 5 5 25 3 6
3 22 3 22 3 22
11. B = k, t = 0 13. B = -k, t = 0 15. B = k, t = 0 1 4 4 1
17. Yes. If the car is moving on a curved path (k ≠ 0), then 19. T(ln 2) = i + j; N(ln 2) = - i + j;
217 217 217 217
aN = k 0 v 0 2 ≠ 0 and a ≠ 0.
8
1 B(ln 2) = k; k = ;t = 0
23. k = t , r = t 17 217
27. Components of v: - 1.8701, 0.7089, 1.0000 21. a(0) = 10T + 6N
Components of a: - 1.6960, - 2.0307, 0 1 1
23. T = ¢ cos t≤i - (sin t)j + ¢ cos t≤k;
Speed: 2.2361; Components of T: -0.8364, 0.3170, 0.4472 22 22
Components of N: - 0.4143, - 0.8998, -0.1369
1 1
Components of B: 0.3590, -0.2998, 0.8839; Curvature: 0.5060 N = ¢- sin t≤i - (cos t)j - ¢ sin t≤k;
Torsion: 0.2813; Tangential component of acceleration: 0.7746 22 22
Normal component of acceleration: 2.5298 1 1 1
B = i - k; k = ;t = 0
22 22 22
p 1
25. 27. x = 1 + t, y = t, z = -t 31. k = a
3
A-58 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 790–791 13. 15.

pgb y
du y xy = c
1. (a) ` = 2
dt u = 2p A a2 + b2
4
c=9
gbt 2 gb2t 2 x+y–1=c c = –9
(b) u = 2 2
, z = 2 c = –4 c=4
2(a + b ) 2(a2 + b2) x
c = –1 c=1
–2 2 4 x
gbt c: 3 0=c
(c) v(t) = T; –2 2 1=c –1 = c
2a2 + b2 1 4=c –4 = c
0 9=c
d 2r bg bgt 2 –1 –9 = c
2
= T + aa 2 2
b N –2
dt 2
2a + b 2 a + b –3

There is no component in the direction of B. 17. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) All reals
dx # # dy # # (c) The lines y - x = c (d) No boundary points
5. (a) = r cos u - ru sin u, = r sin u + ru cos u (e) Both open and closed (f) Unbounded
dt dt
dr # # du # # 19. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) z Ú 0
(b) = x cos u + y sin u, r = - x sin u + y cos u (c) For ƒ(x, y) = 0, the origin; for ƒ(x, y) ≠ 0, ellipses with the
dt dt
7. (a) a(1) = - 9ur - 6uu, v(1) = - ur + 3uu (b) 6.5 in. center (0, 0), and major and minor axes along the x- and
# # # $ # y-axes, respectively
9. (c) v = r ur + ruuu + z k, a = (r - ru 2)ur +
$ # # $ (d) No boundary points (e) Both open and closed
(ru + 2ru)uu + z k (f) Unbounded
21. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) All reals
(c) For ƒ(x, y) = 0, the x- and y-axes; for ƒ(x, y) ≠ 0, hyperbo-
Chapter 14 las with the x- and y-axes as asymptotes
Section 14.1, pp. 799–801 (d) No boundary points (e) Both open and closed
1. (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 58 (d) 33 (f ) Unbounded
3. (a) 4>5 (b) 8>5 (c) 3 (d) 0 23. (a) All (x, y) satisfying x2 + y2 6 16 (b) z Ú 1>4
5. Domain: all points (x, y) on 7. Domain: all points (x, y) (c) Circles centered at the origin with radii r 6 4
or above line y = x + 2 not lying on the graph of (d) Boundary is the circle x2 + y2 = 16
y = x or y = x3 (e) Open (f) Bounded
y y 25. (a) (x, y) ≠ (0, 0) (b) All reals
(c) The circles with center (0, 0) and radii r 7 0
y=x+2 (1, 1) (d) Boundary is the single point (0, 0)
y=x
(e) Open (f) Unbounded
y = x3 27. (a) All (x, y) satisfying - 1 … y - x … 1
x
(b) - p>2 … z … p>2
(c) Straight lines of the form y - x = c where -1 … c … 1
x (d) Boundary is two straight lines y = 1 + x and y = - 1 + x
(–1, –1)
(e) Closed (f) Unbounded
9. Domain: all points (x, y) satisfying x2 - 1 … y … x2 + 1 29. (a) Domain: all points (x, y) outside the circle x2 + y2 = 1
(b) Range: all reals
y y = x2 + 1
(c) Circles centered at the origin with radii r 7 1
(d) Boundary: x2 + y2 = 1
1 y = x2 – 1
(e) Open (f) Unbounded
31. (f) 33. (a) 35. (d)
x
37. (a) z (b) y
–1
z = y2
z=4
z=1
11. Domain: all points (x, y) for which z=0
x
(x - 2)(x + 2)( y - 3)( y + 3) Ú 0 z=1
z=4
x = –2 y x=2
y
3
y=3 x

x
–2 2

y = –3
–3
 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-59

39. (a) z (b) y 49. x2 + y2 = 10 51. x + y2 = 4

z = x2 + y2
y y
z=4
z=1 Î 10
z=0 2
x
–2 –1 1 2

–Î 10 Î 10 x
x 4

y –2
x
–Î 10
41. (a) (b)
z z = –3
z = –2 53. z 55. z
z = x2 – y
y z = –1
1 1
z=0
3 z=1
2 z=2 1
1 1 y
z=3 y 1
y
x x
0 x
–1
f (x, y, z) = x + z = 1
–2 f(x, y, z) = x 2 + y2 + z2 = 1
x
–3
z z
57. 59.
43. (a) z
2 2
(b) y f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 = 1
5
z = 4x + y
4 2
16 z = 16
2
4
2 2 z=4

x 1
1 2 1 1
1
y
1 f(x, y, z) = z – x 2 – y 2 = 1
z=0 x or z = x 2 + y2 + 1

4 y
2 x

1
61. 2x - y - ln z = 2 63. x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
0 y 65. Domain: all points (x, y) 67. Domain: all points (x, y)
x satisfying 0 x + 6 + y 0 satisfying - 1 … x … 1 and
-1 … y … 1
45. (a) (b) y y y=x y

z z = –1
z = 1 – 0y0 1
2
(0, 0, 1) z=0
1
z=1
x x
0
z=0
–1 x
z = –1 –1 1
1 y y = –x
–2

–1

47. (a) (b) level curve: y = 2x level curve:

p
z y
sin-1 y - sin-1 x =
z = Î x2 + y2 + 4 2
4 z = Î 20
3 z = Î13 Section 14.2, pp. 807–810
2 z = Î8 1. 5 > 2 3. 2 26 5. 1 7. 1 > 2 9. 1
2 1 z = Î5
11. 1>4 13. 0 15. - 1 17. 2 19. 1 > 4
z=2
y
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
x 21. 1 23. 3 25. 19>12 27. 2 29. 3
–1 31. (a) All (x, y) (b) All (x, y) except (0, 0)
–2 33. (a) All (x, y) except where x = 0 or y = 0 (b) All (x, y)
x
–3 35. (a) All (x, y, z)
–4 (b) All (x, y, z) except the interior of the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1
A-60 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

37. (a) All (x, y, z) with z ≠ 0 (b) All (x, y, z) with x2 + z2 ≠ 1 0ƒ 0ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ

