C Goraph 8in2u

Sod

im flo+h)dlo) hee xl e
h0 h
im oh)-1o), hlim
o h
ho h
Ao im h Lim 1
h0 h h0 h
HSRHS
Urn hLim
h umi doe no eul
Sin
ind

Poporic o longwvence module

1 a=b (medn) then a (modn)
Whoe m be on arbitay 4ve posikireAjbkez
Whoe néz
nteqer.
Paxcefa b°- Kn
we hae to Guven thet
Considex am-bm Shess.ab{modn)
abmodn)
a-b Ran
(a-b)an b t a +b
n Kn.
a ab (medn)
E d Cmodn)
8how thod C
0)aC : btd (mod n)
ac bd
(modn). loko t joing s l
-b Khi)
C-d kn i)
e b E ti) adi)
a-b+C-d - (kstku) n.
 kn
4S arc) - b+d)
aac tb*d (modn).
)
Ht) toe hoe to ptove, ac-bd kn
LtHS a c bd
a c bc + bc-bd.
C Ca-b) b Cc-d)
ckn) b Ckan). kn.
3 a=b (moclh). fo Cin egen e, arbCmadn)
C b+c Cmed n). a - b : kh
a c b c Cmodn). ) a- l¢ntb
(dutsir on algetn)
4) Pind oot 1 Cmocd 5 Cnc z
an
2 ( mdds)
a Ln

22(mads) 2 Cmddls)
- 5k
23(mod5), ot
2 2 Cmeds)
9 4 - 1 (mocd5) Cotbene)

(022. 2 (mod5) (oot o

1 2 . 2 (mocls)
E Cmod 5).
6a Calcaulode onit digi o 3 ?(mood1o).
33mdd 18,
3 9 - 1 (modso) (sbom)&
rt
)36(- 1 (mod10)
08) 8heu hod (53) (203)is divisible by4

(53 o Cmed#)
)53 A(medt)
1 03 i02-+1
(53) 1 (mod ) (G)- 1
No, (53)* E ga = 1 (mod +)
fe,
 AaatAka

53 1.53

(53) 53 -(53) (333)

54 (modt) a 3 t(mod+)

Nou (103) 3,(mod )

( 3 3 3 ) ' s (3) z
9 (mod¥)
)103 5mocd )
2 (mod4 1E
(103 5' : 4 (mod ¥) 333) 93 E 8(mad¥
4(103)6 4 1 (mod ) = 1 (mod )
(l333) *)*. (333)
x?45
103).103)S
e2(333) 333) &*it4s
53 (I03)
(3( 333)3 (med t2
(1 5
G4 (mod 4)
5-5+5
1 (mod)
4.4.5
E 2-5 10 = 3 (me d z) (med12?
91! f 2! 4 -- -+300!
(53)+ (103) 4+3 > * o Cmed7) Sol
1! : 1mocd 12)
111 ! 2 (mocl12)
44)+ (333) Cmod ) 3 S Cmod 12)
1+2 + - - 4 100 1 (mod 12) (mocl12) E0 Cmodi2)
4 4
100 1 (mocl 4) 5

4 (2021) 1 (mod 10).

