CONTENT

PHYSICS
S.No. Chapter No. of Questions Page No. Time Table

Chapter Concept 01 - 04

1. Units, Dimensions and Practice Question 16 05 - 05 First Day

Laws of Motion Answer Key 05 - 05
Hint and Solution 06 - 06

Chapter Concept 07 - 09
23 10 - 10
2. Force and its Types Practice Question Second Day
Answer Key 11 - 11
Hint and Solution 11 - 11
Chapter Concept 12 - 13
3. Work, Energy and Power Practice Question 29 14 - 15
Third Day
Answer Key 15 - 15
Hint and Solution 16 - 16

Chapter Concept 17 - 20
4. Electromagnetic and Practice Question 10 21 - 21
Fourth Day
Mechanical Waves Answer Key 21 - 21
Hint and Solution 21 - 21
Chapter Concept 22 - 27
5. LIGHT : Reflection Practice Question 36 28 - 29 Fifth Day
and Refraction Answer Key 29 - 29
Hint and Solution 30 - 30

Chapter Concept 31 - 36
6 Electric Current and Practice Question 58 37 - 39
Sixth Day
Magnetic Field Answer Key 40 - 40
Hint and Solution 40 - 41
Chapter Concept 42 - 43
7. Temperature and Practice Question 21 44 - 44 Seventh Day
Heat Answer Key 44 - 44
Hint and Solution 45 - 45
Chapter Concept 46 - 47
8 General Properties Practice Question 13 48 - 48 Eighth Day
of Matter Answer Key 48 - 48
Hint andSolution 48 - 48
Chapter Concept 49 - 50
9. Lever Practice Question 09 50 - 50 Ninth Day
Answer Key 50 - 50
Hint and Solution 50 - 50
10. Miscellaneous Chapter Concept 51 - 51 Tenth Day
 CONTENT
CHEMISTRY
S.No. Chapter No. of Questions Page No.
Time Table
Chapter Concept 53 - 58
Matter and its
1.
Practice Question 13 59 - 59
Components Eleventh
Day
Answer Key 59 - 59

Chapter Concept 60 -63

Ele ments and
2
Practice Question 26 64 - 64 Twelfth
Compounds
Day
Answer Key 64 - 64

Chapter Concept 65 -72

Atoms, Periodic Table
3.
and Radioactivity Practice Question 24 73 -74 Thirteenth
Day
Answer Key 74 -74

Chapter Concept 75 - 77

4.
Chemical Bonding
Practice Question 26 77 -78 Fourteenth
and Reactions
Day
Answer Key 78 -78

Chapter Concept 79 - 81

5. Acid, Base and Salt Practice Question 36 81 -83 Fifteenth

Day
Answer Key 83 - 83

Chapter Concept 84 - 86
Carbon and Organic
6.
Compounds Practice Question 27 86 - 87 Sixteenth
Day
Answer Key 87 - 87

7.
Miscellaneous Chapter Concept 88 -91 Seventeenth
Day
 CONTENT
BIOLOGY
S.No. Chapter No. of Questions Page No. Time Table

93 - 94
Chapter Concept
95 - 95 Eighteenth
1. Cell Practice Question 20
Day
Answer Key 95 - 95

Chapter Concept 96 - 97

98 - 98 Nineteenth
2. Tissues Practice Question 20
Day
Answer Key 98 - 98

Chapter Concept 99 - 100

Animal Kingdomn and 101 - 102
Twentieth
3. Practice Question 30
its Classification Day
Answer Key 102 - 102

Chapter Concept 103 - 104

4.
Plant Kingdom and Practice Question 22 104 - 105 Twenty-first
its Classification Day
Answer Key 105 - 105

Chapter Concept 106 - 108

The Human Body and Twenty-psecond
5. Practice Question 20 109 - 109
Various Systems Day
Answer Key 109 - 109

Chapter Concept 110 - 111

Proteins, Vitamins 20 111 - 112 Twenty-third
6. Practice Question
and Minerals Day
Answer Key 112 - 112

Chapter Concept 113 - 116

Human Diseases, 117 - 120
Twenty-fourth
7. Practice Question 75
Symptoms and Treatment Day
Answer Key 120 - 120

Chapter Concept 121 - 122

Discoverers and Inventors of
8. Practice Question 20 123 - 123 Twenty-fifth
Various Branches of Biology Day
Answer Key 123 - 123

Chapter Concept 124 - 125

Environment and Twenty-sixth
9. Practice Question 20 126 - 126
Ecology Day
Answer Key 126 - 126
 CHAPTER01 Units, Dimensions and
Laws of Motion
Measurement of Distance Physical Quantity and Unit
Total path length travelled by an object Distance The processof measuring any required quantity is called
Distance between two fixed points - Length Measure ment
The units used to measure larger distances are In physics, any quantity that can be mcasured is called
multiples of the SI unit. Physical Quantity
For example: Deca, Hecto, Kilo Example: Length, Mass, Time
The units used to measure small distances are sub There are mainly three systems of units for mcasuring
multiples of SI units. length, mass and time MKS, CGS, FPS
For example: Mili, Centi, Deci C.G.S. and M.K.S. systems are known by the name
Prefixes and Symbols of Various Powers of 10 - Metric System
Prefix Symbol Power of 10 F.P.S. systemn is known by the name British System
exa 1018
The M.K.S. system is also known as
peta P 1015
tera 1012 Standard International (SI)
giga G 109 C.G.S. - cm, gram, second
mega M 10 M.K.S. - m, kg, second
kilo k 10 F.P.S. - Foot, Pound, Second
hecto h 102
The measurements used to measure length, mnass and
deca da 10' time are called Fundamental measuremnents or
deci 10-1 basic measurements
centi 10-2
How many fundamental units are there
milli m 10-3
micro 10-6 Basic Units
Name
nano n 10-9 Unit Sign Dimension
pico 10-12
Length Metre m
femto f 10-15
Mass
atto 10-18 Kilogram Kg M