39. (a) All points (x, y, z) satisfying z 7 x2 + y2 + 1 41. = 1 + y, = 1 + x, 2 = 0, 2 = 0, = = 1
0x 0y 0x 0y 0y 0x 0x 0y
(b) All points (x, y, z) satisfying z ≠ 2x2 + y2 0g 0g
41. Consider paths along y = x, x 7 0, and along y = x, x 6 0. 43. = 2xy + y cos x, = x2 - sin y + sin x,
0x 0y
43. Consider the paths y = kx2, k a constant. 0 2g 0 2g
45. Consider the paths y = mx, m a constant, m ≠ - 1. = 2y - y sin x, = - cos y,
0x2 0y2
47. Consider the paths y = kx2, k a constant, k ≠ 0. 2 2
0g 0g
49. Consider the paths x = 1 and y = x. = = 2x + cos x
51. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) Does not exist 0y 0x 0x 0y
55. The limit is 1. 57. The limit is 0. 0r 1 0r 1 0 2r -1 0 2r -1
45. = , = , = , = ,
59. (a) ƒ(x, y) + y = mx = sin 2u where tan u = m 61. 0 0x x + y 0y x + y 0x2 (x + y)2 0y2 (x + y)2
63. Does not exist 65. p>2 67. ƒ(0, 0) = ln 3 0 2r 0 2r -1
69. d = 0.1 71. d = 0.005 73. d = 0.04 = =
0y 0x 0x 0y (x + y)2
75. d = 20.015 77. d = 0.005 0w 0w
47. = x2y sec2 (xy) + 2x tan (xy), = x3 sec2 (xy),
Section 14.3, pp. 819–821 0x 0y
0 2w 0 2w
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ = = 2x3y sec2 (xy) tan (xy) + 3x2 sec2(xy)
1. = 4x, = -3 3. = 2x(y + 2), = x2 - 1 0y 0x 0x 0y
0x 0y 0x 0y
0 2w
0ƒ 0ƒ = 4xy sec2 (xy) + 2x2y2 sec2 (xy) tan (xy) + 2 tan (xy)
5. = 2y(xy - 1), = 2x(xy - 1) 0x2
0x 0y
0 2w
0ƒ x 0ƒ y = 2x4 sec2 (xy) tan (xy)
7. = , = 0y2
0x 2x2 + y2 0y 2x2 + y2
0ƒ -1 0ƒ -1 0w 0w
9. = , = 49. = sin ( x2y ) + 2x2y cos ( x2y ) , = x3 cos ( x2y ) ,
0x (x + y)2 0y (x + y)2 0x 0y
0ƒ - y2 - 1 0ƒ 0 2w 0 2w
- x2 - 1 = = 3x2 cos ( x2y ) - 2x4y sin ( x2y )
11. = , = 0y 0x 0x 0y
0x (xy - 1) 0y 2
(xy - 1)2
0 2w
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 1 0ƒ 1 = 6xy cos ( x2y ) - 4x3y2 sin ( x2y )
13. = ex + y + 1, = ex + y + 1 15. = , = 0x2
0x 0y 0x x + y 0y x + y
0 2w
0ƒ = -x5 sin ( x2y )
17. = 2 sin (x - 3y) cos (x - 3y), 0y2
0x
0ƒ 0w 2 0w 3 0 2w 0 2w -6
= - 6 sin (x - 3y) cos (x - 3y) 51. = , = , = =
0y 0x 2x + 3y 0y 2x + 3y 0y 0x 0x 0y (2x + 3y)2
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 0w 0w
53. = y2 + 2xy3 + 3x2y4, = 2xy + 3x2y2 + 4x3y3,
19. = yxy - 1, = xy ln x 21. = - g(x), = g(y) 0x 0y
0x 0y 0x 0y
0 2w 0 2w
23. ƒx = y2, ƒy = 2xy, ƒz = - 4z = = 2y + 6xy2 + 12x2y3
0y 0x 0x 0y
25. ƒx = 1, ƒy = - y(y2 + z2)-1>2, ƒz = - z(y2 + z2)-1>2 55. (a) x first (b) y first (c) x first
yz xz xy (d) x first (e) y first (f) y first
27. ƒx = , ƒy = , ƒz =
2 2 2
21 - x y z 2 2 2
21 - x y z 21 - x2y2z2 57. ƒx(1, 2) = -13, ƒy(1, 2) = -2
1 2 3 59. ƒx (- 2, 3) = 1>2, ƒy (- 2, 3) = 3>4 61. (a) 3 (b) 2
29. ƒx = ,ƒ = ,ƒ =
x + 2y + 3z y x + 2y + 3z z x + 2y + 3z 0A a 0A c cos A - b
63. 12 65. -2 67. = , =
31. ƒx = -2xe-(x
2
+ y2 + z2) 2
, ƒy = - 2ye-(x + y2 + z2) 2
, ƒz = - 2ze-(x + y2 + z2) 0a bc sin A 0b bc sin A
ln y
33. ƒx = sech2(x + 2y + 3z), ƒy = 2 sech2(x + 2y + 3z), 69. yx =
(ln u)(ln y) - 1
ƒz = 3 sech2(x + 2y + 3z) 71. ƒx (x, y) = 0 for all points (x, y),
0ƒ 0ƒ 3y2, y Ú 0
35. = -2p sin (2pt - a), = sin (2pt - a) ƒy (x, y) = e ,
0t 0a - 2y, y 6 0
0h 0h 0h
37. = sin f cos u, = r cos f cos u, = -r sin f sin u ƒxy (x, y) = ƒyx (x, y) = 0 for all points (x, y)
0r 0f 0u
89. Yes
dy2
39. WP(P, V, d, y, g) = V, WV(P, V, d, y, g) = P + ,
2g Section 14.4, pp. 828–830
2
Vy Vdy dw dw
Wd(P, V, d, y, g) = , Wy(P, V, d, y, g) = g , 1. (a) = 0, (b) (p) = 0
2g dt dt
Vdy2 dw dw
Wg(P, V, d, y, g) = - 3. (a) = 1, (b) (3) = 1
2g2 dt dt
 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-61

dw dw 0w dw 0u 0w dw 0u
5. (a) = 4t tan-1 t + 1, (b) (1) = p + 1 21. = , =
dt dt 0s du 0s 0t du 0t
0z w w
7. (a) = 4 cos y ln (u sin y) + 4 cos y,
0u dw dw
0z 4u cos2 y du du
= - 4u sin y ln (u sin y) +
0y sin y
u u
0z 0z
(b) = 22 (ln 2 + 2), = -2 22 (ln 2 - 2)
0u 0y 'u 'u
's 't
0w 0w
9. (a) = 2u + 4uy, = -2y + 2u2
0u 0y s t
0w 0w 3 0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0x 0y
(b) = 3, = - 23. = + = since = 0,
0u 0y 2 0r 0x 0r 0y 0r 0x 0r 0r
0u 0u z 0u -y
11. (a) = 0, = , = 0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0y 0x
0x 0y (z - y)2 0z (z - y)2 = + = since = 0
0s 0x 0s 0y 0s 0y 0s 0s
0u 0u 0u
(b) = 0, = 1, = -2 w w
0x 0y 0z
'w 'w 'w 'w
dz 0z dx 0z dy 'x 'y 'x 'y
13. = +
dt 0x dt 0y dt x y x y
z
'z 'z 'x 'y 'x = 0 'y
'r =0
'x 'y 'r 's 's
r s
x y
0z 1 0z 3
25. 4 > 3 27. -4>5 29. = , = -
dx
dt
dy
dt
0x 4 0y 4
0z 0z
t 31. = -1, = -1 33. 12 35. -7
0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0z 0x 0y
15. = + + , 0z 0z 0w 2 0w
0u 0x 0u 0y 0u 0z 0u 37. = 2, = 1 39.
3
= 2t es + t ,
3
= 3s2 es + t
2

0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0z 0u 0y 0t 0s
= + + 41. - 0.00005 amp>sec
0y 0x 0y 0y 0y 0z 0y
w w 47. (cos 1, sin 1, 1) and (cos(-2), sin(-2), - 2)
'w 'w 'w 'w
'x 'w 'z 'x 'w 'z 22 22 22 22
'y 'y 49. (a) Maximum at ¢- , ≤ and ¢ ,- ≤; minimum
x y z x y z
2 2 2 2
'y 'y
'x 'u 'z 'x 'y 'z 22 22 22 22
'u 'y at ¢ , ≤ and ¢- ,- ≤
'u 'y 2 2 2 2
u y
(b) Max = 6, min = 2
0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0w 0x 0w 0y x2
17. = + , = + .
L0 2 2t 4 + x3
0u 0x 0u 0y 0u 0y 0x 0y 0y 0y 3x2
51. 2x 2x8 + x3 + dt
w w
'w 'w 'w 'w
'x 'y 'x 'y Section 14.5, p. 888
1. y 3. y
x y x y
∇f = –i + j
'x 'y 'x 'y
'u 'u 'y 'y 2 y – x = –1
x= 2
u y 1 (2, 1) y2

