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CM 656 – Construction Safety

Management

Lecture 1

What is the difference between

Accident, Incident and Near miss?

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Accident

▪An unplanned and unfortunate event that result in

Damage, Injury, or Upset of some kind.

Incident
▪ Any disruption in the normal or smooth flow of work
that involves an injury, damaged equipment, work
stoppage or near miss

Near miss

▪Other term for “near hit” or “close call”.

▪A dangerous or unpleasant situation from which
someone just manage to escape. This includes a
potentially hazardous condition.

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Why Investigate Accident, Incident?

▪Monitor the effectiveness of the H&S Policy

▪ Create information for statistical trend & analysis
▪ Determine accident causation
▪ Develop actions / countermeasures
▪ Prevent reoccurrence
▪ Improve systems, procedures & awareness – learn
from events
▪ Legislative requirement
▪ Management System / Audit requirements
▪Allow / ensure continuous improvement

Immediate/Basic Causes of Accident, Incident

Personal Factors
•the behaviour, suitability & competence of
those doing the work
Job Factors
• the adequacy of the workplace precautions for the
premises, plant & substances involved and the
procedures & systems of work

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Immediate/Basic Causes

Management & Organisational Factors

• Adequacy of H&S Policy
• How work controlled, co-ordinated & supervised
• How co-operation & involvement of Associates achieved
• Adequacy of H&S communications
• Adequacy of audit and review arrangements
• How competency achieved, tested & evaluated
• Adequacy of planning, risk assessment and the design of risk
control measures
• Adequacy of measuring & monitoring activity

Accident, Incident Investigation - Example

Man Falls from Ladder Immediate Causes Man Falls from Ladder
Uneven surface Not following procedure

-Ladder Damaged as wrong - No perception of risk

standard
- didn’t know ladder was damaged
- Ladder not inspected
- It was the only ladder available
- Poor specification Possible Basic
- Was told to use that ladder by
- Damage not corrected previously Causes supervisor
- Ladder borrowed

Possible Root Causes / Organisational Failures

-Lack of training provided in inspections/use of ladders
- Lack of resources to identify correct ladder standards & specifications
- Lack of management commitment to proper time, planning, risk
control
- Inadequate maintenance procedure for work equipment
Establishing ‘Root Causes’ allows us to learn from our mistakes and not mask
the problem

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Hazard

▪An unsafe physical condition that could lead to an

injury, accident or loss.

Risk
▪ Potential for loss resulting from a given action,
activity and/or inaction.
▪ The consequence of a hazard becoming active.

Recognition of Hazards
• Identify unsafe acts and conditions

• Determine the corrective actions

• Implement corrective actions

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Hazard Identification: (examples)

• Danger of striking against, being struck by, or making

contact with an object?
• Are rotating equipment or other projections exposed such
as a belt, sheave, chain, gear?
• Reciprocating movement to be caught on or between ?
• Hand/arm contact with moving parts at the point of
operation?

• Material kick back or ejection from the point of operation?

• Machine controls safeguarded ?
• Do machines vibrate, move, or walk while in operation?
• Parts to become loose or lodged during operation.
• Guards positioned or adjusted ?
• Bypass guard or lockout device?

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• Machines/equipment receive regular maintenance?

• Machines operations sufficient for safe work?
• Room for maintenance operations?
• Materials being handled adequately for work?
• Are tools, jigs, work fixtures stored not to interfere with work?
• Work area well illuminated.
• Ventilation adequate.
• PPE used ?
• Housekeeping satisfactory?
• Energy sources controlled for maintenance?

Can you find the hazard(s)?

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How Hazards are Controlled

• At its source.
• Along its path. (erect a barricade between the hazard and
the worker.)
• At the worker. (remove the worker from the exposure, such
as automated/remote controls, worker rotation, providing
PPE when all options have been exhausted.)
• Monitoring activities (locate new hazards and assess the
effectiveness of existing controls.)

Recordable Injury

• A work related injury of an employee resulting from

an event on a construction site and requiring
treatment by medical personnel or causing loss of
consciousness, restriction of work or motion or
transfer to another job.

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(DART) – Days Away Restricted and

Transferred
•AKA “Lost workday injury”.
•A work related injury of an employee in
which the employee experience either days
away from work, restricted work activity or
both. Absence from the job for medical
treatment; and inability to perform normal
job duties over a normal work shift.

Injury Incidence Rate

•In addition to recording the number of injuries

that occur, monitoring and analyzing safety
performance may utilize incidence rate.

• Incidence rate allow for comparing safety

performance with adjusted values to account for the
amount of work performed. The time period typically
used is one year.

•IR = (number of recordable cases x 200,000)

number of labor hours worked

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Sample:

• A construction project involved a total of 800,000

hours worked by multiple trades. During the course
of the project, 13 recordable injuries occurred.
Determine the recordable injury rate for the
project.

Injury Pyramid

•Injury statistics provide a helpful description

of the potential for workers to get injured.
Heinrich’s injury pyramid graphically
represents the relative number of injury
incidents based on severity.

•The ratio proposed by Heinrich is 300:29:1

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Why do injuries occur?

Injury accidents are result of:

• Unsafe acts
• Unsafe condition.

What Causes Injuries?

Acts of
God Unsafe
2% Conditions
20%

20%

78 %
Unsafe
Acts
78%

UNSAFE CONDITIONS UNSAFE ACTS

ACTS OF GOD
22

© Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001

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Factors that need to exist in order for injury to

occur:
• Enabling Social Enviroment
• Fault of the person
• Unsafe act or Mechanical/physical hazard
• An accident

Research Theories

• Accident proneness Theory

• Goal-Freedom-Alertness Theory
• Adjustment Stress Theory
• Distraction Theory

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Accident Proneness Theory

• Suggest that inherent personal characteristics predispose

some individual to a greater probability of being involved in
accidents. That is, some workers will get injured more than
others because it is in their nature.

• A controversial theory, although supported by research

studies. Some studies shows that injuries are not randomly
distributed; other studies show no basis for the theory

Goal-Freedom-Alertness Theory

• This theory is based on the idea that people

perform better when they are in a clearly defined &
rewarding environment.

• The theory states that the result of low quality

(usafe) behavior which stems from an Unrewarding
psychological climate that does not contribute to
mental alertness.