Time Second T
Astronomical Distance
The total distance covered by light in one year is called
Temperature Kelvin k K
Current
Light Year Ampere A A

1 light year =9.467 x 10!5 m Luminous intensity Candela Cd C

The distance between the Sun and Earth is measured Amount of Substance mole mole N
1n
- Astronomical Unit
There are also two complementary units of measurement.
1 astronomical unit = 1.496 x 10!! m.
The biggest unit of measuring distance is - Parsec Supplementry Unit
1 parsec = 3.086 x 106 metres = 3.26 light years Name Unit Sign
Practical Units of Length Plane angle radian red
1Fermi/ Femto = 10-15 m Solid angle Steradian Sr
Picometre = 1012 m
1 Angstrom (A°) = 10 1O m SI Unit
1 Nanometre (nm) = 10 m
A measured value which is the same wherever measured
1Micrometre (um)
= 106 m = 0.001 mm by anyone, is called SI Unit
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 Units, Dimensions and Laws of Motion
Units and Dimensions Vector and Scalar Quantities
Name Unit Dimensions Vector quantity: A physical quantity which has bo
Area m² direction and magnitude is called avector quantity.
Volume m' |L) It follows the rules of simple algebra.
Speed ms |LT '| Vector quantities : Displacement, velocity, acceleratio
Velocity ms |LT| electric field, force, momentum, impulse, magnetic fiel
Acceleration ms2
|LT] Scalar quantity: A physical quantity which has on
Force |MLT1 magnitude and no direction is called a scalar quantity
Momentum N-S It does not follow the rules of simple algebra.
|MLT'|
Impulse kgms! [MLT'| Scalar quantities: Mass, work, energy, power, ares
density, speed, pressure, volume, distance, time
Pressure kgm 's ? [ML'T) potential, temperature, current
Surface Tension kgs? |MT ] Representation of magnitude of vectors
Density kg m3 |ML)
Triangle Law of Addition of Vectors R= A+
Angular Velocity
Parallelogra m Law of Addition of Vectors
Work kgm'sJ [MLT |
If any two vectors A and B are at an angle of 0 to eac
Angular Displacement radian (Dimensionless)
other, then the magnitude of their resultant
Power J/s or watt [MLT|
R= VA² + B²+ 2ABCos where, (-l < cos e s 1)
Torque Newton-Metre MLT)
Gravitational Constant Newton (M'LT2] Straight Line Motion
Young's Modulus Newton/ Metre? [ML-T-21 The change in the position of an object with time is cald
Coefficient of Viscosity kgm's (ML-T] Motid
When the body moves in a straight line
Capacitance Faraday |M-'L2TA?]
Conductance ohm-! M-'L-2T°A21 Straight Line Motio
Current Density Amp m2 " How many types of periodic motion are there
|L'A]
Flux Weber [ML?T²A-"|
- Simple pendulum motion, uniform circular motio
Example: Motion of a swing, motion of a clock
Resistivity ohm metre MLT'A1| hands, penduium.
Latent Heat Joule/ kg |LT-2| The object moves back and forth from a mean d
Angular Momentum kg m² s-! [MLT-"] stationary position or when the motion is repeated
Moment of Inertia Oscillatory motio
kg m² [MLY
kgms
Total path length travelled by an object Distand
Weight [MLT]
The length of the shortest path traversed by an object
Displacemet
Physical quantities having the same
units and same dimensional formula The rate of speed (total distance travelled by an obje
in a unit time) is called Speel
Speed, velocity (LT"] SI unit of speed meter/ secon
Weight, force [MLT ) What is the total distance travelled divided by the toti
Planck's constant, angular momentum (MLT' time taken Average Spee

Angular velocity and velocity gradient T') Average speed = Total distance/ Total time
Momentum, impulse [MLT) The speed of an object moving in a given direction is calle
Velocit
Energy, work, torque [ML T ]
Average velocity = Displacement/Time
Pressure, stress, modulus of elasticity,
Young modulus of elasticity (ML "T]
Bulk modulus of elasticity, Displacement
Modulus of rigidity
Shortest patn... END

Relative density, Relative humidity It is a unitless &

dimensionless
Coefficient of friction, magnification, Dist ance =
strain quantity. Total path length

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 Units, Dimensions and Laws of Motion
The change in velocity per unit time is called-Acceleration Newton's Second Law of Motion
" Acceleration in the direction of velocity
Positive Acceleration Second equation of motion Shows the relationship
between position and time
Acceleration opposite to velocity - Negative Acceleration 1
" When the object moves in a straight line with equal Second equation of motion S= ut + at?
change in velocity in equal intervals of time Where, S Displacement, u - Initial Velocity,
Uniform acceleration
a Acceleration, t- Time
When the velocity of an object changes at a non-uniform rate From which lawis the formula of force obtained
- Non-Uniform Acceleration
A freely falling object is an example of from newton's second law of motion
Uniform Acceleration The rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the unbalanced force applied in the
A vehicle in heavy traffic is an example of direction of the force Second Law of Motion
Non-Uniform Acceleration
When a graph is drawn between velocity and time, then The change in momentum of an object is not determined by
what does its slope represent - Average acceleration the magnitude of the force alone - Second Law of Motion
What are the characteristics of Newton's laws of motion In cricket, when a fielder catches a fast-moving ball, he
- Al1 laws of motion are based on uniform pulls his hand back and catches the ball
acceleration in rectilinear motion. Second Law of Motion

Newton's First Law/Inertia Examples of Newton's second law:

