CHAPTER-6

LIFE PROCESSESS
Nutrition in Plants and Animals
 Nutrition: The process, by which an organism takes food and utilizes
it, is called nutrition.
 Need for Nutrition: Organisms need the energy to perform various
activities. The energy is supplied by the nutrients. Organisms need
various raw materials for growth and repair. These raw materials are
provided by nutrients.
 Nutrients: Materials which provide nutrition to organisms are called
nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the main nutrients and
are called macronutrients. Minerals and vitamins are required in small
amounts and hence are called micronutrients.
 Modes of Nutrition
1. Autotrophic Nutrition.
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition.
Autotrophic Nutrition

The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is

called autotrophic nutrition. Green plants and blue-green algae follow the
autotrophic mode of nutrition.

 The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called

autotrophs (green plants).

 Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process, by which autotrophs

intake CO2 and H2O, and convert these into carbohydrates in the
presence of chlorophyll, sunlight is called photosynthesis.
  Equation

Nutrition in Plants: Green plants prepare their own food. They make
food in the presence of sunlight. Sunlight provides energy’, carbon
dioxide and water are the raw materials and chloroplast is the site where
food is made.

Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants prepare food is called

photosynthesis.

 During this process, the solar energy is converted into chemical

energy and carbohydrates are formed.
 Green leaves are the main site of photosynthesis.
 The green portion of the plant contains a pigment chloroplast,
chlorophyll (green pigment).
 The whole process of photosynthesis can be shown by the following
equation:

Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:

 Sunlight
 Chlorophyll: Sunlight absorbed by chloroplast
  CO2: Enters through stomata, and oxygen (O2) is released as a
byproduct through stomata on the leaf.
 Water: Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen, phosphorous etc.,
are taken up by the roots from the soil.
How do raw materials for photosynthesis become available to the plant?

 Water comes from the soil, through the xylem tissue in roots and
stems.
 Carbon dioxide comes in the leaves through stomata.
Site of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contains
chlorophyll (green pigment)

Main Events of Photosynthesis:

 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

 Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking)
of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
 Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
 Sunlight activates chlorophyll, which leads to splitting of the water
molecule.
 The hydrogen, released by the splitting of a water molecule is utilized
for the reduction of carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.
 Oxygen is the by-product of photosynthesis.
 Carbohydrate is subsequently converted into starch and is stored in
leaves and other storage parts.
 The splitting of water molecules is a part of the light reaction.
Other steps are part of the dark reaction during photosynthesis.

Stomata

 Stomata: These are tiny pores present in the epidermis of leaf or stem
through which gaseous exchange and transpiration occur.
Functions of stomata

 Exchange of gases, O2 and CO2.

 Loses a large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration.

Opening and closing of stomatal pores:

  The opening and closing of stomatal pores are controlled by the
turgidity of guard cells.
 When guard cells uptake water from surrounding cells, they swell to
become a turgid body, which enlarges the pore in between (Stomatal
Opening).
 While, when water is released, they become flaccid shrinking to close
the pore (Stomatal Closing).

Significance of Photosynthesis:

 Photosynthesis is the main way through which solar energy is made

available for different living beings.
 Green plants are the main producers of food in the ecosystem. All
other organisms directly or indirectly depend on green plants for food.
 The process of photosynthesis also helps in maintaining the balance
of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air.
Heterotrophic Nutrition

The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another

organism is called heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms, other than green
plants and blue-green algae follow the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophic nutrition can be further divided into three types, viz.
saprophytic nutrition, holozoic nutrition, and parasitic.

 Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition, the organism

secretes the digestive juices on the food. The food is digested while it
is still to be ingested. The digested food is then ingested by the
 organism. All the decomposers follow saprophytic nutrition. Some
insects, like houseflies, also follow this mode of nutrition.
 Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the digestion happens
inside the body of the organism. i.e., after the food is ingested. Most
of the animals follow this mode of nutrition.
 Parasitic Nutrition: The organism which lives inside or outside
another organism (host) and derives nutrition from it is known as
parasites and this type of mode of nutrition is called parasitic
nutrition. For example Cuscuta, tick etc.
Nutrition in Amoeba

 Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of

nutrition.
 In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows after the ingestion
of food. Thus, digestion takes place inside the body of the organism.
 Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion,
absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Steps of Holozoic Nutrition:

 Ingestion: The process of taking in the food is called ingestion.