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Adjustment-Stress Theory

•Workers who are subjected to

significant pressure & stress often
exhibit poorer safety performance.

•Excessive stress prevents individual from

focusing on the work.

Various cause of Stress

• Internal Stress – examples: Fatigue, disease, alcohol

consumption, loss of sleep
• External Stress – examples: Noise, temperature, excessive
physical strain
• On the job Stress – examples: Poor relationship with
supervisor, unrealistic deadlines, poor coordination
• Off site job Stress – Poor relationship with family, sick or
death of family member, financial difficulties

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Distraction Theory

•Indicates that accidents are caused when

worker are distracted while they are
performing their work task.

Types of Distraction

•Jobsite Safety Hazard - workers trying to get the work

done may cause workers to be distracted and ignore
the hazard, resulting in an injury.
•Mental worries – workers may be distracted by
personal or job related concerns which takes the
focus away from the work to be done.

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What is HSE stands for?

•Health, Safety & Environment

What is HSE Management System?

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Two aspect of good HSE Management:

1. System
2. People

Benefits of Managing Safety

• Accidents Reduced:
• Falls, collapses, electrocution, transport
• Ill-Health Instances Reduced:
• Cancers, respiratory diseases, dermatitis, deafness, back
injuries, stress, etc
• Insurance Premiums:
• Less claims = lower premiums,
• better management practices = more favourable terms
• Less Hidden Costs – Improved Bottom Line
• Sick pay, damage, repairs, overtime working, production
delays, fines, penalties, reputation
Hidden Cost Ratio For Construction = 8:1

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Proactive HSE Management System:

Indication of HSE Fitness:

• All our hazards to our employees and facilities have

been identified and assessed
• Appropriate risk reducing measures have been
taken
• Risk in our construction site is ALARP (As Low As
Reasonably Practicable) and is continuously
managed to remain so
• We have normal documents and demonstrate the
above

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Common means of emphasizing safety at the

project level

• A full-time safety manager or safety director is assigned to

the project.
• All workers, including the workers of subcontractors, are
required to attend tool box safety meetings.
• Safety is discussed at the pre-construction meetings.
• Safety is discussed at the regularly held coordination
meetings of the project.

Common means of emphasizing safety at the

project level
• The home office monitors the safety performance
of the project.
• The home office monitors the individual safety
performances of the crews of the job supervisors.
• Top managers make a point to talk about safety on
job visits.
• Separate safety meetings are held for supervisors.

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Common means of emphasizing safety at the

project level
•Bonuses are based, in part, on safety
performance.
•All personnel are required to comply with
applicable safety standards and regulations.

Additional HSE strategic measures

include:
• Subcontractors are required to hold their own tool box
safety meetings.
• Safety orientation sessions are conducted for
subcontractors.
• Subcontractor safety programs are subjected to careful
review.
• Subcontractors are required to submit safety reports to the
project manager.

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Additional HSE strategic measures

include:

• Accidents of subcontractors are investigated by

project managers.
• Project managers make separate job tours to
inspect for safety problems.
• The work of subcontractors is inspected for safety.

Contractors & Subcon Mandatory Written

Safety Program
• Management Policy Statement
• Written procedures for safety activities
• New Employee Safety Orientation Program
• Training
• Enforcement of Safety Rules
• Tool Box Meetings
• Jobsite Inspections
• Use of Personal Protective Equipment
• Accident Investigations
• First Aid and Medical Services
• Substance Abuse Policy
• Activity related written operating procedures
• Method statement
• Job Task Risk Assessments (TRA)

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•MANAGEMENT has the best opportunity to

initiate the work of prevention; therefore it
should assume the responsibility.

CM 656 – Construction Safety

Management

Lecture 2

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Proactive HSE Management System:

Indication of HSE Fitness:

• All our hazards to our employees and facilities have

been identified and assessed
• Appropriate risk reducing measures have been
taken
• Risk in our construction site is ALARP (As Low As
Reasonably Practicable) and is continuously
managed to remain so
• We have normal documents and demonstrate the
above

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Common means of emphasizing safety at the

project level
• A full-time safety manager or safety director is
assigned to the project.
• All workers, including the workers of
subcontractors, are required to attend tool box
safety meetings.
• Safety is discussed at the pre-construction
meetings.
• Safety is discussed at the regularly held
coordination meetings of the project.

Common means of emphasizing safety at the

project level
• The home office monitors the safety performance
of the project.
• The home office monitors the individual safety
performances of the crews of the job supervisors.
• Top managers make a point to talk about safety on
job visits.
• Separate safety meetings are held for supervisors.

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Common means of emphasizing safety at the

project level
•Bonuses are based, in part, on safety
performance.
•All personnel are required to comply with
applicable safety standards and regulations.

Additional HSE strategic measures

include:
• Subcontractors are required to hold their own tool
box safety meetings.
• Safety orientation sessions are conducted for
subcontractors.
• Subcontractor safety programs are subjected to
careful review.
• Subcontractors are required to submit safety
reports to the project manager.

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Additional HSE strategic measures

include:
•Accidents of subcontractors are investigated
by project managers.
•Project managers make separate job tours to
inspect for safety problems.
•The work of subcontractors is inspected for
safety.

Contractors & Subcon Mandatory Written

Safety Program
• Management Policy Statement
• Written procedures for safety activities
• New Employee Safety Orientation Program
• Training
• Enforcement of Safety Rules
• Tool Box Meetings
• Jobsite Inspections
• Use of Personal Protective Equipment
• Accident Investigations
• First Aid and Medical Services
• Substance Abuse Policy
• Activity related written operating procedures
• Method statement
• Job Task Risk Assessments (TRA)

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Risk

Risk is the combination of the

likelihood of a hazardous event
occurring, and the consequence of
the event

WHAT IS RISK ASSESSMENT?

A risk assessment is a careful

examination of anything in your work
environment that could cause injury or ill
health

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WHAT IS RISK ASSESSMENT?

• All aspects of work activity to be considered;

Routine and Non Routine operations.
• Identify significant hazards and risks & evaluate the
risks.
• Identify control measures in place and planned /
prevention and mitigation.
• Consider risks to public.
• Ensure the risk assessment is regularly reviewed.

OBJECTIVE

•The main objective of Risk assessment is to

determine the measure required by the
organization to comply with relevant health
and safety legislation and, thereby, reduce
the level of occupational injuries and ill-
health.

