Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems

Course Instructor: Dr. Sanjib Ganguly

Associate Professor,
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati

Week 06: Lecture notes

Static VAR Compensator: Part - II

➢ Types of SVC:

The SVC can be broadly classified based on the type of compensation it provides (a) Inductive
or (b) Capacitive. Figure 1 below shows the classification of SVC used in both inductive as
well as capacitive compensation.

Static VAR compensator

Inductive Capacitive
(Absorb reactive power) (Deliver reactive power)

Thyristor Thyristor Fixed Thyristor Mechanically

Fixed Switched Controlled Capacitor Switched Switched
reactor Reactor (TSR) Reactor (TCR) (FC) Capacitor (TSC) Capacitor (MSC)

The inductive and capacitive types of SVCs can used in combination to provide compensation
in both lagging power factor mode as well as leading power factor mode. Following are the
generally used combinations of SVCs.
(1) Fixed-Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)
(2) Mechanically-Switched Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (MSC-TCR)
(3) Thyristor Switched Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TSC-TCR)
What is the difference between TSR and TCR?

• Both TSR and TCR can be fully turned ON and OFF, however the TCR can be turned
ON partially as well, due to its variable firing angle control.
• TSR generates no harmonics while as TCR generates high harmonics.

1
➢ Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)

As the TCR provides reactive power in only lagging power factor range, a fixed-capacitor bank
is connected in shunt with the TCR unit to extend the dynamic controllable range to the leading
power-factor domain. The schematic of FC-TCR is shown in figure 2.

• FC–TCR SVC is usually connected to the high-voltage power system by means of a step-down
coupling transformer.
• Fixed capacitors act as a source of reactive power.
• The fixed-capacitor bank, usually connected in a star configuration, are split into more than
one 3-phase groups.
• The rating of TCR is generally kept higher than that of fixed capacitor (FC) unit.
• FC unit is designed in such a way that it can supress some of the dominant harmonics. The
harmonic suppression of specific order is achieved by using a small tuning inductor in series
with the capacitor.

Bus
Y Step-down
Bσ transformer

BTCR
Bc

Fixed Capacitors
LC TCR
Filter

Figure 1: Single line diagram of FC-TCR.

• The role of the fixed capacitors is to extend the V-I characteristics to the VAr production zone
(towards the leading power factor zone).
• Usually, the MVA rating of TCR (MVA(TCR)) is kept higher than that of the fixed capacitor
(MVA(FC)). This is done to keep the V-I characteristic in the absorption region.
• The fixed capacitors are usually split into more than one unit. Each unit is connected to small
tuned reactor so as to supress some dominant harmonics.
The equivalent circuit model of FC-TCR is shown in figure 3, where

2
 Bσ

Bc
BTCR

Figure 2: Equivalent circuit model of FC-TCR.

𝐵𝜎 ∶ Susceptance of step-down transformer

𝐵𝑐 ∶ Susceptance of fixed capacitor
𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 ∶ Susceptance of TCR
The overall susceptance (𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 ) of FC-TCR is given by:
(𝐵𝑐 +𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 )𝐵𝜎
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (1)
𝐵𝜎 +𝐵𝑐 +𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅

The total susceptance offered by the FC-TCR unit is controllable and depends on the firing
angle (𝛼).
• Note: The inductive susceptance is considered as negative and capacitive susceptance is
considered as positive. Therefore, the value of 𝐵𝑐 is positive while as the values of 𝐵𝜎 , 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 ,
and 𝐵𝐿 are negative.
Special cases:
(1) At 𝛼 = 90° , the thyristors are fully ON, thus the SVC is said to be at the absorption (inductive)
limit. The susceptance of the SVC is minimum at the absorption limit due to the opposite signs
of 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 . Let the total susceptance of the TCR inductor be 𝐵𝐿 . Therefore, the
susceptance of the SVC will be:
(𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 )𝐵𝜎
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (2)
𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 +𝐵𝜎

(2) At 𝛼 = 180° , the thyristors are fully OFF (𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 = 0), thus the SVC is said to be at the
production (capacitive) limit. The susceptance of the SVC is maximum at the production limit,
therefore, the susceptance of the SVC will be:
𝐵 𝐵
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵 𝐶+𝐵𝜎 (3)
𝐶 𝜎

