1.

Course Contents
Session Topic Recommended Readings
1 Establishment of Muslim society in Subcontinent A comprehensive Book of Pakistan Studies”, by M. Ikram Rabbani, the
Caravan Book House, Lahore. (Latest Edition)

2 Aims & Objects of the Establishment of Pakistan A text book of Pakistan Studies”, by Shiekh Muhammad Rafique, Lahore.
(Latest Edition)

3 Different political Movements before Pakistan-Part I Additional readings referred by Instructor:

4 Different political Movements before Pakistan-Part II 1. Latest CSS papers
5 Pakistan: Geo-physical features 2. Website Government of Pakistan

6 Pakistan Culture (Salient features) 3. O level, Pakistan Studies by Nigel Smith (History)
7 Natural Resources Part 1: (Land, Water, Agriculture, Forests)

8 Midterm Examination
9 Natural Resources Part II
10 An overview of the Political history of Pakistan Part 1
11 Political history of Pakistan part-II
12 Major problems of Present day Pakistan; Part 1
13 Major Historical Backgrounds of the problems
14 Pakistan Foreign Policy- Salient features-Part 1
15 Pakistan’s Foreign Policy In The Light Of Quaid-e-Azam’s Words

16 Final Examination
Miss Najyah Saleem
BSc, B.Ed, M.Ed and M.A.S University of Karachi
1st Class 2nd Position.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5ZBjcj8NNQ
 1) Invasion of Britishers in Subcontinent.
 2) Factors leading to the birth of the nation. (Economic, Social, Political)
 3) The Struggle for Pakistan.
a) British Colonization
b) The Muslim reform movement
c) The struggle for Independence
d) The Pakistan Movement.
 4) Aims and Objective for the Establishment of Pakistan.
 5) Ideology: Two Nation Theory
 6) Sir Syed Ahmed khan
 7) Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal
 8) Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 9) Glimpses of Pakistan’s Movement (1849-1947)
Major Empires and Dynasties of the Islamic World: Important Facts and Events:

Sasanian empire (224–636 A.D.)

Internal struggles and wars with Byzantium weakened the Sasanian empire, leaving it open to defeat by Islamic
armies in 642 A.D.

Byzantine empire (about 330–1453)

After the Roman emperor Constantine converted to Christianity, he shifted the capital of the Roman empire to the
east, making Constantinople the seat of the new Byzantine empire. The Byzantine empire came into constant
conflict with expanding Islamic territories, and ultimately lost Constantinople to the Ottoman empire in 1453.

Umayyad caliphate (661–750)

As the first major Islamic dynasty, their art reflects an emerging Islamic aesthetic; they were centered at Damascus,
Syria.

Spanish Umayyads (756–1031)

Established by the last Umayyad prince fleeing Syria after the Abbasid conquest, the Spanish Umayyads were the
first of many Muslim dynasties to rule in Spain.

Abbasid caliphate (750–1258)