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WHO SHOULD DO IT?!

• Team with experience and training in hazard

identification and risk assessment.
• Knowledge of the process or activity.
• Good communication and reporting skills.
• Ability to interpret legislation and guidance.
• Managerial influence to implement change.

How are risk assessments carried out?

List of Work Task

•Location(s)
•People
•Equipment
•Activities

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How are risk assessments carried out?

2. Identify the risk

• What are the hazards?

• Who might be harmed?
• How might they be harmed?

How are risk assessments carried out?

3. Estimate the risk

You need to consider two things:

• How likely is it that something could go wrong?
• How serious would the outcome be?

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How are risk assessments carried out?

How are risk assessments carried out?
4. Evaluate the risk

6-9 Unacceptable
Take immediate action
3-4 Tolerable
Look to improve
1-2 Acceptable
No further action, but
ensure controls are
maintained

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How are risk assessments carried out?

4. Evaluate the risk

Likelihood:
5 – Very likely
4 – Likely
3 – Fairly likely
2 – Unlikely
1 – Very unlikely

How are risk assessments carried out?

4. Evaluate the risk

Consequence:
5 – Catastrophic
4 – Major
3 – Moderate
2 – Minor
1 – Insignificant

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How are risk assessments carried out?

4. Evaluate the risk

17-25 Unacceptable
Stop activity and make immediate
improvements
10-16 Tolerable
Look to improve within
specified timescale
5-9 Adequate
Look to improve at next review
1-4 Acceptable
No further action, but ensure
controls are maintained

5. Record your findings

• the location, activity and
equipment being assessed
• hazards and risk levels
• risk controls
• assessor’s details
• date and time
• review date

70

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6. Review your findings

When changes occur (personnel, equipment
or activities), you should review your risk
assessments.
It’s a legal requirement
to review assessments
regularly

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Tips to improve your risk assessment:

• Make sure it’s suitable and sufficient

• Better data helps make better
judgements
• Involve the people it’s likely to affect
• Conditions may vary from site to site
• Consider “on the spot” assessments

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5 SIMPLE STEPS TO DO
RISK ASSESSMENT
1.Look for the hazard
2.Decide WHO might be
harmed and how
3.Evaluate / Estimate the RISK
and decide whether existing
precautions are adequate or
more action should be done
4.Record your findings
5.Review your assessment
and revise it if necessary

1. LOOK FOR THE HAZARDS

1. OHS Inspection Checklist

2. Close Observation of tasks
3. Accident, ill health or near miss
data.
4. Job safety analysis.
5. Legal standards.
6. Guidance; ILO, OSHA, ISO, HSE...
etc.
7. Consultation & Internet search.

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2. WHO MIGHT BE HARMED?!

• All Employees

• Visitors & Public

• Contractors

• Cleaning & Catering Staff

• Trainees & Vulnerable groups

3. RISK EVALUATION
A. Probability or Likelihood of Harm Occurring

1 Highly Unlikely
2 Reasonably Likely
3 Even Chance
4 Highly Likely
5 Almost Certain

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3. RISK EVALUATION
B. Consequences or Severity of Harm
1 Minor Injury: Cuts and abrasions, minor skin or eye irritations,
etc.
2 Injury requiring first aid: Any injury that requires first aid.
3 Injury requiring medical treatment: Deep wounds, fractures,
scalds, burns, eye injuries, respiratory infections, temporary
blindness or hearing loss, etc.
4 Serious injury or long term medical effects : Loss of fingers, toes,
damage to eyes, serious medical effects.

5 Major Injury or Fatality: Loss of limbs, sight, hearing,

long term illness or death.

Table of Risk Rating

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4. RECORD RISK ASSESSMENTS

WHY?
• Accident Investigation.
• Future reference.
• Audits.
• Duty of care / Legal
requirements.

5. Review Risk Assessments in case of:

• Accidents, Near misses or Emergencies.
• Periodically & If It is no longer valid.
• Change in legal requirements.
• After Audits.
• New Activities / equipment / personnel.
• New info available / New technologies.

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Group Case Study

• One of manufacturing company requires a temporary power
supply cables from existing Substation no. 101 to a temporary
firewater pump. Your contracting company has the following
scope of work:
a. Manual excavation for cable trench 0.6m(W) x 0.8m(D) x 2km on
Class A soil. Excavated material will be reused for backfilling. All
excess material will be cleared by others.
b. Machine excavation for cable trench 0.6m(W) x 0.8m(D) x 3km on
Class B Soil. Excavated material will be reused for backfilling. All
excess material will be cleared by others
c. Supply and Install 1-run 5km 3Cx4/0AWGx1C armored cable, 5000V,
ethylene propylene rubber insulated and outer PVC jacket.
d. Supply and install of (sweet) sand as cable bedding (0.3m)
e. Supply and install of cable warning tapes and protection tiles over the
underground.

GENERAL CONTROL PRINCIPLES

1. Avoid Risk: stop doing the task, using different processes or eliminate the
hazard altogether if possible

2. Evaluate Risks that can not be avoided: Carry out Risk Assessment

3. Combat Risk at Source: Remove the cause rather than providing protection
e.g. using Local Exhaust Ventilation systems instead of providing PPE.

4. Adapting the work to the individual: Consult affected employees to improve

design of workplace, work equipment, working hours & pattern

5. Adapting to technical progress: it is crucial to take advantage of new

technologies

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Hazard Control Strategy

•Hierarchy of control definition:

• A preferred series of measures to control risks in
order of priority starting with elimination and ending
with discipline.

E liminate: Remove trailing cable

R eduction: Use lower voltage tools
I solate: Guard dangerous machinery
C ontrol: Reduce time/frequency of exposure
P ersonal Protective Equipment: Issue PPE
D iscipline: Enforce rules and procedures

CM 656 – Construction Safety

Management

Lecture 3

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GENERAL CONTROL PRINCIPLES

1. Avoid Risk: stop doing the task, using different processes or eliminate the
hazard altogether if possible

2. Evaluate Risks that can not be avoided: Carry out Risk Assessment

3. Combat Risk at Source: Remove the cause rather than providing protection
e.g. using Local Exhaust Ventilation systems instead of providing PPE.

