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Types of Speech (Kalam)

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Types of Speech (Kalam)

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Speech (Kalaam) according to grammarians:

- Must be spoken (an utterance)


- Composed of two or more words (in reality or estimation)
- Conveys a complete meaning
- Follows the conventions of the Arabic language

Example of speech: "Zaydun jālisun" (Zayd is sitting)


- It is an Arabic utterance
- Spoken by the tongue
- Composed of a meaningful sentence
- Conveys the sitting of Zayd

Opposite of Arabic speech:


- Uttering non-Arabic words

Opposite of speech spoken by the tongue:


- Writing, gesturing, or other forms (even if they indicate a
meaningful phrase)

Opposite of a composed phrase:


- Single words like "Zaydun" (Zayd), unless they occur as an implied
phrase
- Example: "Zaydun" in response to "Who is the one sitting?" implies
"Zaydun al-jālisu" (Zayd is the one sitting)
- Single words like "Ijlis" (Sit), implying "Ijlis anta" (You sit)

Opposite of a meaningful phrase:


- Incomplete phrases like "In jalasa Zaydun" (If Zayd sits)
- The listener does not know what will happen if Zayd sits, so the
meaning is incomplete
The three types of speech:

- Ism (noun)
- Fi'l (verb)
- Ḥarf (particle) that comes for a meaning

Ism (noun):

- Indicates a meaning in itself


- Not associated with a tense
- Examples: riḥlatin (a journey), Zaydin (Zayd), shajā'atin (courage),
rajulin (a man), shajaratin (a tree), kitābin (a book), bi'rin (a well),
īmānin (faith), istikhrājin (extraction)
- "al-riḥlatu" (the journey) means moving to another place, but it
doesn't indicate when the journey took place (past, present, or future)

Five signs to recognize an ism (noun):


1. Al-khafḍ or al-jarr (genitive case)
- Example: "ṣadīqi" (a friend of) in "Dhahabtu li-ziyārati Zaydin
ṣadīqi akhī" (I went to visit Zayd, my brother's friend)
2. al-tanwīn (nunation) - two ḍammas, two fatḥas, or two kasras at
the end of a word
- Examples: "Zaydun" (Zayd) in "Jā'a Zaydun" (Zayd came), "Ra'aytu
Zaydan" (I saw Zayd), and "Marartu bi-Zaydin" (I passed by Zayd)
3. Entrance of al-alif and al-lām (the definite article)
- Example: "al-sūq" (the market) in "Dhahabtu ilā al-sūqi" (I went to
the market)
4. Ḥurūf al-khafḍ (prepositions) - "min", "ilā", "'an", "'alā", "fī", "rubba",
al-bā', al-kāf, and al-lām
- Example: "bayti" (a house) in "Dhahaba Zaydun ilā bayti abīhi"
(Zayd went to his father's house)
5. Ḥurūf al-qasam (particles of oath) - al-wāw, al-bā', and al-tā'
- Example: "wallāhi" (By Allah) in "Wallāhi mā ra'aytu Zaydan" (By
Allah, I did not see Zayd)

Note: An ism (noun) does not need to accept all five signs; accepting
one sign is sufficient, even if it is not present in the word.

Fi'l (verb):

- Indicates a meaning in itself


- Associated with a tense
- Examples: raḥala (he departed), yarḥalu (he departs), irḥal (depart!),
kataba (he wrote), yaktubu (he writes), uktub (write!), istakhraja (he
extracted), yastakhriju (he extracts), istakhrij (extract!)

Tenses of verbs:
- Past tense (al-māḍī): action occurred before uttering it
- Example: "raḥala" (he departed)
- Present tense (al-muḍāri'): action occurs at the time of uttering it
- Example: "yarḥalu" (he departs)
- Imperative (al-amr): action will occur after uttering it
- Example: "irḥal" (depart!)
- Note: The present tense (al-muḍāri') can also occur for an action
after uttering it, depending on the context

Four signs to recognize a fi'l (verb):


1. "qad" - for past and present tenses
- Examples: "Qad qāma Zaydun" (Zayd has stood), "Qad yaqūmu
Zaydun" (Zayd may stand)
2. al-sīn - for the present tense
- Example: "Sa-yaqūmu Zaydun" (Zayd will stand)
3. "sawfa" - for the present tense
- Example: "Sawfa yaqūmu Zaydun" (Zayd will stand)
4. Tā' al-ta'nīth al-sākinah (the feminine suffix tā') - for the past tense
- Example: "Qāmat Hindun" (Hind stood)

Sign for the imperative verb (fi'l al-amr):


- Combination of the request and accepting the yā' of the second
person feminine
- Example: "uktub" (write!) accepts the yā' to become "uktubī" (write!
\[feminine\])

Ḥarf (particle):

- Indicates a meaning in other than itself


- Refers to particles of meanings (ḥurūf al-ma'ānī)
- Can be singular, dual, triple, quadruple, or quintuple
- Examples: hamzah of interrogation, "lam", "thumma", "la'alla",
"ḥattā", "lākinna"
- Example: "thumma" (then) in "Qāma Zaydun thumma dhahaba"
(Zayd stood, then he left) indicates the meaning of leaving occurring
after standing

Sign of the ḥarf (particle):


- Negative sign: not suitable with the signs of ism (noun) or fi'l (verb)

Note: Like ism (noun), a fi'l (verb) is recognized by accepting the sign
even if it is not present in the word.

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