" Cricket ball causes more injuries than tennis ball.
The natural tendency of an object to remain in the same state Floor is more prone to injuries than mattress.
- Inertia
In high or long jump, the ground is dug and made
Inertia is proportional to - Mass
lighter so that less injuries occur.
The mass of an object is a measure of Inertia To drive a large nail deeper, more blows are given with
The inability of a body to change its state of uniform a hammer.
motion on its own is called - Inertia of Motion
Impulse:
The inability of a body to change its state of rest on its
own is called The product of force and time is called - Impulse
is known as the inertia of rest.
Impulse (J) = Force (F) x Time (t)
The inability of a body to change its direction of motion SI unit of impulse
on its OWn Inertia of Directicn
- Newton - Second or kg-m-s!
Example:
A high jumper runs for some time before jumping high so that If a player wants to take a catch, he pulls his hand
The inertia of motion helps him to take long jumps. back, which increases the time value and reduces the
Why does a runner keep running even after crossing the force applied, due to which the catch is taken easily
finish line - The inertia of motion keeps it running A person falling on a cement floor suffers more injuries
Examples of Inertia: than falling on a sand dune Causes of impulse
A Passenger leans forward due to sudden braking of Newton's Third Law of Motion
a moving bus.
When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun exerts a force
A Passenger lean backward due to sudden movement
in the opposite direction, this shows which law of
of a stationary vehicle. motion of Newvton Third Law of Motion
Dust particles falling when a carpet is beaten with a stick. For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction
Leaves falling due to movement of tree branches. force that acts simultaneously - Third Law of Motion
By which rule can force be defined When one object exerts a force on second object, the
from Newton's first Law of Motion second object also exerts an equal and opposite force on
When a stationary bus starts moving, the passengers the first object. - This is the rule of Third Law of Motion
standing in it fall backwards. Which of the following laws Which law of Newton reveals the nature of force
explains this situation Third Law of Motion
- Newton's first law of motion (Law of Inertia) Examples of Newton's third law:
The tendency of undisturbed objects to remain at rest or to A woman is drawing water from a well, she falls
move with the same velocity is called - First Law of Motion backwards when the rope breaks.
The first law of motion - also called the law of inertia
Injuries caused by the shock of a gun when a bullet is fired.
First equation of motion Hitting the water while swimming.
= states the relation between velocity and time The boat moves backwards when you jump from it.
First equation of motion V= u + at
A rocket takes off
Where, v- Final Velocity, u - Initial Velocity, Third equation of motion v² = u? + 2as
a - Acceleration, t-Time

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 Units, Dimensions and Laws of Motion
Collision An object experiences a force in the inward direc:
during which motion Uniform circular motion
How many types of collisions are there 3 types In which position the
athlete's speed is maxinu
1. Elastic collision
accelerated When he runs on a circular traei
Apseudo force in circular mnotion that acts along
It will return with the same speed at which it hits. K.E. radius and is directed away from the center of the cir.
remains conserved. (Momentum conserved) (e = 1)
2. Inelastic collision Which force is applied for constant momentum of Centrifugal Forc
It does not come back at the same speed at which it object on a circular path, the force acts towards the cent.
hits. It returns at a slower speed than that. C e n t r i f F
u g
o a
r l
c e
Centripetal ForC
" K.E. is not conserved, but momentum is conserved (e < 1) ( P s e uFdoor c e )

3. Perfectly inelastic component

When an object collides with another object, it will stick
to that object and will join together to become one and Centripetal
Force
will start moving at the same speed.
Center
" K.E. is not conserved but momentum is conserved (e = 0)
Law of conservation of linear momentum:
Which principle is the second form of Newton's third law
of motion - Law of conservation of linear momentum Simple Pendulum Motion
All the examples of the third law of motion can be The motion which is repeated again and again in
explained by the following - Law of linear conservation definite time interval is called - Periodic motior
If no external unbalanced force acts on a system, then The motion where acceleration is proportional
- The total linear momentum of this system is conserved. displacement but the direction of displacement
opposite to the direction of acceleration
Before Collision
Simple pendulum motio
(m, (m m, The time taken to complete one oscillation is called
After Collision At Collision mu, + m,u, = m,v, + m,v, Time period (T
V The S.I. unit of time period is Second
m, m, The total number of oscillations per unit time is called

u, and u, - velocity of objects before collision Frequency

1
v, and v, - velocity of the object after collision Frequency (n) Time period (T)
Uniform Circular Motion S.I. unit of frequency = sec.'= Hertz (Hz),
The circular motion in which the speed of the particle If a body of mass m is hung from a thread of length l, ther
remains constant is called. - Uniform Circular Motion
The force acts continuously at right angles to the velocity Time period (T) = 2rt,
of the particle in which motion.
Uniform Circular Motion
If a body takes 't' seconds to move once around a circular
path of radius 'r, then the velocity 'v is given by
m m m
2nr
-V =
t mg
In which motion the direction of centripetal acceleration T
changes every moment Uniform Circular Motion If one or more persons are swinging on a swing ther
What changes when a body makes a uniform circular time does not change because - The time period does
motion
At every point there is only one direction not depend on the mass (m) of the pendulum
Speed If a girl is sitting on a swing and swinging and she stana
up then the time period decreases - Due to the reductior
Accaleration
in effective length () - the swing becomes faster. Th
opposite happens when the body is inverted
Direction The value of gravitational acceleration at the centre
of motioni
the earth is zero. Therefore - The period is infinite
In summer, the length of the pendulum of a pendulu
What does not change during uniform circular motion clock increases due to which - The period increase
Velocity, mass, kinetic energy and the pendulum slows dowD
Rotation of an object along the circumference of a circle As the value of acceleration due to gravity increases, the
or moving in a circular path - Uniform circular motion The time period will decreas

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 Units, Dimensions and Laws of Motion

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Negative acceleration is in the opposite direction of: 10. Which of the following instruments is used to measure
(b) Force atmospheric pressure?
(a) Velocity
(c) Distance (d) Speed (a) Thermometer (b) Odometer
2 When you convert an inch to how many cm it becomes. (c) Tetrameter (d) Barometer
(a) 25.4 cm A (b) 12cm 11. The area under the velocity-time curve of the object.
(c) 0.254 cm (d) 2.54 cm between time t, and t, is equal to
3. If a body takes 't' seconds to rotate once around a (a) Magnitude of displacement
circular path of radius 'r, then what is the velocity 'v'
(b) Force.
t 2rr
(a) v= (b) v = (c) Average velocity
2Tur t