It is to be noted that the reactance of the coupling transformer is much smaller than the
reactance of FC unit or reactance of TCR. In other words, the susceptance of the transformer
is largely greater than the FC susceptance and TCR susceptance. Therefore, the ratio of
capacitor susceptance and inductor susceptance to the coupling transformer susceptance is very
𝐵 𝐵
small, i.e., 𝐵𝐶 ≪ 1 and 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 ≪ 1
𝜎 𝜎

3
 Rewriting the equation (1) we get,

𝐵𝐶 2𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐿
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 (1 − ) + 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 (1 − )
𝐵𝜎 𝐵𝜎

At 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 = 0, therefore,

𝐵
(𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≅ 𝐵𝐶 (1 − 𝐶 ) (4)
𝐵 𝜎

At 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = (𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 = 𝐵𝐿 , therefore,

𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝑙
(𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≅ (𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 ) (1 − ) (5)
𝐵𝜎

V-I characteristics of FC-TCR:

V 
 = 180  = 90

Maximum Absorption
production limit
limit

TCR is TCR is
fully OFF fully ON

I SVC
Capacitive Inductive
Control range
Overload range

Figure 3: Operating characteristics of FC-TCR.

As seen from the characteristics the control range of FC-TCR depends on the voltage of the
bus at which it is connected.
Advantages of FC-TCR:
• Since TCR is unable to produce reactive power, FC-TCR has non-zero VAr production range.
• The presence of FC avoids the switching of the capacitors
Disadvantages of FC-TCR:
• The presence of the fixed current creates a circulating current which always flows within the
FC-TCR. These continuously flowing circulating currents lead to higher energy losses.

➢ Mechanically Switched Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (MSC-TCR)

4
 The switching of the switched capacitor used in combination with TCR can be done using
mechanical switches or thyristor switches.

Switched Capacitor

Mechanically Switched Thyristor Switched

Capacitor Capacitor

In certain applications involving fewer capacitor switching, MSC-TCR offers acceptable

performance.
H.V. H.V.
BUS BUS

Step Down
Mechanical Transformer
switch/
Circuit breaker

MSC

LC Filter TCR LC TCR

MSC Filter

Scheme 1 Scheme 2

Figure 4: Different configurations of an MSC–TCR compensator.

• The mechanically switched capacitor can be located at the high-voltage bus, however, in such
a case, fixed-harmonic filters must be installed in shunt with the TCR on the transformer
secondary to reduce the harmonic loading of the transformer.
Advantages
• MSC-TCR uses mechanical switches i.e. circuit breakers to turn ON/OFF the capacitor bank.
The provision of mechanically controlled switches increases the VAr absorption limit and
reduces energy losses.
• The capital cost of mechanical switches is lower than that of semiconductor switches.
Disadvantages
• The operation of the circuit breaker is slow and the life of mechanical stitches/ circuit breaker
is limited.
• The capacitor holds charge, therefore, capacitor switching needs to be carefully done and the
trapped charge should be handled carefully.

5
 • Since capacitor switching produces transients, the flexibility over the switching instant of the
capacitor is limited.

➢ Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

Consider a capacitor in series with a bidirectional thyristor switch as shown in figure 5. Can this switching
configuration work?
v(t )
ic (t )

T1 T2

Figure 5: A switching configuration of TSC.

i (t )
v(t )

0   3 2
2 2

If switching is done at
this instant the Switching can be
transients are very high done at this instant

Figure 6: Current and voltage waveform.

The scheme as shown in the figure is not practically possible because:

(i) If the capacitor is uncharged initially, a current of infinite magnitude flows and charges the
capacitor to the supply voltage in an infinitely short time as the time constant 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 0. The
switching configuration of the thyristors cannot withstand this stress and will fail.
(ii) At any other instant of switching (as shown in figure --) except at bus voltage 𝑣(𝑡) at its peak,
𝑑𝑖𝑐
the value of = ∞. If the capacitor voltage is equal to the supply voltage when the thyristors
𝑑𝑡
are fired, the current will jump immediately to the steady-state value. The steady-state
condition is reached in an infinitely short period of time. Although the magnitude of the current

6
 𝑑𝑖
does not exceed the steady-state value, the thyristors have an upper limit of 𝑑𝑡 value that they
𝑑𝑖
can withstand during the firing process. Here, 𝑑𝑡 is finite, thus the thyristor switching will again
fail.

