International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)

Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Analysis & Design of Modular Technological Structure for Lifting & Transport
Analysis
Harshad Rajaram Jamdhade1, Prof. Vishwajit Kadlag2
Department of Civil Engineering, D Y Patil,
Pune, India.
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Abstract - The Project considers methods of using modular
units in construction. The advanced world experience in the
construction of modular technological structure is analyzed. It
is emphasized that modular construction has the potential to
shorten project design and engineering time, reduce costs and
improve construction productivity. The installation of modular
technological structure is cost-efficient, safe and eco-friendly.
A modular technological structure is a prefabricated building
that consists of repeated sections called modules. Modularity
involves constructing sections away from the structure site,
then delivering them to the intended site. Installation of the
prefabricated sections is completed on site. Prefabricated
sections are sometimes placed using a crane. The modules can
be placed side-by-side, end-to-end, or stacked, allowing for a
variety of configurations and styles. After placement, the Fig No.1: Technological Structure
modules are joined together using inter-module connections,
also known as inter-connections. The inter-connections tie the The elements of Technological Structure are listed below.
individual modules together to form the overall technological 1) Column and Column Base.
structure. For this purpose, a reference project of USA A column is a structural member which is straight to two equal
location is taken and modelling in STAAD Pro. software to and opposite compressive forces applied at the ends. Stability
Analysis & Design of Structure. plays an important role in the design of compression member
because in columns buckling is involved. The problem of
Key Words: - Modular, Technological Structure, Prefabricate, determining the column load distribution in an industrial
Lifting, Transport building column is statically indeterminate. To simplify the
analysis the column is isolated from the space frame and is
INTRODUCTION analyzed as a column subjected to axial load An industrial
building column is subjected to following loads in addition to
A technological structure is a multi-tier steel structure with its self-weight.
moment resisting frames (OMRF or SMRF) in one direction Dead load, Live load, Crane load, Wind Load, Seismic Load,
and with braced frames in the other. This structure generally Temperature Load.
supports piping and other equipment such as boilers,
condensers, exchangers, vessels, Pump, tank, Air Blower, 2) Main Beam
Turbo Washer etc. on one or more levels. For the design and A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads
engineering time, reduce costs and improve construction applied laterally to the beam's axis (an element designed to
productivity. To use modular concept in this structure. carry primarily axial load would be a strut or column). Its
A modular building is a prefabricated building that consists of mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied
repeated sections called modules. Modularity involves to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support
constructing sections away from the building site, then points. For main periphery of Structure, the main beam is
delivering them to the intended site. Installation of the design.
prefabricated sections is completed on site. The structure and
various elements are designed for the force and the moment’s 3) Secondary Beam
results under the effect of intended loads. In the structural To carry the Supports equipment lug, Mezzanine Floors etc. to
design, dead load of structure, Equipment load, impact load, transfer the load on main beam.
live load, wind loads, Wind load on Equipment, Friction load
on structure due to Equipment & Piping, Earthquake load etc., 4) Mezzanine Floors
are consider for In industrial applications, mezzanine floor systems are semi-
1.Erection Condition permanent floor systems typically installed within buildings,
2.Lifting Condition (Vertical Lifting, Tilting Lifting & built between two permanent original stories. These structures
Horizontal Lifting) are usually free standing and, in most cases, can be dismantled
3.Transport Analysis (Road Transport & Sea Transport) and relocated. Commercially sold mezzanine structures are
4.Operating Condition Components of Technological generally constructed of three main materials; steel, aluminum,
Structure: and fiberglass. The decking or flooring of a mezzanine will
vary by application but is generally composed of b-deck