2r (d) Acceleration
(c) v= (d) v =
t 2t 12. A ball is thrown vertically upwards at a speed of 30 m/
4. A high jumper runs for some time before taking a high s. What will be the magnitude of its displacement after
jump so that the inertia of the long jump is 4 seconds? (g = 10 m/s?)
maintained. What helps him to take
(a) 50 m (b) 40 m
(a) Direction (b) Rest
(c) 30 m (d) 15 m
(c) Speed (d) Size
5. If the initial velocity of an object thrown upwards is 13. When the speed of a car is doubled, how many times
14 m/s, then how much time will the object take to more distance does it take to stop it.
reach its highest point (g = 9.8 m/s?)
(a) 2 times (b) 4 times
(a) 1.43 sec (b) 1.25 sec
(c) 1.67 sec (d) 2.25 sec (c) 3 times (d) 5 times
6. When a force of 10 Newton acts on a body of mass 10 14. In which of the following cases are the distance
kg which is capable of moving freely, what is the travelled and the magnitude of displacement equal?
acceleration of the body? (g =9.8 m/s?)
(a) If the car is moving on a straight road.
(a) 1 m/s (b) 8 m/s
(c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m/s (b) If the car is moving in a circular path.
7. A body of mass 2 kg is thrown upwards with an initial (c) The pendulum is moving here and there.
velocity of 20 m/s. After 2 seconds, its kinetic energy (d) The earth is revolving around the sun.
will be: (g =10 m/s?)
15. The velocity ofa body is said to be uniform, when
(a) 100 joules (b) O joules
(c) 400 joules (d) 200 joules (a) Only the value of velocity is constant.
8. An object starts from rest at x= 0 and t = 0. It moves (b) Only the direction of velocity is constant.
along the x-axis with a constant acceleration of 3 m/s?. (c) Both the value and direction of velocity are constant.
What will be its average velocity between 4 sec and 8 sec (d) Both the value and direction of velocity are variable.
(a) 12 m/s (b) 3 m/s 16. Which of the following statements is true regarding a
(c) 6 m/s (d) 18 m/s car running with constant acceleration on a straight
9. A car accelerated for two seconds will cover how many road with a uniform surface?
times the distance of a car accelerated for only one sec (a) The acceleration of the car is zero.
ond (in both cases the cars start from rest with uniform
acceleration). (b) The velocity of the car is zero.
(a) Four (b) Two (c) The acceleration of the car is continuously changing.
(c) One (d) Three (d) The velocity of the car is continuously changing.

ANSWER KEY
1.(a) 2.(d) 3.(b) 4.(c) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8.(d) 9.(a) 10.(d)

11.(d) 12.(b) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(c) 16.(d)

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 Units, Dimensions and Laws of Motion

HINT AND SOLUTION

1 The direction of acceleration is determined by the Second equation of motion for uniform acccleration
general principle that if an object is slowing down then
the acceleration will be in the opposite direction of the S =ut + Initial speed (u) = 0, Final speed (v)
speed. Therefore, becomes clear from this principle
that when an object is slowing down, the acceleration Acceleration (a) = 2 m/s
will be in the opposite direction of the velocity. This is t, = 1sec, t, 2 sec
a negative acceleration.
ax1?
When we convert British inch to SI unit, it becomes For the first case S, =0+
2.54 cm. 2

The word inch is derived from Latin and stands for one
twelfth. For the second case S. =0x2
2
A centimeter is equal to one-hundredth (1/100) of a
meter.
S, = 4s,
3 Velocity (v) = Displacement / Time 10. Barometer instrument is used to measure atmospheri
For circular motion, velocity (v) = Circumference of a pressure.
circular path/Time
Since, circumference of a circle = 2r 11. The area under the velocity-time curve between times
Where r = Radius of circular path t, and t, is equal to the acceleration of the object.
.. v= 2r/t 12. u = 30 m/s, g = -10 m/s?, t= 4 sec
A high jumper runs for a while before taking a high
jump to maintain the inertia of the long jump. The We know that, s = ut + ,at
momentum helps him take it.
Initial velocity of the object (u) = 14 m/s
s - (30 x 4) + x -10) x 4² = 120 -80 = 40 m
Acceleration against gravity (a) = - 9.8 m/s²
When the object reaches maximum height while being 13. Initial velocity (u) - 30 m/s, Gravitational acceleratior
thrown upwards, its final velocity (v) = 0 (because at (g) = 10 m/s²,Time (t) = 4 sec, S= distance
maximum height (v) becomes zero.
Using the second equation of motion,
From Newton's first law equation: 1
v=u+at ’ 0 =14 + (-9.81 ()) ’t= 1.43 sec. S= ut + at?
6 F = 10 Newton, m =10 kg,
1
Acceleration of the body (a) = ? S = 30 x 4 + x -10) x 4x 4 = 120 -80 = 40m
F 10
Newton's second law F = ma ’ a =
m
a =
10
= 1 14 A car has initial velocity (u) and final velocity (v).
m/s? So the vehicle stops at (v) = 0.
7 Using Newton's first equation of motion, According to the third law of equation of motion, v²
V= u+ at (body is moving upwards, a = -g, ) u²= 2aS
where g = acceleration due to gravity For the first case,
So, v= u-gt = 20 - 10 x 2 = 0 ’ - u ² = 2aS,
1 ’0-u? = 2aS
K.E. =
2
x 2 x0 = 0joule
’S, =-u/2a
8. Time intervalt= 8 sec - 4 sec = 4 sec
Initial velocity u = 0 and acceleration a = 3 m/s², v =
When initial velocity is doubled then u, = 2u
final velocity For first case v² - u- 2aS,
According to the first equation of motion: v= u+ at
V= 0+ (3 x 4) = 12 m/s ’0- (2u)² = 2aS,
According to the second equation of motion: ’ S,= - 4u'/2a = 4- u'/2a)
’S,= 4S,
s=ut+-at"
2 15. The velocity of a body will be uniform only when th
u,.o =O m/s but u,..= 12 m/s value and direction of the velocity of the body are botl
constant.
Sfrom tu 4to t- 8) = (12 x 4) + 7 (3 x 4 x 4) = 72 m 16. When a car running with constant acceleration on
Total Displacement 72 straight road with a uniform surface, its velocity
Average velocity = Total Time Period 4
= 18 m/s continuously changing.