0z 0z 0x 0z 0y 0z 0z 0x 0z 0y 0 1 2
x x
19. = + , = + –1
(2, –1)
0t 0x 0t 0y 0t 0s 0x 0s 0y 0s
z z
'z 'z 'z 'z
'x 'y 'x 'y
∇f = i – 4j
x y x y
5. y
'x 'y 'x 'y
't 't 's 's
∇f = 1 i + 3 j
2 4
t s

(–1, 2) 4
3
4 = 2x + 3y
x
2
A-62 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

26 23 23 25. (a) L(x, y) = 1 (b) L(x, y) = 2x + 2y - 1

7. ∇ƒ = 3i + 2j - 4k 9. ∇ƒ = - i + j - k
27 54 54 27. (a) L(x, y) = 3x - 4y + 5
11. - 4 13. 21 > 13 15. 3 17. 2 (b) L(x, y) = 3x - 4y + 5
p
1 1 1 1 29. (a) L(x, y) = 1 + x (b) L(x, y) = -y +
19. u = - i + j, (Du ƒ)P0 = 22; - u = i - j, 2
22 22 22 22 31. (a) W(20, 25) = 11°F, W(30, -10) = - 39°F, W(15, 15) = 0°F
(D−u ƒ)P0 = - 22 (b) W(10, - 40) ≈ -65.5°F, W(50, - 40) ≈ -88°F,
W(60, 30) ≈ 10.2°F
1 5 1
21. u = i - j - k, (Du ƒ)P0 = 3 23; (c) L(y, T) ≈ - 0.36 (y - 25) + 1.337(T - 5) - 17.4088
3 23 3 23 3 23
(d) i) L(24, 6) ≈ - 15.7°F
1 5 1 ii) L(27, 2) ≈ - 22.1°F
-u = - i + j + k, (D-u ƒ)P0 = - 3 23
3 23 3 23 3 23 iii) L(5, - 10) ≈ - 30.2°F
1 33. L(x, y) = 7 + x - 6y; 0.06 35. L(x, y) = x + y + 1; 0.08
23. u = (i + j + k), (Du ƒ)P0 = 2 23;
23 37. L(x, y) = 1 + x; 0.0222
1 39. (a) L(x, y, z) = 2x + 2y + 2z - 3 (b) L(x, y, z) = y + z
-u = - (i + j + k), (D-u ƒ)P0 = - 2 23
23 (c) L(x, y, z) = 0
1 1
25. y 27. y 41. (a) L(x, y, z) = x (b) L(x, y, z) = x + y
∇f = 2Î2i + 2Î2j 22 22
xy = –4 1 2 2
2
y=x–4 (c) L(x, y, z) = x + y + z
(Î2, Î2) 3 3 3
x
x ∇f = –2i + 2j 2 43. (a) L(x, y, z) = 2 + x
2
–2 p
(2, –2) (b) L(x, y, z) = x - y - z + + 1
x2 + y2 = 4 y = –x + 2Î2 2
p
(c) L(x, y, z) = x - y - z + + 1
2
3 4 45. L(x, y, z) = 2x - 6y - 2z + 6, 0.0024
29. (a) u = i - j, Du ƒ(1, -1) = 5 47. L(x, y, z) = x + y - z - 1, 0.00135
5 5
3 4 49. Maximum error (estimate) …0.31 in magnitude
(b) u = - i + j, Du ƒ(1, - 1) = - 5 51. Pay more attention to the smaller of the two dimensions. It will
5 5
4 3 4 3 generate the larger partial derivative.
(c) u = i + j, u = - i - j
5 5 5 5 53. f is most sensitive to a change in d.
24 7
(d) u = -j, u = i - j
25 25 Section 14.7, pp. 855–857
7 24
(e) u = -i, u = i + j 1. ƒ(- 3, 3) = -5, local minimum 3. ƒ(- 2, 1), saddle point
25 25
7 2 7 2 3 17
31. u = i - j, - u = - i + j 5. ƒa3, b = , local maximum
253 253 253 253 2 2
7. ƒ(2, - 1) = -6, local minimum 9. ƒ(1, 2), saddle point
33. No, the maximum rate of change is 2185 6 14.
35. -7> 25 16 16
11. ƒa , 0b = - , local maximum
7 7
Section 14.6, pp. 845–848 2 2 170
1. (a) x + y + z = 3 13. ƒ(0, 0), saddle point; ƒa- , b = , local maximum
3 3 27
(b) x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 1 + 2t
15. ƒ(0, 0) = 0, local minimum; ƒ(1, -1), saddle point
3. (a) 2x - z - 2 = 0
17. ƒ(0, { 25), saddle points; ƒ(-2, - 1) = 30, local maximum;
(b) x = 2 - 4t, y = 0, z = 2 + 2t
ƒ(2, 1) = - 30, local minimum
5. (a) 2x + 2y + z - 4 = 0
19. ƒ(0, 0), saddle point; ƒ(1, 1) = 2, ƒ(- 1, - 1) = 2, local maxima
(b) x = 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 2 + t
21. ƒ(0, 0) = - 1, local maximum
7. (a) x + y + z - 1 = 0 (b) x = t, y = 1 + t, z = t
23. ƒ(np, 0), saddle points, for every integer n
9. 2x - z - 2 = 0 11. x - y + 2z - 1 = 0
25. ƒ(2, 0) = e-4, local minimum
13. x = 1, y = 1 + 2t, z = 1 - 2t
27. ƒ(0, 0) = 0, local minimum; ƒ(0, 2), saddle point
1
15. x = 1 - 2t, y = 1, z = + 2t 1 1
2 29. ƒa , 1b = lna b - 3, local maximum
17. x = 1 + 90t, y = 1 - 90t, z = 3 2 4
9 31. Absolute maximum: 1 at (0, 0); absolute minimum: -5 at (1, 2)
19. dƒ = ≈ 0.0008 21. dg = 0 33. Absolute maximum: 4 at (0, 2); absolute minimum: 0 at (0, 0)
11,830
35. Absolute maximum: 11 at (0, - 3); absolute minimum: - 10 at
23 1
23. (a) sin 23 - cos 23 ≈ 0.935°C>ft (4, - 2)
2 2
(b) 23 sin 23 - cos 23 ≈ 1.87°C>sec
 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-63