594 1 {mod 48) ioo! o Cmod12)
1 2! 3! +-- 1oo! 1+2+ 6 = 9 (mod12)
c)13)S 1(macl so).
(114)55 333)
Cmod) bonm 3 12 2 1oo (mod4) 13 23-- *2eoS (mds)
1 1(mod 4) SoL 1 :1 (msd 4) E
Sel (111) 333 Sol
2 4 (mod 4) O (moo 4) 8Cmcd A) : olma
111 6 (mod t) 8 Cmod4) 3 (med4)
39Cmodl4) 1 1 (mod 4)
-(med¥) -1 (md
42 16(mod4) o Cmeod 4) 43 G(medt) : o (meda)
114) (-1: 1(mod ) 166 53125 (mod4): I(mal4)
111)33 (11466+1((11)).114) G OCmodt)
5smod 1) F 2nod 4) 7 Adk) 3 Cmod4)
(11 (in) 8thetr one 25, onts Onel
1 Cmed +) 4 (2011)20229 (mod 1o)gr 6-1 thee we
mod 7 021 1 (med1o) (omodz)
)
ThexoePenmad's Theoren
be
abe an 1ntrger ond a
kime neSuch t ) n=P i) n= P
3cd fa,p) 1 then a-1med p) gCn) (P-1)/L-1)
1 369mod ) Qd 36) (5-1){-1) : 4x6 904
g31Cmod-t). ( 1 2,31 4 G,l, ,
32, 33,
11, ia, 13, 16, 19. 18,19, 2,23.24,2C,
34).
2 29,31,
lilsonb lhesien I P isa pime number, (P-1). :
ei
Amdale Gteneralised mola
1 Vely Wilson's hetem w P S, 33, 14125-, 34, 41 n- P P
oL FoT P- 5
5-1)! -1 (mod5) Preduct Should b
24-1 (meds) Undet the 1 (op)
Voitradion -1
4! 24 1 x2x3 x4 C)n P Ben)p(:)
x x 2) x (-1) PP-
(1x -1) x (ax-a) cn la4o) 2 xJx5
(-1) x (-t4)) (-1)x l-t-1))
fon P- 11 3)9
(11-1)! -1 (mod11)
10! 1 (mod14 ) (ezhoe)
Veutcicadon
10! 1x2x3 x4 x5x G x 4Y &x
qx0
1x2 3
S
x4x t»t) x (-g)x-4)x C-3) ders Theoiem
x(-2)xl- Let ac 2 , nez Such 4hoct gcd (a a.n)=L han
(3x4)x-3x-4)x (2 x5) xt-2x-5)
(1xl-1)) x
on1(modn).
-1x X -1x-1
*Recwvence RelaHon T is a nelton C eauahion hlheh desvabes
-1mad theelaton omong the SeuenCe tems o a povtcuwor Seguence.
der Nom ben n +Ve The Scuton o tho tecwoence >xelahon wuul be nh-heun o
intgn - Eoler tonetonj the Scauen ce.
Cn) Euler numbe n
no-o e inego Degree ofa eCuoence telaion The hghest Sobsovipt inthe
o Ve todeqocs less than n ancd reltuely euarion- lowet 9ub 8cdpt.
Some ton. 1
od n)-1o On-1 an = anet
o1o)4 3
Ldtn-P-1 9 Degree 2
os) od Pa) Degee ord ordon axe me. J3 ald oeecon as diljoene .
 Ca)Füvt odor eCuwvrence dtelatton
xHigpoeCwren Ce Hel adron
Ones - d0n + dn).
Const toim Geconol oxo seCuworence neladton
teneral oun: Qn2 t an44 tBan {n)
1- dad =

(fn) =o homogeneouh,inear Secnd oor

a1 da d1 equaion
&nl-F6 (nlen- homogeneou linear Srond oxdor
d'a t d fo t d RR)
Honmogneou tinca Second gidorJeHeladron
Cune

na2 Ont* Ban =O

Assumhad anAdh, aned
Ad, Ap-2 Ád"
=

an da, + d dk- Ad
K «{adt) B(Ad"): o
91 anes 5an +4 Gtven as= /5 ) ol4 Kdtp OAurllay equeion CoR) Chomoclom
Solt d: 5 dtnl= 4 Cane-1- Rosa One real oncd euaion 4he given RR.
dis
an 5 ) } h aOn5 K* ds,daeR, di £d ttoct
hthac an
ac-2 Read ond equadAsd+A2 d
N s ' + 64)5'AAN dihocehal eeud
an 5 Gren Slodd GGx)e"
4/5 A4 Asn)d"
A1 Az intean cb
dn 5 +
- Cay-3 Complou HodA
ds a ib
1-(4/5) d a-ib Cb e i d
Greneta Seluton An:
Cad+Ca d Varub
d: 3h fo)= 0 C» (a-ib) 6-on(Ha
Ca(aib)"
an: (%)"(2) +0
=C(eio) C (neioT ACa+C
Cn J(Aa Cno+ASin no) AiG-ic
An 37.21- Q1
C1) Unan t n1 6Qn
63Qn9 an-a t (1402)Q. s d+5de 6-o
)d+ Sd Ad *=O
dttel+G) -*
a n : At (-2)"4 A-3)
0 3 d + 2 d +G
d ld3) +2(d+s)=o
(dl+2) Cdts)-o d-2 od d: 3. (cal ond distnct2
 Sa

