Class &Subject : VIII English

Month & Year : September – December -2023

Term : II

Topic: Kinds of Sentences

Sentence is a group of words that makes a complete sense

The two heroes of the Sentence are: Subject and Verb.
Sentences can be: (TYPES OF SENTENCES)
1. DECLARATIVE (Statements)
Ex: The students are going on a field trip.
2. INTERROGATIVE (questions)
Ex: Are you coming?
What is it?
It’s amazing, isn’t it?
3. IMPERATIVE (orders and requests)
Ex: Open the door.
Open the door please.
4. EXCLAMATORY (emotions and feelings)
Ex: Oh, what a day!
Transformation of sentences
*Transformation of an exclamatory sentence into an assertive sentence:

The transformation of a sentence means changing its form without altering its sense.
 What a wonderful opportunity! (exclamatory)
It is a wonderful opportunity. (assertive)
 How noble he is! (exclamatory)
He is truly noble. (assertive)
 What a great pleasure it is! (exclamatory)
This is indeed a great pleasure. (assertive)
 Hurrah! We have own the game.
It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
 Alas! He has failed.
It is a matter of sorrow or grief that he has failed.
 Had I the wings of a bird!
I wish I had the wings of a bird.

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Q.1. Change the sentences given below as directed.
1. The moonlight sleeps upon this bank very sweetly. (Exclamatory)
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2. How kind of you to help him like that! (Assertive)
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3. Night is very beautiful.(Exclamatory)
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4. It was a wonderful sight.( exclamatory )
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5. O that I were young again! (Assertive)
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*Transformation of an interrogative sentence into an assertive sentence:

Study the examples given below.
 Is not wisdom better than riches? (interrogative)
Wisdom is better than riches. (assertive)
 Why worry about what people say? (interrogative)
It is foolish to worry about what people say. (assertive)
 Did I ever ask you to do it? (interrogative)
I never asked you to do it. (assertive)
 Is there any sense in doing that? (interrogative)
There is no sense in doing that. (assertive)
 What does it matter whether we win or lose? (interrogative)
It matters little whether we win or lose. (assertive)

*Transformation of an assertive sentence into an interrogative sentence:

• We were not sent to this world simply to make money. (Assertive Sentence)
Were we sent to this world simply to make money? (Interrogative Sentence)
• I never forget those happy days. (Assertive Sentence)
Shall I ever forget those happy days? (Interrogative Sentence)

Q.2.Change the following sentences as directed.

1. Is this the kind of dress to wear to work? ( assertive)
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2. Is that the way a gentleman should behave? ( assertive)
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3. This is not the kind of dress to be worn for a school function. (Interrogative)
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*Changing an imperative sentence into an interrogative sentence
 Stop talking. (imperative)
Will you stop talking? (interrogative)
 Please, get me a glass of water. (imperative)
Will you, please, get me a glass of water? (interrogative)

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The interrogative is a milder or more polite form of the imperative. However, the addition of or
not (see the last example) adds a touch of threat to the command.

Q.3. Change the following imperative sentences into interrogative sentences.

1.Open the door.

______________________________________________________________________________
2. Get me a glass of coffee.

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3. Get out of here.

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4. Sit down.
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5. Ask John to come here.

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* Imperative to assertive:
* Do the work.
You should do the work.
* Please, help me.
You are requested to help me.
*Let us go out for a walk.
We should go out for a walk.
*Let him play football.
He might play football.

Q.4. Change the following imperative sentences into assertive sentences.

1. Help the poor.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Always speak the truth.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3.Open the door.

______________________________________________________________________________
4. Get me a glass of coffee.

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___________________________________________________________________________
5. Get out of here.

___________________________________________________________________________

Topic: FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERBS

A finite verb is a word like break, work, broke, sing, write etc. Finite verbs change their form
according to the number and person of the subject. For instance, when the subject is a singular
noun, the finite verb break changes its form into breaks. Finite verbs are also governed by the
tenses. For instance, when the sentence is in the simple past tense, the finite verb break
changes its form into broke.
I read books. / He reads books.
.
Non-finite verbs do not change their form according to the number and person of the subject.
Examples are gerunds, participles and infinitives.