4. Adapting the work to the individual: Consult affected employees to improve

design of workplace, work equipment, working hours & pattern

5. Adapting to technical progress: it is crucial to take advantage of new

technologies

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK

• Method for doing a job in a

safe way; takes account of
all foreseeable hazards to
OHS & seeks to eliminate or
minimize these. Safe
systems of work are formal
& documented e.g. “Permit
to Work” system.

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HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH WORK

EQUIPMENT

Mechanical Hazards
EN tanglement
T raps
Shearing, drawing in, crushing
I mpact
C ontact
Friction, abrasion, cutting and
stabbing, puncture
E jection
Remember: ENTICE

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Mechanical Hazards:
ENtanglement
ENtanglement: Clothing, Hair, Jewellery getting
wrapped around machinery

Mechanical Hazards:
Traps
Traps involve:

Shearing

In running nips
Drawing in

Crushing

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Mechanical Hazards: Impact

Mechanical Hazards: Contact

Contact Injuries:
▪ Burns
▪ Lacerations (tear)
▪ Abrasions
▪ Puncture wounds
▪ Cuts

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Mechanical Hazards: Ejection

Abrasive Wheel (Grindstone)

Machinery Mechanical Hazards

Trapping
Ejection

Contact

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Mechanical Hazards Drawing-In

Entanglement Shearing
Drawing in Crushing

Non-mechanical Machinery hazards:

• Manual Handling & Lifting

• Electricity / Fire / Explosion
• Noise / Vibration
• High / Low temperature
• Dusts / Fumes / Mists
• Biological; bacteria, virus… etc
• Radiation; ionizing/non-ionizing
• Psycho-somatic effects

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Machinery Hierarchy of Controls

• Fixed guards
• Other guards or protection devices
• Protective devices (Jigs, Holders, Push Sticks)
• Information, Instruction, Training and Supervision

Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier not connected to

machine controls which has no moving parts and
requires a tool to remove it

Fixed Guards

Advantages Disadvantages
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls
Only defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed
Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts when
removed
May protect against other hazards More difficult to remove not practical
e.g. noise, dust, ejection of materials when frequent access required

Tends to be left unfixed when

frequent access required
May hamper visibility

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Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that

when the machine is in a dangerous condition the
guard cannot be opened or opening the guard causes
the machine to become safe
Interlock Guard
Advantages Disadvantages
Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the
materials machine
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain
Less likely to be deliberately May need a brake or time delay
defeated
Speeds up operations Components could fail in service
Regular maintenance required
May not fail to safety

TRANSPORT SAFETY

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the main hazards associated with lift

truck operations are:

Overturning
Overloading
Loss of load
Collision with people and objects
Machine failure
Falling from loading bays

the main hazards associated with lift truck

operations are:

• Explosions and fire – fuel leaks/battery

charging/electrical arcing
• Exhaust fume emission
• Inappropriate parking – blocking entrances/exits
• Manual handling – adjusting forks
• Vibration – travelling over uneven ground
• Noise
• Silent running

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SAFE VEHICLE OPERATIONS

• Suitable & Sufficient Risk Assessment, Follow

Hierarchy of appropriate controls.

• Safe place: Even grounds, clear passageways,

Markings, Traffic signs, vision aids Adequate space for
reversing, loading & unloading vehicles;

• Clear separation between pedestrians & vehicles'

passages, cones, barriers, enough lighting, clear
marked & well lit parking areas.

• Safe Person: Training, Defensive driving training,

refresher training, Clear instructions & information,
competent drivers; Licensed, positive attitude,
experienced… etc.

FORKLIFT SAFETY
FORKLIFT HAZARDS:
• Overturning; uneven drive ways, sudden
braking, wheels hitting an obstruction… etc.
• Overloading; exceeding the SWL (Safe Working
Load), insecure & unbalanced load.
• Collisions & striking pedestrians (unaware of
the silent operating electrical truck)
• Battery charging; fire & explosion.
• Lack of driver training, information,
experience & supervision.
• Lifting humans.

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Why Forklift overturn

• Travelling on gradients that are too steep
• Travelling forwards when descending slopes
• Overloaded or unevenly loaded
• Travelling over soft or uneven ground
• Travelling over slippery surfaces
• Travelling too fast
• Striking kerbs or other edges
• Not suitable for the task
• Carrying loads at a dangerous heights

To avoid overturning opposite of above

Parking of fork trucks

• Forks on floor
• Parked in suitable location
• No blocking of exits
• Put in neutral
• Put on handbrake
• Switch off engine
• Remove key
• Give key to appropriate person

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Additional hazards of electric fork trucks

• Hydrogen gas released during battery
charging
• Electricity problems
• Manual handling of liquids
• Corrosive acids
• They are quiet

Driver selection
• Suitable age
• Medical examination
• Routine medical checks at regular intervals
• Assessment after prolonged absences
• Capable of Training
• Refresher training

Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

• Segregation
• Avoid reversing if possible
• Suitable parking areas
• One-way systems
• Avoid sharp or blind bends
• Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways
• Vision aids
• Speed limits
• Signallers (Banksmen)
• Protection from fumes
• Protection from materials falling off
• High visibility jackets

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CRANES & HOISTS HAZARDS

• Over turning, Over loading & poor
slinging.

• Insecure & unbalanced load; falling

load.

• Collision with overhead structure,

striking a pedestrian… etc.

• Operator's error, lack of training &

competence.

• Lack of maintenance, Regular inspection

& reporting.

Safe use of Cranes

• Suitable crane
• Suitable ground conditions
• Use of outriggers
• Avoidance of obstructions
• Care near overhead power lines
• Designated and protected area
• Suitable and tested lifting tackle
• Correct slinging technique
• Competent personnel
• Load near ground if travelling
• Good visibility
• Good communications
• Suitable storage for fuels etc

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HAZARDS ASSOCIATED
WITH ELECTRICITY

Basic Circuitry
• Flow of current needs a closed circuit e.g. electrical lamp &
battery joined together by a conductor.

Main Hazards associated with Electricity

 Burns
 Shock
 Arcing
 Fire
 Explosions

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MAIN HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

ELECTRIC SHOCK:
Occurs when the body becomes part of
the electrical circuit; the current enters
the body at one point and must leave at
another.

The effect of an electric shock on a human

body depends on :
• Current and voltage
• Resistance
• Path through body
• Duration of shock.