11

C P

D 3

n)

.p 11
O O

P
 Let n-g a n e s t d an 'dn)
On Q Q 20 20
5
QnesQne Q OnQnC)a,
(1
Qn-e ane ana AC-2 Az (-3)7- 9
5

+Ope (an+ ) { a , " , " ) dn) Q2 n3 An oA ne ao 1 , a -1, da:O

Ce)

On+3-An -0 ) 3 -1 O
P
Cn2 n+ a dh).
a, As A Gs n/2) As Sinn(3)
On) Assumplion bn n t Asurpheb an B, Cos no + B Sinns
C n
A ana3 B Co Cn+ 3)o B2 8in (n+3) e
Cosno A1lone +ASnng
CConstornt) aebidav Conskonb Sin no AslsAno+ Az Sinn B, Co Cn+3) 13. Sin (n +3) o - B1 Co no Ba Sin ns Coine -

A +Az B1 Co (no +30) 3 2 8in (no1 3e) B1 Cosne B2 Stono (oine =

-

Supectona ane
AnAan + A3
tost Oun loeqxedton B1 (Co no-- Cos 3o Sinne.8in3o) +B(Smno.(o 30 +Cosno-Sihns)
n3
Aan3Agn Asn H4
(m ime thn the Q9smpton -

B1 oyne BaBrnne-Cos nes

er aailu be B Co 39 B2 8inao
anSA.n. n
B2) Coino +{B1.Sin3e -t Ba Co 30- )
A.h
di ahen Z Sinno= Cene
SCalan)
&n) polynomiod ond 1ish
toot o adllay equadion 'mtm Bo30 Ba 8in 36B11) xB
n x a93umption hsr dCn). (81 Stn6 B2 Coss3o - dx B

Q1 Qn2 5 an an2 7 BBarCo 30 B

an O
Co3OB.8n3oBa =)x Sip3o
On+a 5 n+16 an O
d25 d+ G -o 2 nd d3.)
CCo 3o -1) Ba B n 3 o
ix 3in 30
an A (-2) + A2 (-3) B18in 3 Co80-1) B2 = x Coi 30-1
So, dn)- 2n
B2 Sin30-Cco -1) in 3o
0 88Ume that an A.n
Stn 30
ar P A. 2h
Stn 30 Coi 3 G + 2Ca 3 1
Qn2" A.9ht2

) A 2h 5An2t A:2n 2h Sin3O

-Co60 230 -1)
4A 10A +6h d1. 20A 1
A 1/a0
Q29 Ana2 5ant1 2 an n2h
MoOU LE-TV AgebaicStuctusre
Alarbraic Souuctametith A A (hay Operodion)
One t n a Opatation AxA A Binay Oporodien)
CalSemitoup AxAxA ACTerneu Oporadion)
- non-empty Set A' wtth a AAY AY- -

*A A
binay Opaxaion o nHn
Called Bemi- (n-cora Opocdion).
* On IS

A) is groop;
(i) *
a
8emi -toup
SHesires (a) closute
ropot Ne Ces saxy Codiion
aseA. a*b eA e to bea
Cb)Associative bina hwation).
Ea(N t); (7,+); (a+)abicA
(R,+);
, (a eb)«c ar (bec). =

Cac, +) Ct,4)
Jo1otona) Con be
n omb emFop
Mx); (z,x) (-x); (R,x) (G x)
Cenbea Semi grou
NCcCRcé.
b) Neno1ol
(, ) Mend. o n i d is aluwa a
Semi-gte up.
1 Sadishics dClose
) ASsociahve.
C«) Tdentity toperty
Ha, , e CM Such hot
ae a a
eidentity element
e 1s ontue in A.
on's also noun as he addittve
tdeni
CEoa)
C-
C+) E, ) (o,)fe.+) : (,+);(or,2
(No a Semi gep
Mro neB a mona d
a'to
OutoUp
CG) roup
Sashied d Closune
Associadtve
ry invehe
(l idont
 S'b'T'T (x'22)
TT
quri u nal o
Siu