This caliphate was the second major Islamic dynasty and one of the longest in power. During the second half of
their rule, the Abbasid caliphs were rulers in name only, having become the puppets of other princely states, such
as the Buyids, the Samanids, and the Seljuqs.
Samanids (819–1005)
The Samanids were the first native Persian dynasty to rule Iran after the collapse of the Sasanian empire and the
Arab Muslim conquests. Their rule marked the beginning of a revival of Persian art and culture. The cities of
Nishapur, Samarqand, and Bukhara thrived under the Samanids.
Seljuqs of Iran (about 1040–1196)
The Seljuqs were a Turkic people from Central Asia. Their art is notable for its synthesis of Persian, Islamic, and
Central Asian–Turkic elements.
Almoravids and Almohads (about 1062–1147; 1130–1269)
The Almoravids and Almohads were Berber dynasties that ruled southern Spain after the collapse of the Spanish
Umayyad regime in 1032. They created capitals at Marrakesh in Morocco and Seville in Spain.
Seljuqs of Rum (1081–1307)
Part of the Seljuq dynasty of Iran broke off and established control over a large portion of Anatolia. Anatolia was
known as "Rum," a derivation of "Rome," alluding to the Byzantine empire's former rule in that region.
Ilkhanids (1206–1353)
One of the khanates (principalities or kingdoms ruled by a khan) established by the descendants of the Mongol
conqueror Genghis Khan. "Il Khan" literally means "Lesser Khan," because the Ilkhanids were subordinate to the
Mongol Great Khans ruling China (also known as the Yuan dynasty).
Nasrid kingdom (1232–1492)
The Nasrids, centered at their capital of Granada, were the last of many Islamic dynasties to rule in Spain. Their
reign ended in 1492, when most Muslims and Jews were cast out of Spain by the Castilian king and queen,
Ferdinand and Isabella.
Mamluks (1250–1517)
The Mamluks (literally, "military slaves") were originally Turkic military forces who served the preceding Egyptian
dynasty. They overthrew their masters, establishing their own rule with an unusual political system in which slaves
held positions of great power and were recruited into leadership.
Ottoman empire (1299–1923)
One of the longest-lasting dynasties in world history, the Ottomans ruled over a vast and varied territory with the
help of a highly structured bureaucracy. Many of the Ottoman sultans were great patrons of the arts.
Timurid empire (1307–1507)
Named for the founder of the dynasty, Timur (called Tamerlane in the West), the Timurids were Turks who
conquered much of Greater Iran and Central Asia. They were important patrons of the arts, commissioning
architectural monuments as well as fine illustrated manuscripts.
Safavid empire (1501–1722)
The Safavids were a Shi'a dynasty that traced its lineage to an important Sufi mystic. Safavid palaces in Isfahan
were known all over the world for their opulence and luxury. The Safavid shahs (kings) are renowned for their
patronage of fine decorative arts and the production of luxury manuscripts.
Mughal empire (1526–1858)
The Mughals traced their lineage to the Mongol rulers of Iran. Their art and architecture is unique in its synthesis
of Persian, indigenous Indian, and European influences.
 The British landed in India in Surat on August 24, 1608. While India has a rich and
recorded history going back 4000 years to the Indus Valley Civilization in Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro, Britain had no indigenous written language until the 9th
century almost 3000 years after India. Then how was it possible for the British to
start capturing this huge country and control it from 1757 to 1947?
 They had more economic power, better weapons and a certain European
confidence which allowed them to slowly invade into the Indian subcontinent till it
was ruling the huge nation.
New sea route becomes popular
 A sea route connecting Europe to India came into the limelight in 1498 when Portuguese
explorer Vasco da Gama came to Calicut.

 This made India the center of attention of Europe’s trade circuit and European powers
rushed to Asia to get their own trading posts.