  Digestion: The process of breaking complex food substances into
simple molecules is called digestion. Simple molecules, thus obtained,
can be absorbed by the body.
 Absorption: The process of absorption of digested food is called
absorption.
 Assimilation: The process of utilization of digested food, for energy
and for growth and repair is called assimilation.
 Egestion: The process of removing undigested food from the body is
called egestion.
Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of
nutrition. The cell membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding into
pseudopodia. Amoeba surrounds a food particle with pseudopodia and
makes a food vacuole. The food vacuole contains food particle and water.
Digestive enzymes are secreted in the food vacuole and digestion takes
place. After that, digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole. Finally,
the food vacuole moves near the cell membrane and undigested food is
expelled out.

Nutrition in Human Beings

Human beings are complex animals, which have a complex digestive
system. The human digestive system is composed of an alimentary canal
and some accessory glands. The alimentary canal is divided into several
parts, like oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
and anus. Salivary gland, liver and pancreas are the accessory glands
which lie outside the alimentary canal.

Structure of the Human Digestive System:

The human digestive system comprises of the alimentary canal and
associated digestive glands.

 Alimentary Canal: It comprises of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small

intestine and large intestine.
 Associated Glands: Main associated glands are
 Salivary gland
  Gastric Glands
 Liver
 Pancreas
Mouth or Buccal Cavity:

 The mouth has teeth and tongue. Salivary glands are also present in
the mouth.
 The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense of taste.
 The tongue helps in turning over the food so that saliva can be
properly mixed in it.
 Teeth help in breaking down the food into smaller particles so that,
swallowing of food becomes easier.
 There are four types of teeth in human beings. The incisor teeth are
used for cutting the food.
 The canine teeth are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard
substances.The premolars are used for the coarse grinding of food.
The molars are used for fine grinding of food.
Salivary glands secrete saliva: Saliva makes the food slippery which
makes it easy to swallow the food. Saliva also contains the enzyme
salivary amylase or ptyalin. Salivary amylase digests starch and converts
it into sucrose, (maltose).

Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic

movement.

Peristaltic movement: Rhythmic contraction of muscles of the lining of

the alimentary canal to push the food forward.

Stomach

 Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly muscular walls of the stomach

help in churning the food.
 The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid
kills the germs which may be present in food.
 Moreover, it makes the medium inside the stomach as acidic. The
acidic medium is necessary for gastric enzymes to work.
 The enzyme pepsin, secreted in the stomach, does partial digestion of
protein.
  The mucus, secreted by the walls of the stomach saves the inner lining
of the stomach from getting damaged from hydrochloric acid.

Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-like structure. The small

intestine is longer than the large intestine but its lumen is smaller than that
of the large intestine. The small intestine is divided into three parts, like
duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body. The liver
manufactures bile, which gets stored in the gall bladder. From the gall
bladder, bile is released as and when required.

Pancreas: Pancreas is situated below the stomach. It secretes pancreatic

juice which contains many digestive enzymes.
Bile and pancreatic juice go to the duodenum through a hepatopancreatic
duct. Bile breaks down fat into smaller particles. This process is called
emulsification of fat. After that, the enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty
acids and glycerol. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes which digest
protein into amino acids. Complex carbohydrates are digested into
glucose. The major part of digestion takes place in the duodenum.

No digestion takes place in the jejunum: The inner wall in the ileum is
projected into numerous finger-like structures, called villi. Villi increase
the surface area inside the ileum so that optimum absorption can take
place. Moreover, villi also reduce the lumen of the ileum so that food can
stay for a longer duration in it, for optimum absorption. Digested food is
absorbed by villi.

Large Intestine:

 Large intestine is smaller than the small intestine.

 Undigested food goes into the large intestine.
  Some water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the large intestine.
After that, the undigested food goes to the rectum, from where it is
expelled out through the anus.
 Large Intestine bbsorb excess of water. The rest of the material is
removed from the body via the anus. (Egestion).
Respiration
Types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, human respiratory
system, respiration in plants.