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

underlayment and wood product finished floor or a heavy-duty 6) Live Load (L)
steel, aluminum or fiberglass grating. Live loads are gravity loads produced by the use and
occupancy of the building or structure. These include the
5) Roof Trusses weight of all movable loads, such as personnel, tools,
Roof trusses are elements of the structure. The members are miscellaneous equipment, movable partitions, wheel loads,
subjected to direct stresses. Truss members are subjected to parts of dismantled equipment, stored material, etc.
direct tension and direct compression.
7) Snow Load (S)
6) Staircase Tower Snow load is the downward force on a building's roof by the
Stair tower means a structure twelve feet or taller in height, weight of accumulated snow and ice. The roof or the entire
typically consisting of one or more flights of stairs, usually structure can fail if the snow load exceeds the weight the
with landings to pass from one level to another. building was designed to shoulder. Or if the building was
poorly designed or constructed. It doesn't take a blizzard to
7) Crane cause problems.
Crane boom deflection is another phenomenon that happens to
all cranes. It occurs when a crane is lifting a load and its boom 8) Pipe Empty Load (PE)
appears to be bending. All booms have this ability to flex so For checking uplift and components controlled by minimum
they can absorb the loading forces that come from lifting a loading, 60% of the estimated piping operating loads shall be
heavy weight. used if combined with wind or earthquake unless the actual
conditions require a different percentage.
8) Bracing
A bracing is structural member commonly used in structures 9) Pipe Operating Load (PO)
subject to lateral loads such as wind and seismic forces. The Pipe content load is the weight of contents (fluid load) minus
bracing member is generally made of structural steel which can the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, piping,
work effectively in tension and compression. Bracing transfer and cable trays maximum during normal operation.
the lateral forces axially and reduce sway of structure and
structure will be economical. It is observed that lateral 10) Pipe Test Load (PT)
movement decreases up to 80% due to the incorporation of the Test dead load (DT) is the empty weight of the pipe plus the
bracing system. By (Nayanmoni Chetia, 2016). The beam and weight of test medium contained in a set of simultaneously
columns that form a frame carry vertical loads and bracing tested piping systems. The test medium shall be as specified in
system carries lateral loads. the contract documents or as specified by the owner. Unless
otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall
Load Consider on Technological Structure: be used for the test medium.

1) Earthquake Load (EQ) 11) Equipment Empty Load (EE)

Following Seismic site parameter are considered in the for process equipment and vessels is the empty weight of the
calculations. equipment or vessels, including all attachments, trays,
Ss = 0.103, S1 = 0.055, TL = 12 Sec. Importance factor (I) = internals, insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders,
1, Response Modification Factor (R) = 4, Site Class = D, Fa = platforms, etc. Empty dead load also includes weight of
1.6 & Fv = 2.4 Seismic analysis has been done by using machinery (e.g., pumps, compressors, turbines, and packaged
Response Spectrum Method (SRSS) in STAAD. units).

2) Dead Loads (DL) 12) Equipment Operating Load (EO)

Self-Weight of Structure = 1.10 x Total weight of Structural for process equipment and vessels is the empty dead load (EE)
member plus the maximum weight of contents (including
packing/catalyst) during normal operation.
3) Cable Tray + Cable Load (CTC)
Dead loads for cable trays on pipe racks shall be estimated as 13) Equipment Test Load (ET)
follows, unless actual load information is available and for process equipment and vessels is the empty dead load (De)
requires otherwise, A uniformly distributed dead load of 1.0 plus the weight of test medium contained in the system. The
kPa for a single level of cable trays and 1.9 kPa for a double test medium shall be as specified in the contract documents or
level of cable trays. as specified by the owner. Unless otherwise specified, a
minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for the test
4) Platform Dead Load (PDL) medium. Equipment and pipes that may be simultaneously
Dead load of walking platform, Handrails etc. tested shall be included. Cleaning load shall be used for test
dead load if the cleaning fluid is heavier than the test medium.
5) Fire Proofing Load (FP)
Fire protection refers to measures taken to prevent fire from 14) Pipe Friction Load (PF)
becoming destructive, reduce the impact of an uncontrolled Friction forces caused by thermal expansion or contraction
fire, and save lives and property. shall be determined using the appropriate static coefficient of
friction. Coefficients of friction shall be in accordance with
below Fig

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

8.0 ROAD TRANSPORT -Z

9.0 ROAD TRANSPORT -Y
10.0 ROAD TRANSPORT +X+Y+Z
11.0 ROAD TRANSPORT -X+Y-Z

15) Pipe Guide Load (PGL) 12.0 SEA TRANSPORT +X

The pipe containing fluid is mostly have high temperature 13.0 SEA TRANSPORT -X
around 110°C to 120°C. because of this high temperature pipe 14.0 SEA TRANSPORT +Z
tends to expand in both longitudinal and transverse direction. 15.0 SEA TRANSPORT -Z
To restrict the movement of pipe in transverse direction guide 16.0 SEA TRANSPORT -Y
support is provided. As the stiffness of pipe is minimum in
transverse direction guide support are provided at short Road & Sea Transport Criteria
interval in one stretch of Piperack It resists the forces, Acceleration value consider for Road Transport
Transverse Pipe Friction load – PFT
Transverse Pipe Anchor load – PAT