3 22 Section 14.9, p. 870

37. Absolute maximum: 4 at (2, 0); absolute minimum: at 1 2
2 1. Quadratic: x + xy; cubic: x + xy + xy
2
p p p p
a3, - b, a3, b, a1, - b, and a1, b 3. Quadratic: xy; cubic: xy
4 4 4 4
1
39. a = -3, b = 2 5. Quadratic: y + ( 2xy - y2 ) ;
2
1° 1 23 1 23 1 1
41. Hottest is 2 at a- , b and a- , - b ; coldest is cubic: y + ( 2xy - y2 ) + ( 3x2y - 3xy2 + 2y3 )
4 2 2 2 2 2 6
1
1° 1 7. Quadratic: ( 2x2 + 2y2 ) = x2 + y2 ; cubic: x2 + y2
- at a , 0b. 2
4 2 9. Quadratic: 1 + (x + y) + (x + y)2;
43. (a) ƒ(0, 0), saddle point (b) ƒ(1, 2), local minimum
cubic: 1 + (x + y) + (x + y)2 + (x + y)3
(c) ƒ(1, -2), local minimum; ƒ(- 1, -2), saddle point 1 1
11. Quadratic: 1 - x2 - y2; E(x, y) … 0.00134
1 1 355 9 6 3 2 2
49. a , , b 51. a , , b 53. 3, 3, 3 55. 12
6 3 36 7 7 7 Section 14.10, pp. 874–875
4 4 4 1. (a) 0 (b) 1 + 2z (c) 1 + 2z
57. * * 59. 2 ft * 2 ft * 1 ft
23 23 23
0U 0U V 0U nR 0U
61. (a) On the semicircle, max ƒ = 2 22 at t = p>4, min ƒ = - 2 3. (a) + a b (b) a b +
0P 0T nR 0P V 0T
at t = p. On the quarter circle, max ƒ = 2 22 at t = p>4,
0x 0r x
min ƒ = 2 at t = 0, p>2. 5. (a) 5 (b) 5 7. a b = cos u a b =
0r u 0x y 2x2 + y2
(b) On the semicircle, max g = 2 at t = p>4, min g = - 2 at
t = 3p>4. On the quarter circle, max g = 2 at t = p>4, Practice Exercises, pp. 876–879
min g = 0 at t = 0, p>2. 1. Domain: all points in the xy-plane; range: z Ú 0. Level curves
(c) On the semicircle, max h = 8 at t = 0, p; min h = 4 are ellipses with major axis along the y-axis and minor axis along
at t = p>2. On the quarter circle, max h = 8 at t = 0, the x-axis.
min h = 4 at t = p>2. y
63. i) min ƒ = - 1>2 at t = - 1>2; no max
ii) max ƒ = 0 at t = - 1, 0; min ƒ = - 1>2 at t = - 1>2 3

iii) max ƒ = 4 at t = 1; min ƒ = 0 at t = 0 z=9

x
20 9 71 –1 1
67. y = - x + , y + x=4 = -
13 13 13
–3
Section 14.8, pp. 864–866
1 1 1 1 3. Domain: all (x, y) such that x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0; range: z ≠ 0.
1. ¢ { , ≤, ¢ { ,- ≤ 3. 39 5. 1 3, {3 22 2 Level curves are hyperbolas with the x- and y-axes as asymptotes.
22 2 22 2
7. (a) 8 (b) 64 y

9. r = 2 cm, h = 4 cm 11. Length = 4 22, width = 3 22

13. ƒ(0, 0) = 0 is minimum; ƒ(2, 4) = 20 is maximum. z=1
15. Lowest = 0°, highest = 125°
x
3 5
17. a , 2, b 19. 1 21. (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, - 2)
2 2
23. ƒ(1, -2, 5) = 30 is maximum; ƒ(- 1, 2, -5) = - 30 is minimum.
2 2 2 5. Domain: all points in xyz-space; range: all real numbers. Level
25. 3, 3, 3 27. by by units
23 23 23 surfaces are paraboloids of revolution with the z-axis as axis.
29. ( {4>3, - 4>3, - 4>3) 31. ≈24,322 units z
4
33. U(8, 14) = +128 37. ƒ(2>3, 4>3, - 4>3) = f(x, y, z) = x 2 + y2 – z = –1
3
or
39. (2, 4, 4) 41. Maximum is 1 + 6 23 at 1 { 26, 23, 1 2; z = x2 + y2 + 1

minimum is 1 - 6 23 at 1 { 26, - 23, 1 2.

1
43. Maximum is 4 at (0, 0, {2); minimum is 2 at 1 { 22, { 22, 0 2.
y

x
A-64 Chapter 14: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

7. Domain: all (x, y, z) such that (x, y, z) ≠ (0, 0, 0); range: positive 45. z
x2 + y + z2 = 0
real numbers. Level surfaces are spheres with center (0, 0, 0) and ∇f 0 (0, –1, 1) = j + 2k
radius r 7 0.

z h(x, y, z) = 2 12 =1 1
or x + y + z2
∇f 0 (0, 0, 0) = j
2 2 2
x +y +z =1
1 y
–1

x
∇f 0 (0, –1, –1) = j – 2k
1 1
x y

47. Tangent: 4x - y - 5z = 4; normal line:

x = 2 + 4t, y = -1 - t, z = 1 - 5t
9. -2 11. 1 > 2 13. 1 15. Let y = kx2, k ≠ 1 49. 2y - z - 2 = 0
17. No; lim(x,y) S (0,0) ƒ(x, y) does not exist. 51. Tangent: x + y = p + 1; normal line: y = x - p + 1
y
y = –x + p + 1
0g 0g
19. = cos u + sin u, = - r sin u + r cos u 2 y=x–p+1
0r 0u
0ƒ 1 0ƒ 1 0ƒ 1 1 y = 1 + sin x
21. = - 2, = - 2, = - 2
0R1 R1 0R2 R2 0R3 R3 x
0 1 2 p
0P RT 0P nT 0P nR 0P nRT
23. = , = , = , = - 2 53. x = 1 - 2t, y = 1, z = 1>2 + 2t
0n V 0R V 0T V 0V V
0 2g 0 2g 2x 0 2g 0 2g 55. Answers will depend on the upper bound used for
1
25. 2 = 0, 2 = 3 , = = - 2 + ƒxx +, +ƒxy +, + ƒyy +. With M = 22>2, + E + … 0.0142. With
0x 0y y 0y 0x 0x 0y y
M = 1, + E + … 0.02.
0 2ƒ 2 - 2x2 0 ƒ
2
0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 57. L(x, y, z) = y - 3z, L(x, y, z) = x + y - z - 1
27. = -30x + 2 , 2 = 0, = = 1
0x 2
( x + 1 ) 0y
2 0y 0x 0x 0y 59. Be more careful with the diameter.
dw 2 61. dI = 0.038, % change in I = 15.83,, more sensitive to voltage
29. = -1
dt t = 0 change
63. (a) 5% 65. Local minimum of - 8 at (-2, -2)
0w 2 0w 2 67. Saddle point at (0, 0), ƒ(0, 0) = 0; local maximum of 1 > 4 at
31. = 2, = 2 - p
0r (r, s) = (p, 0) 0s (r, s) = (p, 0)
(-1>2, -1>2)
dƒ 69. Saddle point at (0, 0), ƒ(0, 0) = 0; local minimum of - 4 at
33. 2 = - (sin 1 + cos 2)(sin 1) + (cos 1 + cos 2)(cos 1)
dt t = 1 (0, 2); local maximum of 4 at (- 2, 0); saddle point at (-2, 2),
- 2(sin 1 + cos 1)(sin 2) ƒ(- 2, 2) = 0
dy 71. Absolute maximum: 28 at (0, 4); absolute minimum: -9>4 at
35. 2 = -1 (3 > 2, 0)
dx (x, y) = (0,1)
73. Absolute maximum: 18 at (2, - 2); absolute minimum: - 17>4 at
(- 2, 1>2)
22 22
37. Increases most rapidly in the direction u = - i - j; 75. Absolute maximum: 8 at (-2, 0); absolute minimum: - 1 at (1, 0)
2 2
77. Absolute maximum: 4 at (1, 0); absolute minimum: -4 at (0, - 1)
22 22
decreases most rapidly in the direction - u = i + j; 79. Absolute maximum: 1 at (0, {1) and (1, 0); absolute minimum:
2 2
-1 at (-1, 0)
22 22 7 v 81. Maximum: 5 at (0, 1); minimum: -1>3 at (0, - 1>3)
Du ƒ = ; D-u ƒ = - ; Du1 ƒ = -
where u1 =
2 2 10 +v+
1 1 1
2 3 6 83. Maximum: 23 at ¢ ,- , ≤; minimum: - 23 at
39. Increases most rapidly in the direction u = i + j + k; 23 23 23
7 7 7
2 3 6 1 1 1
decreases most rapidly in the direction - u = - i - j - k; ¢- , ,- ≤
7 7 7 23 23 23
v
Du ƒ = 7; D-u ƒ = -7; Du1ƒ = 7 where u1 = c2V 1>3 b2V 1>3 a2V 1>3
+v+ 85. Width = ¢ ≤ , depth = ¢ ac ≤ , height = ¢ ≤
ab bc
41. p> 22
43. (a) ƒx(1, 2) = ƒy(1, 2) = 2 (b) 14 > 5
 Chapter 15: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-65