T
dosl oq
dnod ou2
S

9
19)5
S
T

T
TTOo

T-uF(Upou) -uG apuouwK tops

(pou)T*u -u- gT'T uz
T (Upu) u

x()
5of-t ' } )
x (2

So- f ) x (x'N)
2)

ruodoyal ayOAUT
 Cadalade 3,25 37,31 Invou
24 *) -)isa group

helianGtoupCammdadive Goro up)

(G ny
Oporalion on G ts on
Qbeltran Goiou
non-mpl
Set
Satishios tii
Clesar e ptopordut () 1hvose proper.
( AssocialheeRieperd v1 Comutetive frepody
Ci )Tdenlhy topedy
E&71)i (at); CRT)C¢. Ha,b ECG
axb:b+a
(G)(R, x); Ca', x). t)
1-1
Rocbs o euatton -1-0
ottiy 1 23
Sadnlep 2 1, -14431 -1-6t{
A:1 s 1 i 2

2
Ax) is a group o net-
1
2
(-1-)
1 -V 1 4
Proupthen 2
1 3 2 (-1) 6i)
me Numbert

p
4
2 2
oup hlhen
:
Tis an abelan Gooop
ume numh
HERO
A Goto
pup o vrder '3' is
aluwa an
0beli on Goop.
Aa,b.ej
Gaven
tht A) isa group.
e-
Code O.boue identy elnent (8upposa)
a roup
invete each Othen
ab-baa e A)is abrltna
 a
a is theimve)e
Cae-2 invese of b. T: 1 -1 -k*--1.
bis he
Claim ab b*a is only Possibl
Considet anb a-b=t her uo- Gooup
1h (G,) is a Goroup A non- emply Sob-Set Ho G t h .the
Te
\e Same 3inouypercHion. * is Caled a Sob-Gosup p
Ob G, i(H,*) 15 a group 1t Sel
bc Qbze buviad 6ub-proup: ti G ntong
ils e Cbntainíng Hs 4e it
'e-TAis Therets Ony bne tdeiy elenent-
The Sel of ali 9*2 madhiu is wh mediu adolitton \ i And all otheus One lon- tuuvia.
enveuc.
e/ian roup (o) not wth imegex f o gob- Goteup Jost 1el Closuxe ond ehvese
ropwdy.
e) avb C de e #y mmentbuic Gooup (tmotelton GooupS)
Clesne peporly + [e) gn ai Sn is he Collectian o all poosible Pemutect'on o digit te
12,3 n lhee Sneuts Sn22
Sn)Ond.er o Goroup.
Ldeiy masa 'Noll mait 3 -n
Snee mudbt
gaina aingersds c(12
0 Q,b.c.de z,
ad-b c#O1s gresy ), a
Sn
Sn is caa
15
idertlyelee
roup Undor
greup onder he
the bina
binavy Oper
uncHion). Operadion.
adfon (Composition e peumusdin
-42 #d
invede at) Pertmutadton unetion s clenoted hy T.
1 Ti.1) =1 Tu C) 2
1 Tio (a) 2 Tla C2)1 Caleys Table -borS2
A-1 adjA 3
detA (12)
2
e Ct a)
e
the mcdut belangs 4o hen il is a
froop. C12C12)
8o | ia)o 12)
S yan abelian group
*uadeni onic Guteup s non- abelion qoup
(3)ol)-(1
hvr n> 3 Ony S i an ablelfan grya
1J-* Jxik
xk-i 1 3 2
kxiJ kx-
xk
t 5 a groop bott
a abletan greo 2(3)(23) =(3) )-212
 So Caley's table Scd.oxe o not (A,*),
Whethex he bolming Qreup
(12) (23) (1 63 Vor
e (123) (t92) her
eea) (132) (12) (23) (13) A e@| -1J
(23) a b : a+b +ab HabCA
C1(123)(13a) 6e l ) a2)
Sol Clo6UOe
(13) (12)
C13(132) e (123) (23) Let a,be A 8uch hat arb e A
A98ome hat a* b -1 a i b ea and a,b/-1.
(123) (13a)
(1u12) (23) (13)
e
atbab - -1
e23) bab -a-1 6C14a) -1 Cira)
(a3) (23) (1:) (12) 13a)
13 C13) 1a) (23) (123) 132)
e
To make the Com bineio n ws number)
Con) b-1 end hee is a
we
aeubred a-1
Condition thad Cb 41.Aodhoxe d a
Canteta dtc ionawy. So, closune roperly
2 9taishe
Associaliue Let ab, C
ea-[12.)- 3) 3-1)
HS (a *b) xc
a b ab) a c s farbtab + C+ (atb +ab) (c)
Cay)1)a3).)(32. atb+ ab c + acebe a bc
9 Abt C tab a be aCa abe
(es)ofe)3).):( i3):t) 1HS a (b c)
a (b+ bc+c)
a+b+ bcic C0 Cbt bc te )
a) of1a) 3 ,3). (as)
231
b bcac *+ ab abc ac.
I4is a r aup but not a abeltan gresup becaushe tt dount
9o As uwe Knew a,b CA a b EA Ccloswre)
Sethiatrta 4he Commotative properiy. Let Use take a«b -* bbrC ea
(132) of1a) - l23)
(12) oC132) . (18)
So Assoc iatHve
propory SBaBts-re.
1 2 34) C5 6) 3 S18 Tdey
a(1 da 4s)(1 89)| 9o1
1 345 C
234 1 5 - 2 3 4 5 6 Fq eaeo C (1+a)-0o
(2 3 1 51 9 7 ae
34 5 notek each aA
412
(. 5 a EA Such that
aRa aa e
a (14a): -a 0 . 9
 aeA Soch thad
Ungue ness nvorbe: fet let nVevs
bsbaothare invese o Le Cab (ag)
a rbi O b d e (1.0)
1a
Cab) Carb)"
arb) x (y)(3/0)
arba 0 ba
1a

