Physics - Fill and Gaps

Chapter-1.3

1. Lengths from a few millimeters up to a meter can be measured by using a rule.

2. If the rule cannot be placed next to the object being measured, calipers can be used.
3. Lengths of several metres can be measured using a tape with a scale on it.
4. Micrometer has a revolving barrel with an extra scale on it.
5. Each turn of the barrel of a micrometer closes (or opens) the gap by one millimeter.
6. Vernier calipers have an extra sliding scale fitted to some length-measuring instruments.
7. A bathroom scales might give a reading of 46.2kg when someone stand on it, but 0.1kg when they step-off and
the expected reading is zero. The zero-error is 0.1kg and correct measurement is 46.1kg.
8. To find a zero error on a micrometer or vernier calipers, you take a reading when the gap is fully closed.
9. Time intervals of many seconds or minutes can be measured using a stop clock or a stopwatch.
10. A pendulum can be set up to investigate the time taken for a small swing.
11. For a pendulum 25 swings require 55 seconds. The time period is 2.2 seconds.

12. The zero error for the meter is 0.03mm.

13. Correct diameter of the wire, measured by the meter is 6.31mm.

Chapter-1.4

1. The quantity of space an object takes up is called its volume.

2. The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3).
3. One cubic meter (m3) is equals to 1000 litres.
4. 1 litre is equal to 1000 cubic centimetre (cm3) or 1000 milliliters.
5. 1 liter is the same volume as 1 dm3.
6. The density of a material can be calculated as density = mass/ volume.
7. In case of water a mass of 2000kg has a volume of 2000m3.
8. 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
9. The densities of solids and liquids vary slightly with temperature.
10. The densities of gases can vary enormously depending on how compressed they are.
11. The rare metal osmium is the densest substance found on Earth.
12. The equation linking density, mass and volume can be written as; mass = volume X density.
13. A tank full of liquid has a volume of 0.2m3. Its volume is 200 liters or 200 cm3 or 2 00 000 ml.
14. Aluminum has a density of 2700kg/m3. Its density is 2.7 g/cm3. The mass of 20cm3 aluminum will be 54g.
15. Aluminum has a density of 2700kg/m3. Its density is 2.7 g/cm3. The volume of 27g aluminum will be 10cm3.
16. If density of air is 1.3kg/m3, the mass of air in a room measuring 5mX3mX2m will be 39kg.
17. If density of patrol is 800kg/m3, the volume of the tank that holds 3200kg petrol will be 4m3.
Chapter-2.4

1. Without air resistance, a light object falls with the same acceleration as a heavy one.
2. Acceleration of free fall is represented by ‘g’ and its value is 9.8m/s2.
3. Acceleration of free fall is the same for all objects falling near the Earth’s surface, light and heavy alike.
4. Moving away from Earth and out into space, ‘g’ decreases.
5. On the moon, the acceleration of free fall is only 1.6m/s2.
6. On the moon as there is no atmosphere, a feather would fall with the same acceleration as a lead weight.
7. An upward velocity of 30m/s is the same as downward velocity of -30m/s.
8. A ball is in flight. As ‘g’ is 10m/s2, the ball velocity changes by 10m/s every second.
9. Assume, ‘g’ is 10m/s2 and no air resistances. A stone is dropped from rest, the speed of the stone after 1 second
and 5 seconds are 10m/s and 50m/s respectively.
10. Assume, ‘g’ is 10m/s2 and no air resistances. A stone is thrown upwards at 20m/s, the speed of the stone after 1
second, 2 seconds and 5 seconds are 10m/s, 0m/s and 30m/s respectively.
11. Assume, ‘g’ is 10m/s2 and no air resistances. A stone is thrown downwards at 20m/s, the speed of the stone
after 1 second and 5 seconds are 30m/s and 70m/s respectively.
12. Assume, ‘g’ is 10m/s2 and no air resistances. A stone is thrown upwards at 20m/s, the velocity of the stone after
1 second, 2 seconds and 5 seconds are -10m/s, 0m/s and +30m/s respectively.

Chapter-2.5

1. A car has uniform acceleration, this means that its acceleration is steady (constant).
2. A car has non-uniform acceleration, this means that its acceleration is not steady.
3. In practice, a car’s acceleration is rarely steady.