Respiration: The process by which a living being utilises the food to get
energy, is called respiration. Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which
carbohydrate is oxidized to produce energy. Mitochondria is the site of
respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as
per need.

Steps of respiration:
 Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the
cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid.
Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid
is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
 Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes
place in mitochondria and the molecules formed depend on the type
of respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types,
viz. aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
 Respiration involves
 Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and
release of CO2 → Breathing.
 Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the
cell → Cellular respiration
Types of Respiration
  Aerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence
of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide. Energy is
released and water molecule is also formed at the end of this process.
 Anaerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the
absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol
or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in case of anaerobic
respiration in microbes, like yeast or bacteria. Lactic acid is formed in
some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
 Glucose (6 carbon molecule) → Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) +
Energy
 Pyruvate (In yeast, lack of O2) → Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide
+ Energy
 Pyruvate (In muscles, lack of O2) → Lactic Acid + Energy
 Pyruvate (In mitochondria; the presence of O2) → Carbon dioxide
+ Water + Energy
The equations for the above reactions can be written as follows:
Pain in leg muscles while running:

 When someone runs too fast, he may experience throbbing pain in the
leg muscles. This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking
place in the muscles.
  During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases.
This is compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed
in the process.
 The deposition of lactic acid causes pain in the leg muscles. The pain
subsides after taking rest for some time.
Exchange of gases:

 For aerobic respiration, organisms need a continuous supply of

oxygen, and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be
removed from the body.
 Different organisms use different methods for the intake of oxygen
and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
 Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some
simple organisms for this purpose.
 In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases.
 In complex animals, respiratory system does the job of exchange of
gases.
 Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen
which is dissolved in water through gills.
 Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, so the
breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster.
 Insects have a system of spiracles and trachease which is used for
taking in oxygen.
 Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases.
 Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment
so breathing rate is slower as compared to what it is in fishes.
Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration.
Aquatic organisms: Use dissolve oxygen for respiration.

Human respiratory system

The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These are

attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through the
nostrils.
Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:

1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal

passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains
wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hair help in filtering
the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when
it enters the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal
passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called voice
box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings
prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one
bronchus going to each lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches
inside the lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is
composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood
capillaries open. This is alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with the
blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of
gases, in alveoli, takes place due to the pressure differential.
Passage of air through the respiratory system in human beings:

Breathing Mechanism

 The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and

the intercostalis muscles.
 The diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber
from the abdominal cavity.
 When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and the air is
inhaled.
 When the diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air are exhaled.
Transportation –
Circulatory system of human being, transportation in plants. Human
beings like other multicellular organism need a regular supply of foods,
oxygen etc. This function is performed by a circulatory system or
transport system.

Transportation in Human Beings: The circulatory system is responsible

for transport of various substances in human beings. It is composed of the
heart, arteries, veins and blood capillaries. Blood plays the role of the
carrier of substances.

1. Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed of cardiac

muscles.

 It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist. The heart is a

pumping organ which pumps the blood.
 The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz. right atrium,
right ventricle, left ventricle and left atrium.
 Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called systole.
 Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles is called diastole.
2. Arteries:

 These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood

from the heart to different organs.
 Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated
blood from the heart to lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes
place.
3. Veins:

 These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood

from different organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions
because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.
 Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of blood.
4. Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have single-celled
walls.

Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role of the carrier for
various substances in the body. Blood is composed of 1. Plasma 2. Blood
cells 3. Platelets.

 Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid which is

mostly composed of water. Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood.
 Bloods cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz. Red Blood Cells
(RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red colour because of
the presence of haemoglobin which is a pigment. Haemoglobin
readily combines with oxygen and carbon dioxide. The transport of
oxygen happens through haemoglobin. Some part of carbon dioxide is
also transported through haemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale white colour.
They play important role in the immunity.
  Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation. Blood
coagulation is a defense mechanism which prevents excess loss of
blood, in case of an injury.
Lymph:

 Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph.

 Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries
and goes to the intercellular space in the tissues. This fluid is collected
through lymph vessels and finally return to the blood capillaries.
 Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system.
 Lymph a yellowish fluids escape from the blood capillaries into the
intercellular spaces contain less proteins than blood.
 Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation
and destroying germs.
Double circulation: In the human heart, blood passes through the heart
twice in one cardiac cycle. This type of circulation is called double
circulation. One complete heartbeat in which all the chambers of the heart
contract and relax once is called cardiac cycle. The heart beats about 72
times per minute in a normal adult. In one cardiac cycle, the heart pumps
out 70 mL blood and thus, about 4900 mL blood in a minute. Double
circulation ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood which is necessary for optimum energy production in warm-
blooded animals.
Transportation in plants: Plants have specialized vascular tissues for
transportation of substances. There are two types of vascular tissues in
plants.

 Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and

minerals. It is composed of trachids, xylem vessels, xylem
parenchyma and xylem fibre. Tracheids and xylem vessels are the
conducting elements. The xylem makes a continuous tube in plants
which runs from roots to stem and right up to the veins of leaves.
 Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other part of the
plant.
 Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food. Phloem is
composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and
bast fibers. Sieve tubes are the conducting elements in phloem.
 Carries product of photosynthesis from roots to other part of the plant.
Transportation in plants

Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and minerals from roots
to different plant parts is called ascent of sap. Many factors are at play in
ascent of sap and it takes place in many steps. They are explained as
follows :

 Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin. Water
from soil enters the root hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is
responsible for movement of water up to the base of the stem.
 Capillary action: A very fine tube is called capillaiy, water, or any
liquid, rises in the capillary because of physical forces and this
phenomenon is called capillary action. Water, in stem, rises up to
some height because of capillaiy action.
  Adhesion-cohesion of water molecules: Water molecules make a
continuous column in the xylem because of forces of adhesion and
cohesion among the molecules.
 Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and
lenticels, in plants, is called transpiration. Transpiration through
stomata creates vacuum which creates a suction, called transpiration
pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column from the xylem
tubes and thus, water is able to rise to great heights in even the tallest
plants.
 Transport of food: Transport of food in plants happens because of
utilization of energy. Thus, unlike the transport through xylem, it is a
form of active transport. Moreover, the flow of substances through
phloem takes place in both directions, i.e., it is a two-way traffic in
phloem.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial
parts of the plant.
Functions

 Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating

pull.
 Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different parts of the plant
is called Translocation.

Excretion –
Human excretory system, excretion in plants.

Excretion in human beings:

 Removal of harmful waste from the body is called excretion.

 Many wastes are produced during various metabolic activities.
 These need to be removed in time because their accumulation in the
body can be harmful and even lethal for an organism.
Human Excretory System:

 The human excretory system is composed of a pair of kidneys.

 A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes to the
urinary bladder.
 Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it is expelled out
through urethra as and when required.

Excretory system of human beings includes :

 A pair of kidneys.
 A urinary bladder.
 A pair of the ureter.
 A urethra.
Kidney:

 Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the vertebral column in

the abdominal cavity.
 The kidney is composed of many filtering units, called nephrons.
 Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney.
Nephron

 It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a filtering part, called

glomerulus.
 The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery
is attached.
  The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is called afferent
arteriole and the one receiving blood from the glomerulus is called
efferent arteriole.
 The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion, called bowman’s
capsule. The bowman’s capsule extends into a fine tube which is
highly coiled.
 Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which
finally goes to the ureter.

Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation involves three steps:

 Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water, amino acid

filter from the blood into bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
 Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from the filtrate are
reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron.
 Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens
up into the collecting duct and then into the ureter.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary
bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood
i.e., urea which is produced in the liver.

Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It

is meant for kidney failure patient.
Excretion in Plants

 Other wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the
plant.
 Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
 Gums, resin → In old xylem
 Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of calcium oxalates in
the leaves of colocasia and stem of Zamikand.
Nutrition in Plants and Animals

Nutrition: Process of obtaining and utilizing of food is known as

nutrition.

Mode of nutrition:

 Autotrophic Nutrition (All green plants)

 Heterotrophic Nutrition (Animals, Man, Non-green plants)
 Saprotrophic nutrition
 Parasitic nutrition
 Holozoic nutrition
Autotrophs: It is a mode of nutrition in which organisms can make their
own food from simple raw material. Example, all green plants.

Heterotrophs: It is a mode of nutrition in which organisms cannot

prepare their food on their own and depend on others. Example, animals.