 Even though the primary motive at first was trade, slowly, the European powers started to
get more interested in Acquiring territory. The British were one of these powers looking
for money and action.
 The British East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by
Queen Elizabeth in 1600. The British Joint Stock Company, as it was known earlier,
was founded by John Watts and George White for trade with Asian nations in the
south and south-east.
 British merchants and aristocrats held shares in this joint stock company.
 The British government had no controlling authority over the company and they
shared no direct link.
 The British East India Company came to India as traders in spices, a very important
commodity in Europe back then as it was used to preserve meat. Apart from that, they
primarily traded in silk, cotton, indigo dye, tea and opium.
 They landed in the Indian subcontinent on August 24, 1608, at the port of Surat.
 Mughal emperor Jahangir granted a farman to Captain William Hawkins permitting the
English to erect a factory at Surat in 1613.
 In 1615, Thomas Roe, the Ambassador to James I, got an imperial farman from Jahangir
to trade and establish factories all across the Mughal empire.
 Soon, the Vijaynagara Empire also gave the company permission to open a factory in
Madras and the British company started to eclipse out the other European trading
companies in their rising power.
 A number of trading posts were established all over the east and west coasts of India
and British communities developed in the three major trading towns of Calcutta, Madras
and Bombay.
 The early East India Company realized that India was one big collection of provincial
kingdoms and wanted to concentrate all the resources. Thus, the company stared to
meddle in Indian politics and started to see a steady rise in their fortunes.
 The first biggest strike from the British on India was the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal,
Siraj-ud-daulah, at the hands of Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
 it was followed by the Battle of Buxar in 1764 wherein Captain Munro defeated the joint
forces of Mir Qasim of Bengal, Shujauddaula of Awadh and Mughal king Shah Alam II.
 Slowly but surely, the East India Company started to transform from a trading company
to a ruling one.
 The powers of the East India Company kept growing till 1858 when it was dissolved
after the Revolt of 1857 and the British Crown took direct control of India to begin the
British rule.
 A. Political Factor:
 After the war of independence (1857), the British mistreated the Muslims.
 Political rights of the Muslims were snatched.
 Doors of new jobs were closed and also the Muslims were deprived of their jobs and were deprived of
their property (estates).
 After the formation of Mahasabha and its entrance into politics, biased movements like Shuddhi and
Sangthan were born.
 Riots occurred here and there. These extinguished the fire of revenge by dishonoring the mosques or
attacking Moharram processions.
 The daily increase in riots had given warning to the Muslims. It is rightly remarked that the last 25
years were spent in Hindu-Muslim civil war.
 Its cure was non other than the creation of Pakistan in the Muslim majority provinces so that the daily
occurrences of riots may come to an end. The Muslims may enjoy the peaceful conditions in a separate
state of their own.
 B. Economic Factor:
 The Hindu community was not comfortable with the political rule; it was determined to
worsen the condition of the minorities economically. But especially they wanted to take
revenge from the Muslims for their past defeats. Under the patronage of the English, the
Hindus were made the owners of the land. They were encouraged in trade and
commerce also.
 Only the trade of hyde and skins remained with the Muslims. They were encouraged in
the trade of shining nature, or some factory, and that belonged to a Muslims, they
started cut throat competitions.
 So after being disheartened the Muslims had to leave the factory or trade.
 The Muslims had seen this state of affairs for years till they reached the conclusion that
where the problems were settled by the votes of majority, it was hardly possible to live
along with the prejudiced and cruel Hindu majority.
 The sole aim of the Hindus was to re-convert the Muslims to Hinduism and absorb them
in that religion. So there was no room left for the Muslims except demanding a separate
independent homeland, for themselves.
 C. Social Factor:
 Success of congress in elections of 1937 and capturing the leadership was an enough
proof that the Hindus wanted to demolish Muslim civilization and culture.
 Every now and then new intrigues were hatched to destroy the Muslim’s religious
values.
 The breeding of cows and to worship them was the reckoned culture of Hindustan.
 The Hindu community was planning to prevail upon Muslims in their customs and
ceremonies.
 The Muslim ceremonies were interfered whereas the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Lorhis
(celebrated to mark the end of peak winter, this festival is traditionally associated with
the harvest of the rabi crops), Dasehra were celebrated with great pomp and show.
 In short, if India were not divided, this country would have become a pure Hindu State
and the next generation of Muslims would have been Muslim only by name, but it would
have been impossible for the Muslims to follow Islam practically.
 1857-1905
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lCK6pofXEs
 1906-1919
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SchGx77nkiQ
 1920-1929
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGin3jSup60
 1930-1939
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krRLKrRdRh4
 1940-1946
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FshONGpHQKI
 1. Setting up of a Free Islamic Society.
 2. Protection from Communal Riots.
 3. Social and Political Development of Muslims.
 4. Protection of Muslim language.
 5. Protection of Two Nation Theory.
 6. To get rid of the repeated social humiliation.
 7. To emerge as an economically sound Muslim country.
 8. To stand strong and united against all odds as a nation.
1. Society having its own identity and government.

2. Practice its own social principles and religion and inviting the Muslims of the
world, particularly and others generally to adopt the Islamic way of life.
 The communal Riots on every other day made it clear that the Hindus could take
over the politics after the departure of the British government.

 The Hindu organizations had again and again asserted that HINDU RAJ would be
imposed on India after the independence War.

 So to get rid of these atrocities the Muslim demanded their separate state.
 After the war of Independence 1857, the social environment was totally changed.
 The Muslims were scared of the caste system of Hindus and other discriminations.
 They could enjoy neither political nor social liberties; therefore, they preferred to
have a separate homeland in which they could live according to the teachings of
Islam.
 The Hindus did the best to replace Urdu by Hindi. But they did not succeed during
British period.

