Case No. 1.

Suppose A is a vice-mayor who becomes mayor by reason of the death

of the incumbent. Six months before the next election, he resigns and is
twice elected thereafter. Can he run again for mayor in the next election?

Yes, because although he has already first served as mayor by

succession and subsequently resigned from office before the full term
expired, he has not actually served three full terms in all for the purpose
of applying the term limit. Under Art. X, §8, voluntary renunciation of the
office is not considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service
for the full term only if the term is one "for which he was elected." Since
A is only completing the service of the term for which the deceased and
not he was elected, A cannot be considered to have completed one
term. His resignation constitutes an interruption of the full term.

Case No. 2.
Suppose B is elected mayor and, during his first term, he is twice
suspended for misconduct for a total of 1 year. If he is twice reelected
after that, can he run for one more term in the next election?

Yes, because he has served only two full terms successively.

Case No. 3
The case of vice-mayor C who becomes mayor by succession involves
a total failure of the two conditions to concur for the purpose of applying
Art. X, §8. Suppose he is twice elected after that term, is he qualified to
run again in the next election?

Yes, because he was not elected to the office of mayor in the first term
but simply found himself thrust into it by operation of law. Neither had he
served the full term because he only continued the service, interrupted
by the death, of the deceased mayor

Case No. 4
Is the preventive suspension of an elected public official an interruption
of his term of office for purposes of the three-term limit rule under
Section 8, Article X of the Constitution and Section 43(b) of Republic Act
No. 7160 (RA 7160, or the Local Government Code)?

: A mayor is preventively suspended for 60 days while facing an

investigation. After the suspension period, they are reinstated to their
position. The 60 days of suspension do not count towards the
three-term limit, and the mayor can still run for re-election after
completing their current term.

No, the preventive suspension of an elected public official is not

considered an interruption of their term of office for purposes of the
three-term limit rule.

Here's why:

- Purpose of Preventive Suspension: Preventive suspension is a

temporary measure designed to protect the integrity of an investigation
and prevent the official from influencing witnesses or tampering with
evidence. It is not intended to be a punishment or a removal from office.
- Term of Office: The three-term limit rule applies to consecutive terms
served in the same position. Preventive suspension does not affect the
official's right to hold office, nor does it change the duration of their
elected term.
- Case Law: The Supreme Court of the Philippines has consistently
ruled that preventive suspension does not interrupt the continuity of an
official's term for purposes of the three-term limit.