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CHAPTER(02
Force and its Types
Force Frictional Force
coming
What is defined as the pulling or pushing on an object Which force is produced between two surfaces
Friction force
in contact
- Force
object
of force
Which force is opposite to the motion of the
Motion in objects is caused by Due to the action Friction force
of an
The ability to modify the shape, size and velocity The force which opposes the
relative notion of two
objects when they come in contact
- Force
object is called
Newton's second law Friction force or opposing force
Formula of force is derived from -
the object, The friction force depends on
Formula of force (F) = ma, Where m = mass of two surfaces
Area of contact between
a = acceleration
equal amount and in R Normal
Force applied on an object in A force
- Balanced force
opposite direction
on an object and the
Unequal amount of force is applied > Motion;
greater force
object moves in the direction of - Unbalanced force Friction
(F)
change the motion
Which force is required to - Unbalanced force
mg
towards left then
which force When a force is applied
or pushing is due to Friction Acts Towards Right
The process of pulling unbalanced force
Due to towards right then
If force is applied Friction Acts Towards Left
forces are there -
How many types of non-contact force in contact
Contact force and on the two surfaces
Due to irregularities Friction Occurs
included in contact forces
Which forces are
force, spring force irregularities is more
Muscular force, friction Where number of On rough surfaces
muscles
to the action of much
Force produced due Muscular force surfaces or using too
Whether by polishing completely eliminated
state of motion cannot be
lubricant - Friction there will be some irregularities
responsible for changing theFriction force as
Which force is avoided
scale if interlocking of irregularities is
On a large becomes more
effortless
opposite direction - Motion
always in the
The force which is Spring force rest then the
starts moving from
When an object friction is
measured required to overcome Static friction
an object is measure of force
The force applied on By spring balance
surfaces
due to irregularities of two
non-contact force What happens Static friction
included in
Which forces are electrostatic force and the
Magnetic force, gravitational force when irregularities present on
What results friction
- Static
magnetic object objects come together
magnet on a surfaces of twO the direction of
motion
exerted by a Magnetic force object opposite to Kinetic friction
The force Friction acting on an
charged
on another
charged objectElectrostatic also divided into
The force exerted by a force Kinetic friction is Rolling friction
called Sliding friction,
object is each objects
or uncharged mass exert on by rolling
two objects
with
Gravitational force Resistance experienced Rolling friction
Which force do body
surface of another
other (attractive force)
of an object on on the motion
responsible for the free fall When one body
rolls resistance to
Which force is the earth rolls, the Rolling friction
Gravitational force of When a wheel
earth called
the surface of the is due to experienced by it is Selectionf a 7
moon around the earth
of the the earth Selected
The rotation Gravitational force of

(Excise Inspector)
Aditya Ranjan
 Corce and types of orco
Fnton n trduced- By rolling (wheel reduces friction) Moon
The manure of force required to kecp an object moving
with uiform spred s Sliding friction
Centripetal
Force
When n body nhdes on the surface of another body, an
Earth
opposmg foue rts in the opposite direction of sliding
motio) Called Sliding friction
Rollhng fntion Is caused by - Due to the area of Due to) which force all the objects in the uIVerse attrad
each other
contact between two surfaces
Gravitational forc
Static friction > Sliding friction > Rolling friction Which non contact force is the weakest forcr
" How Can we increase the friction between two surfaces Gravitational fore
By increasing the contact Universal Gravitational Force (G):
Rid1ng a bicyce with air flled tyres is casier because Its value does not chanye in the entire universe. It
Minimum contact of the surface with the road
a scalar quantity
(rolling friction)
What becomes d1fficult without friction force
Value of G 6.67 10" Newton-meter /ke
Walking on a wet marble floor The value of Gwas established by - Henry Cavendis
How can fnction be increased When objects fall under the cffect of gravitational force
it is called Free fall
By increasing the roughness of the surfaces
Lubncants are substances Which reduce friction When one of the two objects remains on the earth, thed
What happens due to friction in the soles of sh0es, which force is felt Earth's gravitational force (F
sCrews, ball bearings? They get worn out and Gravitational force is only Attraction force
damaged due to friction.
Gravitational Acceleration (g):
When we apply muscular force with a hammer, which
force stabilizes a nail in the wall Friction force Its value is different at diferent places.
It is a vector quantity.
Gravitational force (F) Its value on the surface of the carth is 9.8 m/ sec'
The weak fundamental force that acts between every Acceleration experienced by an object in free fall
parlicle or body in the universe due to thcir mass Acceleration due to gravity
Gravitational force (F)
What is the universal law that applies to all bodies
What is the value of gravitational acccleration (g) at the
pole Greater than the equator
irrespective of their size and po0sition
Gravitational force (F) As we move from the equator towards the poles, the value
Every object in the universe attracts every other object
of The acceleration due to gravity (g) increaset
with a force which is proportional to the product of their If we change the speed of rotation of the carth (increase
rnasses and inversely proportional to the square of the or decrease) then The value of g increases as speed
distance between them Je increases and decreases as speed decre ases
Newton's universal law of gravitation As we yo upwards from the surface of the carth
The value of g decreases
F G Universal gravitational constant As we o down below the surface of the carth
The value ofg decrease
What is the value of gravitational acceleration (g) atZero
th
centre of the carth
-Gravitational force between objects
m The mass of the first object, Relation between Gand g:
M
m The mass of the second object, If the nass of the carth or the mass of a planet 19
-The distance between the centers of the two obects and the radius is R, then the value of acccleration au
GM
Which force is responsible for the free fall of an object to gravity is g
on the surface of the earth Gravitational force (F) R'
The revolution of the moon around the earth is due to Where F is the force acting on the object, g is
Due to the gravitational force of the earth acceleration due to gravity, and the law of univers"
The moon revolves around the carth, due to which the m M
gravitation, F
R?
centripetal force is applied by the moon
Due to the force of attraction of the earth M mass of the earth, R radius of the carth, mIHotion
of the object F ma (Newton's Second law of
(gravitational force of the earth) (here a g)