I like reading.
He likes reading.
Here the verb like is finite because it changes its form according to the number and person of the
subject. The gerund reading is non-finite because it does not change its form according to the
number and person of the subject.
Ria likes to read. ( to read- non-finite)

Q.1. Circle the finite verbs and underline the non-finite verbs in the sentences given below:
1. He decided to go.
2. Paul runs to work every day.
3. I want to eat something delicious.
4. Taking exercise is important.
5. Running is a good way to keep fit.
6. The recovered animals will be released.
7. An astounding number of men stay bachelors.
Infinitive

To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to drink, to read, to eat,—all of these are
infinitives.

Q.1. Use the infinitive form of the following verbs to complete the conversations.

talk drop visit plan resume collect come drive attend have

1. Meera : Have the workers come back to work after reading the reply we sent to their letter?
Mahesh : No, not at all. They refuse___________their duties.
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 Meera : Why? What do they want?

Mahesh : They want ___________ to you about their demands.

2. Monika : Did he post our letters?

Manoj : No, he didn’t. Yesterday he forgot ______________ them from me and today is

Sunday. I’ll remind him ______________ them in the letter box tomorrow at any
cost.
3. Dinesh : How long a stay do you have in mind?

Deepa : We hope _____________ back by the end of March because we wish ____________

most of the places of cultural importance. We can’t afford _______________ to

such remote areas of the world again and again.

4. Gopal : Why was he allowed to go home?

Geeta : He pretended ____________a headache. I came out and offered__________ him to

hospital. On the way he told me that he left the class because he didn’t want______it.

Q.2.Combine the two sentences by using an infinitive.

1. I have engaged a private tutor. He will teach me English.

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2. The woman was very mean. She was unpopular.

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3. I looked out of the window of my carriage. I wanted to see the green pastures.

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4. The proposal is quite unreasonable. It cannot be accepted.

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5. Every man should do his duty. Our country expects this.

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 Gerund
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is
"reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
 Reading helps you learn English. (subject of sentence)
 Her favorite hobby is reading. (complement of sentence)
 I enjoy reading. (object of sentence)
The gerund after prepositions-The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition- *
* She is good at painting.

Q.1. Join the sentences by using gerunds.

1. I hiked all day. It was exhausting.

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2. I read to my little brother every time. It is very relaxing.

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3. I ran four miles. It wore me out.

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4. We learnt an Italian recipe. It was interesting.

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5. I baby-sit every Wednesday night. I earn money that way.

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Participles
A participle is a word formed from a verb which can be used as an adjective.
The two types of participles are the present participle (ending -ing) and the past participle
(usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n).

Uses of participles

A. Two simultaneous actions

1. We heard her singing a song.
2. They stood there waiting for the bus
B. One action just after another or when the second action is a part of the first action
1. Opening the book, he began to read.
2. Taking off his shoes, he entered the temple.
C. The second action after the completion of the first action
1. Having written the letter, he posted it.
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2. Having eaten his breakfast, he went to school.
D. The second action occurs during the first action
1. While reading, he slept.
2. While playing, he slipped.
E. Replacing a clause showing reason
1. Being disappointed, he quit the job.
2. Having been deceived by his partners, he closed down the shop.

Q.1. Combine the sentences using participial clauses.

1. He had saved a little money. He travelled to Australia.

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2. They were chatting along and didn't see the car coming.

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3. The reception had been prepared carefully and was a great success.

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4. He was picked up by his mother and didn't have to wait for the bus.

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5. She had finished her degree and started to work for an international company.

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Topic: CONNECTORS (Conjunctios)

Connectors - also called conjunctive words - are words that link two similar elements in a
sentence.
 The four categories of connectors are
o coordinating conjunctions, such as and or or
o subordinating conjunctions such as if, so that, because or while
o correlating conjunctions such as neither... nor

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 o The fourth group of connectors consists of conjunctive adverbs such
as therefore or however
There are two types of connectors
*Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance.
 for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
Example:
I want three sandwiches and a glass of lemonade
You can have the chocolate mousse or the lemon tart.
This present is not for Peter, but Paul.
He was very tired yet very cheerful.