Case No. 5
A mayor is recalled from office due to a lack of confidence from voters.
However, they are not convicted of any crime. The mayor is still eligible
to run for office again in the future, although they might face an uphill
battle due to public perception.
Glossary of Terms 5. Capacity building: The
1. Analysis: an examination of development and
the topic you are studying. strengthening of human
2. Baseline data: Recording and institutional resources
the initial situation or (WHO, 2006).
condition before an 6. Case Studies: Studies
intervention. subject (the topic or
3. Bias: A loss of balance and research participant that is
accuracy in the use of the focus of the study) in
research methods. It can depth and can include
appear in research via the qualitative and quantitative
sampling frame, random data.
sampling, or non-response. 7. Causation/Causality: The
It can also occur at other relationship between cause
stages in research, such as and effect (USC, 2018).
while interviewing, in the 8. Clinical Study: A research
design of questions, or in study involving human
the way data are analyzed volunteers (aka
and presented. Bias means participants) that serves to
that the research findings add medical knowledge
will not be representative 9. Collaboration: The act of
of, or generalizable to, a working together. Can be
wider population (USC, individuals, communities,
2018). organizations, etc.
4. Blinding: Also known as 10. Community: Defined by
masking, it is the process who we are, our social
of not telling participants or connections or
researchers what treatment characteristics.
or intervention the 11. Community
participants are being Engagement: A way in
given. The purpose of this working so that everyone
process is to prevent study can participate and act to
participants and make change and address
researchers from issues that affect the
influencing the results well-being of the
(NIH, 2017). community of focus. It
involves a partnership with
 individuals who identify project (University of
within the community, with Pittsburgh, 2018).
a special interest, or are in 18. Data Reporting: The
a similar situation. process of preparing and
12. Correlation: Relationship distributing research
of association. findings to the scientific
13. Correlational/Descriptive community (ORI, n.d.).
Studies: Says issues or 19. Data: Observations that
situations are related but have been collected (Triola
cannot say one thing & Triola, 2006).
causes another. 20. Dependent Variable
14. Cost-Effective: The (DV): The variable that
effectiveness or usefulness depends on other factors
in relation to the cost being measured (USC,
(Perrin, 2016). 2018)
15. Data Analysis: The 21. Efficacy: How well
process of systematically something works; the
applying statistical and/or ability to produce intended
logical methods to describe result.
and illustrate, condense, 22. Eligibility Criteria: The
and recap, and evaluate key characteristics or
data. (ORI, n.d.) requirements participants
16. Data collection: The must meet.
process of gathering and 23. Equitable/Equity: The
measuring information on fair distribution of health
variables of interest in a determinants, outcomes,
systematic way that allows and resources within and
one to answer research between segments of the
questions, test hypotheses, population (Healthy People
and evaluate outcomes 2020).
(ORI, n.d.). 24. Ethics: A system of
17. Data Management: moral principles and values
Describes the organization, applied to all aspects of
storage, preservation, and evaluation and research
sharing of data collected that involve contact with
and used in a research human subjects (Perrin,
2016).
25. Evaluability an educated guess (Triola
Assessment: The process & Triola, 2006).
of assessing a program for 33. Immediate outcome:
the evaluation process. Benefits or results to
26. Evaluation instrument: participants by the end of a
Survey questionnaire program.
designed to collect 34. Independent Variables
evaluation data. (IV): The variable that you
27. Evaluation: Process to control and is not affected
determine if goals and by the other variables you
objectives of research are trying to measure
and/or program were met (USC, 2018)
and guidelines were 35. Informed Consent:
followed (Perrin, 2016). Ongoing process to assure
28. Evidence: The facts, human subjects continue to
information, or data that understand their
supports research question involvement is voluntary. It
or study. reflects the individual’s right
29. Evidence-based to respect and autonomy
methods or practices: Also (Perrin, 2016).
known as “best practices”, 36. Inputs: The invested
the process of using resources volunteers, time,
current, best evidence in money, equipment, etc.
one’s practice. 37. Institutional Review
30. Experiment: Examines Board (IRB): Committee
the differences between that serves to formally
randomly assigned groups approve, monitor, and
(randomization) and can review every type of
show causation. research and evaluation
31. External Validity: Extent with human subjects to
to which results of a study protect the rights and
can be generalized to other welfare of the participants.
settings, people, & over 38. Internal Validity: How
time. well the research design
32. Hypothesis: A proposed has been done. It is
explanation for why measuring what was
something occurs. It is like intended to be measured.
39. Intervention: In 45. Naturalistic Observation-
research, it is typically what Collects information by
is altered or changed to observing people, do not
produce a desired effect or interfere with them, make a
outcome. It can be a record of events.
program, a policy, behavior, 46. Neighborhood: It is an
treatment, and more. area between
40. Investigation: Looking natural/manufactured
into or studying a subject or boundaries. Can be
topic. determined by physical,
41. Investigator: Researcher administrative, or
who oversees patient care psychological boundaries.
during the study. 47. Objective: To be
42. Logic model: Graphic unbiased, something that
depiction of a program from can be observed by
the planning phase through anyone and can be verified
the evaluation. A way to 48. Outcomes: Results,
communicate the big changes or benefits that
picture (Perrin, 2016). come from a program.
43. Long-term outcomes: 49. Outcomes: The results,
Benefits or results that changes, or benefits of a
participants get a long time program. They can be