16) Pipe Anchor Load (PAL)

When both guide and axial stop support are provided at same
point then it is called as anchor support and the frame bay in
which anchor bay lies it’s a anchor bay. At anchor bay
longitudinal and transverse forces are very high, so both side
of bracing are provided at anchor bay mostly. It resists the
forces,
Transverse Pipe Friction load – PFT
Transverse Pipe Anchor load – PAT Fig No.2: Acceleration Coefficients for Road Transport
Longitudinal Pipe Friction load – PFT
Longitudinal Pipe Anchor load – PAT Acceleration value consider for Sea Transport
17) Wind Load (WL)
Wind Load Calculation - As per ASCE 7-10
Basic wind speed at site (V) in mph = 115 mph.
Eave’s height of the structure (h) in ft. = 60 ft.
Exposure category =C
Building Type = Enclosed

Primary load case & Load combination for Road &

Sea Transport

1.0 SELF WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE

2.0 BALANCE OF THE SKID WEIGHT
3.0 GWR: RATING / MAX GROSS WEIGHT MGR
4.0 HORIZONTAL IMPACT LOAD IN X DIRECTION
5.0 HORIZONTAL IMPACT LOAD IN Z DIRECTION
6.0 WIND IN +X DIRECTION Fig. No.3: Acceleration Coefficients for Sea Transport
7.0 WIND IN +Z DIRECTION
8.0 WIND IN -X DIRECTION Aim:
9.0 WIND IN -Z DIRECTION
10.0 ROAD ACC +X  To design heavy equipment supporting technological
11.0 ROAD ACC +Z structure for operating, lifting & transport condition.
12.0 ROAD ACC +Y
13.0 SEA ACC +X  To check the behavior of structure for lifting analysis
14.0 SEA ACC +Z (Vertical Lifting, Tilting Lifting & Horizontal Lifting),
15.0 SEA ACC -Y Road & Sea transport analysis for with & without Bracing.

Load Combination for Road Transport & Sea Problem Statement:

Transport  We need to Analysis & Design of 14’5”x 14’5” x 66’
1.0 GWR + 1 WIND IN X module of 180’5” x 197’ x 66’ Technological structure
2.0 GWR + 1 WIND IN Z with heavy equipment’s like boilers, condensers,
3.0 GWR + 1 WIND IN -X exchangers, vessels, Pump, tank, Air Blower, Turbo
4.0 GWR + 1 WIND IN -Z Washer etc. for operating condition after the structure is
5.0 ROAD TRANSPORT +X safe for Deflection, Story Drift, Utility Ratio.
6.0 ROAD TRANSPORT -X  Then check 14’5”x 14’5” module for Lifting condition for
7.0 ROAD TRANSPORT +Z Vertical Lifting, Tilting Lifting, Horizontal Lifting &

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Transport condition for Road Transport Analysis & Sea Lifting with Bracing
Transport Analysis in Staad Pro.

Objective:
 In the present study, Following Objectives were set:
 Design & Analysis of modular Technological
Structure for Heavy Equipment for operating, lifting
& Transport condition in STAAD Pro.
 To analyze the structure by square root of sum of
squares (SRSS) method for seismic analysis.
 To study the different loads and their behavior on
structure.
 To reduce the effect of horizontal loads on structure.
 To calculate the Displacement, and storey drift. Fig. No.10: Road & Sea Fig. No.11: Road & Sea
 To calculate the tonnage of the structure. Transport Transport with Bracing

Lifting Analysis of Modular Technological Structure RESULT AND DISCUSSION

GENERAL
A design of Equipment Supported Technological Structure is
done with Deflection is within a limit, there are no member is
failed is strength. Structure is Safe for operating condition &
Erection point of view.
The structural analysis & design of the skid the structural steel
material of grade ASTM A992 is used. Following are the
material characteristic which used for design is mentioned: -
Characteristic Yield Strength of Steel for UB / UC Sections
(A992) = 50 kip/inch2
Characteristic Ultimate Strength of Steel for UB/UC Section
(A992) = 65 kip/inch2
Characteristic Yield Strength of Steel for Angle/Channel
Fig. No.5: Vertical Lifting Section (A36) = 36 kip/inch2
Fig. No.4: Vertical Lifting
with Bracing Characteristic Ultimate Strength of Steel for Angle/Channel
Section (A36) = 58 kip/inch2
Total Structural Steel Tonnage = 1007 Ton.