*Subordinating conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning.
The chief subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before,
unless.
Example:
 I will not go to the market if it rains.
 You could go and play after you have done the dishes.
 King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold.
 You must dig the earth till you find water.

*Correlating coordinators
These can either correlate words, or phrases, or clauses (sentences).
The main examples are :
 both.... and, not only.... but also, (combining correlators)
 either...or , whether.... or not (binary choice correlators)
 neither.... nor, (negative correlators)

Examples:
 This is both absured and incomprehensible.
 I can not only hear him, but also see him.
 Either Mummy or Daddy will pick you up after school.
 I'll go there whether I'm allowed to or not.
 The more you earn, the more you spend.
 No sooner had I opened the door, than the phone rang.
 Neither his mother nor his father can come for the meeting.
*

Q.1.Choose the appropriate connectors

1. Alice wasn’t very clever. ………..…, she used to pass all the subjects at high school.
(Nevertheless / in addition)
2. I knew she didn’t feel very well. …………..…, I tried to cheer her up. (On the one hand /
therefore)
3. I was absolutely exhausted ……………… I had been walking all day. (Since / so that)

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4. Our flight was delayed ……………… the airlines strike. (In spite of / due to)
5. I’m angry with you. You didn’t turn up to my birthday party …………….. , you didn’t even
apologise. ( Moreover / consequently)
6. I spent all Saturday night cooking …………….. have everything ready for Sunday dinner.
(Although / in order to)
7. We couldn’t enjoy our holiday …………..… the torrential rain. (Despite / because of)
8. We sell our products to European countries ……………….. the USA. (As well as / on the
other hand)
9. The country is going through a very difficult period ……………… the economic crisis.
(Although / as a result of)
10. This is a very useful tool, …………….… quite cheap. (So that / also)
11. He quite liked his job ………………..… having to work long hours. (In spite of / as well as)
12. We tiptoed into the house …………….… wake up our parents. (Therefore / so as not to)
13. She took up yoga a few months ago, ……………..… she always looks so relaxed.
(So / finally)
14. I had a very bad Math’s teacher at school. ……………………, I’ve never understood it.
(As well as / as a result)

Topic: Active & Passive Voice

There are two ways to express an action of a subject in relation to its object
 Active voice
 Passive voice

Active: Ram helped Hari

Passive: Hari is helped by Ram
In the first sentence the subject or doer of the action is given importance or the verb helps is in
active voice
In the second sentence the action is described or the verb is said to be in passive voice

Note the change from the active voice to passive voice

Active Voice Passive Voice

1 She loves ice-cream Ice cream is loved by her
2. The man is building the wall The wall is being built by the man
3.The security opened the gate The gate was opened by the security
4.He has lost his pen The pen has been lost by him
5 She will complete the work The work will be completed by her,

Chane the following sentences in to passive voice

1.The cat killed the mouse

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2. Manners reveal character

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3. The police has arrested the thief
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4. My father will visit my grandparents in India
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5.My cousin has drawn the picture
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6. We have won the game
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7.He kept me waiting for a long time
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8.I have sold my bicycle.
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9.Mary is attending the meeting today

10. He likes all types of fruits.

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Topic: Clauses
A clause is defined as a group of related words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb).
e.g. he came.
A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause
may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself.

Main Clause
Every sentence contains at least one main clause. A main clause may form part of a compound
sentence or a complex sentence, but it also makes sense on its own, as in this example:
He was eating a chicken sandwich.
[main clause]
Subordinate Clause
A subordinate clause depends on a main clause for its meaning. Together with a main clause, a
subordinate clause forms part of a complex sentence. Here are two examples of sentences
containing subordinate clauses:
After we had had lunch, we went back to work.
[subordinate clause] [main clause]
I first saw her in Paris, where I lived in the early nineties.
[main clause] [subordinate clause]

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Q.1. Underline the main clause and circle the subordinate clause.
1. When my father arrives, he will give the directions.
2. When my mother shows, she will bring the food.
3. While the flowers bloom, I will plant more trees.
4. No matter how you look at it, we are in good hands.
5. Unless you have the right size, do not try on the shoe

Adjective Clause
Definition:
A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause or
a relative clause.
An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose),
a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative.
He met a girl whose eyes were blue.