3 1 1 1 1 11. (a) 0 … x … 3, x2 … y … 3x
87. Maximum: at ¢ , , 22≤ and ¢- ,- , - 22≤; y
2 22 22 22 22 (b) 0 … y … 9, … x … 2y
3
1 1 1 1 1
minimum: at ¢- , , - 22≤ and ¢ ,- , 22≤ 13. (a) 0 … x … 9, 0 … y … 2x
2 22 22 22 22 (b) 0 … y … 3, y2 … x … 9
0w 0w sin u 0w 0w 0w cos u 0w 15. (a) 0 … x … ln 3, e-x … y … 1
89. = cos u - r , = sin u + r
0x 0r 0u 0y 0r 0u 1
(b) … y … 1, -ln y … x … ln 3
95. (t, - t { 4, t), t a real number 3
z 17. (a) 0 … x … 1, x … y … 3 - 2x
101. (a) ( 2y + x2z ) eyz (b) x2eyz ay - b (c) ( 1 + x2y ) eyz 3 - y
2y
(b) 0 … y … 1, 0 … x … y ∪ 1 … y … 3, 0 … x …
2
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 879–881 p2
1. ƒxy(0, 0) = - 1, ƒyx(0, 0) = 1 19. + 2 21. 8 ln 8 - 16 + e
2 y
2 23abc
r 1 y
7. (c) = ( x 2 + y 2 + z2 ) 13. V = ln 8 (ln ln 8, ln 8)
2 2 2 (p, p)
y x 9 p
17. ƒ(x, y) = + 4, g(x, y) = + 1 x = ln y
2 2 2
19. y = 2 ln + sin x + + ln 2
x
x
1 -1 0 p
0 ln ln 8
21. (a) (2i + 7j) (b) (98i - 127j + 58k)
253 229,097
2 2
23. w = e-c p t sin px 23. e - 2
y

Chapter 15 1
(1, 1)

Section 15.1, pp. 886–887

x = y2
1. 24 3. 1 5. 16 7. 2 ln 2 - 1 9. (3>2)(5 - e)
11. 3>2 13. ln 2 15. 14 17. 0 19. 1>2
x
21. 2 ln 2 23. (ln 2)2 25. 8>3 27. 1 29. 22 0 1

3
31. 2>27 33. ln 3 - 1 35. (a) 1>3 (b) 2>3 3
2 25. ln 2 27. -1>10
2
Section 15.2, pp. 894–896
1. 3. 29. 8 31. 2p
u
y y y
u = sec t
y = 2x
x = y2 (−p$3, 2) (p$3, 2)
6 2
2 p
−2 2
1
y=p y = −p

x t
4 (−2, −2) −2 (2, −2) −p p
3 3
x
3
−2 4 (4 - y)>2 1 x

L2 L0 L0 Lx2
33. dx dy 35. dy dx
5. 7. y y
y y
1 (1, 1)
e y = ex 4
1
y = 4 − 2x y=x

2 (1, 2) y = x2
y=e
x
x 0 1
x = sin−1y 0 1
x x
1 p
2

9. (a) 0 … x … 2, x3 … y … 8
(b) 0 … y … 8, 0 … x … y1>3
A-66 Chapter 15: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

e 1 9 1 29 - y2>2 57. 4 > 3 59. 625 > 12 61. 16 63. 20 65. 2(1 + ln 2)

L1 Lln y L0 L0
37. dx dy 39. 16x dx dy 67.
y z
y y
2 1
e (1, e) 9 z = 1 − 1x − 1y
3 2
y = ex
y = 9 − 4x 2

(1, 1) y
1 2

x x x
0 1 0 3 3
2
3
1 21 - x2 1 e

L-1L0 L0 Ley
x
41. 3y dy dx 43. xy dx dy
3 20 23
y y 69. 1 71. p2 73. - 75.
y = ln x 32 9
1 x 2 + y2 = 1 1 2-x

L0 Lx
77. ( x2 + y2 ) dy dx = 4
3
y
x 2
−1 0 1 y=
x 2
1 e −
x
1
e3 3

L1 Lln x
x
y=

45. (x + y) dy dx 47. 2 x
1

y y
x=1
x = ey 79. R is the set of points (x, y) such that x2 + 2y2 6 4.
3
p (p, p) 81. No, by Fubini’s Theorem, the two orders of integration must give
the same result.
y=x 85. 0.603 87. 0.233

0 p
x Section 15.3, p. 899
x 2 2-x 1 -y2

L0 L0 L-2 Ly - 2
1 e3 9
1. dy dx = 2 or 3. dx dy =
2
e - 2 2 2-y
49. 51. 2
L0 L0
2 y
y y dx dy = 2 (−1, 1)
1
2Îln 3 (Îln 3, 2Îln 3 ) y
1 (1, 1) y = 2x x
−4 −2 0
x=y y=x+2
2
y=2−x x = −y2
x −2
x (−4, −2)
0 1 0 Îln 3

x
53. 1>(80p) 55. - 2>3 0 2
y
y
ln 2 ex 1 2y - y2

L0 L0 L0 Ly2
1
1 1 1 5. dy dx = 1 7. dx dy =
16 Q 2 , 16R 1 3
y = x4 y y
−x + y = 1 x+y=1
(ln 2, 2)
y=e x
1 (1, 1)
x x = y2
0 1 x
2 −1 1 1
x = 2y − y2

−x − y = 1 x−y=1 x
x
0 ln 2 0 1

−1
 Chapter 15: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-67

2 3y Section 15.4, pp. 904–906

L0 Ly
9. 1 dx dy = 4 or p p 3p
1. … u … 2p, 0 … r … 9 3. … u … , 0 … r … csc u
2 4 4
2 x 6 2 p
L0 Lx>3 L2 Lx>3
1 dy dx + 1 dy dx = 4 5. 0 … u … , 1 … r … 2 23 sec u;
6
p p
… u … , 1 … r … 2 csc u
y 6 2
y=x y = 1x p p p
3
7. - … u … , 0 … r … 2 cos u 9.
2
y=2
2 2 2
11. 2p 13. 36 15. 2 - 23 17. (1 - ln 2) p
x 2 1 1 + 22 2
2 6 19. (2 ln 2 - 1) (p>2) 21.
3
23. y
1 2x 2 3-x

L0 Lx>2 L1 Lx>2
3 y = Î1 − x2 or x = Î1 − y2
11. 1 dy dx + 1 dy dx = or 1
2
1 2y 2 3-y

L0 Ly>2 L1 Ly>2
3
1 dx dy + 1 dx dy =
2

y
x
1
3 y = 2x or x = 1 y
2
1 21 - x2 1 21 - y2

L0 L0 L0 L0
2
xy dy dx or xy dx dy
y = 1 x or x = 2y
2
25. y x=2
1
2 y=x

x
1 2 3
y = 3 − x or x = 3 − y

13. 12 15. 22 - 1 x
2
y y

2 x 2 2

L0 L0 L0 Ly
y = cos x
y2 ( x2 + y2 ) dy dx or y2 ( x2 + y2 ) dx dy
6 2
y = 3x (12, 6) Î2
(p$4, Î2/2)
2
y= x 2a
2 y = sin x
27. 2(p - 2) 29. 12p 31. (3p>8) + 1 33.
0 12
x
x
3
0 p
NOT TO SCALE 4 2a 4 5p
35. 37. 2p1 2 - 2e 2 39. +
3 3 3 8
17.
2 2p 1 2
41. (a) (b) 1 43. p ln 4, no 45. ( a + 2h2 )
y 2 2
8
(−1, 2)
2 47. (3p - 4)
9
y=1−x
y = −2x
x Section 15.5, pp. 912–915
(0, 0) 2
(2, −1) 1. 1 > 6
x 1 2 - 2x 3 - 3x - 3y>2 2 1 - y>2 3 - 3x - 3y>2

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
y=−
2
3. dz dy dx, dz dx dy,

1 3 - 3x 2 - 2x - 2z>3 3 1 - z>3 2 - 2x - 2z>3

19. (a) 0 (b) 4>p2 21. 8 > 3 23. p - 2
L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
dy dz dx, dy dx dz,
25. 40,000(1 - e-2) ln (7>2) ≈ 43,329
2 3 - 3y>2 1 - y>2 - z>3 3 2 - 2z>3 1 - y>2 - z>3

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
dx dz dy, dx dy dz.