 In 1867 the Hindus of Banaras presented a request to their government regarding

the replacement of Urdu with Hindi and its Persian script with that of Devnagri
script.
 The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were
determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come.

 Mohammad Ali Jinnah propounded the two-nation theory and sowed the seed of
partition of the country.
 Competitive examinations for British administrative jobs were for Hindus rather
than Muslims.
 Tablighi and shuddhi movements, all this went a long way to divide us.
 During shuddhi movement Muslims were forced to change their religion.
 Muslims were badly treated inhumanely.
 Muslim student were forced to read about Hinduism, to apply red mark on fore
head (Tilaq).
 Muslim students were forced to recite their national anthem (which had verses
against Muslims).
 In spite of limited economically stable & educated social circles of Muslims in the
subcontinent hither to not any appreciable economic development of Muslims, in
other words the “sparrow of gold” needed the stabilization of the area.
 Muslims while living with the Hindus were continuously betrayed, as Hindus were
the one to start most controversial political moves and were also the one to
surrender these moves are always acclaimed Muslims responsible for all political
upsets.

 So Muslims badly felt the need of separate state where they can acquire the status
of nation which they couldn't gain while living with the Hindus.
 Muslims  Hindus:
 The religion of Muslims is Islam.  Hindus believe in Hinduism is based
on the concept of multiple Gods.
 Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness of
Allah), Namaz, Roza, Zakat Hajj and  Their society follows a cast system
believes in equality of man before and divided into four classes and
law. have a very narrow approach towards
life.
 Muslims followed the Islamic culture, while
Hindus inherited a self built culture.
 The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while
Muslim burry them.
 Hindus consider the “Mother cow” as one
of their god and worship it, while Muslim
slaughter it to follow the footsteps of Hazrat
Ibrahim A.S.
 The two communities of the sub-continent differ in their social life as well:

 The clothes, the food and its way to cook, the household utensils, the layout of
homes, the words of salutation etc…
 The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and
readily took the English education.

 While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily effected their
economic condition.
?

The political
differences between
the Hindus and
Muslims have played
an important role in the
development and
evolution of Two Nation
Theory.

They have different

ideologies that’s why
they have different
political purpose.
 The two-nation theory in its simplest
way means that cultural, political,
. religious, economical and social
dissimilarities between the two
major communities, Hindus and
Muslims of the Subcontinent. These
differences of outlook, in fact, were
greatly instrumental in giving rise
to two distinct political ideologies
. which were responsible for the
partition of the sub-continent into
two independent states.
 Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan

Quaid e
Allama Dr.
Azam
Muhammad
Muhammad
Iqbal
Ali Jinnah
 In beginning Sir Syed believed in Indian Nationalism but later due to Hindi-Urdu
controversy, Sir Syed's faith in a united India was shaken and he began to advocate
the two nation theory. He made the Muslims realize that they are separate nation.
Their religion is very powerful. Muslims should demand for separate homeland of
their own.
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim leader who used the word “NATION” for
the Muslims of Sub-continent. According to Sir Syed in India there exist two nations,
the Hindus and Muslims. They could not live together and as the time would pass
the hostility between the two-nation would grow.
 Sir Syed was of the view that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations because
their religion, history, culture and civilization were different from each other.
Sir Syed's political views can be summed up as:
 1. That undivided India was a continent, not a country.

 2. That it was inhabited by a vast population of different races and different creeds.

 3. That among these, Hindus and Muslims, were the major nations on the basis of nationality, religion,
customs, cultures, cultural and historical traditions.
 4. After the British quit, they could not share the political power equally. That was simply impossible and
inconceivable.
 5. The Indian National Congress was not acceptable to the Muslims.