Q.1.Pick out the Adjective Clause in the following sentences:

1. The girl who won the first prize is my niece.
2. The forest through which we travelled was dark and gloomy.
3. My sister who lives in Mexico is a nurse.
4. This is the same house that Tennyson occupied.
5. This is the same old story that we have been hearing since our childhood.

Q.2. Combine each of the following pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence
containing an adjective clause.
1. The chief fought the ice giants. The ice giants came out of the north and carried away the
women and children.
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2. He killed some of the evil people and drove his enemies out of the land. The evil people lived
in caves.
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3. He was sitting in the emergency room. It was very crowded.
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4. She gave the man an injection. It made him go to sleep.
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Noun Clause
A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such
as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom,
whomever, and why. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects or objects of a preposition.
Examine the group of words in italics in the following sentence:
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 1. I expect that I shall get a prize.( Expect what? )
This clause is the object of the verb expect and so does the work of a noun.

Q.1. Underline the Noun Clauses in the following sentences.

1. I forgot what you said.
2. Who the new captain will be has not been announced.
3. How it happened is still a mystery.
4. Everyone agreed that the price was reasonable.
5. No one knew what to do next.

Q.2. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into a complex sentence using a noun
clause.
Example: He will fight to the finish. He says this.
He says that he will fight to the finish.
1. He will get good marks. It is certain.
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2.He was innocent. That was the verdict of the court.
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3. The mistake was committed by the manager. It is well-known.
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4. He will pay the money back in a few days. That is his promise.
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5. The examinations may be postponed. That is the rumor.
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Adverbial Clauses
Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent clauses, they must
have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other clause.
Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause they begin.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:
Examples of Adverb Clauses
Adverb clauses can modify by telling the place, time, cause, and purpose of an action. They can
also show concession and condition. Basically they answer the questions: Where?, when?, why?,
and under what conditions? Here are some examples with the adverb clause underlined:

Place: Wherever there is music, people will often dance.

Let’s go to the room where they asked us to wait.
Time: After the chores are done, we will eat ice cream.
When the clock strikes midnight, she has to leave.
Cause: She passed the course because she worked hard.
Since he has long hair, he wears a ponytail.
Purpose: So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes.
He ate vegetables in order to stay healthy.

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Concession: Even though you are 13, you can’t go to that movie.
Although you gave it your best, you did not win the match.
Condition: If you save some money, you can buy a new game.
Unless you hurry, you will be late for school
Comparison: He is older than he looks.
He is not so clever as you think.
You may do as you please.

Q.1.Underline the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences:

1. After she set the table, she took the turkey out of the oven.
2. Although he was tired, he stayed awake to finish his report.
3. If she didn't wash the dishes, she would be punished.
4. The family was not going to go on vacation this year, unless they scrapped together enough
money.
5. The dog ran around the house, while the cat took a nap.

Q.2. Combine the pairs of sentences using adverb clauses.

1. You finish dressing. I will wait here.
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2. There is heavy rainfall there. Grapes will not grow at such a place.
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3. It may rain. Then the match will be cancelled.
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4. He is not educated. He has practical knowledge.
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Topic: Reported Speech (Revision)

Reporting the words spoken by a person can be done in Direct speech or in Reported speech. In
Direct speech we report the exact words of a speaker.
Example: Amit said, “I like to play cricket.”
In Reported or Indirect speech the words of a speaker are reported ‘indirectly’ by another
speaker.
Example: Amit said that he liked to play cricket.

General rules for changing Direct speech into Reported speech.