8 Selected Selection faðN

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspecto
 Force and types of Force
mg = G
mx M GM Work done by gravitational force (weight)
R R? (Gravitational potential energy)
When an objcct is taken to a higher place, it gains
energy due to the work doneayainst gravity. This energy
F is known as Gravitational potential energy
m W = mgh Where, m = mass, g =gravitational
acceleration, h = height
Object ! Gravitational potential energy of an object at a point
M above the ground is defined as Work done against
gravity in lifting it from the ground to that point.
W= m(-g) h Where, n = mass, g =gravitational
Earth acceleration, h = height
Work done by gravity is determined by
Mass and Weight - Change in vertical height between the initial and
" Does not change from one place to another (always constant) final position of an object.
Mass The velocity at which an object does not return when thrown
What is the measure of inertia and inertia is
Escape velocity
proportional to - Mass
Escape velocity of the Earth - 11.2 km/sec
Escape velocity of the Moon 2.35 m/ sec
SI unit of mass is - Kilogram (Kg)
The satellites revolving in orbit near the Earth are
A force which acts vertically downwards (attracted Polar satellite
towards the earth) is called - Weight (W = m x g) What is used for weather related information
Where, m = mass of the object, g = acceleration due to Polar satellite
gravity of the earth
- Newton
Which is the satellite that revolves in the equatorial
SI unit of weight is plane about 36000 km above the Earth's surface
Weight is a force which acts downwards - Due to which Geostationary satellites (from west to east)
it has both magnitude and direction. Centre of mass:
Weight of an object is determined by Gravitational
What is the center where an object remains in a state
force of the earth (hen ce change of equilibrium called Center of mass
in weight on the surface of the moon)
Center of mass
Weight of an object on the surface of the moon- Weight - It can be inside the object or outside the object.
of an object on the surface of the earth is 1/6 Example of Center of Mass:
Speed of the lift: An old man walks bent.
The equation for the weight of a person in a lift is A person climbing a mountain walks bent.
W =m (g t a) A person carrying a load walks bent.
m =mass of the person in the lift
W = weight of the person in the lift A truck carrying heavy load walks bent.
g = acceleration due to gravity The Leaning Tower of Pisa is in balance despite being bent.
a = acceleration of the machine
Rotational Force
When the lift is moving upward with uniform velocity.
a = 0, W = míg + 0) = ng What is the quantity called which gives rotational
In this case the load will remain unchanged. motion to an object
When the lift is going down with uniform velocity. Rotational force (torque), torque T =Fxr
In equilibrium position, the rotation on the right is equal
a =0, W = m(g - 0) = mg
In this case the weight will remnain unchanged. to the rotation on the left
- (Anticlockwise movement = Clockwise move ment)
If the lift is mnoving up with acceleration (a).
Examples of Rotational Force:
W =m(g + a) = mg + mna
In this situation the weight of the person riding in the " In apotter's wheel, the hole for holding the wood is
near the circumference.
lift will increase.
" The handle of the mill is near the circumference.
If the rope of the lift breaks.
" The handle of a tube well is made long.
a = g, W= m(g-g) = 0
In this situation the weight of the person riding in the " The handle of a window or door is always kept away from
lift will become zero. the pivot.
If a > g and the lift is going down. " On the basis of this principle, simple and complex
W = m(g - a)] W= -ve (negative) machines are made. Such as lever, pulley, screw jack, etc.
Selected Selection feN9
Aditya Ranjan (Exise Inspector)
 Force andtypes of Force
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is never found single in naturc? 13, Which of the following statements is/are not incorrece
(a) Inertia (b) Force A The ratio of gravitational force between two rma
(c) Momentum (d) Velocity m, and m,, placed at a distance R on the earth
2 Which of the following forces is not electromagnctic in nature? the m00) is 1:1 ar
(a) Frictional force B Newton metre/kg' is the Sl unit of gravitation.
(b) Tension in a string constant (G).
(C) Electric force in a spring The value of gravitational constant (G) depends on t .
(d) Weight of a body distance between the bodies.
3 Which force is required to keep an obËect sliding on a D
The value of gravitational constant (G) depends ont:.
surface with constant speed? mass of the bodies.
(a) Sliding friction b) Static friction (a) A, Cand D (b) None
(c) Rolling friction (d) Contact friction (c) D and C (d) Only B
4 In lifting an object to a given height through an inclined 14. A man picks up a 25 kg object from the ground and plare
plane, as compared to lifting the object vertically, there is on his head 2.5 m above the ground. Then the work don
a reduction in
by him on the object is: (value of g= 10 m/s)
(a) Force applied (b) Work required (al 625 J (b) 535 J
(c) Distance covered (d) Frictional force (c) 630 J (d) 705 J
5 What will be the force of attraction between two bodies
15. An object of 5 kg is raised to a height of 4 m. The wo
weighing 20 kg and 50 kg, the distance between which is done by the gravitational force acting on the object is (g
2 m?
10 m/s):
(al 16.675 x 101 N (b) 166.75 x 10 10 N (a) 200 J (b) -200 J
(c) 6.67 x 1011 N (d) 16.67 x 510 N
(c) 20J (d) -20 J
The value of acceleration due to gravity of earth is 16. 16. Calculate the work done by the gravitational force wher
(al least at the equator a satellite revolves around the earth in an orbit of radi
(b) least at the poles
(c) 40,000 km.
increases from pole to equator
(d) same at pole and equator (a) 8,000 joules (b) 4,00,000 joules
(c) 4,000 joules (d) Ojoules
1 17. A ball of mass 0.1 kg is dropped from rest. When it fal!:
7. The value of g on the moon is th of the value of d on through a distance of 2 m, the work done by th:
earth. If a man can jump 1.5 m high on earth, how high gravitational force is g - 9.8 m/s?:
can he jump on the moon: (a) -1.96 joules (b) 1.96 joules
(c) 0.98 joules (d) -0.98 joules
(a) 4.5 m (b) 9 m
6 m (d) 7.5 m 18. What is the force applied on a unit area called?
8 The weight of a boy on the surface of the moon is 300 (a) Volume (b) Surface area
newtons. The weight of the same boy on the surface of (c) Density (d) Pressure
earth will be: 19. In practical terms, the work output of a machine is always
(a 1800 newtons (b) 1200 newtons greater than the work input due to the effect of friction.
1500 newtons (d) 1400 newtons (a) Always more (b Opposite
9. An object weighing 20 kg is raised to a height of 2 m. What (c) Always less (d) Always zero
will be the work done by the gravitational force in this 20. Which of the following is not the effect of an unbalanced
process? (g = 1Om/s² ) force applied on an object.
(a) 180 J (b) 150 J (a) Change in the speed of an object
(c) 250 J (d 400 J (b) Change in the direction of motion of an object
10. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth (c) Does not cause a change in the speed of an object
is proportional to (rmass M and radius R) (d) Change in theresting state of an object
GM GM GM GM 21. In the absence of gravitational force of attraction, the thrus!
(a) R? (d) on a rocket is
R? R R
11. The weight ofa body on the surface of the earth is W. What (a) Constant when the rate of escape of gas is constant
is its weight on a planet whose mass is 15 times that of (b) Constant for short range rockets
the earth and radius is 4 times that of the earth? (c) Not constant
16 15 (d) Constant
(a)
9
W (b) 16
W 22. The interaction between two objects is due to
(a) Inertia (b) Momentum
17 15
(c) W (d) W (c) Pressure (d) Force
6 4
23. Which of the following is not true about friction force?
12. Consider a hypothetical planet whose mass is half that of (a) Friction is the force which opposes the relative motio
the Earth and radius is one-third that of the Earth. If g is of two surfaces in contact
the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth, then the (b) The frictional force which acts on a surface wneu
acceleration due to gravity on theplanet is: moves (slides) is called sliding friction.
9
(c) Friction in machines is the cause of energy dissipatt
(a (b) 2 and wear and tear
3 (d) Rolling friction is greater than sliding friction,
(C) (d) bearings in machines cause less friction.