Secondary Effects of Electricity

• Falls from height

• Unintentional movement of machine
• De-activation of control measures
• Loss of information
• Throw off

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EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK ON HUMAN

BODY
• STOP THE HEART

• BURN THE SKIN

• LOSS OF MUSCLE CONTROL

• STOP BREATHING

• NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS

OTHER ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• ELECTRICAL BURNS

• ELECTRICAL FIRES & EXPLOSIONS

• PORTABLE ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT

• SECONDARY HAZARDS: DISCUSS

WITH EXAMPLES

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CONTROL MEASURES FOR ELECTRICAL HAZRADS

1. SELECTION & SUITABILITY OF

EQUIPMENT

2. INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE

STRATEGIES

3. USE OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS

Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit

at excessive currents

Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which

perform the same function as fuses i.e. break the
circuit at excessive current although slightly faster

Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and

earthing means providing a path to earth lower than the
human body

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Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the

electrical equipment from every source of electrical
equipment in such a way that the disconnection and
separation is secure

Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the

current flowing into the system with the current flowing
out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD
will open rapidly and interrupt the supply

Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated

layers of insulation

User checklist

• Equipment is of an approved standard

• Wiring and casing are free from damage
• Cables are correctly routed
• System not overloaded
• Correct fuses
• Plug properly wired and gripped
• Competent users
• Using reduced voltage in wet conditions
• Using RCDs

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Office Environments

• Suitable equipment manufactured to

appropriate standards
• Avoid the use of trailing cables
• Avoid multi-socket extensions
• Control private electrical equipment brought
from home
• Report defective and damaged equipment
• Ensure effective heating
• Switch off overnight
• Test appliances at regular intervals

Precautions for electrical safety in office environments

could include:

Equipment is of approved standard e.g. BS/EN standard

Maintenance of fixed electrical installations
There is a means of isolation
All connections, wiring free from damage
Correct fuses
Plug correctly wired
Avoid overloading of outlets
Switch off appliances when not in use
Maintain good housekeeping around electrical equipment
If required portable appliance testing in date
System not overloaded
Cables correctly routed to avoid hazards
RCDs used
System for reporting defects

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CM 656 – Construction Safety

Management

Lecture 4

FIRE SAFETY

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRE

• Methods of Extinction:
• Cooling: reducing
temperature e.g. use
Fuel: Oxygen:
water
From air,
• Smothering: reducing Flammable
gases, liquids, oxidizing
Oxygen level e.g. use fire solids. substances

blanket
• Starving: limiting fuel e.g.
switching off gas valve
• Chemical reaction: Ignition source:
interrupt combustion •Hot surfaces

reaction •Electrical Equipment /Static

electricity
•Naked flame / Smoking materials

SOURCES OF IGNITION

The following are possible sources of ignition to start a fire:

• Naked flames
• Electricity (overheating/arcing)
• Smoking materials
• Hot work (welding, burning)
• Chemical reactions (giving off heat)
• Heating appliances (hot surfaces)
• Friction (inadequate lubrication)
• Static electricity
• Lightning
• Improper storage of flammable materials
• Lack of inspection and supervision

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METHODS OF HEAT TRANSMISSION

• CONVECTION

• CONDUCTION

• RADIATION

• DIRECT BURNING

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
• Class A: Solid materials; rubber, paper, wood, plastics,
furniture… etc. Can be extinguished by Water
• Class B: Liquids e.g. methanol, petrol, etc; Use dry powder
• Class C: Gases; butane or propane. Can be extinguished
using foam or dry powder.
• Class D: Metals; Aluminum or Magnesium. Can be
extinguished by special dry powder.
ELECTRICAL FIRES; use carbon dioxide or dry powder
• Class F
• High temperature cooking oils & fats

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FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

1. IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS
2. IDENTIFY LOCATIONS & PERSONS AT
SIGNIFICANT RISK
3. EVALUATE THE RISK
4. DECIDE ON CONTROL MEASURES
5. RECORD YOUR FINDINGS
6. REVIEW ASSESSMENT REGULARLY

Control Measures to minimize the Risk of Fire in

a Workplace
Elimination or reduction of flammable & combustible materials
stored or used in the workplace; minimize purchase to minimum
quantities needed.
Control sources of ignition: No smoking policy, inspection & safe
use of electrical appliances, welding only in designated fenced
out areas… etc
Implement Safe System of Work: welding work permit, high
voltage work permit with all precautions & controls needed… etc
Good house Keeping; is Crucial in preventing fires, always clean up
wastes, non used solid materials & clean up spills of dangerous
substances.

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Structural measures to prevent the spread of fire &

smoke:

• Use fire walls & blast walls.

• Use non-combustible automatic dampers fitted in
ducts.
• Holes & voids in fire resisting walls should be filled in
with fire resisting material to prevent passage of heat,
smoke or flame.
• Use compartments; to prevent spread of fire & smoke.
• Make sure the fire detection & sprinklers system is
considered in design phase (built in).

Fire detection & warning:

• Commercially available Heat or Smoke detectors can be used.
• Smoke alarms & shouted warnings might be enough in small
workplaces.
• Hand operated devices; sirens, bells… etc; should be installed
near exits & clearly audible throughout the workplace.
• Electrically operated fire alarm can be used
• Automatic fire detection should be considered, linked into an
electrical fire alarm system
• Gas detectors can be used e.g. natural gas detectors with
alarms.

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Emergency Evacuation procedures; Each

workplace should have an emergency plan
[employer's responsibility], it should include:

• The action to be taken by staff in the event of fire.

• The evacuation procedure
• The arrangements for calling the fire brigade
• First stage fire fighting by employees

Fire Marshals; a senior member of the staff should

be appointed as departmental fire marshals
(wardens), with consideration of absences, their
duties are to ensure that:

• Alarm has been raised

• Whole dept. has been evacuated
• Fire brigade has been called
• Fire doors are closed
• Plant shut down wherever appropriate
• Roll call is carried out at the assembly point & the
result reported to senior manager.