brb C 1 b/a 0
Q4 Tove hat (A *) is a non- abelian group hlhene /a
A Rx R R-{o (caub) (a a )
RxR Ca,b
Seob) * Ccid)= (ac, be+d afo, bis Orbitay
SUB-GRou
Sol Clos uxe aA we aC=O meonA
a=o (oR) C =o but a we housthat
(G ) Group.
the ost Compoment 8hould nol be eaual to Zoto. Hbe a non-
èmpty 8ubset o, G
(H) 's a Sob-group o G ctosute
8, closure pro pedy 8tahithie. arbGu
arbeH a*beH ArbG4
Assoctaive a, b c, d e deA Invoe
yo each aeL
a,bl Cc. d)J: (erd) JasH, Soch hod

acb c d)Cef) ) {ace, bcrdle +4) ob- Guoup n ORa a a - e.

ace bce+de f En 1,2-- n-1

¥neN x ) , n e prime
ab)Cd)%lcf) d n
umbet
(a b)- [ (ce; de-4)J 61 Caleulate the tnves e each elonent utth Opevaton
rmul plicadtion.
(ace bdf+bh -de rd ).
let Ca,b) * C d) u. So, d CCrf), GA 31 x) :1 t. , ---, 10)
Order paii (2,6) t), (3,a), t1o), (5/a).(3,8).
let CCd) (eog) = So (Q1b)x E C
d2 med11 4Smel 11
12med1t:1 56modt
Tdenilug Ce exa a
l G 1-1 3-4 4 3 S-9
are , b)
e)*a C1-2 7 - 81 5 Io-1o
(ab) xce -l01b)
(a,b) eL e) =la,b) (a,e (ab)
e) Calculade +the inveoue
aes bes a C) : G.b)
1s14 2 x)
io

(mool 23) E,mod 23)