Practical TSC Configuration:

We need to connect a small inductor in series with the capacitor as shown in figure 7, to
𝑑𝑖
protect the thyristors from high value of (𝑑𝑡).

v(t )
ic (t )

T1 T2

Figure 7: Single-line diagram of practical TSC configuration.

Let, 𝑣(𝑡) be the voltage of the bus to which the TSC unit is connected.
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)
Where,
𝑉𝑚 = Peak value of the supply voltage
𝜔 = Power frequency
When the thyristors are switched on, the current drawn by the TSC is:
𝑛2
𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑃 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) − 𝑛𝐵𝐶 (𝑉𝐶0 − 𝑛2 −1 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜃) sin(𝜔𝑛 𝑡) − 𝐼𝑃 cos(𝜃)cos(𝜔𝑛 𝑡) (6)

Steady-state component Transient component

𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)|𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦−𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)|𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Here,

7
 𝜔 = System frequency
𝜃 = Instant of TSC switching
1
𝜔𝑛 = 𝑛𝜔 = = Natural frequency of oscillation
√𝐿𝐶
𝐵𝑐 = Susceptance offered by capacitor
𝑉𝐶0 = Initial voltage of capacitor (at switching instant)
𝐼𝑃 = Peak value of the current

𝜔𝑛 |𝑋 |
𝑛 = = √|𝑋𝐶| ; 𝑋𝐶 = Reactance of the capacitor, 𝑋𝐿 = Reactance of the inductor
𝜔 𝐿

⇒ 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)|𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦−𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)|𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (7)

From the circuit we have,

𝐵 𝐵
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 (𝐵 𝐶+𝐵𝐿 ) (8)
𝐶 𝐿

𝑉𝑚 1 𝑉𝑚 1 𝑉𝑚 𝑛2 𝑛2
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑋𝐶
( 𝑋𝐿 ) =
𝑋𝐶
( 1) =
𝑋𝐶
(𝑛2 −1) = 𝑉𝑚 (𝑛2 −1) 𝐵𝐶 (9)
1− 1− 2
𝑋𝐶 𝑛

• 𝐼𝑃 will be of very high value if 𝑛 is of lower value.

• The choice of 𝑛 is a design parameter. We choose the inductor susceptance such that 𝑛 is of
higher value. (typically, 𝑛 > 3).

n2 − 1
3 n2

1 2 3 4 5 11 n

Figure 8: The magnification factor for the fundamental-frequency quantities in a TSC.

Transient component of 𝒊𝒄 (𝒕):

𝑛2
𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)|𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −𝑛𝐵𝐶 (𝑉𝐶0 − 𝑉 sin𝜃) sin(𝜔𝑛 𝑡) − 𝐼𝑃 cos(𝜃)cos(𝜔𝑛 𝑡)
𝑛2 − 1 𝑚
To eliminate the switching transients the transient part of the should be 0. Both of the
components of the above equation should vanish to achieve ideal transient free switching.

8
 Thus, for 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)|𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0, following conditions must be satisfied:
𝑛2 𝑛2
(i) 𝑉𝐶0 − 𝑛2 −1 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝐶0 = 𝑛2 −1 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜃

This implies to the fact that the transients can be avoided if the initial charge of the capacitor
at the switching develops the voltage given by above equation.
(ii) cos(𝜃) = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜋/2
This implies to the fact that TSC switching should be done when the magnitude of the supply
voltage reaches its peak value.
Since, the above switching strategies can ideally eliminate all the transients, practical switching
face problems due to the following reasons:
• The supply voltage at the bus is not generally pure sinusoidal, thus making it difficult to
precisely identify the instant of switching.
• It is difficult to keep capacitor charge to a pre-set value.
• Large capacitors are not designed to retain charge for prolonged time.