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SAFE STORAGE & USE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

• Well ventilated, dry &

cool place.
• Clear warning signs &
barriers • Construction to be fire
resistant
• No sources of ignition • Away from heat & direct
sunlight
• Segregate; incompatible
• Provided with fire fighting
chemicals do not mix
systems & extinguishers

PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING

EQUIPMENT
Standard Dry Powder / Multi For liquid & Electrical Fires
purpose Dry Powder
Aqueous Film Forming Foam Multipurpose extinguisher to be
used on Class B fires
Foam For use on liquid fires. Do Not use
on electrical or metal fires
Water For wood, paper, textile & solid
material fires. Do Not use on
metal, liquid or electrical fires
Carbon Dioxide CO2 For liquid & Electrical fires. Do
Not use on metal. {can be very
cold frost bite + poisonous}
Wet Chemical For high temperature cooking oils.

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MEANS OF ESCAPE

Doors •Should open in the direction of travel

& be fire resistant.
•Should not require any intelligence or
extra force to open & should be self
closing.
•Never obstructed.
Escape Routes Need to be short & lead people directly
to a place of safety; open air, area of no
imminent danger.

MEANS OF ESCAPE
Stairs •Escalators & spiral stairways are
not to be used for emergency
evacuations

Assembly Points & Roll •Must be clearly marked & known

Call by all occupants
•Must be in a safe are free of any
imminent danger.
•A complete list of the names of all
staff should be maintained by the fire
Marshal to make a roll call on
evacuation.

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EMERGENCY
ARRANGEMENTS
• EMERGENCY EVACUATION
PROCEDURES
• FIRE MARSHALS
• TESTING, DRILL & TRAINING
• PROVISION FOR THE DISABLED

HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH MANUAL

HANDLING

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MANUAL HANDLING
• "Manual handling" is the
movement of a load by human
effort alone; transporting or
supporting loads directly or
indirectly using bodily force.
Common Manual Handling
Hazards:
• Too Heavy loads & Poor
posture during lifting.
• Dropping load.
• Sharp edged or hot loads.

MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES

• Muscular Sprains & Strains.

• Back injuries; cumulative injuries resulting in

prolapsed inter vertebral discs.

• Fractures & Hernias.

• Cuts, bruises & abrasions.

• Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDS); wide

range of musculoskeletal disorders.

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MANUAL HANDLING ASSESSMENT

1. LOAD; heavy, difficult to grasp, hot, cold,
fragile… etc WAREHOUSE

2. INDIVIDUAL: capability, strength,

fitness, training… etc
3. TASK; frequency, stretching, pushing,
pulling… etc
4. ENVIRONMENT: lighting, slippery floors,
uneven ground… etc

Remember LITE

Practical Measures to Avoid Manual Handling

Injuries
• Avoid Manual Handling
• Risk Reduction
• Automation & mechanisation
• Team handling
• Training
• Smaller, lighter load
• Selection (individual and mechanical aid)
• Good Environment (spacing; flooring; temp; light)

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Physical and psychological hazards

Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)
Causes of WRULDs
• Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
• Twisting movements
• Squeezing
• Hammering
• Pushing, pulling or reaching movements

Symptoms
• Numbness in fingers
• Pains in hands or arms
• Restriction of joint movement
• Soft tissue swelling

Factors to be considered during risk

assessment

• Force exerted
• Frequency and duration of operation
• Repetition of movement without rest or recovery
• Posture
• Constraints on space
• Environment

Improve above plus:

• Mechanise task
• Use correct tools and equipment

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HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

FORMS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

• DUSTS •VAPORS

• FUMES •LIQUIDS

•SMOKE
• GASES

• MISTS

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FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• BACTERIA

• VIRUS

• FUNGI

• PARASITES

Routes of entry in the body

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Absorption
• Direct entry
• Injection

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Classification of Hazardous Substances

Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate,
prolonged or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may
cause inflammation e.g. Petrol
Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy
it by burning e.g. acids
Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin
may cause damage to health

Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death,

acute or chronic damage to health
Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that
may lead to cancer

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

• Identification of the substance
• Manufacturers information
• Composition of the ingredients
• First-aid precautions
• Fire-fighting measures
• Handling and storage
• PPE
• Disposal considerations
• Transport information
• Regulatory information

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Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal

Control of health hazards

Eliminate
Reduce by substitution
Isolate:-
• Total Enclosure
• Segregate the people
Control
• Engineering Control (LEV)
• Maintenance of controls
• Change the work pattern or method
• Hygiene and housekeeping
PPE
Discipline

Emergency controls for spillage, air

pollution etc.

• Ventilation systems alarmed

• PPE
• Emergency showers, eye wash facilities
• Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures
• Evacuation procedures
• Isolation of the area
• Evacuation of the employees at risk
• PPE for staff involved in clear up

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The four main classifications of occupational

health hazards are:

1. Physical:
Machinery, Electricity, Heat, Noise
2. Chemical:
Acids, Alkalis, Asbestos
3. Biological:
HIV Virus, Legionella, Bacteria
4. Ergonomic:
Posture problems, Fatigue

Control measures to control biological

hazards should be:
• Cleaning / disinfection
• Water treatment programmes
• Vermin control
• Procedures for handling, containment and disposal
• Personal hygiene i.e. cover wounds
• Immunisation
• Health surveillance
• Specific training
• Personal Protective Equipment

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Dusts
• Solid particles suspended in the air for a period of time.
• Size ranges from 0.1µm (fine) to 100µm (coarse).
• Produced by mechanical process e.g. grinding, or by construction
process e.g. demolition, or other specific tasks e.g. cotton or wood
work

Respirable dust: fine dusts that penetrate deep into the lungs &
stay there (in rare cases enters the blood stream) e.g. Cement & Silica
Inhalable dust: capable of entering nose & mouth during
breathing, without reaching lower levels of respiratory system.
Fumes
• Formed when a material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air.
Usually extremely fine <1.0µm e.g. welding & soldering fumes.

Gases
• Formless fluids which expand to occupy the space in which they're confined
e.g. Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulphide… etc
Mists
• Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation of liquids from the
vapor back to the liquid state or by breaking up liquid into dispersed state e.g.
paint spraying mist (atomization).
Vapors
• Volatile forms of substance that are normally in the solid or liquid state at
room temperature & pressure e.g. solvents used in degreasing (toluene,
acetone… etc).
Liquids
• Fluids that exist normally at temperature between boiling & freezing.
Smoke
• Aerosol of solid or liquid particles, <0.1µm in size, resulting from incomplete
combustion of carbonaceous materials e.g. Carbon particles.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES
HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

TOXIC
OR
CORROSIVE OR
HARMFUL
CARCINOGENIC

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

• LABELS
• INVENTORY MATERIAL
SAFETY DATA
• MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
SHEET
• TRADE ASSOCIATION
PUBLICATIONS
• THE INTERNET

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TOXICOLOGY
Definition:
• The study of how different materials will affect the human
body.