E1 ba Casb
bCa 15. 1(mod a3) ) 1 3 . t 1 (mod 23)
C 15E-8 (mod 23) 17 6(med 23)
-*K-8 1 (mod95) 3 S 20(moda). 6x-4 i1 (mod23) )A:1m
 Sob- Goroup 2n
teneral toumola for Se generaded by
n.
Zn, ) s a group
18,96,--3 o ,9,18
Slep-1 Calculade ad the #ve diutsor ob n S et 8ner cyed b 3
L3 3, C, 9 12,15, e, 18, 21, 27.
Ghep-2 Thr Sds generaded b 3G, 12, 1s 18 21,24, 3
he Sob- Sed generaded ha
axe Preop o ~n
Am <17Zn Tuvral)
d Q1 Calculade 4he Sob-grour's Ei0, 1)
*Onden o an element in oop.
Sel n 10. Let G, ) Group
(19 Divisou o 10 1,2, 5, 10. letae CG).
a C he Smedlest 4Ve
lnteger 'n.
5 then 'n' 1s known os oxder the elemet a,
Set generdecd by d0 ahete O" a aaO n .

C1o? 10 1o* 1o 1e 10tlo me

10 mod do element
x) gind out Oxden the
o Trival) do mod do 0
0
CZ,
Set genetaded by 5. ol
S =S, 5+5 S15+5 - -3
5 O 5,O 3 element Omder

0,53 (lon-Tuval) 1
Set gcneta-d by .
27 {9,4, 6, 8, O3 (Non-Tavial
=
3 16

5 4 1
Q Calcuwole the Sub-Goreuys o 2 ) L5 S , 26, 125, S25 5 ,5 , s 5
l n -24 -1)
5,, 13 14, 2, (5
(1 Diviso o2 s'ud
13,,27.
24 24 C', 6, , 665, 6 ,
Sct generaded 2 4 6
d 12

K9+7 23,2 424 2+24*24

 element
der o the groop
ROder the Tdend element (oo)
oxder of he gtoup
den co the clement cliuides (oo) (o,1)' (o12); (o,2).[o
Tnvede properiy (ool
(10 10)(1,41" C2) (1,2)= 1)
*
Cyclie Gotoup tG *hore eutd a
Asseriodivr ; (lo2) (i.0)(a): (0.2) ((1.6).(a.2))
A greup (G,) is Ceuued yclie greup 1 2) (112) (o12) (oa)
<a> = G. a Generadad o.
element a e G, Such thot Co1)
Untque.
a y may net be A ssociadi ve Saati
than
NoTECclic group Con be en
eradecdl by mere an.
Commoteatfve Satsyres 9o, it(s a abetan ghoup.
elemenits Dahecbta Guroup f Dn)
z(sel h indqoo )| Generaders are43 oC Dn) = 2n n2 3.

o element Can Ceincide's wh

1Tn a
Goroup ih eder any Ds Colleetion o all poßsible xctadtons and
Jeleettons
gToup 1c he 8eneraded of the Goroup. oa equdatora) tvran gle.
( ) A Gooop 1alhere thece uijd adleaA One element haui.
Tdet eual te rder o the Yreup 1s Caled Celte

oup o p lot)not.

1(2 x2,,)#Vovby. Cat,ba) * (a.,b) (az,yhn)

lhoteza,t); (Z3,t) axe individua Coroup RRo
CRstaton wx R120
A
Raao) Rstadioos
Rton tun
ol (7, +), (2%.+) group lo,13 20

Z3- fo,3,23
binsg pem 72 Coro), (o,1), (o, 2),
01, bi) , Caa,b)e ~xz, (3), (,0), (1/2)} a

Coo) (o1), (O2) , (1:0), (.1),

(1,2)
oro) (o0) (o) (o.2) (t:0) (11), (1,2)
lo.o) (12) (o,6) 11) 32), (1/o) Relectons
lo.2 (o.2) (oo) i1) (4a) (1,o), l1,1)
(.o (0) t11) l2) ,o) lo.1) lo2)
d L) 12) o) (o.1) a2) (a,o)
t4.(sa) Ci0) ) (a,2) (a.o) O1)
b AA
 ,
Sothe Sdsowe -Hert 2endal
O(DA)- (a):8

AA
D- degon

AA Ro Kgco Riae
a

Ra40 CHa
Set o
D Andicagea)

Ro P3 Rao Rao io
b
(H) CH3)
-D Cox)Dh isa gTop Undor ComposiHon' o Nsadton and
dc
Steyletion bunchion s. H D
6Drau 4he Caleys table tor Ds
Sol Ro Ra Raso H
RoR Ra4o H H2 H
D2 Raso Raao
R Rato Ro H Hs H
Raa RetoRo R H Ha H R R Rto 2o VD D
H H3 Ha Ro Ra40 Kao Ro R
Ro Ras Rito
Rao V D

H3 Ri20 R40 Rao Rqo Rso Rao Ro D1 D V H

4 H, Ha Ra4o R120 Ro
Raro Rito R20 Ko HD D
Ro Rao
A C
H

Commuutve doan't S taishd Soiisnota abelian gtoup.