Practical switching strategies:

Since it is difficult to attain ideal switching and eliminate all transients, the goal of the practical
switching strategies is to design switching strategy with minimum transients. The following
two simple firing schemes are the basis for the switching strategies:
(i) Consider the capacitor has initial charge with voltage 𝑉𝐶′0 . If 𝑉𝐶′0 < 𝑉𝑚 , turn ON the switch as
soon as the voltage across the thyristor valve reaches zero and the capacitor voltage is equal to
the supply voltage, i.e., 𝑉𝐶′0 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃.
Therefore, the firing angle 𝜃 is given by:

𝑉𝐶′
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑉 0 ) (10)
𝑚

i (t )
v(t )

0   3 2
v(t )
2 2

Switch is turned ON

Figure 9: Thyristor switching when initial capacitor voltage is less than supply voltage.

9
 𝜋
(ii) If 𝑉𝐶′0 > 𝑉𝑚 , turn ON the switch when the supply voltage reaches the crest (𝜃 = 2 ) and the
voltage across the thyristor valve is minimal. This scheme is also called a forced switch on.

v(t )

0  2
v(t )

Switch is turned ON i (t )

Figure 10: Thyristor switching when initial capacitor voltage is greater than supply voltage.

3-Phase TSC:
A 3-phase TSC unit comprises three single-phase TSCs connected in a delta, which are usually
supplied by the delta secondary winding of a step-down transformer. The delta connected 3-
phase TSC unit is depicted in figure 11. An alternative 3-phase, 4-wire star-connected TSC
configuration is shown in figure 12.

C L

L C

C
L

Figure 11: Delta connected 3-phase TSC unit.

10
 C

L L

C
C

Figure 12: Y-connected 3-phase TSC unit.

Notes:
• A practical TSC configuration involves n number of 3-phase TSC banks of equal rating.
• To keep TSC operating in 2𝑛 steps, 𝑛 − 1 units are kept of equal rating (𝐵) and a single unit
is kept at half rating (𝐵/2).

➢ Thyristor switched capacitor-Thyristor controlled reactor (TSC-TCR)

Bus
Step-down
tansformer

Lf

L
C3 C2 C1 Cf

TSC-3 TSC-2 TSC-1 LC Filter TCR

Figure 13: Single-line diagram of a TSC-TCR unit.

11
• A TSC-TCR consists of multiple TSC units and single/ multiple TCR unit connected in parallel.
The thumb rule is to select 𝑛 identical TSC unit and 1 TCR unit. The TCR rating is chosen
1
such that its rating is 𝑛 𝑡ℎ of the total rating od SVC.
• TSC units can be switched in discrete steps while the TCR unit provides continuous control
within each step.
• The main advantages of TSC-TCR is the operation flexibility during large disturbances and
reduction in steady state losses. Unlike FC-TCR, it can disconnect all capacitor units during
severe voltage swings, and thus prevent the resonant oscillations.

Operation and V-I characteristics of TSC-TCR:

The operation and characteristics of the TSC-TCR can be explained by the numerical example
given below.
Numerical Example:
Let us design a TSC-TCR unit with 3 TSCs and 1 TCR unit which can provide capacitive
compensation with susceptance of 1 p.u. (i.e. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 1 𝑝. 𝑢.) and inductive compensation with
susceptance of 0.3 p.u. (i.e. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 0.3 𝑝. 𝑢.). Assume that the susceptance of the step-down
transformer is 6 p.u. (𝐵𝜎 = − 6 𝑝. 𝑢.). The TSC-TCR unit is considered lossless and the system
voltage 𝑉 is 1 p.u.
Note: Inductive susceptance is considered as negative and capacitive susceptance is considered
as positive (as previously mentioned).
Maximum production limit:
This situation when all TSCs are ON and TCR is OFF corresponds to the maximum production
limit. The maximum production limit corresponds to the maximum capacitive compensation
of TSC-TCR unit. At maximum capacitive compensation 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 1 𝑝. 𝑢.
(3𝐵𝐶 )𝐵𝜎
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = =1
3𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝜎
(3𝐵𝐶 ) × (−6)
⇒ =1
3𝐵𝐶 − 6
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 0.286 𝑝. 𝑢.
Maximum absorption limit:
The maximum absorption limit corresponds to the maximum inductive compensation of TSC-
TCR unit. At maximum inductive compensation 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 0.3 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝜎
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = = − 0.3
𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵𝜎
𝐵𝐿 × (−6)
⇒ = − 0.3
𝐵𝐿 − 6
⇒ 𝐵𝐿 = −0.316 𝑝. 𝑢.