(after six months) after short medium or long.
completing a program. Should be measurable and
Long-term outcomes are phrased in terms of change
similar to impact. visual improvements,
44. Methods: Systematic financial gains,
approaches to the conduct connections, etc.
of an operation or process. 50. Outputs: Tangible
It includes steps of materials or activities
procedure, application of delivered educational
techniques, systems of pamphlets, volunteer
reasoning or analysis, and hours, meetings, etc.
the modes of inquiry 51. Participant Rights: The
employed by a discipline protections that are
(USC, 2018). guaranteed to all
 participants involved in a collection that typically
research study. cannot be expressed
52. Populations: The numerically.
complete collection of all 60. Quantitative:
elements (Triola & Triola, Approaches used to create
2006). numerical data to answer
53. Primary Data: Data evaluation questions. It is
collected for the very first data that uses numbers.
time (Goodman and 61. Quasi-Experiment: It
Thompson Sanders, 2018). examines the differences
54. Program impact: between assigned groups
Condition or situation but does not use
improvement as a result of randomization.
a program. 62. Reliability: The
55. Program input: consistency and quality of
Resources allocated for a a measure. Commonly
program. known as “repeatability”.
56. Program output: 63. Research: The
Educational materials and investigation into and study
activities developed and of materials and sources in
delivered. order to establish facts and
57. Public Health reach new conclusions. It
Surveillance Data: Data is a process to learn new
that tracks disease and information (ORI, n.d.).
health conditions. 64. Sampling: The process
58. Public Participation: Is of choosing participants for
based on the assumption research (ORI, n.d.).
that those who are affected 65. Scientific Method: A
by a decision have a right process or series of steps
to be involved in the used to observe the world
decision-making process around you and create a
and requires two-way hypothesis about
communication and relationships in the world
collaborative problem (ORI, n.d.).
solving. 66. Secondary Data: Data
59. Qualitative: that has already been
Observations or data
 gathered (Goodman and intended construct. It
Thompson Sanders, 2018) describes whether findings
67. Stakeholder: An truly represent what you
individual who may be are claiming to measure.
involved in, interested in, or 74. Variables: Any
affected by a program. characteristic or trait that
68. Subjective: Relies on a can vary (USC, 2018).
point of view, 75. Vulnerable Populations:
feelings/emotions, or Populations that when
personal experience involved in research
69. Summative Evaluation: require special protections
A comprehensive or and regulations, a higher
cumulative evaluation that level of scrutiny, and
is conducted and made limitations on research
public to provide program subject due to issues of
decision makers and informed consent (Salazar,
potential consumers with Crosby, & DiClemente,
judgments about that 2015)
program’s worth via
important criteria.
70. Survey Data: Collection
of information on specific
behaviors, experiences,
events. Relies on
questionnaires and
interviews.
71. Systematic: Following a
specific process or method
of steps.
72. Systematic Procedures:
The process of research
that involves specific,
ordered steps to reduce
error and increase ability of
replication.
73. Validity: When a
measure to captures the
Research Process: - Findings: The results of your
research, presented in a clear
- Research Question: The central and concise manner.
question that guides your - Conclusion: A summary of your
investigation. It should be findings and their implications. It
specific, measurable, achievable, should address your research
relevant, and time-bound question and support or refute
(SMART). your hypothesis.
- Hypothesis: A testable
prediction about the relationship Research Types:
between variables. It's a
proposed explanation that can be - Quantitative Research: Focuses
tested through research. on collecting and analyzing
- Literature Review: A numerical data. It uses statistical
comprehensive survey of existing methods to test hypotheses and
research on your topic. It helps draw conclusions.
you understand the current state - Qualitative Research: Focuses
of knowledge and identify gaps. on understanding the meaning
- Methodology: The systematic and experiences of individuals. It
approach you use to collect and uses methods like interviews,
analyze data. It includes focus groups, and observations
research design, data collection to gather rich, descriptive data.
methods, and data analysis - Mixed Methods Research:
techniques. Combines both quantitative and
- Data Collection: The process of qualitative approaches to provide
gathering information relevant to a more comprehensive
your research question. This can understanding of a research
involve surveys, interviews, problem.
experiments, observations, or - Action Research: Aims to solve
document analysis. practical problems in a specific
- Data Analysis: The process of setting by involving participants
interpreting and drawing in the research process.
conclusions from the collected - Basic Research: Seeks to
data. This involves using expand knowledge and
statistical methods, qualitative understanding of fundamental
analysis, or other appropriate principles.
techniques.
- Applied Research: Aims to
solve practical problems and
improve existing practices.

Key Terms:

- Variable: A factor or
characteristic that can change or
vary.
- Independent Variable: The
variable that is manipulated or
changed by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable: The
variable that is measured or
observed in response to changes
in the independent variable.
- Control Group: A group that
does not receive the treatment or
intervention being studied.
- Sample: A subset of the
population that is selected for
study.
- Population: The entire group of
individuals or objects that the
research is interested in.
- Reliability: The consistency and
repeatability of research findings.
- Validity: The accuracy and
truthfulness of research findings.
- Bias: A systematic error or
distortion in research that can
affect the results.
- Ethics: The principles that guide
responsible research conduct,
ensuring the well-being of
participants and the integrity of
the research.