Axial Loaded column design

Size of column b 230

D 600
Column load Pu 1000.00 kN
fck 25.00 N/SQMM
fy 415.00 N/SQMM
d'/D X 0.21
Pt (ASSUME) 0.80 %
Adopt Pt 1.75 %
Puz 2235 KN
Pu/Puz 0.45 Max value is 1.0
Ast 2415 Dia Area
dia 16 12 113
Nos 14 16 201
Ast actual 2813 20 314
25 491

Dia 12 16 20 25 Total
Nos 6 0 0 0 678
Uniaxial column design
Size of column b 230
D 300
Column load 750 kN
COLUMN MOM X 25 KN-M
fck 25 N/SQMM
fy 415 N/SQMM
d'/D X 0.21
Pt (ASSUME) 0.80 %

Pu/fck bd 0.43 "Y AXIS VALUE"

Mux lim /fckbd^2 0.05 " Calculated X AXIS VALUE"
P/ fck Required 0.03 Value from Chart
Adopt Pt 0.80 % 0.80
Revised P/fck 0.03
Muy /fck bd^2 0.05 "X AXIS VALUE From Chart"

Puz 914 KN
Pu/Puz 0.82 Max value is 1.0
Mux lim 25.00
alpha 2.035
factor 1.000 Max value is 1.0
Ast 552
dia 16 Dia Area
Nos 4 12 113
Ast actual 804 16 201
20 314
25 491

Dia 12 16 20 25 Total
Nos 2 2 0 0 628
 Biaxial column design
b 230 mm
Size of column
D 300 mm
Column load Puz 600.00 kN
COLUMN MOM Mux 10.00 KNM
COLUMN MOM Muy 25.00 KNM
fck 25.00 N/SQMM
fy 415.00 N/SQMM
Pt (ASSUME) 0.80 %
d'/D X 0.21
d'/D Y 0.16

Moment Y Dirn
Pu/fck bd 0.35 "Y AXIS VALUE"
P/fck 0.03 P/fck Value from Chart
Muy /fckdb^2 0.06 "Calculated Value for a given section and Moment
Muy /fckdb^2 0.08 "X AXIS VALUE From Chart"
P/ fck Required 0.03 Value from Chart
Adopt Pt 0.80 % 0.80
Revised P/fck 0.03
Increased Muy /fckdb^2 0.08 0.01 Due to increase of steel %
Muy lim 29.76 KNM

Moment X Dirn
Pu/fck bd 0.35 "Y AXIS VALUE"
P/fck 0.03 P/fck Value from Chart
Mux /fckbd^2 0.02 "Calculated Value for a given section and Moment
Muy /fck bd^2 0.08 "X AXIS VALUE From Chart"
P/ fck Required 0.03 Value from Chart
Adopt Pt 0.80 % 0.80
Revised P/fck 0.03
Increased Mux /fckbd^2 0.08 0.01 Due to increase of steel %
Mux lim 38.81

Chech for Pu, Mux, Muz combination

Puz 914
Pu/Puz 0.66
alpha 1.761
factor 0.828 Max value is 1.0
Ast 552
dia 12
Nos 6
Ast actual 678
 Dia Area 12 16 20 25 Total
12 113 1 1 1 1 1119
16 201
20 314
25 491
Procedure for Bi Axial Column Design
1. Choose the section
2. Assume the reinforcement in %
3. Base on the value input Mu/fckbd^2 value from chart
4. Compare Mux and Muy Calculated values are equal for the given % steel
5. Chech the factored value is < 1.0
 DESIGN OF SLENDER/ LONG COLUMN WITH BI AXIAL BENDING( SP 16 PAGE 126)

1 INPUT DATAS
Un Supported Length of Column L 5.5 Mtr
Grade of Concrete M 30
Grade of Steel Fe 500
Factor of Effective Length Lex 0.86
Factor of Effective Length Ley 0.71
Effective Length of Column Lex 4.71 Mtr
Effective Length of Column Ley 3.93 Mtr
Percentage of steel 1.00%
2 CALCULATION OF LOAD AND MOMENT