12
▪ Case 1: (3 TSCs are ON):

(a) TCR is OFF:

𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 1 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −1 × 1 = −1 𝑝. 𝑢.
(b) TCR is ON:
(3𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 )𝐵𝜎 3 × 0.286 − 0.316
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = =( ) × (−6) = 0.596 𝑝. 𝑢.
3𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵𝜎 3 × 0.286 − 0.316 − 6
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 0.596 𝑝. 𝑢.
Since, 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 ∈ [−1, −0.596], the SVC operates in VAr production range.
▪ Case 2: (2 TSCs are ON):

(a) TCR is OFF:

(2𝐵𝐶 )𝐵𝜎 2 × 0.286
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = =( ) × (−6) = 0.632 𝑝. 𝑢.
2𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝜎 2 × 0.286 − 6
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −1 × 0.632 = −0.632 𝑝. 𝑢.
(b) TCR is ON:
(2𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 )𝐵𝜎 2 × 0.286 − 0.316
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = =( ) × (−6) = 0.267 𝑝. 𝑢.
2𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵𝜎 2 × 0.286 − 0.316 − 6
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 0.267 𝑝. 𝑢.
Since, 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 ∈ [−0.632, −0.267], the SVC operates in VAr production range.
▪ Case 3: (1 TSC is ON):

(a) TCR is OFF:

(𝐵𝐶 )𝐵𝜎 0.286
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = =( ) × (−6) = 0.300 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝜎 0.286 − 6
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −1 × 0.300 = −0.300 𝑝. 𝑢.
(b) TCR is ON:
(𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 )𝐵𝜎 0.286 − 0.316
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = =( ) × (−6) = − 0.030 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝐵𝐶 +𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵𝜎 0.286 − 0.316 − 6
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 0.030 𝑝. 𝑢.
Since, 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 ∈ [−0.300, +0.030], the SVC operation ranges from VAr production to VAr
absorption.

13
▪ Case 4: (All TSCs are OFF):

(a) TCR is OFF:

𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 0 𝑝. 𝑢.
(b) TCR is OFF:

𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝜎
𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = = − 0.3
𝐵𝐿 + 𝐵𝜎
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑉. 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 0.3 𝑝. 𝑢.
Since, 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 ∈ [0, 0.3], the SVC operates in VAr absorption range.

Plot of V-I characteristics:

Case 3 V Case 4
Case 1 Case 2

Maximum
production limit Maximum
of TSC-TCR absorption limit
of TSC-TCR

I SVC
−1 −0.632 −0.596 −0.3 −0.267 0.03 0.3
Capacitive Inductive
Control range

Figure 14: V-I characteristics of TSC-TCR unit.

Susceptance diagram:

14
 BSVC
1.00

Case 1
0.632
0.596

Case 2
0.30
0.267
Case 3

−0.03 BTCR
Case 4
−0.30

Figure 15: Variation of SVC susceptance with change in susceptance of TCR unit for different cases.

The variation in the VAr exchange in each case is controlled by controlling the susceptance of
TCR susceptance.

➢ Losses in SVC:
The losses in SVCs are fixed as well as varying in nature. The energy losses are contributed by
following components:
(i) Small losses due to the resistance of permanently connected filter branches in the TSC–TCR
and MSC–TCR.
(ii) Losses in the main capacitor in all the SVCs.
(iii) Resistive losses in the inductor of the TCR unit, which increases substantially with the TCR
current.
(iv) Valve-conduction losses and switching losses in the thyristor power circuit.

Ploss Ploss Ploss

Fixed Fixed Fixed

losses losses losses

Figure 16: Losses of different SVC configurations: (a) FC-TCR (b) MSC-TCR (c) TSC-TCR.

15