UNIT- II

Cleaner Production Project Development and Implementation: Government and Institutions –

clean development mechanism, reuse, recovery, recycle, raw material substitution-Wealth from
waste, case studies.
Overview of CP Assessment Steps and Skills, Process Flow Diagram, Material Balance, CP
Option Generation – Technical and Environmental Feasibility analysis – Economic valuation of
alternatives - Total Cost Analysis – CP Financing – Preparing a Program Plan – Measuring
Progress- ISO 14000.
OBJECTIVES OF A CP POLICY

 The promotion of CP as a tool to improve competitiveness and efficiency, and to protect

the environment;
 The creation of conditions and incentives that stimulate businesses to implement efficient
technologies and apply preventive environmental practices;
 The optimization of the use of natural resources and raw materials, and the minimization
of emissions and their impacts;
 Reward for good environmental performance and innovative as well as proactive
approaches;
 The minimization of behaviours and practices that lead to the exclusive application of end-
of-pipe technologies
CLEANER PRODUCTION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION:
 GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS

How can governments promote CP?

 Applying regulations
 Using economic instruments
 Providing support measures
 Obtaining external assistance

CP applicability for local governments

 Corporate decision-making
 Local environmental management strategies
 Community and industry partnerships
 Sustainable economic development
 Public environmental education
 Specific local environmental problems
 Local environmental monitoring

CP and financial institutions

  Avoid financing activities included in their exclusion list
 Identify the relative environmental risks level and assess client's ability to manage them
 Understand the financial institution’s exposure to environmental risks and liabilities and
to respond adequately
 Monitor the env.derived risks of the transactions and respond to changes in the bank’s
exposure to those risks
 Evaluate risks and potential liabilities in foreclosure or restructuring activities.

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was first defined in the Kyoto Protocol, 1997
with the objective of achieving sustainable development by preventing climate change. The
mechanism stimulates emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility
in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets. The CDM allows carbon emission-
reduction to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, where each CER is equivalent to one
tonne of CO2. Thus a CER, commonly called carbon Credit, is reduction of 1 tonne of CO2
emission from the baseline of the project activity. These CERs can be traded & sold and used by
industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto
Protocol.
The objectives of a clean development mechanism are:

 Contribute to the halting and prevention of climate change.

 Assist developing countries in strategy development that is long-lasting.
 Assist industrialized countries in reducing emissions and transitioning to greener energy
sources.
 Assist countries in implementing creative strategies for reducing emissions.
 Diminishing the reliance on fossil fuels.
 Employing animal excrement to create energy and actively managing it.
 Decreasing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.

CDM offers following benefits

 GHGs Reduction & Preventing Climate Change

 Sustainable Development,
 Energy Efficiency,
 Renewable Energy,
 Improvement of Air Quality,
 Technology Transfer,
 Cost Reduction,
  Employment Generation
 Poverty Reduction,
 Improving Living Conditions,
 Skill Development etc….

India has the second largest number of registered CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol. The
majority of CDM registration in India belongs to energy industries.

5 R'S REFUSE REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE AND REPURPOSE?

 Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle- that offers improvement to the environment.

Refuse:
 Refuse to buy or accept products that can harm you, your company and the environment
 Refuse chemical solvents and use alternatives that are water based
 Refuse to receive materials from your supplies with necessary packaging that you will
later have to pay for to dispose.
Reduce:

 Reduce the energy use and stick to the basic requirements

 Limit the requirements to minimum to reduce the use of resources
 Control the use of non-renewable natural resources
Reuse:
 Slowly replace any single use items with reusable ones - like reusable water bottles and
mugs.
 Reuse packaging material (pallets, drums, bubble wrap or packaging peanuts).
 Reuse shipping containers (boxes, inserts, cartons).
 Reuse printer cartridges and have them refilled.

Repurpose:
 Repurpose is the process of taking something and using it for a separate purpose.
 Repurpose metal cans, buckets for creative plant containers.
 Repurpose wood crates into benches or shelves.
 Repurpose material shavings to help clean up spills.
 Repurpose HVAC condensate as a source for distilled water.

Recycle:
 All the materials that can be subjected to a chemical process to recycle them should be used
as they can be recycled back to the new form again.
 Recycle all the basics you can - paper, plastic, metal and glass.
 Recycle food wastes into compost or as a food for a local farm.
 Recycle all fabrics including ripped clothes.
 Recycle all electronics if possible.
Raw material substitution:

The CP concept of raw materials substitution implies effective and efficient use of raw materials
(to minimize losses along the process system) as well as using different raw materials that will not
generate waste during processing. This concept also further implies re-using materials or using
recycled materials. In an NGL process system, this means:
(i) Changing the source of raw gas feed and substituting the feed with a feed that will produce less
waste in the process system;
(ii) Changing chemicals for other chemical reactions in the process by substituting them with
different chemicals that will not generate waste and that are more environmentally friendly and
safe to process or use. This ultimately translates to reformulating and redesigning products that
will be environment friendly.
It was concluded that, the concept of raw materials substitution is insignificant in natural gas
process operations since it is difficult to find a different source of raw gas within the same
geographical location.