Axial Load P 180 KN

Load Factor 1.5
Factored Load Pu 270 KN
Factored Moment Mux in the Dirn D at Top 20.0 KNm D>B
Factored Moment Mux in the Dirn D at Bott 10.0 KNm
Factored Moment Muy in the Dirn B at Top 5.0 KNm
Factored Moment Muy in the Dirn B at Botto 5.0 KNm
3 DESIGN OF MEMBER TO RESIST AXIAL LOAD
a
Grade of Concrete M 30
INPUT Grade of Steel Fe 500 Equvalent P
Axial Load / Converted Load from P and M 270 KN 353 200
Percentage of steel 0.01
Factored Moment Mux in the Dirn D at Top 20.0 KNm
Factored Moment Mux in the Dirn D at Bott 10.0 KNm
Factored Moment Muy in the Dirn B at Top 5.0 KNm
Factored Moment Muy in the Dirn B at Botto 5.0 KNm

Gross Area of Column Ac 17,728 Sqmm Pu= 0.4* fck*(1-p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

Calculated Size of Squre Col/ Provided 133 300

Size of Squre Column to be Used 300 mm

Is Rectangle Column to be Used yes YES/NO

Assumed Width of Col / Provide Width 133 300
Width of Column Adopted D 300 mm
Calculated Breadth of Col / Provide breadth 60 300
 Breadth of Column to be Adopted B 300 mm

Longitudinal area of steel 399 Sqmm

Adopt Cover for Column 40 mm
Use Dia of Column rft 12 mm
Area of One Bar 113.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 4 Nos

b Check for Min Eccenricity

Check for Short Col Lex/D<12 or Ley/B Long Col Lex/D= 35.4 Ley/B=
ex min Longer dirn = l/500+D/30 15.4 mm
e min/D < 0.05 0.051 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
e min Shorter dirn = l/500+B/30 21.0 mm
e min/B < 0.05 0.070 Not amin e 0.05 Max e
Check for Min e ratio < 0.05 in Both Dirn Not a min e

c Calculation of Additional Moment Due to Eccenricity

Additional Moment May= Pu*ey
ey= B/2000+(Ley/B)^2 25.72 mm
Equvalent Axial Load Pu = 270.00 KN
May= Pu*ey 6.95 KN
Additional Moment Max= Pu*ex
ex= D/2000+(Lex/D)^2 37.04 mm
Equvalent Axial Load Pu = 270.00 KN
Max= Pu*ex 10.00 KN
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 1552.50 KN Rectangular Column Sectio
d'/D 0.345 Value of d'/D 0.05
q1 for d'/D= 0.345 0.196 KN q1 0.219
q2 for d'/D= 0.345 0.203 q2 Eql 2 side Fe415 0.096
Pbx= fck*bD*(q1+q2*p/fck) 242.98 q2 Eql 4side Fe415 0.424

d'/B 0.153
q1 for d'/B= 0.153 0.184 KN
q2 for d'/B= 0.153 0.028
Pby= fck*bD*(q1+q2/fck) 499.32 Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc
kx=(Puz-Pu)/(Puz-Pbx) 0.979 KN
ky=(Puz-Pu)/(Puz-Pby) 1.218 mm
Adopt e min ( Max of ex/ ey) 21.00 KNm
M'ax = Max*kx 9.79 8.0
M'ay = May*ky 8.46 0.8
Design Mux= M'ax+P*ex 14.0
 Design Muy= M'ay+P*ey 14.1

Uni Axial Moment Capacity about xx Axis

d'/D 0.153
p/fck value 0.033 (Intial Assumption )
Pu/(fck*b*D) Value 0.225
Mu/(fck*b*D^2) Value 0.017
p/fck value From Chart 0.040 0.033 Intial assumption Value
p Percent of steel 0.012
Longitudinal area of steel 1080 Sqmm
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 1620 KN
Co efficient of Mu/(fck*b*D^2) from SP 16 0.104 0.017 Calculated Value
Mux1= fck*b*D^2 84.24 KN M