4. The car is starting from rest. Its steady acceleration is 20m/s2

5. The initial speed of the car is zero. The speed of the car increases by 4m/s every second.

6. The car has zero acceleration. It has steady speed of 20m/s.

7. The car has steady retardation (deceleration) of 4m/s2. Its initial speed is 20m/s and final speed is zero.
 Chapter-2.6

1. A force is push or pull, exerted by one object on another.

2. The SI unit of force is newton (N). It has both magnitude and direction, so it is a vector.
3. Common forces are:
a. Upthrust: The upward force from a liquid (or a gas) that makes something float.
b. Weight: The gravitational force on an object.
c. Tension: The force in a stretched material.
d. Friction: The force that opposes the motion of one material sliding past another.
e. Thrust: The forward force of an aircraft engine.
f. Air resistance: It is one type of friction.
4. Newtons First law of motion: If no external force is acting on it, an object will
- If stationary, remains stationary
- If moving, keep moving at a steady speed in a straight line.
5. An object may have several forces on it. But if the forces are in balance, they cancel each other out.
6. If the forces are balanced, the object behaves as if there is no force on it at all.
7. For one stationary gymnast, downward force is his weight and upward force is from bent beam.
8. For skater with steady velocity, downward force is his weight and upward force is from squashed ice.
9. For sky driver with steady velocity, downward force is his weight and upward force is from air resistance.
10. If a sky driver is falling at a steady velocity, the forces on her are balance; her downward weight is exactly
matched by the air resistance upward.
11. If air resistance balances her weight, why does not a skydriver standstill? If she was not moving, there wouldn’t
be any air resistance. Her weight only acting, and she would gain velocity.
12. If a skydriver travels downwards, her weight must be greater than the air resistance. This only if she is gaining
velocity. At a steady velocity, the forces must balance. That follows Newton’s first law of motion.

Chapter-2.7
1. Once a massive ship is moving, it is extremely difficult to stop. T

2. As shown, a force acts in one direction and a second force acts in the opposite direction. The
resultant force is 2N.
3. If an object is at rest, it takes force to make it move. T
4. If an object is moving, it takes a force to make it go faster, slower or in a different direction. T
5. All objects resist a change in velocity – even the velocity is zero. This resistance to change in velocity is called inertia.
6. The more mass something has, the more inertia it has. T
7. The more mass something has, the more difficult it is to accelerate. T
8. If forces are balance the resultant force is zero and there is no acceleration.
9. The linking equation between resultant force acting, the mass and the acceleration produced is: resultant force = mass X
acceleration.
10. Newton’s second law of motion: resultant force = mass X acceleration.
11. A force 18N to the right combined with a force of 10N to the left. If the mass of the object is 2 kg, the acceleration will be
4m/s2.
12. 1N is the force required to give a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1m/s2. T

13. The resultant force of the stone is 20N.

14. The car acceleration is 1.25m/s2.

15.
Chapter-3.2

1. Uniform bar means the bar’s weight is evenly distributed.

2. For a uniform bar the center of mass is at mid-point.
3. If the mass of an object is 5kg and g=10N/kg, its weight will be 50N.
4. If a uniform bar balances as shown, with a 1.5kg mass attached to one end, what is its weight? g=10N/kg
10N.

5. If a box is pushed a little and then released, it falls back to its original position. Its position is called stable.
6. A box starts to topple as soon as its centre of mass passes over the edge of its base.
7. A box with wider a base and/or a lower center of mass is more stable. It can be tilted to a greater angle before it
starts to topple. T
8. Three types of equilibrium are stable equilibrium, unstable equilibrium, and neutral equilibrium.

Chapter-3.3
1. Although weight is distributed through an object, it acts as a single. T
2. Although weight is distributed through an object, it acts as a single, downward force from a point called the centre of mass
or centre of gravity.
3. For an object to be stable when resting on the ground, its centre of mass must be over its base.
4. If an object is pushed, its centre of mass passes beyond the edge of its base, it will toggle over.
5. A moment is turning effect of a force. T
6. If a system is in equilibrium (balance) the sum of the clockwise moments about any point is equal to the anticlockwise
moments about that point. T
7. If an object is in equilibrium, the force on it must balance and also their turning effects. T
8. If an object is in equilibrium, the principle of moments must apply. T
9. Draw the force diagram of the equipment as shown:
Chapter-3.4