Wealth from waste

Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport,
treatment, and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management
process and waste-related laws technologies, and economic mechanisms.
Waste can be solid, liquid or gases and each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological,
household, municipal, organic and biomedical waste, In some cases, waste can pose a threat to
human health. Health issues are associated with the entire process of waste management. Health
issues can also arise indirectly or directly: directly through the handling of solid waste, and
indirectly through the consumption of water, soil, and food. Waste is produced by human activity,
for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is intended to
reduce the adverse effects of waste on human health the environment, planetary resources.
The aim of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the environment
and human health. A big part of waste management deals with municipal solid waste, which is
created by industrial, commercial, and household activity.
APPROACHES TO PROMOTE CLEANER PRODUCTION
This section aims to review of the possible strategies for promoting of Cleaner Production through
the use of different environmental policy tools, such as regulatory, economic, information based
and voluntary program instruments.
Production strategies would thereby be integrated in various policies such as:
• Environmental policies
• Industrial policies
• Resource pricing policies
• Trade policies
 • Fiscal policies
• Educational policies
• Technology development policies
OVERVIEW OF CP ASSESSMENT STEPS AND SKILLS
A Cleaner Production assessment is a methodology for identifying areas of inefficient use of
resources and poor management of wastes, by focusing on the environmental aspects and thus
the impacts of industrial processes.

Overview of the Cleaner Production assessment methodology

 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

MATERIAL BALANCE

The purpose of undertaking a material balance is to account for the consumption of raw materials
and services that are consumed by the process, and the losses, wastes and emissions resulting from
the process. A material balance is based on the principle of ‘what comes into a plant or process
must equal what comes out’. Ideally inputs should equal outputs, but in practice this is rarely the
case, and some judgment is required to determine what level of accuracy is acceptable.

A material balance makes it possible to identify and quantify previously unknown losses, wastes
or emissions, and provide an indication of their sources and causes. Material balances are easier,
more meaningful and more accurate when they are undertaken for individual unit operation. An
overall company-wide material balance can then be constructed with these.

 The material balance can also be used to identify the costs associated with inputs, outputs
and identified losses. It is often found that presenting these costs to management can result
in a speedy implementation of Cleaner Production options. While it is not possible to lay
down a precise and complete methodology for undertaking a material balance, the
following guidelines may be useful: ·Prepare a process flow chart for the entire process,
showing as many inputs and outputs as possible.
  Sub-divide the total process into unit operations. (Sub-division of unit operations should
occur in such a way that there is the smallest possible number of streams entering and
leaving the process).
 Do not spend a lot of time and rescues trying to achieve a perfect material balance; even a
preliminary material balance can reveal plenty of Cleaner Production opportunities.

CP OPTION GENERATION

CP options are important in improving the environmental performance and efficiency of a

manufacturing premise. CP option is defined as any activities, changes or improvement that
can provide positive returns to the industries. The methodology of identifying CP options
focuses on reducing sources of carbon emission generation from the production processes and
activities. The methodology is developed to provide an appropriate framework for
manufacturing industries to identify CP options systematically to overcome environmental
issues.
CP options focus on material and energy saving. Energy saving includes reduction and
minimization of electrical energy wastage and energy for heating and cooling.

TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Environmental feasibility analysis weighs the advantages and disadvantages of each option with
regard to the environment. Most housekeeping and direct efficiency improvements have obvious
advantages. Some options require a thorough environmental evaluation, especially if they involve
product or process changes or the substitution of raw materials. The environmental option of
pollution prevention is rated relative to the technical and economical options with respect to the
criteria that are most important to the specific facility. The criteria may include:

• Reduction in waste quantity and toxicity;

• Risk of transfer to other media;

• Reduction in waste treatment or disposal requirements;

• Reduction in raw material and energy consumption;

• Impact of alternative input materials and processes;

• Previous successful use within the company or in other industry;

• Low operating and maintenance costs;

• Short implementation period and ease of implementation;

• Regulatory requirements.

ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

The objective of this step is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the Cleaner Production
opportunities. Economic viability is often the key parameter that determines whether or not an
opportunity will be implemented.

When performing the economic evaluation, costs of the change are weighed against the savings
that may result. Costs can be broken into capital investments and operating costs. Standard
measures used to evaluate the economic feasibility of a project are payback period, net present
value (NPV), or internal rate of return (IRR).