• The effect that a substance will have on the body will

depend on a number of factors:

Air Pollution:
• Outdoors; machinery & industry emissions &
smoking. Indoors; heating systems & sprays… etc
• Mainly by emissions; carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide & lead… etc
• Leads to Acid rain & global warming
• Have serious Health effects on human beings

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Water Pollution:

• Pollution of rivers & other water sources can have

serious effects on the health of living organisms.
• Leakage from industrial soak away or chemical
factories.
• Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminating
underground water
• Water samples should be taken from water
sources & sewers.
• MSDS to advise on proper disposal of different
hazardous substances

Waste Management Hierarchy:

• Prevention: by changing the process so that the waste
is not produced.
• Reduction: improving the efficiency of the process
• Reuse: by recycling the waste back into the process
• Recovery: releasing energy through the combustion or
recycling of waste.
• Responsible disposal: disposal in accordance with
regulatory requirements & never mix different types of
hazardous wastes.

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Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)

Health effects
• Upper limb pains and discomfort
• Eye and eyesight effects
• Epilepsy
• Radiation effects on pregnant women
• Fatigue and stress
Workstation requirements
• Adequate lighting
• Minimum noise
• Ample legroom
• Suitable screen at eye level
• Suitable softwear
• Keyboard
• Work surface
• Suitable work chair
• Footrest if necessary

Health effects of remaining seated for a long time

• Vertebral and muscular damage
• High blood pressure
• Circulation problems

Suitable Seat for sedentary workers

• Good lumbar support
• Good width and depth
• Ability to adjust seat back and height
• Stable base
• Ability to swivel
• Provision of arm rests

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WELFARE & WORK ENVIRONMENT

• Sanitary Conveniences &

Washing Facilities

• Drinking Water

• Accommodation for clothing &

changing clothes

• Facilities for rest & eating meals

• Ventilation

• TEMPERATURE & LIGHTING

Sanitary Conveniences & Washing Facilities

• Must be provided together & in a proportion to the size of

workforce.
• Special provision should be made for disabled workers
• There should be separate facilities for men & women
• Supply of warm water, soap & towels must be provided.
• Facilities to be well lit, ventilated & walls & floors easy to
clean

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Drinking Water

•Must be readily accessible to all workforce

•Supply must be adequate

Accommodation for clothing & changing

clothes

• Must be provided, clean, well lit, ventilated, dry &

secure
• Where PPE is required, arrangement are to be
made that workers' own clothing is not
contaminated by hazardous substances

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Facilities for rest & eating meals

• Must be provided in areas where PPE not required

• No Smoking
• Facilities should be provided for pregnant/nursing
females to rest
• Arrangements to ensure food & beverage not
contaminated by hazardous substances.

Ventilation

• Should be effective & sufficient & free from any

impurities
• Air inlets to be sited free from any potential
contaminants
• Ensure workers are free from uncomfortable
draughts
• Ensure continuous fresh air flow
• Use LDilute Ventilation if required

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Heating & Temperature

• Ensure reasonable temperatures in all workplaces

during working hours
• Air conditions to be used where possible
• AC to be regularly inspected & maintained
• Provide thermometers to indicate room
temperature
• Provide suitable PPE where AC is not adequate e.g.
on entering big restaurants' cold stores

Lighting

• Poor lighting increases the risk of accidents e.g. slips, trips

& falls.
• Provision of sufficient & suitable lighting; shall be natural
light if possible
• Provision of sufficient emergency lighting in all rooms,
kitchens, rest rooms & emergency routes
• Consider using blinds on windows in cases of reflective
screen glare
• Windows & skylights to be kept clean & free from
obstruction

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Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lighting

• The tasks being undertaking

• The size and layout of the work area
• The equipment used
• Availability of natural light
• Shift times/work patterns
• Suitable number of artificial light
• Contrast levels
• Glare
• Areas in shadow
• Need for localised lighting
• Maintenance of lighting
• Adequate emergency lighting

Seating & Workstations

• Sitting for prolonged periods can cause health
risks; blood circulation problems & MSD(s)
• Workstations to be arranged so that work is done
safely & comfortably
• Workstations to be arranged to allow safe
evacuation in cases of emergency
• Work surface should be at comfortable height to
the worker; avoid bending & stretching
• Workers should not stand for prolonged periods
on solid floor.
• Refer to control measures of DSE

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HAZARDS TO PEDESTRIANS

• Slips: Due to reduced friction

between feet & walking surface; wet
or dusty floors, spill, ice,

• Trips: loss of balance if foot is

stopped suddenly while body
continues in motion; loose carpets,
floor holes.

HAZARDS TO PEDESTRIANS
• Falls from a Height: 29% of all reported
job fatalities is caused by falling from a
height; roof, ladder, scaffold, floor
openings, unguarded platforms over 2
meters feet high… etc.

• Collision with moving vehicles:

Happens either inside the workplace or
on the access road around it during
commute; poor lighting, over speeding
of vehicles, no clear separation
between pedestrians & vehicles, lack of
warning signs & barriers… etc.

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HAZARDS TO PEDESTRIANS
• Being struck by moving, falling or flying objects:
moving parts of machinery, flying objects are
often generated by the disintegration of moving
parts, falling objects are common in construction
sites… etc.
• Striking against fixed or stationary objects:
colliding against a part of a building, opened
drawer, lying object on the floor… etc.