 6. Muslims could not accept a democratic set up of western type because with a one to four ratio of
population, they could be enslaved by the Hindus.
 7. There would be a disastrous civil war if the Congress persisted in its policy of yoking together the two
nations.
 The above discussion leads us to conclude that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the staunch believer and
eminent preacher to Two-Nation Theory; on account of which, he may be called the real founder to two-
Nation Theory in sub-continent.
 Allama Iqbal and Two-Nation Theory
 Allama Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher and a politician. Iqbal had a sensitive
heart and a deep-thinking inquisitive mind. He was dismayed at the pathetic
conditions of the Muslims in general and of the Indian Muslims in particular.
 Allama Iqbal delivered historical address at Allahabad.
“The units of Indian society are not territorial as in the European countries. India is a
continent of human groups belonging to different races speaking different
languages and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined
by a common race-consciousness.”
 Under such circumstances, Allama Iqbal proposed a separate state of the Muslims.
 Allama Iqbal AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: II

 In his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the Muslim League in 1930, he said:
“Personally I would go further…. I would like to see the Punjab, North West Frontier Province,
Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British
Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a single consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of North West India.”
Allama Iqbal claimed that the Muslims were a separate nation in every respect.

 His own words in this regard were as follows:

“We have a population of seven corer among all nations of the sub-continent, we are the most
united. In fact, of all the nations inhabiting the country, Muslims are the only true nation
according to the most modern definition of the world.”

 In the annual meeting of Muslim League on December 29, 1930 at Allahabad, he said:
“Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it is a complete code of life. In, Europe, religion is
every one’s personal matter which divides the human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body and soul. In
contrast to that in Islam, God, Universe, soul, matter, sate and religions are bound to each other or in
other words Muslims are one nation”.

 In short the prophecy of Iqbal acted as a spur for the Muslims of India who craved out an
independent state Pakistan for themselves, Seventeen years later (Allahabad Address 1930) on
14th August 1947.
 Quaid-e-Azam was the liberator of the Muslim nation in Sub-Continent. He
struggled for the separate state on the basis of Islamic Ideology. He himself
explained this basic ideology:
 “Difference in India between the two major nations, the Hindus and the Muslims
are thousand times greater when compared with the continent of Europe.”
 Quaid-e-Azam further said:
 “India is not a national state. India is not a country but a nationalities, the two major
nations being Hindus and the Muslims whose culture and civilizations, language
and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and
proportion, laws and jurisprudence, social moral codes, customs and calendar,
history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, outlook on life and of life are
fundamentally different. By all canons of international law we are nation.”
 In 1940, Muslim League embraced the creed of Chaudhry Rehmat Ali and the historic
session on March 23, 1940 in Lahore demanded the establishment of Pakistan. On that
occasion, Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address said:
 “Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact,
different and distinct social orders… The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different
religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither inter-marry nor inter-
dine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based
mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.”
 He disproved the claim of All Indian Nation Congress that India had only one single
nation, in the name of Indian by the following statement.
 “The history of the last twelve hundred years has failed to achieve the unity and has
witnessed, India always divided into Hindu India and Muslim India”
 Quaid-e-Azam made the English ruler realize the fundamental deep rooted spiritual
economic, social and political differences. He said that their efforts would frustrate
which they were making to bind all Indians through central Government.
 In his address at Lahore, on 23rd March 1940 it was clearly mentioned:
 “No Act or Law would be acceptable which deny the separate status of the
Muslims.”
 Further he added:
 “Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions based on totally
different beliefs, and present the different ideologies. They have different
epics, different heroes and different history. Therefore, the union of two nations is
fatal for the sub-continent, because it is not based on equality but on
numerical minority and other as a majority. It would be better for the British
government to partition the sub-continent by keeping in view the interests of the
two nations. It will be a correct decision religiously and historically”.
 Quaid-e-Azam had a strong belief in achieving his goal. He said:
 “We cannot be moved or diverted from our purpose and objective by threats or
intimidations. We must be prepared to face all difficulties and consequences,
make all the sacrifices that may be required of us to achieve the goal we have set in
front of us”.
 In the light of above mentioned facts we can easily conclude that the Quaid-e-Azam
was truly aware of the basic demands of an Islamic state and he struggled
for it. According to his ideas Islam was the only base of, The Ideology of
Pakistan.
 The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims
in British India. There are two major nations in British India.
 The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage,
culture, civilization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and
protect their distinct identity and advance their interests in India. They wanted to
order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without
being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.
 Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system
of government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of
their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when
neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those
guarantees and safeguards.