Uni Axial Moment Capacity about yy Axis

d'/B 0.15
p/fck value 0.040 Earlier Value
Pu/(fck*b*D) Value 0.225
Mu/(fck*b^2*D) Value 0.017
p/fck value From Chart 0.040 0.04 Earlier Value
p Percent of steel 0.012
Longitudinal area of steel 1080 Sqmm
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 1620 KN
Co efficient of Mu/(fck*b2*B) from SP 16 0.096 0.017 Calculated Value
Muy1= fck*b^2*D 77.76 KN m

c=P/Puz 0.17
α=1.0+(c-0.2)/(0.80-0.2) 0.944
(Mux/Mux1) 0.166
(Muy/Muy1) 0.182 CHECK THIS VALUE FROM CHART 64 SP 16 BI AXIAL
(Mux/Mux1)^α+(Muy/Muy1)^α 0.38 1.00 is the Max value
Check for Column Section and Steel % OK If NOT OK then Revise the Section and Steel %

Final Longitudinal area of steel 1080 Sqmm

Use Dia of Column rft 12 mm
Area of One Bar 113.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 10 Nos Actual requirement of steel

e Lateral Rft Tie mm

Dia of Tie Bar <5 and < ØL/4 5
Adopt Tie Bar Dia 8 mm
 mm
Pitch of Tie bar <550,<16ØL, 48ØT 192
Adopt Tie Bar Pitch 192
16 PAGE 126)

p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

 13.1

Rectangular Column Section

0.10 0.15 0.20
0.207 0.196 0.184
0.082 0.046 -0.022
0.328 0.203 0.028

Ac+0.75*fy*Asc

Moment Due to Slunderness 0.6x Top Moment+0.4x Bottom Moment Longer Dimension
Moment Due to Slunderness 0.6x Top Moment+0.4x Bottom Moment Shorter Dimension
M CHART 64 SP 16 BI AXIAL BENDING IN COMPRESSION

Section and Steel %

ment of steel
 DESIGN OF SHORT ROUND COLUMN COMBINIG AXIAL LOAD AND UNI AXIAL BENDING

1 INPUT DATAS
Un Supported Length of Column L 4.0 Mtr
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Factor of Effective Length Lex 0.8
Effective Length of Column Lex 3.20 Mtr
Percentage of steel 0.02 2 %
2 CALCULATION OF LOAD AND MOMENT

Axial Load 450 KN

Load Factor 1.5
Factored Load w 675 KN
Factored Moment Mux 20.0 KNm

3 DESIGN OF MEMBER TO RESIST AXIAL LOAD

a
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Converted Axial Load 675 KN
Percentage of steel 0.02
Factored Moment in Mux 20.0 KNm

Gross Area of Column Ac 43,942 Sqmm Pu= 0.4* fck*(1-p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

Calculated Size of Dia of Col/ Provided 237 250

Dia of Round Column to be Used 250 mm

Longitudinal area of steel 982 Sqmm

Adopt Cover for Column 40 mm
Use Dia of Column rft 16 mm
Area of One Bar 201.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 5 Nos

b Check for Min Eccenricity

Check for Short Col Lex/D<12 or Ley/B Long Col Lex/D= 16.0 Ley/B=
ex min Longer dirn = l/500+D/30 16.3 mm
e min/D < 0.05 0.065 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
e min Shorter dirn = lex/500+B/30 16.3 mm
 e min/B < 0.05 0.065 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
Check for Min e ratio < 0.05 in Both Dirn Not a min e

c Load and Moment carrying Capacity of the Hoop Rfd Column

d'/D value of the Column 0.192
Pu/(fck*22/7*D^2) Value 0.432 Y Axis Value
p/fck value 0.080 Radial Value
Co efficient of Mu/(fck*b*D^2) from SP 16 0.088 X Axis Value
Mux1= c* fck*D^3 34.375 KN m
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 824.79 KN
Pu/Puz 0.82
Mux/Mux1 0.58
Check for Column Section and Steel % OK If NOT OK then Revise the Section and Steel %

