12 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND

IMMERSION

Reporting Findings, Drawing

Conclusions and Making
Recommendations
(Writing List of References)
 In this module, you are expected to write the list of references used in your research study.

VOCABULARY:

References
 should be written in-text (as parentheses), at the bottom of the page (as footnotes) or as end
notes in a separate notes section at the end of a chapter or at the end of the thesis
 the last page of an essay or research paper that’s been written in APA style
 list of all the sources used in your project so readers can find what were cited
 a list similar to works cited list and is a term used when citing sources using APA format style
and is arranged alphabetically by author’s last name.

Research Sources and Referencing Styles

In academic research, the credibility and validity of your work heavily depend on the sources you use
and how you reference them. This resource will explain the types of sources, the importance of
citations, and various referencing styles that you can utilize in your research.

Types of Sources
1. Primary Sources
Primary sources are original research publications where researchers report their findings directly. These
sources provide firsthand evidence and are invaluable for conducting literature reviews. Examples
include:

- Research Articles: Studies published in peer-reviewed journals.

- Dissertations and Theses: Original research conducted by graduate students.

- Conference Papers: Presentations of new research findings at academic conferences.

2. Secondary Sources
Secondary sources analyze, interpret, or summarize primary sources. They provide context and
commentary on original research. Examples include:

- Textbooks: Comprehensive resources that cover a subject area and often reference primary research.

- Encyclopedias: Summaries of topics that provide background information.

- Review Articles: Articles that summarize and synthesize findings from multiple primary studies.

Importance of Citations
Citations are crucial in research for several reasons:

- Credibility: They show that your work is based on established research and helps to validate your
claims.

- Attribution: Citations give credit to original authors and researchers, avoiding plagiarism.

- Research Trail: They allow readers to locate the original sources for further study.
You can cite various types of materials, including:

- Books
- Magazines
- Newspapers
- Journal Articles
- Films
- Online Articles

Styles of Referencing
Different academic disciplines prefer different referencing styles. Here are some of the most common
styles:

APA (American Psychological Association)

- Focus: Author and date of publication.

- Usage: Commonly used in the social sciences.

- Example: Smith, J. (2020). *Understanding Psychology*. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

MLA (Modern Language Association)

- Focus: Author and page number.

- Usage: Primarily used in the arts and humanities.

- Example: Smith, John. *Understanding Psychology*. Psychology Press, 2020.

Harvard
- Focus: Similar to APA, it emphasizes the author and year of publication.

- Usage: Widely used in the UK and Australia, especially in the humanities.

- Example: Smith, J., 2020. *Understanding Psychology*. New York: Psychology Press.

Chicago and Turabian

- Focus: Both styles are similar and often used in history and economics.

- Usage: Chicago is more commonly used in published works, while Turabian is tailored for student
papers.

- Example (Chicago): Smith, John. *Understanding Psychology*. New York: Psychology Press, 2020.

Understanding the types of sources and how to properly cite them is essential for conducting credible
research. Familiarizing yourself with different referencing styles will enhance your ability to
communicate your findings effectively and ethically. Always ensure that you give credit to the original
authors and provide a clear path for your readers to follow your research trail.
Understanding Reference Entries
When writing academic papers, creating a proper reference entry is crucial for giving credit to
the original authors and for allowing readers to locate the sources you used. This guide will
break down the components of a reference entry and provide examples for clarity.

Components of a Reference Entry

A reference entry typically includes several key components:

1. Author’s Name
- Format: Surname first, followed by the first name and middle initial (if applicable).
- Multiple Authors: If there are two to six authors, list all names. For more than six authors, use
"et al." after the sixth author.

Example:
- One Author: Smith, John A.
- Two Authors: Smith, John A., and Doe, Jane B.
- More than Six Authors: Smith, John A., Doe, Jane B., Brown, Charlie C., White, Emily D.,
Black, Fiona E., Green, George F., et al.

2. Year of Publication
- Format: The year should be enclosed in parentheses and follows the author’s name.

Example:
- (2023)

3. Book Title
- Format: The complete title and edition should be italicized or underlined. Only the first letter of
the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.