1. Weight is a force. T
2. On Earth, the weight of an object is 10N for each kilogram of mass. T
3. If g is 10N/kg, the load is 1N for every 100g of mass hung from the spring. T
4. If you bend a ruler slightly and release it, it springs back to its original shape. Materials that behave like this are
plastic. F
5. If you stretch or bend plasticine, it keeps its new shape. Materials that behave like this are plastic. T
6. Plastics are given that name because they are plastic and mouldable when hot.
7. Spring extension is the difference between its stretched and unstretched lengths.
8. The point up to which the extension is proportional to load is called the limit of proportionality of the spring. T
9. Up to the point the spring behaves elastically and returns to its original length when the load is removed is its
elastic limit. T
10. A material obeys’ Hooks law if, beneath its elastic limit, the extension is proportional to the load.
11. Steel wires do not stretch as much as steel springs, but they obey Hook’s law.
12. Glass and wood obey Hook’s law, but rubber does not. T
13. The relation among applied load of a spring, its extension and spring constant: Load = Spring Constant X
extension
14. If the spring constant of a spring is 0.1N/mm and applied load is 2.5N; the extension will be 2.5mm.
15. Materials can be compressed as well as stretched. T
16. If the compression is elastic, the material will return to its original shape when the forces are removed.
17. When a material is bent, the applied forces produce compression on one side and stretching on the other. T
18. When a metal sheet is dented its elastic limit is exceeded and the bending is permanent. T

Chapter-4.4

1. Engines and motors do work by making thing move. T

2. Petrol and diesel engines spend the energy stored in their fuel. T
3. Electric motors spend energy supplied by battery or a generator. T
4. The human body spends energy stored in food. T
5. The efficiency of an engine can be calculated using the equation:

6. If a patrol engine does 25J of useful work for 100J of energy supplied, then the efficiency is 25%.
7. Work done = Energy transformed
8. Work done = Force X distance moved
9. In any system total energy output must be equal to the total energy input. That follows from the law of energy
conservations. T
10. A small engine can do just as much work as a big engine, but it takes longer to do it. T
11. The big engine can do work at a faster rate. T
12. The rate at which work is done is called the power.
13. The SI unit of power is watt (W).
14. A power is 1 W means that the work is being done (energy transformed) at a rate of 1 Joule per second. T
15. Power can be calculated using following equation:

16. If an engine does 100J of useful works in 2 seconds, its power output is 50W.
17. The horsepower (hp) is a power unit which dates back to the days of the early steam engines. 1hp = 746W
18. The equation related with efficiency and engine input and output power:

19. Useful power output can be calculated as: useful power output = Force X speed
20. An engine has 1500J of useful works for each 5000J of energy supplied to it. Its efficiency is 30%.
21. An engine has 1500J of useful works for each 5000J of energy supplied to it. The rest of the energy supplied
wasted as thermal energy (heat).
22. If an engine does 1500J work in 3 seconds. Its useful power output is 500W.
23. A motor has useful power output of 3kw. The useful work done in 20 sec is 60kJ.
24. A motor has useful power output of 3kw if the power input to the motor is 4kw. The efficiency is 75%.
25. A crane lifts a 100kg block of concrete through a vertical height of 16m in 20s. If the power input to the motor
is 1000W calculate: a) How much work does the crane done? b) what is the useful power output of the crane
in 1 second? b) what is the efficiency of the motor?

26. The car has a steady speed of 30m/s. if the total frictional force on the car is 700N, what useful power output
does the engine deliver to the driving wheel.

27. Someone hauls a load 600N through a vertical height of 10m in 20sec. a) how much useful work does she do?
B) How much useful work does she do in 1 second? C) What is her useful power output?

28. A crane lifts a 600kg mass through a vertical height of 12m in 18s. a) What weight (in N) is the crane lifting? b)
what is the useful power output of the crane in 1 second? b) what is the cranes useful power output?
Chapter-5.4

1. According to the kinetic theory, solids and liquids are made of tiny vibrating particles (atoms or molecules) which
attract each other.
2. According to the kinetic theory, the higher the temperature, then on an average, the faster the particles vibrate.
3. If a concrete or steel bar is heated, its volume will increase slightly. The effect is called thermal expansion.
4. If a solid is sored in a sealed container, a space must be left at the top to allow for expansion.
5. Steel rods can be used to reinforce concrete because both materials expand equally. T
6. If an ordinary glass dish is put straight in a hot oven, the outside of the glass expands before the inside and the
strain crack the glass. T
7. Pyrex expands much less than ordinary glass, so should not crack. T
8. Gaps are left at the ends of bridges to allow for expansion. One end of the bridge is often supported on rollers
so that movement can take place.
9. When overhead cables are suspended from poles or pylons, they are left slack, partly to allow for the
contraction that would happen on a very cold day.
10. When a bimetal strip is heated, one metal expands more than the other, which makes the bimetal strip bend.
11. Bimetal strips are used in some thermostats – devices for keeping steady temperature.
12. When hot water cools, it contracts.
13. When water freezes, it expands as it turns in to ice.
14. Why water expands on freezing? In liquid water, particles (water molecules) are close together. But in ice, the
molecules link up in a very open structure that actually takes up more space than in liquid.