d Lateral Rft Tie

Dia of Tie Bar <5 and < ØL/4 5 mm
Adopt Tie Bar Dia 8 mm

Pitch of Tie bar <550,<16ØL, 48ØT 256 mm

Adopt Tie Bar Pitch 256 mm

e Load and Moment carrying Capacity of the Helical Rfd Column

d'/D value of the Column 0.192
p/fck value 0.080
Pu/(fck*22/7*D^2)/1.05 Value 0.411
Co efficient of Mu/(fck*b*D^2) from SP 16 0.092
Mux1= c* fck*D^3/1.05 32.74 KN m
Puz = (0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc)*1.05 325.62 KN
Pu/Puz 2.07
Mux/Mux1 0.61
Check for Column Section and Steel % OK If NOT OK then Revise the Section and Steel %

f Helical Reinforcement
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Dia of the Column 250 mm
Dia of the Helix Reinforcement 8 mm
Area of Helix Rft Ash 50.29 Sqmm
Cover for the Rft 40 mm
Core Dia Ac of the Column 186 mm
Ag/Ac 1.81
Vol of Helix Rft 0.36 (Ag/Ac-1)fck/fy 0.0175
Vol of Helical Rft/ Ash/PI 428.0
Ratio of Helix Rft Vol/ Core Vol 0.0495
Max Pitch of the Helix 142 mm
NI AXIAL BENDING

p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

16.0
Section and Steel %

Section and Steel %

 DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN WITH ECCENTRICITY LESS THAN e min

1 INPUT DATAS
Un Supported Length of Column L 3.0 Mtr σsc=
Grade of Concrete M 20
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Factor of Effective Length Lex 0.85
Factor of Effective Length Ley 0.85
Effective Length of Column Lex 2.55 Mtr σcc=
Effective Length of Column Ley 2.55 Mtr
Percentage of steel 1.80% 1.80% Max 4%
2 CALCULATION OF LOAD

Axial Load 150 KN

Load Factor 1.5 e`
Factored Load w 225 KN

3 DESIGN OF MEMBER TO RESIST AXIAL LOAD

a
Grade of Concrete M 20 Pu= 0.447* fck*Ag + (fsc-0.447 fck)Asc
Grade of Steel Fe 415 0.87 fy
Axial Load 225 KN fsc= 0.79 fy
Percentage of steel 0.018 0.746 fy

Gross Area of Column Ac 17,495 Sqmm Pu= 0.4* fck*(1-p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2
Pu= (fck*b*D)*(0.4+p/(100fck)*(0.67fy-0.4fck) 887 KN Axial Load carrying Capacity for the Provided Column Size & % Rft

Pu= 0.447* fck*Ag + (fsc-0.447 fck)Asc 1,121 KN For Cross Verification Ref Equation 11.36 Me
Calculated Size of Squre Col/ Provided 132 300
Size of Squre Column to be Used 300 mm

Is Rectangle Column to be Used YES YES/NO

Assumed Width of Col / Provide Width 132 300
Width of Column Adopted D 300 mm
Calculated Breadth of Col / Provide breadth 60 230
Breadth of Column to be Adopted B 230 mm

Longitudinal area of steel 548 Sqmm

Adopt Cover for Column 40 mm
Use Dia of Column rft 12 mm
 Area of One Bar 113.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 6 Nos