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Changes in the Tense
Direct speech Reported speech

is/are/am was/were
was/were had been
has/have had
Present Simple: play/plays; do/does not play Past Simple: played, did not play
Present Continuous: is/are/am playing Past Continuous: was/were playing
Present Perfect: has/have/ played Past Perfect: had played
Present Perfect Continuous: has/have been Past Perfect Continuous: had been playing
playing
Past Simple: played/did not play Past Perfect: had played/had not played
Past Continuous: was/were playing Past Perfect Continuous: had been playing
Future Simple: will/shall; can/may Past Simple: would/should; could/might

Exceptions
 Facts and general truths are always stated in the Simple Present Tense. No changes are made
to the verbs in the speaker’s words, even when the reporting verb is in the past tense.
Example: Mother said, “The earth is round.” (Direct Speech)
Mother said that the earth is round. (Reported Speech)

Changes Made to the Words and Expressions of Nearness in Time

and Place
Other Direct Reported Direct Reported changes
Direct Reported Direct Reported
Now Then today that day
Tomorrow
Come Go the next day/the
Bring tonight takethat night
this that following these
day those
here
Yesterday therethe previous
hence, hereby
ago thence, thereby
before
day
last night the night the next week the
before/ the following
Exercise: previous night week Convert the
dialogue to a paragraph
of reported speech.

Mr. Jones: Freddy, you aren't doing well in class, and you probably won't pass.

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Freddy: I know that, but I don't have time to study.

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Mr. Jones: Why don't you have time? Can't you make the time?

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Freddy: I have to take my mother to the hospital every day. In fact, I took her there last night.

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Mr. Jones: Are you the only one who can do that?

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Freddy: She doesn't have anybody but me. My father died last year.

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Mr. Jones: Stop taking the class if you have family problems. The stress will kill you.

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Freddy: I may do that even though my mother wants me to continue. She told me to stay in
school.

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Mr. Jones: Don't kill yourself. Take care of your mother until she feels better.\

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Freddy: She's not sick. She feels fine.

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Mr. Jones: Why does she have to go to the hospital every day?

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Freddy: She works there. She's a nurse.

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 Topic : Subject-Verb Agreement

A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. In other words, the verb should be of
the same number and person as the subject in a sentence.

* Two or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb.

Mohan and Sohan have passed.
He and his brother were absent
Note: 1. Sometimes two subjects are regarded as representing one idea, and then the verb is
singular.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Bread and butter is his favourite food.
‘Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.’
2. If two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular.
The poet and philosopher is dead. (here poet and philosopher refer to the same
person.)
Note: If the article is used only once, then the two nouns refer to the same person, and the verb
used is singular. But if the article is mentioned twice, then two distinct persons are intended, and
the verb used must be plural.
The poet and the philosopher are dead.
* If two singular nouns are joined by ‘and’ preceded by ‘each or every’, the verb is singular.
Each day and each hour brings us fresh anxiety.
Every man and every woman in the village was terrified.
* Two or more singular subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘nor’, or ‘either…or’, ‘neither….nor’, take a
singular verb.
Either Mohan or Sohan is in the wrong.
Neither Rama nor his brother was present there.
Any boy or girl sees it at once.
Ashok or his brother is to blame.
Note:1. When one of the nouns or pronouns joined by ‘or’, ‘neither…nor’ is in the singular and
the other is in the plural, the verb should be plural and the plural subject should be placed near
the verb.
John or his brothers are to blame.
Neither the teacher nor his students were present.
2. If two subjects joined by ‘or’, or ‘neither…..nor’ are of different persons, the verb should
agree in person with the subject nearest to it.
Either you or he is telling a lie.
Neither my brother nor I am to blame.
* If two nouns are joined by ‘with’ or ‘as well as’, the verb agrees with the first noun. In other
words, if the first noun is singular, the verb must be singular, even if the second noun is plural.
Rama, as well as his friend, has won the prize.
The king, with all his ministers, was killed.
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* A collective noun takes a singular or plural verb according to the sense. If the idea of oneness
is expressed, the verb must be singular; if the individuals of the collection are referred to the verb
must be plural.
The jury (= men of the jury ) were divided in their opinions.
The jury (= one body ) has elected its President.
The Council meets today in the Town Hall.
The council that met in the Town Hall were divided.
* ‘Either’, ‘neither’, ‘each’, ‘everyone’, ‘many a’ must be followed by a verb in the singular.
Either of the two roads leads to the railway station.
Neither of the two applicants is suitable.
Each of these boys has done his best.
Every one of the boat’s crew was drowned.
Many a man is tempted by gold.
* Two singular nouns qualified by ‘each’ and ‘every’, even though connected by ‘and’ must be
followed by a verb in the singular.
Each boy and each girl was given a prize.
Every man and every woman in the village knows him.
* Errors due to proximity: Often the verb is made to agree in number with a noun near it instead
of its proper subject. This should be avoided.
The behavior of the children were excellent. (here ‘were’ should be replaced by ‘was’
in order to agree with behavior.
Not one of his lectures have ever been printed. (The subject is ‘one’ not ‘lectures’. The
verb should be ‘has’ not ‘have’.)
* When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the verb
is generally singular.
Two-thirds of the city is in ruins (not are ).
A thousand rupees is a good sum ( not are ).
Four weeks is a good holiday ( not are ).
Ten kilometers is not a long distance these days ( not are ).