DEFLECTION SUMMARY
Deflection Summary for Vertical Lifting

Fig No.12: Deflection of Vertical Lifting without

Bracing
Fig. No.7: Tilting Lifting
Fig. No.6: Tilting Lifting
with Bracing

Fig No.13: Deflection of Vertical Lifting with Bracing

According Fig No. 12 & Fig No. 13 vertical lifting is of
structure designed without bracing have more deflection in
Z direction than the Temporary bracing is added for vertical
lifting analysis of structure & structure designed with
bracing.
Fig. No.8: Horizontal Fig. No.9: Horizontal Lifting

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Deflection Summary for Tilting Lifting

Fig No.18: Deflection of Road Transport & Sea

Transport Analysis without Bracing

Fig No.14: Deflection of Tilting Lifting without Bracing

Fig No.19: Deflection of Road Transport & Sea

Transport Analysis with Bracing
Fig No.15: Deflection of Tilting Lifting with Bracing According Fig No. 18 & Fig No. 19 Road & Sea Transport
According Fig No. 14 & Fig No. 15 tilting lifting is of analysis is of structure designed without bracing have more
structure designed without bracing have more deflection in deflection in Y direction than the Temporary bracing is
X & Z direction than the Temporary bracing is added for added for Road & Sea analysis of structure & structure
tilting lifting analysis of structure & structure designed with designed with bracing.
bracing
Deflection Summary for Horizontal Lifting Utility Check Ratio
Utility ratio is the ratio of Actual Load on member to the
capacity of member, if it exceeds more than 1 then load on
member will be greater than its capacity and member gets
collapsed.

Fig No.16: Deflection of Horizontal Lifting without

Member Unity Ratio of Vertical Lifting for Dead load,
Bracing
Equipment load & Wind load combination
Member Utility
Vertical Member Size
Type Ratio
Lifting
UB203X133X30 0.645
without
UB305X165X46 0.335
Bracing
UB356X171X57 0.200
(Series 1)
Fig No.17: Deflection of Horizontal Lifting with Bracing Column UC254X254X73 0.357
According Fig No. 16 & Fig No. 17 Horizontal lifting is of Table No. 1: Unity Ratio of Vertical Lifting
structure designed without bracing have more deflection in without Bracing
Z direction than the Temporary bracing is added for Member Utility
Member Size
Horizontal lifting analysis of structure & structure designed Type Ratio
Vertical
Bracing
with bracing also in that structure control lifting is done. Lifting UA120X120X12 0.300
Member
with
UB203X133X30 0.563
Bracing
Deflection Summary for Road Transport Analysis & UB305X165X46 0.334
(Series 2)
Sea Transport Analysis UB356X171X57 0.200
Column UC254X254X73 0.279
Table No. 2: Unity Ratio of Vertical Lifting with Bracing

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

In Graph No. 2, Series 1 represent the unity ratio of tilting

Vertical Lifting
lifting without bracing in that the maximum ratio is 0.843 in
0.645
0.563 that beam member is critical & Series 2 represent the unity
0.3 0.335
0.334 0.357 ratio of tilting lifting with bracing in that the maximum ratio
0.279
0.2
0
is 0.666 in that beam is critical in LRFD-H1-1A Members
Subject to Flexure and Compression.

Member Unity Ratio of Horizontal Lifting for Dead load,

Series1 Series2 Equipment load & Wind load combination
Member Utility
Graph No.1: Unity Ratio of Vertical Lifting Horizontal Member Size
Type Ratio
In Graph No. 1, Series 1 represent the unity ratio of vertical Lifting
UB203X133X30 0.807
without
lifting without bracing in that the maximum ratio is 0.645 UB305X165X46 0.871
Bracing
in that beam member is critical & Series 2 represent the UB356X171X57 1.809
(Series1)
Column UC254X254X73 1.799
unity ratio of vertical lifting with bracing in that the
Table No. 5: Unity Ratio of Horizontal Lifting without
maximum ratio is 0.563 in that beam is critical in LRFD-
Bracing
H1-1A Members Subject to Flexure and Compression.
Member Utility
Member Size
Type Ratio
Member Unity Ratio of Tilting Lifting for Dead load, Horizontal
Bracing
Equipment load & Wind load combination Lifting UA120X120X12 0.239
Member
with
Member Utility UB203X133X30 0.347
Tilting Member Size Bracing
Type Ratio UB305X165X46 0.575
Lifting (Series 2)
UB203X133X30 0.800 UB356X171X57 0.893
without
UB305X165X46 0.843 Column UC254X254X73 0.837
Bracing
UB356X171X57 0.541 Table No. 6: Unity Ratio of Horizontal Lifting with
(Series 1)
Column UC254X254X73 0.496 Bracing
Table No.3: Unity Ratio of Tilting Lifting without
Bracing Horizontal Lifting