Check for Min Eccenricity

Check for Short Col Ley/D<12 or Lex/B Long Col Lex/D= 19 Ley/B=
e min Longer dirn = ley/500+D/30 15
e min/D < 0.05 0.050 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
e min Shorter dirn = lex/500+B/30 13 mm
e min/B < 0.05 0.056 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
Min e ratio < 0.05 in Both Dirn Not a min e IF MIN ECC IN BOTH DIRECTION IS NOT < 0.05 THEN DES

b Lateral Rft Tie

Dia of Tie Bar <5 and < ØL/4 5 mm
Adopt Tie Bar Dia 8 mm

Pitch of Tie bar <550,<16ØL, 48ØT 192 mm

Adopt Tie Bar Pitch 192 mm
RICITY LESS THAN e min

130 Mpa For Fe 250

190 Mpa For Fe 415 and 500 Mpa

4.0 Mpa For M15

5.0 Mpa For M20
6.0 Mpa For M25
8.0 Mpa For M30
9.0 Mpa For M35

* fck*Ag + (fsc-0.447 fck)Asc

For Fe 250
For Fe 415
For Fe 500

ck*(1-p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2 0.58

ng Capacity for the Provided Column Size & % Rft

Verification Ref Equation 11.36 Menon)

 11

IRECTION IS NOT < 0.05 THEN DESIGN A CLOUMN FOR BENDING MOMENT OR REVISE THE SECTION
 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMN COMBINIG AXIAL LOAD AND UNI AXIAL BENDING

1 INPUT DATAS
Un Supported Length of Column L 3.0 Mtr
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Factor of Effective Length Lex 0.8
Effective Length of Column Lex 2.40 Mtr
Percentage of steel 1.00% First Assumption
2 CALCULATION OF LOAD AND MOMENT

Axial Load 500 KN

Load Factor 1.5
Factored Load w 750 KN
Factored Moment Mux 20.0 KNm

3 DESIGN OF MEMBER TO RESIST AXIAL LOAD

a
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Converted Axial Load 750 KN
Percentage of steel 0.01
Factored Moment in Mux 20.0 KNm

Gross Area of Column Ac 59,146 Sqmm Pu= 0.4* fck*(1-p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

Calculated Size of Squre Col/ Provided 243 300

Size of Squre Column to be Used 300 mm

Is Rectangle Column to be Used YES YES/NO

Assumed Width of Col / Provide Width 243 300
Width of Column Adopted D 300 mm Xn Calculation
Calculated Breadth of Col / Provide breadth 200 230
Breadth of Column to be Adopted B 230 mm

Longitudinal area of steel 690 Sqmm

Adopt Cover for Column 40 mm
Use Dia of Column rft 12 mm Intial Requirement of steel
Area of One Bar 113.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 8 Nos
b Check for Min Eccenricity
Check for Short Col Lex/D<12 or Ley/B Long Col Lex/D= 10.0 Ley/B=
ex min Longer dirn = l/500+D/30 16.0 mm
e min/D < 0.05 0.053 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
e min Shorter dirn = lex/500+B/30 13.7 mm
e min/B < 0.05 0.059 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
Check for Min e ratio < 0.05 in Both Dirn Not a min e

c Load and Moment carrying Capacity of the Column

d'/D value of the Column 0.15
p/fck value 0.040 (Intial Assumption )
Pu/(fck*b*D) Value 0.435 "Y Axis Value"
Mux/ fck*b*D^2 Value 0.039 "X Axis Value"
p/fck value From Chart 0.02 0.04 Intial assumption Value
p Percent of steel 0.01 Max of % Rft from Chart and Min Assumed %rft
Longitudinal area of steel 690 Sqmm
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 991 KN
Pu/Puz 0.76 Max Value is 1.0
Use Dia of Column rft 12 mm
Area of One Bar 113.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 8 Nos Actual requirement of steel

d Lateral Rft Tie

Dia of Tie Bar <5 and < ØL/4 5 mm
Adopt Tie Bar Dia 8 mm

Pitch of Tie bar <550,<16ØL, 48ØT 192 mm

Adopt Tie Bar Pitch 192 mm
p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

ent of steel
 13.0

d Min Assumed %rft

ment of steel
 DESIGN OF SLENDER/ LONG COLUMN WITH BI AXIAL BENDING

1 INPUT DATAS
Un Supported Length of Column L 3.0 Mtr
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415
Factor of Effective Length Lex 0.8
Factor of Effective Length Ley 0.8
Effective Length of Column Lex 2.40 Mtr
Effective Length of Column Ley 2.40 Mtr
Percentage of steel 1.00%
2 CALCULATION OF LOAD AND MOMENT