Capital investment is the sum of the fixed capital costs of design, equipment purchase, installation
and commissioning, costs of working capital, licenses, training, and financing. Operating costs, if
different to existing conditions will need to be calculated. It may be that operating costs reduce as
a result of the change, in which case, these should be accounted for in the evaluation as an ongoing
saving.

TOTAL COST ANALYSIS IN CLEANER PRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES:
 To carry out a cost-benefit analysis of cleaner production technologies including the
related spill-over/spin-off effects.
 To evaluate the impact of cleaner production technologies in some selected Indian
Industries like agrochemicals, pharmaceutical, electroplating and chemicals & dyes.
 To identify the background and driving forces for the development and use of cleaner
technologies as well as the barriers to them.
 To infer the implications of this study for corporate (and also new industries) and macro
policies including the local economy.
 To identify the types of training and sources of training relating to cleaner technologies.
 To identify the characteristics of organizational citizenship.
 CP FINANCING
Financial Services Initiative
Commit to voluntary codes of conduct
1992 – UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) Statement by Financial Institutions on the
Environment & Sustainable Development
1995 - Statement of Environmental Commitment by the Insurance Industry

Financial Services Initiative - Objectives

 Promote integration of environmental considerations into business choices of the
financial sector Encourage public and private partnerships for sustainable development
 Deepen level of commitment of signatories Í Highlight link between economic and
ecological performance
 Assist in programme development that guides capital into sustainable enterprises
 Build capacity in FIs on Multilateral Environmental Agreements
 Develop enterprises in use and application of assessment and incentive tools

Financial Services Initiative – Partners

 Insurance Companies
 Commercial Banks
 Development Banks (Public)
 Reinsurance Companies
 Pension Funds
 Financial Services Providers
 Investment Firms
PREPARING A PROGRAM PLAN IN CP
Cleaner production is the continuous application of a preventive and integrated environmental
strategy for processes, products, and services with the aim of improving overall efficiency for the
organization and reducing risks for human population and the environment. It might be applied to
processes that are used in any organization, for several products and services offered within the
society.

In productive processes, it results from one or a combination of the following: -

 Raw materials, water, and energy conservation and savings, among other inputs.
 Elimination of raw materials and both toxic and dangerous inputs through substitution,
with the aim of reducing negative inputs that come along with their extraction, storage,
usage, and transformation.
 Reduction at the source of quantity and toxicity of total emissions and waste during
productive processes.
 Cleaner production strategies include: Operational good practices, Better control of
processes, On-site re-utilization, recovery, and recycling, Production of useful by-products,
Substitution of raw materials, Reformulation and redesign of a product, Equipment
modification, and Technology change.
 MEASURING PROGRESS- ISO 14000.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND CLEANER PRODUCTION

Environmental Management System: is a set of processes and practices that enable an organization
to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency. It is a framework that
helps a company achieve. It is environmental goals through consistent control of its operations.
The assumption is that this increased control will improve the environmental performance of the
company. The EMS itself does not dictate a level of environmental performance that must be
achieved; each company’s EMS is tailored to the company’s business and goals.

An EMS helps a company address its regulatory demands in a systematic and cost-effective
manner. This proactive approach can help reduce the risk of noncompliance and improve health
and safety practices for employees and the public.
Basic Elements of EMS
 Reviewing the company’s environmental goals
 Analyzing its environmental impacts and legal requirements
 Setting environmental objectives and targets to reduce environmental impacts and comply
with legal requirements
 Establishing programs to meet these objectives and targets
 Monitoring and measuring progress in achieving the objectives
 Ensuring employees environmental awareness and competence  reviewing progress of
the EMS and making improvements
Benefits of EMS
 Minimize environmental liabilities
 Maximize the efficient use of resources
 Reduce waste  demonstrate a good corporate image
 Build awareness of environmental concern among employees
 Gain better understanding of the environmental impacts of business activities
 Increase profit, improving environmental performance, through more efficient operations
 Improves environmental performance.

International Environmental Standards – ISO 14000

The ISO 14000 series, currently being developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), It was developed to provide a management system to help organizations
reduce their environmental impact. The standard provides the framework for organizations to
demonstrate their commitment to the environmental by: Reducing harmful effects on the
environment. ISO 14001 is the standard for Environment Management Systems. Many large
businesses, particularly overseas, have obtained certification under the standard.

Five main stages of an Environmental Management System as defined by the ISO 14001
standard
i. Environmental Policy
ii. Planning
iii. Implementation
iv. Evaluation
v. Review

Comparison of ISO 14001 and Cleaner Production Cleaner Production,

When compared to ISO 14001, presents the following advantages: a potential for
economical solutions, with reduction in the amount of materials and energy used; scope for
innovation in the company, as a result of the evaluation of the production process; minimization
of waste, effluents and emissions; reduction of risks in the areas of environmental obligations and
disposal of waste.