The value of all six integrals is 1.

A-68 Chapter 15: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

2 24 - x 2 8 - x2 - y2 2 24 - y 2 8 - x2 - y2 Section 15.7, pp. 930–934

L-2L- 24 - x 2Lx 2 + y 2 L-2L- 24 - y 2Lx 2 + y 2

5. 1 dz dx dy, 1 dz dx dy, 4p1 22 - 1 2 17p 3p
1. 3. 5. p1 6 22 - 8 2 7.
3 5 10
2 8 - y2 28 - z - y 2 2 4 2z - y 2

L-2L4 L- 28 - z - y 2 L-2Ly 2 L- 2z - y 2
1 dx dz dy + 1 dx dz dy, 9. p>3
2p 1 24 - r2

L0 L0 L0
8 28 - z 28 - z - y 2 4 2z 2z - y 2 11. (a) r dz dr du

L4 L- 28 - zL- 28 - z - y 2 L0 L- 2zL- 2z - y 2
1 dx dy dz + 1 dx dy dz,
2p 23 1 2p 2 24 - z2

L0 L0 L0 L0 L23 L0
2 8 - x2 28 - z - x 2 2 4 2z - x 2
(b) r dr dz du + r dr dz du

L-2L4 L- 28 - z - x 2 L-2Lx 2 L- 2z - x 2
1 dy dz dx + 1 dy dz dx, 1 24 - r 2
2p

L0 L0 L0
2 2
(c) r du dz dr
8 28 - z 28 - z - x 4 2z 2z - x

L4 L- 28 - zL- 28 - z - x 2 L0 L- 2zL- 2z - x 2
1 dy dx dz + 1 dy dx dz. p>2 cos u 3r2

L-p>2 L0 L0
13. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du
The value of all six integrals is 16p.
51 2 - 23 2 p 2 sin u 4 - r sin u

L0 L0 L0
7. 1 9. 6 11. 13. 18 15. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du
4
1 p
15. 7 > 6 17. 0 19. -
2 8 p>2 1 + cos u 4

L-p>2L1 L0
2
17. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du
1 1-x 1-z 1 21 - z 1-z

L-1L0 Lx2 L0 L- 21 - z Lx2

21. (a) dy dz dx (b) dy dx dz p>4 sec u 2 - r sin u

L0 L0 L0
1 1-z 2y 1 1-y 2y
19. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du 21. p2

L0 L0 L- 2y L0 L0 L- 2y
(c) dx dy dz (d) dx dz dy
8 - 5 22
23. p>3 25. 5p 27. 2p 29. a bp
1 2y 1-y 2

L0 L- 2yL0
(e) dz dx dy 2p p>6 2

L0 L0 L0
32 31. (a) r2 sin f dr df du +
23. 2 > 3 25. 20 > 3 27. 1 29. 16 > 3 31. 8p -
3
2p p>2 csc f
33. 2 35. 4p 37. 31 > 3 39. 1 41. 2 sin 4
L0 Lp>6 L0
r2 sin f dr df du
43. 4 45. a = 3 or a = 13>3
47. The domain is the set of all points (x, y, z) such that
2p 2 sin-1(1>r)

L0 L1 Lp>6
4x2 + 4y2 + z2 … 4.
(b) r2 sin f df dr du +
Section 15.6, pp. 920–922
2p 2
1. x = 5>14, y = 38>35 3. x = 64>35, y = 5>7 p>6

L0 L0 L0
5. x = y = 4a>(3p) 7. Ix = Iy = 4p, I0 = 8p r2 sin f df dr du +
9. x = - 1, y = 1>4 11. Ix = 64>105 2p 1 p>2

L0 L0 Lp>6
13. x = 3>8, y = 17>16 15. x = 11>3, y = 14>27, Iy = 432 r2 sin f df dr du
17. x = 0, y = 13>31, Iy = 7>5
19. x = 0, y = 7>10; Ix = 9>10, Iy = 3>10, I0 = 6>5 2p p>2 2

L0 L0 Lcos f
M 2 31p
21. Ix = ( b + c2 ) , Iy = M ( a2 + c2 ) , Iz = M ( a2 + b2 ) 33. r2 sin f dr df du =
6
3 3 3
23. x = y = 0, z = 12>5, Ix = 7904>105 ≈ 75.28, 2p p 1 - cos f

L0 L0 L0
8p
Iy = 4832>63 ≈ 76.70, I z = 256>45 ≈ 5.69 35. r2 sin f dr df du =
3
25. (a) x = y = 0, z = 8>3 (b) c = 2 22
2p p>2 2 cos f
27. IL = 1386
L0 Lp>4 L0
p
37. r2 sin f dr df du =
29. (a) 4 > 3 (b) x = 4>5, y = z = 2>5 3
31. (a) 5 > 2 (b) x = y = z = 8>15 (c) Ix = Iy = Iz = 11>6 p>2 p>2 2

L0 L0 L0
33. 3 39. (a) 8 r2 sin f dr df du
abc(a2 + b2) a2 + b2
37. (a) Ic.m. = , Rc.m. = p>2 2 24 - r 2

L0 L0 L0
12 A 12
(b) 8 r dz dr du
abc(a2 + 7b2) a2 + 7b2
(b) IL = , RL =
3 A 3 2 24 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2

L0 L0 L0
(c) 8 dz dy dx
 Chapter 15: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-69

2p p>3 2 cos y -u sin y

L0 L0 Lsec f
41. (a) r2 sin f dr df du 21. (a) ` ` = u cos2 y + u sin2 y = u
sin y u cos y
2p 23 24 - r 2 sin y u cos y

L0 L0 L1
(b) ` ` = -u sin2 y - u cos2 y = - u
(b) r dz dr du cos y - u sin y
3
23 23 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2 27. ln 2
2
L- 23 L- 23 - x 2 L1
(c) dz dy dx (d) 5p>3
Practice Exercises, pp. 944–946
3p - 4 2pa3 1. 9e - 9 3. 9 > 2
43. 8p>3 45. 9 > 4 47. 49. y
18 3 t

41 2 22 - 1 2p 10 (1$10, 10) 3
51. 5p>3 53. p>2 55. 57. 16p 2
3
4p1 8 - 3 23 2 y = 1x s
59. 5p>2 61. 63. 2 > 3 65. 3 > 4 −3 3
3
67. x = y = 0, z = 3>8 69. (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 3>8) s2 + 4t 2 = 9
(1, 1)
4 1
a hp x
71. x = y = 0, z = 5>6 73. Ix = p>4 75. 0 1
10 NOT TO SCALE

4 p 0 4 - x2 3 (1>2) 29 - x2
77. (a) (x, y, z) = a0, 0, b, Iz =
L-2L2x + 4 L-3 L0
5 12 4 9
5. dy dx = 7. y dy dx =
3 2
5 p
(b) (x, y, z) = a0, 0, b, Iz =
6 14 y
y

3M 4 y = 2x + 4
81. 3
x 2 + 4y2 = 9
pR3 x = −Î 4 − y 2

85. The surface’s equation r = ƒ(z) tells us that the point (r, u, z) = x
(ƒ(z), u, z) will lie on the surface for all u. In particular, x
−3 0 3
−2
(ƒ(z), u + p, z) lies on the surface whenever (ƒ(z), u, z) lies on
the surface, so the surface is symmetric with respect to the z-axis.
z ln 17
( f(z), u, z) 9. sin 4 11. 13. 4 > 3 15. 4 > 3 17. 1 > 4
z
4
( f(z), u + p, z)
f(z) p - 2
f(z) 19. p 21. 23. 0 25. 8 > 35 27. p>2
4
2 ( 31 - 35>2 )
29.
3
22 22 - y 2 24 - x 2 - y 2