Member Utility 1.809 1.799

Member Size
Type Ratio
Tilting 0.807 0.871 0.893 0.837
Bracing 0.575
Lifting UA120X120X12 0.365 0.239 0.347
Member 0
with
UB203X133X30 0.666
Bracing
UB305X165X46 0.584
(Series 2)
UB356X171X57 0.380
Column UC254X254X73 0.228
Table No.4: Unity Ratio of Tilting Lifting with Bracing Series1 Series2

Tilting Lifting Graph No.3: Unity Ratio of Horizontal Lifting

In Graph No. 3, Series 1 represent the unity ratio of
0.8 0.843
0.666 horizontal lifting without bracing in that the maximum ratio
0.584 0.541 0.496
0.365 0.38 is 1.809 in that Beam member is Failed in Deflection &
0.228
0 Series 2 represent the unity ratio of horizontal lifting with
bracing in that the maximum ratio is 0.893 in that beam is
critical in Deflection.

Series1 Series2

Graph No2: Unity Ratio of Tilting Lifting

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Member Unity Ratio of Road transport & Sea transport  Effects of horizontal loads on structure is
Member Utility reduced/arrested with the help of diagonal bracing
Road & Sea Member Size
Type Ratio pattern.
Transport
UB203X133X30 0.826
without  Maximum vertical deflection for the structure is found
UB305X165X46 0.851
Bracing 14.060 mm, and horizontal displacement /storey drift
UB356X171X57 1.195
(Series1)
Column UC254X254X73 0.23 is 32.71mm.
Table No. 7: Unity Ratio of Road Transport & Sea  Total optimized structural Steel Tonnage is 1007 Ton.
Transport without Bracing As per construction point of view modular
Member Utility structure is best suited for fast construction instead of
Road Member Size
Type Ratio
Transport having higher steel tonnage in comparison to stick built
Bracing
& Sea UA120X120X12 0.423 structure. It has less chances of errors due to shop
Member
Transport UB203X133X30 0.641 manufacturing.
with
UB305X165X46 0.795
Bracing
UB356X171X57 0.903 REFERENCES
(Series2)
Column UC254X254X73 0.188
o Dhanshree V Damre, Tushar A Jadhav “Structural and
Table No. 8: Unity Ratio of Road Transport & Sea
Experimental Analysis of Lift Hook Bracket” (IJERT).
Transport with Bracing
o Hosang Hyun, Hyunsoo Kim, Hyun-Soo Lee, Moonseo
Road Transport & Sea Transport Park “Integrated Design Process for Modular
Construction Projects to Reduce Rework” (MDPI).
1.195
0.903
o Xiao-Rong Yang, Qiu-Ming Gan, Yan-Hong Wang &
0.826 0.851
0.795
0.641 Guang-Dong Wang “dynamic response analysis of the
0.423
0.23
0.188 lifting load system of a crane ship in irregular waves”
0
(JMST).
o Vasantha Shanmugam “Influence of ICT in Road
Transportation” (IJSCM).
o ASCE 7- 10 - American Society of Civil Engineers,
Series1 Series2
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Graph No.4: Unity Ratio of Road Transport & Sea Structures
Transport o AISC 360 – 10 - American Institute of Steel
In Graph No. 4, Series 1 represent the unity ratio of Road
Construction, Specification for Structural Steel
transport & Sea transport without bracing in that the
Buildings
maximum ratio is 1.195 in that Beam member is Failed in
o Noble Denton - Technical Standards Committee-
Deflection & Series 2 represent the unity ratio of Road
Guidelines for Marine Transportations
transport & Sea transport with bracing in that the maximum
o PIP STC01015 Structural Design Criteria
ratio is 0.903 in that beam is critical in Deflection.

CONCLUSION
 The technological structure is found critical/governing
for the following load combination
1.2(DS+CTC+PDL+FP+PO+EO+PCL+HDL+CL)-
PFX-PFZ-1.2PGL-1.2PAL+1.6L+0.5S with unity
0.981.

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