15. Why ice float on water? Why water has maximum density at 4C? Ice has a lower density than liquid water – in
other wards each kg has a greater volume. Because of its lower density ice floats on water.
16. Why water has maximum density at 4C? When liquid water is cooled, the molecules start forming into an open
structure at 4C, just before freezing point is reached. As a result, waters expand very slightly as it is cooled from
4C to 0C. it takes least space, and therefore has its maximum density, at 4C.

Chapter-5.5

1. Kinetic theory of gases:

A gas exerts pressure on its container wall – How does the kinetic theory explain it?
According to the kinetic theory, a gas is made up of tiny, moving particles (usually molecules). These move about
freely at high speed and bounce off the walls of their container. The higher the temperature, then on average,
the faster they move.
2. Unlike a solid or liquid, a gas does not necessarily expand when heated. T
3. Unlike a solid or liquid, a gas does not necessarily expand when heated. This is because its volume depends on
the container it is in. T
4. When dealing with a fixed mass of gas, there are always three factors to consider: pressure, volume, and
temperature. T
5. Depending on the circumstances, a change in temperature can produce a change in pressure, or volume, or
both. T
6. As the temperature of the air rises, so does the pressure. This is because the molecules move faster. T
7. The pressure increases with temperature (assuming that the volume does not change or constant volume) –
How does the kinetic theory explain it? As the temperature of the air rises, so does the pressure. This is
because the molecules move faster. There is greater change in momentum when they hit the sides of the flask,
so a greater force.

8. Why it is dangerous to throw aerosol cans on bonfires? It is dangerous to throw aerosol cans on bonfires
because they might burst. This is because more of the liquid propellant in the can turns to gas.
9. If a gas is heated at constant pressure, what happens its to its volume?
10. At constant pressure, if the temperature rises the volume of the gas increases – the gas expands. T
11. If the pressure of the gas stays constant, as the temperature increases so does the volume. T
12. At constant pressure, gases expand much more than liquids which, intern expand more than solid. T
13. For the same volume of material and same air in temperature (starting at room temperature): Water expends 7
times as much as steel. Air (at constant pressure) expands 16 times as mush as water.
14. Comparing a solid with a liquid, which would you expect to expand the most when heated? Use the kinetic
theory to explain.
According to the kinetic theory, solids and liquids are made of tiny vibrating particles (atoms or molecules)
which attract each other. The higher the temperature, then on an average, the faster the particles vibrate.
According to the kinetic theory, a gas is made up of tiny, moving particles (usually molecules). These move
about freely at high speed and bounce off the walls of their container. The higher the temperature, then on
average, the faster they move.
During compare solid and liquid, the strength of the attractions between the particles (for example: molecules)
that makes the difference. In a solid, the attraction is very strong. If the temperature rises and particles move
faster, this has very little effect on their separation because they are so tightly hold together. In a liquid, the
attractions are weaker, so the expansion is greater.
15. Comparing a liquid with a gas, which would you expect to expand the most when heated? Use the kinetic
theory to explain.
According to the kinetic theory, solids and liquids are made of tiny vibrating particles (atoms or molecules)
which attract each other. The higher the temperature, then on an average, the faster the particles vibrate.
According to the kinetic theory, a gas is made up of tiny, moving particles (usually molecules). These move
about freely at high speed and bounce off the walls of their container. The higher the temperature, then on
average, the faster they move.
During compare liquid and gas, the strength of the attractions between the particles (for example: molecules)
that makes the difference. In a liquid, the attractions are weaker, so the expansion is greater. In a gas the
attractions are extremely weak, so the expansions are much more.
 16. Before a balloon flight how it is filled with air?
Before a flight, the balloon is filled with cooled air using a motorized fan. Then the gas burner raises the
temperature of the air to 100C or more. There is no change in pressure (it stays at atmospheric), but large
increase in volume.

Chapter – 7.1

Chapter – 7.2

Chapter – 7.3

Chapter – 8.1

Chapter – 8.2

Chapter – 8.3

Chapter – 9.1

Chapter – 9.2

Chapter – 9.3

Chapter – 9.4