L- 22 L- 22 - y 2 L2x 2 + y 2
u

u+p
31. (a) 3 dz dx dy
x y
2p p>4 2

L0 L0 L0
(b) 3 r2 sin f dr df du (c) 2p1 8 - 4 22 2
Section 15.8, pp. 942–944
u + y y - 2u 1 2p p>4 sec f
1. (a) x = ,y = ;
L0 L0 L0
3 3 3 p
33. r2 sin f dr df du =
(b) Triangular region with boundaries u = 0, y = 0, and 3
u + y = 3 1 23 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2

L0 L21 - x 2 L1
1 1 1 35. z2 xy dz dy dx
3. (a) x = (2u - y), y = (3y - u);
5 10 10
(b) Triangular region with boundaries 3y = u, y = 2u, and 23 23 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2

L1 L0 L1
3u + y = 10 + z2 xy dz dy dx
2 3

L1 L1
2u 52 8p1 4 22 - 5 2 8p1 4 22 - 5 2
7. 64 > 5 9. (u + y) y du dy = 8 + ln 2
3 37. (a) (b)
3 3
pab ( a2 + b2 ) 1 3 8pd(b5 - a5)
11. 13. a1 + 2 b ≈ 0.4687 39. Iz =
4 3 e 15
225 a2b2c2 1
15. 17. 12 19. 41. x = y = 43. I0 = 104 45. Ix = 2d
16 6 2 - ln 4
3 23
47. M = 4, Mx = 0, My = 0 49. x = p , y = 0
A-70 Chapter 16: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

15p + 32 11. (a) 2 (b) 3 > 2 (c) 1 > 2

51. (a) x = ,y = 0
6p + 48 13. -15>2 15. 36 17. (a) -5>6 (b) 0 (c) -7>12
(b) y 19. 1>2 21. -p 23. 69 > 4 25. -39>2 27. 25 > 6
r = 1 + cos u 29. (a) Circ 1 = 0, circ 2 = 2p, flux1 = 2p, flux2 = 0
r=1
1 (b) Circ 1 = 0, circ 2 = 8p, flux1 = 8p, flux2 = 0
31. Circ = 0, flux = a2p 33. Circ = a2p, flux = 0
p
c.m. 35. (a) - (b) 0 (c) 1 37. (a) 32 (b) 32 (c) 32
1 ≈ 1.18 2
x 2
39. y

−1 2

x2 + y2 = 4
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 947–948 x
0 2
2 6 - x2 2 6 - x2 x2

L-3 Lx L-3 Lx L0
1. (a) x2 dy dx (b) dz dy dx

(c) 125 > 4

3. 2p 5. 3p>2 41. (a) G = -yi + xj (b) G = 2x2 + y2 F
7. (a) Hole radius = 1, sphere radius = 2 (b) 4 23p
xi + yj 1
b 43. F = - 47. 48 49. p 51. 0 53.
9. p>4 11. ln a a b 15. 1> 23
4
2x2 + y2 2

b Section 16.3, pp. 978–980

17. Mass = a2 cos-1 a a b - b 2a2 - b2, 1. Conservative 3. Not conservative 5. Not conservative
3y2
a4 -1 b b3 b3 2
7. ƒ(x, y, z) = x + 2
+ 2z + C 9. ƒ(x, y, z) = xey + 2z + C
I0 = cos a a b - 2a2 - b2 - ( a2 - b2 ) 3>2 2
2 2 6
1
1 a2 b2 11. ƒ(x, y, z) = x ln x - x + tan (x + y) + ln ( y2 + z2 ) + C
19. (e - 1) 21. (b) 1 (c) 0 2
ab 13. 49 15. -16 17. 1 19. 9 ln 2 21. 0 23. - 3
1 1 22 x2 - 1
25. h = 220 in., h = 260 in. 27. 2pc - a b d 27. F = ∇ a y b 29. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1
3 3 2
31. (a) 2 (b) 2 33. (a) c = b = 2a (b) c = b = 2
Chapter 16 35. It does not matter what path you use. The work will be the same
on any path because the field is conservative.
Section 16.1, pp. 955–957
37. The force F is conservative because all partial derivatives of M,
1. Graph (c) 3. Graph (g) 5. Graph (d) 7. Graph (f )
(xa, ya, za) and B = (xb, yb, zb). Therefore, 1 F # dr =
N, and P are zero. ƒ(x, y, z) = ax + by + cz + C; A =
13 1
9. 22 11. 13. 3 214 15. 1 5 25 + 9 2
2 6
ƒ(B) - ƒ(A) = a(xb - xa) + b(yb - ya) + c(zb - za) =
b
17. 23 ln a a b 19. (a) 4 25 (b)
1
( 173>2 - 1 ) F# rAB.
12
15 16 1 Section 16.4, pp. 990–992
21. ( e - e64 ) 23. (403>2 - 133>2) 1. Flux = 0, circ = 2pa2 3. Flux = - pa2, circ = 0
32 27
5. Flux = 2, circ = 0 7. Flux = -9, circ = 9
1 3>2 10 25 - 2
25.
6
1 5 + 7 22 - 1 2 27.
3
29. 8 9. Flux = - 11>60, circ = - 7>60
11. Flux = 64>9, circ = 0 13. Flux = 1>2, circ = 1>2
1
31. ( 173>2 - 1 ) 33. 2 22 - 1 15. Flux = 1>5, circ = -1>12 17. 0 19. 2 > 33 21. 0
6
23. -16p 25. pa2 27. 3p>8
35. (a) 4 22 - 2 (b) 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 2 37. Iz = 2pda3 29. (a) 0 if C is traversed counterclockwise
39. (a) Iz = 2p 22d (b) Iz = 4p 22d 41. Ix = 2p - 2 (b) (h - k)(area of the region) 39. (a) 0

Section 16.2, pp. 967–969 Section 16.5, pp. 1001–1003

1. ∇ƒ = - (xi + yj + zk) ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) -3>2 1. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + r 2k, 0 … r … 2,
0 … u … 2p
2x 2y 3. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (r>2)k, 0 … r … 6,
3. ∇g = - a bi - a 2 bj + ez k
x2 + y2 x + y2 0 … u … p>2
kx ky 5. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + 29 - r 2 k,
5. F = - i - 2 j, any k 7 0 0 … r … 3 22>2, 0 … u … 2p; Also:
(x2 + y2)3>2 (x + y2)3>2
r(f, u) = (3 sin f cos u)i + (3 sin f sin u)j +
7. (a) 9 > 2 (b) 13 > 3 (c) 9 > 2
(3 cos f)k, 0 … f … p>4, 0 … u … 2p
9. (a) 1 > 3 (b) -1>5 (c) 0
 Chapter 16: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-71

7. r(f, u) = 1 23 sin f cos u 2i + 1 23 sin f sin u 2j + 1 2p

u2 cos2 y # 24u2 + 1 #
O L0 L0
7. x2 25 - 4z ds =
1 23 cos f 2k, p>3 … f … 2p>3, 0 … u … 2p
S
9. r(x, y) = xi + yj + (4 - y2)k, 0 … x … 2, - 2 … y … 2
1 2p

L0 L0
11. r(u, y) = ui + (3 cos y)j + (3 sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 11p
u 24u2 + 1 dy du = u3(4u2 + 1) cos2 y dy du =
0 … y … 2p 12
13. (a) r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (1 - r cos u - r sin u)k, abc
0 … r … 3, 0 … u … 2p 9. 9a3 11. (ab + ac + bc) 13. 2
4
(b) r(u, y) = (1 - u cos y - u sin y)i + (u cos y)j + 1 pa3
(u sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 0 … y … 2p 15.
30
1 22 + 6 26 2 17. 26>30 19. - 32 21.
6
15. r(u, y) = (4 cos2 y)i + uj + (4 cos y sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 23. 13a4 >6 25. 2p>3 27. -73p>6 29. 18
-(p>2) … y … (p>2); Another way: r(u, y) = (2 + 2 cos y)i
+ uj + (2 sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 0 … y … 2p pa3 pa2 pa3
31. 33. 35. 37. -32 39. - 4
2p 1 6 4 2