10 Selected Selection fann Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector

 Force and types of Force
ANSWER KEY
1.(b) 2.(d) 3.(a) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8.(a) 9.(d) 10.(a)

11.(b) 12.(b) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(b) 16.(d) 17.(b) 18.(d) 19.(c) 20.(c)

21.(d) 22.(d) 23.(d)

HINT AND SOLUTION

1. According to Newton, force never exists single in nature. GM
It is the mutual interaction between two bodies. W = , Mass on another planet = 15 M, Radius = 4r
It is the external energy which when acts on a body tends 15M GM 15 15
to change the initial state of rest or motion with uniform W, = G x 16r? = W x
16 16
velocity of the body. Newton is the SI unit of force.
GM
2. Weight of a body is not electromagnetic in nature. 12.
8= R G = Universal gravitational constant
Weight of a body is the gravitational force acting on it
Me = Mass of the earth,
and this force depends on the acceleration due to gravity. Re = Radius of the Earth
3 Sliding friction is the force required to keep an object The acceleration due to gravity of the imaginary planet
sliding on a surface with uniform speed. It is the is g*
resistance offered by two objects to sliding against 1
1
each other. M= R, =
2' 3
4 In lifting an object to a given height through an M
inclined plane, the force applied is less as compared M
Gx Gx
2 2 9
to lifting the object vertically. g*= = G x
5 According to the universal law of gravitation, R?
G× Mx m
F=
13. Ratio of gravitational force between two masses m, and
M= 20 kg and m = 50 kg, d= 2 m m, placed at distance R on earth and moon, ratio of
G =6.673 x 10-1! Nm²kg2 masses cannot be same as gravity on both earth and
6.673 x10-1 x 20 x 50 moon is 1:6. Hence statement A is wrong.
F= = 166.75 x 1010 N SI unit of gravitational constant (G) is Nm?/kg². Hence
2x2
statement B is correct.
6 The value of acceleration due to gravity of the earth
is lowest at the equator.
The value of G is constant i.e. 6.673 x 10-11 Nm²/kg?,
It does not depend on anything as it is constant. Its
7 The value of g on the moon is 1/6 times the value of value remains same at every place because the value
g on the earth. As a result, using the same force, we obtained here (earth) should not be different anywhere
can jump 6 times higher on the moon than on the in theuniverse. Hence statements C and D are wrong.
earth, because h 1/g. So, if a person can jump 15 14 Mass of the luggage (m) = 25 kg, Height (h) = 2.5 m
m high on the earth, on the moon he can jump six Work (W) = m xg xh ’ W 625 joule
times higher i.e. 1.5 x 6 =9 m. In the work done by the man in lifting the luggage,
8 Weight of the boy on earth = 300 x 6 = 1800 Newton we take 'g' as 'g' only.
9 Work done by the gravitational force = Gravitational 15 Work is done against gravity so we take 'g' as '-g'.
potential energy = mgh=2 x 10 x 20 = 400 Joules Total work done against gravity W =-mgh
10. The force F acting on an object due to gravity is given W=- (5)(4)(10) =- 200 joule
by = by mg 16. W= F.s cos 9
Where F is the force acting on the object, g is the For the satellite, the direction is vertical and the angle
acceleration due to gravity, and m is the mass of the between the direction and the gravitational force is,
object. 0 = 90° (cos 90° = 0)
The law of universal gravitation, So, W = Fx 40,000 x cos 90° = 0 joule
mx M 17 Work done = FS
F= G ,M = Mass of the earth, r= Radius of the Earth
Where, F= force applied on the object and s = Displacement
F= ma (Newton's second law of motion) Force (F) = ma, m = mass, a = gravitational acceleration,
mxM GM
Here g will be positive because displacement is in the
mg = G (acceleration due to gravity)
r direction of gravity.
11. G gravitational constant Mass of the earth = M and In present case Force = ma = 0.1 kg x 9.8 m/s
radius =r Work = FS = m x a xS = 0.1 x 9.8 x 2 = 1.96 joules