A similar rule applies to titles of book and names of sciences.

The Arabian Nights is an interesting book ( not are ).
The United States has a big army ( not have ).
Physics is an important subject these days ( not are ).
* When the subject is ‘one of’, followed by a plural noun ( one of the pupils, one of the players ),
the verb is singular, to agree with one.
One of the boys in our class has won a prize.
But ‘two of’, ‘many of’, ‘several of’, ‘the majority of’ must be followed by a plural verb.
Two of the boys in our class have won prizes.
Many of the boys have failed.
The majority of the boys like playing football.

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* ‘A lot of’ , ‘plenty of’, ‘some of’, ‘half of’, ‘most of’ take a plural verb if the reference is to
number ( that is, to things that are countable ). But they will take a singular verb if the reference
is to amount or quantity ( that is, non-countable ).
Some of the houses are not fit to live in.
Some of the luggage was spoilt by the rain.
Half of the mangoes were sour.
Half of the money has now been spent.
Most of the houses in this street are old.
A lot of people prefer tea to coffee.
A lot of work still remains to be done.
There are plenty of books on that subject.
There is plenty of time before the bus leaves.
* ‘A number of’ is always followed by a plural verb, since it means several or many.
There have been a number of accidents this year.
A large number of books are missing from the library.
* A great deal’ ( of ), ‘a good deal’ ( of ), ‘a large quantity’ ( of ) are always followed by a
singular verb, since these expressions denote amount or quantity.
A great deal of money was spent on the repairs of the old house.

Q.1. Circle the correct verb in each of the sentences below.

1 .Everybody (has / have) finished the race.

2. Sandy (get / gets) up early on weekdays.
3 .Some of the students (is / are) reading books.
4 .Peter as well as Tom (has / have) attended the meeting.
5 .The Johnsons (is / are) moving to Darlington next month.
6. Each of the students (is / are) interested in photography club's activities.
7. The teacher and his son (has / have) come to the school trip.
8. 80% of teenagers (want / wants) to run their own business.
9. The members of the parliament but not the president (has / have) agreed on the project.
10. It is Brian not the other boys that (has / have) finished reading the story.
11. It is not the teachers but the school director who (agree / agrees) with cutting down the huge
tree in the school garden.
12. Twenty plus forty-eight (is / are) sixty-eight.
13. A pair of sunglasses (is / are) just for £10 here in this new shopping center.
14. There (is / are) no apples left in the fridge. Can you buy a few kilos?
15. There (is / are) no milk in the bottle. I will drink orange juice then.
16. Neither of the schoolboys (was / were) tired after a two hour football match.
17. Somebody (has / have) stolen my purse. It was on the table but I can't find it now.
18. Mary (don't / doesn't) know how to play the flute.
19. The timetable for the tournament matches (has / have) been changed because of the harsh
weather conditions.
20. A high percentage of the people (was / were) sleeping when the earthquake happened.