Housekeeping
Hazards Precautions
• Someone could trip or fall • Identify housekeeping
• Increased risk of fire requirements
• Fire exits could be blocked • Responsibilities for
• There is a risk of infection housekeeping
• Chemicals are being used • Resources for good
• Infestation (that allows housekeeping
breeding of rats,
cockroaches, etc ) • Train staff in use of
equipment
• Vehicle Collisions
• Falling materials • Regular inspections

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NOISE
Acceptable & Unacceptable Levels
of Noise:

• These Exposure action & Limit

Values are:
• Lower Exposure Action Level:
80 dB (A) / 8 hours / day
• Upper Exposure Action Level:
85 dB (A) / 8 hours / day
• Exposure Limit Value: 87 dB (A)
/ 8 hours / day

Hearing Damage
Acute Chronic
Stress Noise induced hearing loss
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Blast deafness Prebyacusis
Noise Control
Source
• Design
• Damping The Person
• Isolate • Distance
• Maintenance • Time exposed
Path • Information and training
• Screens and barriers
• Enclosure
• Absorption
• Silencer

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REQUIREMENTS FOR NOISE CONTROL

• Assess the noise levels & keep • Consult employees &

records . representatives on noise issues

• Constantly review assessments • Establish hearing protection

zones; marked by signs &
• Reduce risk from noise notices.
exposure by using engineering
controls • Educate employees to see their
doctor if they feel any hearing
• Reduce time of exposure problems

• Provide adequate Training, • Provide appropriate Hearing

information & work Protection as needed
instructions

NOISE ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Reduction of Noise at source:
• Change the process or equipment
• Change the speed of the machine
• Improve the maintenance regime e.g. regular lubrication

Attenuation of Noise levels:

• Orientation / relocation of the equipment
• Enclosure
• Screens / Absorption walls
• Damping
• Isolation of the workers

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Path of Noise prevention Techniques

Location
Move source away from noise sensitive area
Enclosure
Surrounding the noise source with sound insulating
material
Silencers
Reducing noise from exhaust pipes etc. using
absorbent materials or baffles
Absorption
Surrounding/obstructing noise source with absorbent
materials (e.g. foam)

Path of noise control techniques

Damping
Reduction in structure borne noise by the use of
rubber/cork, springs etc.
Isolation
Protection of persons from sound source by distance or
sound proofed rooms
Lagging
Insulation of pipes to reduce sound transmission
Screens
Acoustic screens placed on the path

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Hand-Arm Vibration
Control Measures
Health Effects Elimination
• Tingling in the hands and Reduce the degree of vibration
extremities
• Select low vibration equipment
• Numbness and blanching
• Select ergonomically designed equipment
of the fingers
• Maintenance of equipment
• Swollen painful joints
• Reduce grip and push force with work
• Reduction in manual equipment
dexterity
• Reduce the time workers exposed
• Reduction in the sensation
of touch • Introduce health surveillance
• Gloves and heated pads
• Information and training on the nature of
risks

EXPOSURE TO EXTREME TEMPERATURE

Effects of extreme heat:

• Heat exhaustion Effects of Extreme
• Heat Stroke Cold:
• Sun burns • Hypothermia
• Dehydration • Chilblains
• Heat cramps • Trench foot
• Confusion, nausea & • Cold burn
vomiting • Loss of concentration &
• Examples: outdoor shivering
construction

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PREVENTIVE MEASURE
• Avoid working outdoors where possible
• Carry out suitable & sufficient Risk Assessment
• Ventilation systems
• Adequate training, information & supervision
• Control working environment: heating/cooling systems
• Pre employment medical; fit to work
• Always drink a lot of fluids
• Allow adequate acclimatization period
• Reduce time of exposure; job rotation
• Use proper PPE

STRESS
Stress:
• It is not a disease; it is an
emotional & physiological
state of unbalance, which
results when the demands
of life exceed one's coping
capabilities

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Stress
Physical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increased anxiety
Dizziness Reduced concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers

Causes of Stress:
• Content of the job: work overload, work too easy, time pressure,
deadlines… etc
• Work organization: long working hours, shift work, non-
consulted organizational changes
• Workplace culture: communication, involvement in decision
making, feedback, support… etc
• Environment: noise, temperature, lighting, ergonomics
• Work role: conflict of interest, clarity of role
• Home-work interface: transportation problem, childcare issues,
relocation
• Relationships: bullying, harassment, verbal & physical abuse

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Stress Control:
Ill-health effects of stress:

• Increased irritability & sleep

• Identify stressors & Assess the
difficulties risk

• Increased intake of drugs, • Improve ergonomics & working

cigarettes & alcohol environment

• Digestive system disorders • Interpersonal communication

skills training
• Circulatory system disorders e.g.
high blood pressure • Stress awareness & Time
management & time off work if
• Decreased immunity & increased needed
susceptibility to infection
• Provide achievable demands
• Anxiety & depression
• Avoid overloading the employees
• MSD (s), fatigue & chronic
headache • Consult on organizational change

Violence at work:

• Any incident in which a person is abused,

threatened, or assaulted in circumstances relating
to work, whether by other employees or others;
verbal abuse or threats as well as physical abuse.

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Alcohol & Drugs effects on OHS

• Increased accidents (slower reflexes)
• Increased Errors (impaired perception)
• Increased complaints (easily irritated)
• Increased absenteeism (hang over)
• Poor time keeping (impaired judgment)
• Decreased productivity (Stress related)
• Adverse health effects; liver damage, coronary
heart disease, high blood pressure, psychological
problems… etc

Control Strategy:
• Assess the risk & the size of the problem
• Have a Substance Abuse Policy in place
• Provide information & raise the awareness
• Remove work stressors & provide stress management
• Offer help for employees who have drinking problems
• Maintain confidentiality of cases with alcohol or drug problems
• Screening tests; pre employment & after incidents
• Never use controlled or uncontrolled medication without the
doctors permission (some over the counter medication causes
drowsiness)
• Implement disciplinary actions
• Report, record & investigate cases of alcohol/drug abuse without
disclosing any personal information (confidential)

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NIGHT-SHIFT WORKING
When considering night shift working the factors that need
to be considered are:
• Lighting, heating, welfare & first-aid provision
• The effects of fatigue & the increased likelihood of human
error
• The number hours worked & the period allowed for
recovery between shifts
• General well-being when normal routines are disrupted
• The level of supervision provided & access to specialist
advice if required
• The possible increased risk of violent assault on the way to
& from work

First-Aid:- aim is to preserve life,

prevent deterioration and promote
recovery

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Assessment for first-aid requirements

• The nature of the work and the size of the
organisation
• Past history and accident type
• The nature and distribution of the workforce
• Remoteness of site from emergency medical
services
• The needs of travelling, remote or lone workers
• Employees working on shared sites
• Absence of first aiders due to holidays etc.
• Compliance with legal requirements

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