Saprotrophic Nutrition: It is the process by which the organism feeds on

dead and decaying matter. Example, Rhizopus, Mucor, yeast.

Photosynthesis: It is the process by which green plants prepare their own

food.
Raw materials for photosynthesis:

 Water and Minerals: These are absorbed by the roots from the soil.
 Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny pores
called stomata.
 Sunlight: Energy from the sun is called solar energy.
 Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll pigment helps leaves to capture solar
energy.
Products of Photosynthesis: Carbohydrate-glucose- It is converted to
starch.

Symbiotic relationship: Two organisms live in a close association and

develop a relationship that is beneficial to both this is called a symbiotic
relationship.
Example, Lichen is a living partnership between a fungus an alga. Fungus
absorbs water and provides shelter and alga prepare food by
photosynthesis

Insectivores: Plants feed on insects for their nitrogen requirements.

Holozoic nutrition: It means feeding on solid food. Organism takes

complex organic food into the body. Example, man, amoeba, dog, etc.

 Herbivores: Animals which feed on plants only. Example, deer, cow.

 Carnivores: Animals which feed on flesh or meat. Example, tiger.
 Omnivores: Animals which feed on both plant and flesh. Example,
man, dog.
Steps of Holozoic nutrition:

 Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.

 Digestion: Break down of large insoluble food into small water-
soluble molecules by enzymes.
 Absorption: Digested food absorbed through the intestinal wall into
the blood.
  Assimilation: Absorbed food is taken by body cells for releasing
energy, growth and repair.
 Egestion: Eliminating undigested food from the body.
Digestive organs of human beings: Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine and large intestine with glands like salivary gland, liver,
pancreas.

Teeth: An organ which breaks down the complex food and helps in
chewing the food.

 Milk teeth: The first set of 20 small teeth when the baby is 6-7
months old.
 Permanent teeth: The second set of 32 larger teeth, when a child is
6-7 years old and comes by replacing milk teeth.
Enamel: A white, strong, shining, protective material covering on teeth.

Tongue: A muscular organ attached to the floor of the buccal cavity

which helps in tasting and mixing the food with saliva for digestion.

Transportation in Plants and Animals

 Vascular tissue: A plant tissue which helps in transportation.

 Xylem tissue: It helps in transporting water and minerals in plants.
 Phloem: It helps in transporting food in plants.
 Translocation: The process of transporting food from leaves to other
parts of plants.
 Transpiration: A loss of water from stomata in leaves.
 Blood: A red colour fluid which circulates in the body of animals.
 Plasma: Fluid part of the blood which consists of nutrients,
hormones, and waste products.
 Blood vessel: Tube-like structure present in the body for carrying
blood inside the body.
 Artery: It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to body parts.
 Vein: It carries deoxygenated blood from body parts to the heart.
  Capillary: A thin-walled narrow tube which connects artery and vein.
 Heart: A muscular organ present in the thoracic cavity and helps in
pumping blood in the body.
 Double circulation: A circulatory system in which blood travels
twice through the heart in one complete cycle.
 Heartbeat: One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart (72
times in a minute).
 Stethoscope: Instrument which measures heartbeat.
 Systolic pressure: Maximum pressure at which blood flows during
contraction of the heart. (120 mm Hg)
 Diastolic pressure: Minimum pressure at which blood flows during
relaxation of the heart. (80 mm Hg)
 Sphygmomanometer: Instrument which measures blood pressure.
 Lymph: A light yellow liquid flowing from body tissue to the blood
circulatory system and provides immunity.
Excretion in Plants and Animals

 Excretion: It is the process of removing waste products from the

body.
 Excretory products of plants: CO2, O2, water vapour, peel of bark,
fruits, leaves, gum, raisin, etc.
 Excretory products of humans: Carbon dioxide, urea, etc.
 Kidney: Organ which removes the toxic substance urea from blood
and filters it.
 Urine: A yellowish liquid which contains water and urea.
 Dialysis: The procedure used for cleaning the blood of a person in
case of kidney failure.
 Nephron: Functional unit of excretory system present in the kidney
for filtering blood.
 Renal Artery: Blood vessels which bring blood from heart to kidney.
 Renal Vein: Blood vessel which brings blood from kidney to heart.