L0 L0 2
25 p 25
17. r dr du = a a a
2 41. 3a4 43. a , , b
2 2 2
2p 3 2p 4

L0 L1 L0 L1
14 15p 22
19. r 25 dr du = 8p 25 21. 1 du dy = 6p 45. (x, y, z) = a0, 0, b, Iz = d
9 2
2p 1
1 5 25 - 12 8p 4 20p 4

L0 L0
47. (a) ad (b) ad
23. u 24u2 + 1 du dy = p 3 3
6
2p p Section 16.7, pp. 1025–1026

L0 Lp>4
25. 2 sin f df du = 1 4 + 2 22 2p 1. 4p 3. -5>6 5. 0 7. -6p 9. 2pa2
11. -p 13. 12p 15. - p>4 17. -15p 19. -8p
27. 29. 27. 16Iy + 16Ix
z
z
Section 16.8, pp. 1037–1039
z = Îx 2 + y 2
2 2
1. 0 3. 0 5. -16 7. - 8p 9. 3p 11. -40>3
x + ( y – 3) = 9
13. 12p 15. 12p1 4 22 - 1 2 19. No
√3x + y = 9 21. The integral’s value never exceeds the surface area of S.
x + y − Î2z = 0
23. 184/35
(Î2, Î2, 2)

Practice Exercises, pp. 1040–1042

x 6
x y 1. Path 1: 2 23; path 2: 1 + 3 22 3. 4a2 5. 0
y
3√3 , 9/2, 0 7. 8p sin (1) 9. 0 11. p 23
2
1 abc 1 1 1
2p 13. 2pa1 - b 15. + 2 + 2 17. 50
p 2 A a2 b c
L0 L0
22
33. (b) A = 3a2b2 sin2 f cos2 f + b2c2 cos4 f cos2 u +
19. r(f, u) = (6 sin f cos u)i + (6 sin f sin u)j + (6 cos f)k,
2 2 4 2 1>2 p 2p
a c cos f sin u 4 df du … f … , 0 … u … 2p
6 3
35. x0 x + y0 y = 25 37. 13p>3 39. 4 21. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (1 + r)k, 0 … r … 2,
41. 6 26 - 2 22 43. p 2c2 + 1 0 … u … 2p
p
45. 1 17 217 - 5 25 2 47. 3 + 2 ln 2 23. r(u, y) = (u cos y)i + 2u2j + (u sin y)k, 0 … u … 1,
6
p 2 0 … y … p
49. 1 13 213 - 1 2 51. 5p 22 53. 1 5 25 - 1 2 25. 26 27. p 3 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 24 29. Conservative
6 3
31. Not conservative 33. ƒ(x, y, z) = y2 + yz + 2x + z
Section 16.6, pp. 1012–1014
3 2 35. Path 1: 2; path 2: 8 > 3 37. (a) 1 - e - 2p (b) 1 - e - 2p

O L0 L0
17 217 - 1
1. x ds = u 24u2 + 1 du dy = 39. 0 41. (a) 4 22 - 2 (b) 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 2
4
S 16 2 232 64 56
2p 43. (x, y, z) = a1, , b; Ix = ,I = ,I =
p
15 3 45 y 15 z 9
O L0 L0
4p
3. x2 ds = sin3 f cos2 u df du =
3 3 7 23
S 45. z = ,I = 47. (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 49>12), Iz = 640p
1 1
2 z 3

O L0 L0
2p
5. z ds = (4 - u - y) 23 dy du = 3 23 49. Flux: 3 > 2; circ: -1>2 53. 3 55.
3
1 7 - 8 22 2
S 57. 0 59. p
(for x = u, y = y)
A-72 Appendices: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 1042–1044 17. x@intercept = 23, y@intercept = - 22
1. 6p 3. 2 > 3
y
5. (a) F(x, y, z) = zi + xj + yk
(b) F(x, y, z) = zi + yk (c) F(x, y, z) = zi
x
16pR3 0 1 2
7. 9. a = 2, b = 1. The minimum flux is - 4.
3 −1 Î2 x − Î3 y = Î6
16
11. (b) g
3 −2

LC LC
16
(c) Work = a gxy dsb y = g xy ds = g 2 19. (3, - 3)
3
21. x2 + (y - 2)2 = 4 23. 1x + 23 22 + (y + 2)2 = 4
4
13. (c) pw 19. False if F = yi + xj y
3 y
(0 , 4) Q−Î3, 0R
x
−4
(0, −1)
Appendices C(0 , 2)

Appendix 1, p. AP-6 (0, 0)

C Q−Î 3, – 2R

1. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 −2 −1 1 2

x (0, −3)
−4
1
3. x 6 -2 5. x … -
3 25. x2 + (y - 3>2)2 = 25>4 27.
y
x x
y y = x2 − 2x − 3
−2 −1$3
(0, 4) (−1, 0)
x
7. 3, -3 9. 7>6, 25>6 4 0 1 2 (3, 0)
3
11. -2 … t … 4 13. 0 … z … 10

Axis: x = 1
2
t z C(0, 3$2)
−2 4 0 10 1
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
15. (- q, - 24 ∪ 32, q) 17. (- q, -34 ∪ 31, q) x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
(0, −3)
s r −1 (0, −1)
−2 2 −3 1 −2
2 2
19. (- 3, - 2) ∪ (2, 3) 21. (0, 1) 23. (- q, 14 x + (y – 3$2) = 25$4 V(1, −4)

27. The graph of 0 x 0 + 0 y 0 … 1 is the interior and boundary of the 29. y

“diamond-shaped” region. V(−3, 4)
y = −x2 − 6x − 5 4
y

1
0x0 + 0y0 ≤ 1
(−5, 0)
x
−6 −3 (−1, 0) 0
x
−1 1
Axis: x = −3

−1
(−6, −5) (0, −5)
Appendix 3, pp. AP-17–AP-18
1. 2, - 4; 2 25 3. Unit circle 31. Exterior points of a circle of radius 27, centered at the origin
1 33. The washer between the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4
5. m# = -
3 (points with distance from the origin between 1 and 2)
y 35. (x + 2)2 + (y - 1)2 6 6
A(−1, 2) 2 1 2 1 2
y = 3x + 5 37. a , b, a- ,- b
1 25 25 25 25
Slope = 3
x 1 1 1 1
−2 −1 0 39. a- , - b, a ,- b
B(−2, −1) −1 23 3 23 3
41. (a) ≈ -2.5 degrees > inch (b) ≈ - 16.1 degrees > inch
7. (a) x = - 1 (b) y = 4>3 9. y = -x (c) ≈ -8.3 degrees > inch 43. 5.97 atm
5 x
11. y = - x + 6 13. y = 4x + 4 15. y = - + 12
4 2
 Appendices: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-73

45. Yes: C = F = - 40°

C
C=F

F
−40 32

5
C= (F − 32)
9

−40
(−40, −40)

51. k = - 8, k = 1>2

Appendix 7, pp. AP-34–AP-35

1. (a) (14, 8) (b) (-1, 8) (c) (0, - 5)
3. (a) By reflecting z across the real axis
(b) By reflecting z across the imaginary axis
(c) By reflecting z across the real axis and then multiplying the
length of the vector by 1> + z + 2
5. (a) Points on the circle x2 + y2 = 4
(b) Points inside the circle x2 + y2 = 4
(c) Points outside the circle x2 + y2 = 4
7. Points on a circle of radius 1, center (- 1, 0)
9. Points on the line y = - x 11. 4e2pi>3 13. 1e2pi>3
15. cos4 u - 6 cos2 u sin2 u + sin4 u
1 23
17. 1, - { i 19. 2i, - 23 - i, 23 - i
2 2
26 22 26 22
21. { i, - { i 23. 1 { 23i, - 1 { 23i
2 2 2 2