80,1 is a geup.
Only Reation 8atistid the Commutattve D
preperly
Ro. Raa6 Ra4 Ís
omed abelkan Seb-grou p in Ds b
Q1 find out the elemenbs o D ondl Veriky D4
Ondo it.ae
gneop o
Composon orelecttbn and
redadion
 Gclte Grroup
gtoup o ordet n.
Gyehc
G.) uCa) {1,2.4,5,83
genetadot
let aeG be a un)) n)

Os, ,
an, on= e3 a) 33x (1-3)
<as a , a2,
Veyis a qroup onder mulhplhcodion
(o) no
grsop
nst?
02 Veiby 1 s
a Cyelie greop
91/e S is a Cyckc s Finc Cyele Sub greup
a ny

Elemens o, Ss Ostole MS Ul4o).

Sol
1
der ohe grup rden S
2 msd 4
C12)-
Sa 15 anon-
elemnul
C13 2
Qclt gtop. 22
C23 2

24 2 1
(123)
3 5 2 4
C132) 5
C12) (123)', (121)* 3 A2
1237 (123), (133).c 8 S

O (13) (132) closue, identtiy. i'nveue nd il ,

associatve

+ Stais-is,
ee(23) (132)
Cemmutetive.
and a o
a3) a ) (132)
C1
(132) 132) e C199) 2k
44 e =8
B + he Sub-gtoup C123) , (131), e3 ishe jelie
D4o) i 3 , 4 , 9,1 13,13, 39.21, 23, 229 d
ubloup Sz ode-3.
33 3393
13a? = 132), C123), ej
(1), (133)", l13a)33 pCao) 5a x
(1 )l1 -)
- c , (12) {e, (1)3 fe, (as)} CrekeSobgroopet t E1(mod4o)i1 4ok+
All the
Sub-9toups ane
Celic eneler Ondet q-1 4ok
1Cmod4o)
Calelade the Cyeke Sub-grous oD onod D4. - 1 40k
) 40k+ l
23
 13 1 (mod4o)
17 1 (mod4o)
o41 3
i
14- 1-4ok
AY ,4,13
13-1 -4ok 3 a =4 28
1 40 k+1
13u4ok 1 cPY ={
KA 13 14 , 13 So otpl2
K-1 4 6 x 14 +L
1 Elemens in Ula)_ rder
M: 3 1 561 1
37 33 G
2
3
19 :
1(mod 4o) 1 10medao) 3 1(mocd 4o T is a Cyclte
5 gtoop but he rep
1919 40k1 21 4ok+1 23 40k1
52isa Sub greuP.
k 9 k-4 3
49 3G1 19-4t1 2

21

Q1 UC14) tnd out he generadeus.omedl UCto) alho

9 E 1mod4o) 31 1 Cmed4o) ) 2 Set o al invetia ble modri ves i t h enbits em E3
29 4okt1 1 - 4ok+1 394o+1 tthOpeadion mo ltip lrcodion is a goup (o) not 4
k 21 k 24 k 3P 1+1s a grtoup ebH heher is Cycte geup (ow nas
29 31 39 ta Cyeke qroup tno sud +he
generaor
Cche group oUa)
L1 13
K2 {9, 4 , 5,
2 2 2 5 20

2 E 2S.9 -1. 2 -2-

25 2 14 =S
ot4) 3.

4 42.4 29 1
5 5 48,4,2, t3 (s)=G.
5 Ss 5
53 5 5 5 - 35 : ? 5 55.s
51 5& 55 40 4 2xs

55 s 4:5 s 20 2 r10