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected SelectionfTT 11

 CHAPTER03)
Work, Energy and Powey
Work The cnergy produced by the flow of charge is called
- Electrical ener
What is it called when a body is displaced in the The energy released at the end of digestion is
direction of force by applying force on it Chernical ener
Work done on the body In what form is the energy stored in a dry cell ?
In the case of negative work the angle between force and Chemical ener
displacement is 180° The energy produced by breaking or formation
The rate of doing work is called - Power chemical bonds between atoms and molecules is call
Which has the same unit as energy - Work Chemical ener
Work is the scalar product of force and displacement. The total energy of molecules which is produced due
the motion of molecules is called - Heat ener
Mass Energy:
W = F.S cos0 Energy that is produced from the nucleus of an at
and which contains neutrons and protons
Nuclear ener
What is nuclear energy or atomic energy is derived fr
Where, F = applied force, S = displacement and e = angle Mass of the nucle
between force and displacement. Which is the law in which energy can only
There are two conditions to do the work - (i) Force transformed from one form to another. It can neith
applied on it (ii) Displacement of the object be created nor destroyed. The total energy remains
" Work is a scalar quantity because same before and after the transformation
Law of conservation of ener
Work has only magnitude, not direction
Which law states that mass can neither be created
The SIunit of work is Joule - (1 Joule = 1 Newton-meter)
1 Watt destroyed in a chemical reaction?
- 1Joule/ second Law of conservation of ma
1kilowatt (kW)- 1000 watts or 1000 joules/ second
Kinetic Energy:
The work done by a force on an object is zero if
- The displace ment of the object is zero. Which energy is obtained from the property of motion
Ashwin is standing on the platform in the same position - Kinetic ener
1
for a long time i.e. - The work done by him will be zero. K.E, = , my², Where, m =mass of the object,
The work done when the object is displaced in the velocity of the object
direction opposite to the applied force is negative
Kinetic energy is the energy that is due to
Principle of Work and Kinetic Energy - Body move me
(Work Energy Theorem) Examples of Kinetic Energy:
The sum of the work done by all forces acting on a body The boy is running on the ground.
is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the body, A moving bus or train.
Total work done = Change in kinetic energy
An airplane is running on the runway.
Work (W) =KE, - KE, W = AK.E,
Momentum:
KE, =,mu, KE, =g mv², :. W= mv² -gmu' = AK.E "The product of mass and velocity is called - Momentu
Where, v = Final Velocity, u - initial velocity and It is mneasured by multiplying the amount of
m = Mass of the body object
possessed by an object to the velocity of theMomentu

Energy The direction of momentum is always

The ability to do work is called - Energy - Direction of veloc
The energy produced inside a body due to the motion Effect of unbalanced force
vibration of particles/molecules is - Thermal energy momen
There is a change in both velocity and object
The rate of change of momnentum of an
The energy stored by molecules in the form of chemical unbalanced force in the direction of the force
bonds is Chemical energy Second law of mot

12 Selected Selection fai Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspect

 Work, Energy and Power
When a ball is thrown up or dropped down, the decrease
Relation between momentum and kinetic energy: or incrase in its kinetic energy is equal to the increase
1 m 1m'y? p or decrase of its potential energy respectively.
K.E = mv²; K. E = 2
mv² m m
K.E =
2m
Istruments and their principles
p= mv, p= /2m(KE)
Machine Theory
Potenital Energy: Theory of Heat Motion
Steam Engine
The energy present in an object by virtue of its Electric Generator Electromagnetic Induction
position or configuration is called - Potential energy Rocket Launching Newton's Law of Motion
Examples of Potential Energy: Radio and Television Electrornagnetic Transmission (Waves)
" A taut bow Bernoulli's Law of Fluid Dynamics
A compressed mattress
Aeroplane
Sonar
Reflection of Ultrasonic Waves
A stone held in the hand
Optical Fibres Total Internal Reflection of Light
A key clock or toy
Water collected in a dam Electron MicroscopeWave Nature of Electron
A taut slingshot. Photocell Photoelectric Effect
" A fan hanging from the ceiling Nuclear Reactor Controlled Nuclear Fission

Which energy is there in a raised hammer ?

Energy Conversion Devices:
Potential energy
Potential energy by compressing or stretching a coil Devices Conversion of Energy
spring Increases. Dynamo Converts mechanical energy
If the change in length of a spring is 'x and the value into electrical energy
of spring constant is 'k, then the length of that spring Microphone Converts sound energy into
- Potential energy (P.E) = 1/2 x k x electrical energy
Geothermal power plant Converts heat energy into
Mechanical Energy: electrical energy
The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of Hydroelectric dams Convert gravitational potential
an object is Its total mechanical energy energy into electrical energy
Windmill Converts wind energy into
Mechanical Energy
mechanical/electrical energy
= Kinetic energy + Potential energy
" During the free fall of an object, the decrease in potential Electric generator Converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy
energy at any point along its path corresponds to
Equivalent gain in kinetic energy. Power
Examples of mechanical energy: The rate of doing work is called Power
Boy running on the roof Work (W) W FS cos
Fan running Power (P) = Time (t) P= t

Flying helicopter p= F cos = FV cose P= F.V

Rolling object This proves that power is the vector product of force and
Flying kite velocity.The SI unit of power is joule/ second or watt.
Person sitting in amoving bus or train One kilowatt hour - 3.6 x 10 joules

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection feIT 13