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Physics Notes

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9 views

Physics Notes

Uploaded by

Mohammed Abdalla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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### Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes how "thick" or "sticky" a fluid is and
how it resists motion when a force is applied.

#### Key Concepts

1. **Definition**: Viscosity is the frictional force between adjacent layers of a fluid in motion. It is
affected by both intermolecular forces and temperature.

2. **Units**: The unit of viscosity (dynamic viscosity) is the Pascal-second (Pa·s) or Newton-second per
meter squared (N·s/m²).

3. **Viscosity and Temperature**:

- In liquids, viscosity decreases as temperature increases.

- In gases, viscosity increases as temperature increases.

4. **Types of Viscosity**:

- **Dynamic Viscosity (η)**: Measures the internal friction between layers in motion. Calculated using
the formula:

\[

F = \eta \frac{A \Delta v}{\Delta y}

\]

where \(F\) is the force, \(A\) is the area, \(\Delta v\) is the difference in velocity between layers,
and \(\Delta y\) is the distance between layers.

- **Kinematic Viscosity (ν)**: Ratio of dynamic viscosity to density, measured in m²/s:

\[

\nu = \frac{\eta}{\rho}

\]

5. **Stokes' Law**:

- Governs the drag force \(F\) on a spherical object moving through a viscous fluid, given by:

\[

F = 6 \pi \eta r v

\]
where \(r\) is the radius of the sphere, \(v\) is the velocity, and \(\eta\) is the dynamic viscosity.

- This is useful for calculating the terminal velocity of small spheres in fluids (important in experiments
to determine viscosity).

6. **Applications**: Viscosity is crucial in various real-world applications, from designing car engines to
studying blood flow in medicine.

Understanding viscosity and the forces that influence it helps in the analysis of fluid dynamics in both
natural and artificial systems.

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