Axial Load P 1500 KN

Load Factor 1.5
Factored Load Pu 2250 KN
Factored Moment Mux in the Dirn of D 80.0 KNm D>B
Factored Moment Muy in the Dirn of B 50.0 KNm

3 DESIGN OF MEMBER TO RESIST AXIAL LOAD

a
Grade of Concrete M 25
Grade of Steel Fe 415 Equ P
INPUT Axial Load / Converted Load from P and M 2500 KN 2526 2250
Percentage of steel 0.01
Factored Moment Mux in the Dirn of D 80.0 KNm D>B
Factored Moment Muy in the Dirn of B 50.0 KNm

Gross Area of Column Ac 197,153 Sqmm Pu= 0.4* fck*(1-p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

Calculated Size of Squre Col/ Provided 444 230

Size of Squre Column to be Used 450 mm

Is Rectangle Column to be Used yes YES/NO

Assumed Width of Col / Provide Width 444 600
Width of Column Adopted D 600 mm Xn Calculation
Calculated Breadth of Col / Provide breadth 330 350
Breadth of Column to be Adopted B 350 mm
 Longitudinal area of steel 2100 Sqmm
Adopt Cover for Column 40 mm
Use Dia of Column rft 25 mm Intial Requirement of steel
Area of One Bar 491.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 6 Nos

b Check for Min Eccenricity

Check for Short Col Lex/D<12 or Ley/B Short Col Lex/D= 6.8 Ley/B=
ex min Longer dirn = l/500+D/30 20.8 mm
e min/D < 0.05 0.047 Min e 0.05 Max e
e min Shorter dirn = lex/500+B/30 17.7 mm
e min/B < 0.05 0.050 Not a min e 0.05 Max e
Check for Min e ratio < 0.05 in Both Dirn Not a min e

c Uni Axial Moment Capacity about xx Axis

d'/D 0.088
p/fck value 0.040 (Intial Assumption )
Pu/(fck*b*D) Value 0.476
Mu/(fck*b*D^2) Value 0.025
p/fck value From Chart 0.040 0.04 Intial assumption Value
p Percent of steel 0.01
Longitudinal area of steel 2100 Sqmm
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 3016 KN
Co efficient of Mu/(fck*b2*D) from SP 16 0.050 0.025 Calculated Value
Mux1= c* fck*b*2*D 157.50 KN

d Uni Axial Moment Capacity about yy Axis

d'/B 0.150
p/fck value 0.040 Earlier Value
Pu/(fck*b*D) Value 0.476
Mu/(fck*b^2*D) Value 0.027
p/fck value From Chart 0.040 0.04 Earlier Value
p Percent of steel 0.010
Longitudinal area of steel 2100 Sqmm
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc 3016 KN
Co efficient of Mu/(fck*b2*D) from SP 16 0.06 0.027 Calculated Value
Muy1= c* fck*b*2*D 110.25 KN m
d Bi Axial Moment Capacity of the Column
c=P/Puz 0.83
α=1.0+(c-0.2)/(0.80-0.2) 2.048
(Mux/Mux1)^α+(Muy/Muy1)^α 0.45 1.00 is the Max value
 Check for Column Section and Steel % OK If NOT OK then Revise the Section and Steel %

Final Longitudinal area of steel 2100 Sqmm

Use Dia of Column rft 25 mm
Area of One Bar 491.1 Sqmm
No of Bars 6 Nos Actual requirement of steel

e Lateral Rft Tie

Dia of Tie Bar <5 and < ØL/4 7 mm
Adopt Tie Bar Dia 8 mm

Pitch of Tie bar <550,<16ØL, 48ØT 384 mm

Adopt Tie Bar Pitch 384 mm
 2431

p)*a^2 + 0.67 *fy*p*a^2

ent of steel

8.6
 ection and Steel %

ment of steel