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21. One of my colleagues ______ (have / has) spoken to the boss about the promotions.
22. Each of my uncles ______ (want / wants) to buy a big house with a garden in Newcastle.
23. Not only my uncles but also my aunt Susan ______ (is / are) coming to see me.
24. Rice and meatballs, my favourite dish ______ (is / are) being served in this restaurant.
25. Fifteen days ______ (is / are) not a long time for a camping holiday.

Topic : Modals

Modals or Auxiliary verbs are

Can could
May might
Shall should
Will would
Must
Ought
Need
Dare

Q.1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable modal auxiliaries given below.

1. It was a good movie. You _____________seen it.

(should have, shouldn't have, would have, mustn't have)

2. I’m not sure. I _________ left my keys at home.

(should have, might have, wouldn't have, must have)

3. Be careful. That floor is wet. You _________ slipped.

(should have, must have, shouldn't have, could have)

4. The ground is very wet this morning. It ___________ rained last night.
(couldn't have, must have, should have, would have)

5. The ground is very dry this morning. It ___________ rained last night.
(could have, must have, shouldn't have, mustn't have)

6. You ________________ thrown out that painting. It might be worth something.

(Could have, must have, shouldn't have, might have)

7. They ________________ enjoyed the party if more of their friends had been there.
(couldn't have, must have, should have, would have)

8. The boss is in a terrible mood today. He ___________ had a very good cup of coffee.
(must have, could have, shouldn't have, mustn't have)

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 Topic: Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually
divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Non-defining relative clauses

My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.

‘who is 87’ is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If we
take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.

Defining relative clauses

Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence
would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.
 I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which
skirt.
 The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause
doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.

Defining or non-defining relative clauses?

Sometimes defining and non-defining relative clauses can look very similar but have different
meanings.
Compare:
Defining: His brother, who works at the supermarket, is a friend of mine.
(He has only one brother, and that brother works at the supermarket.)

Non-Defining: His brother who works at the supermarket is a friend of mine.

(He has more than one brother. The one I’m talking about works at the supermarket.)

Defining: It’s hoped that we will raise £10,000 for local charities, which help the homeless.
(The money is intended for local charities. All these local charities help the homeless.)

Non-Defining: It’s hoped that we will raise £10,000 for local charities which help the
homeless.
(The money is intended for local charities. Some of these local charities help the
homeless. There are other local charities as well as these.)

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Q.1.Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining relative sentences.
1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

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2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds 90,000 people.

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3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years

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4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

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5. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

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6. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting the storm.

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7. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.

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8.Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same company all his life.

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9.My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

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10. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested in astronomy.

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MIXED TENSES (Revision)

Fill the gaps with the correct tenses.

1. I __________(learn) English for seven years now.

2. But last year I __________(not / work) hard enough for English, that's why my marks
________ (not / be) really that good then.
3. As I____________ (pass / want) my English exam successfully next year, I ________ (study)
harder this term.
4. During my last summer holidays, my parents______________ (send) me on a language course
to London.
5. It______________ (be) great and I _____________(think) I_________ (learn) a lot.
6. Before I____________ (go) to London, I___________ (not / enjoy) learning English.
7. But while I__________ (do) the language course, I_______ (meet) lots of young people from
all over the world.
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8. There I___________ (notice) how important it________ (be) to speak foreign languages
nowadays.
9. Now I _________(have) much more fun learning English than I___________ (have) before
the course.
10. At the moment I___________ (revise) English grammar.
11. And I ___________(begin / already) to read the texts in my English textbooks again.
12. I___________ (think) I__________ (do) one unit every week.
13. My exam ____________(be) on 15 May, so there_________ (not / be) any time to be lost.
14. If I_____________ (pass) my exams successfully, I_________ (start) an apprenticeship in
September.
15. And after my apprenticeship, maybe I ___________(go) back to London to work there for a
while.
16. As you ___________(see / can) I___________ (become) a real London fan already.

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