Example:
- *Understanding Psychology* (2nd ed.)

The title of the book should be italicized or underlined. Only the first letter of the first word and
proper names should be capitalized.

- Format: *Book Title* (italicized).

- Example: *The Great Gatsby*.

4. Journal Title
- Format: The title of the article is in roman face and sentence case, while the journal title is in
italics and title case.

Example:
- Article: "The Effects of Climate Change"
- Journal: *Environmental Science Review*

5. Place of Publication
- Format: The city where the book was published, followed by a colon.

Example:
- New York:

6. Publishing House
- Format: The name of the publishing house follows the place of publication.

Example:
- Random House.

Complete Reference Entry Example

Combining all the components, a complete reference entry for a book might look like this:

Smith, John A. (2023). *Understanding Psychology* (2nd ed.). New York: Random House.

For a journal article, it could look like this:

Doe, Jane B. (2022). "The Effects of Climate Change." *Environmental Science Review*, 15(3),
45-67.

Importance of Proper Referencing

Proper referencing not only gives credit to the original authors but also enhances the credibility
of your work. It allows readers to trace the origins of your information and further explore the
topic. In academic writing, failing to reference correctly can lead to accusations of plagiarism,
which can have serious consequences.

Understanding how to format reference entries is an essential skill for any student. By following
the guidelines outlined above, you can ensure that your references are clear, accurate, and
professional. This will not only help you in your current academic endeavors but also in your
future career, where proper documentation is often required.

Here are some examples of reference entries in APA 4th Edition style:

Journal Article:

 One Author: Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page
range.

Example: Smith, J. D. (2000). The effects of caffeine on memory. Journal of

Experimental Psychology, 12, 23-35.
  Two Authors: Last Name, F. M., & Last Name, S. N. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
Volume(Issue), page range.

Example: Jones, A. B., & Lee, C. D. (2001). The impact of technology on student
engagement. Journal of Educational Technology, 15(2), 234-250.

Book:

 One Author: Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book title. Publisher.

Example: Smith, J. D. (2002). Introduction to Psychology. McGraw-Hill.

 Two or More Authors: Last Name, F. M., Last Name, S. N., & Last Name, T. Q.
(Year). Book title. Publisher.

Example: Johnson, A. B., Lee, C. D., & Miller, E. F. (2003). Social Psychology. Prentice
Hall.

Chapter in an Edited Book:

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Chapter title. In F. M. Last Name (Ed.), Book title (pp. page range).
Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. D. (2004). Memory processes. In A. B. Johnson (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology
(pp. 123-150). Wiley.

Website: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Website Title. URL

Example: American Psychological Association. (2000, January 1). About APA.

https://www.apa.org/about/

SAMPLE CITATIONS

BOOKS
Last name, First Name (year). Book Title. Subtitle, (edition) Place: Publisher
WEBSITES
Author, (date). Title of document. Retrieved from http:// xxxxxxxxx
E-BOOKS
Author,Initial (date). Title of Book. Retrieved from http:// xxxxxxxxx
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Author,Initial (date). Title of Book. pages
Example: Peters (2015). Effective Teaching Strategies. 31-40
Name:____________________________________________ Date:______________

Practical Application

Activity 1: Create Your Own Reference Entry

Using the following information, create a proper reference entry.

- Author: John Smith

- Year of Publication: 2022
- Book Title: Understanding Modern Literature (2nd Edition)
- Place of Publication: New York
- Publishing House: Academic Press

Your Reference Entry:

______________________________________________________

Test: True or False

Instructions: Read each statement carefully and determine whether it is true (T) or false (F). Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. Reference books are primarily used for in-depth reading and analysis of a subject.

_____2. Dictionaries and encyclopedias are examples of reference sources that provide quick access to
specific information.

_____3. Print reference books are typically organized in the same sections as general books on similar
subjects in a library.

_____4. Reference sources are intended to assist users in locating specific types of information
efficiently.

_____5. Researchers should avoid using reference sources when looking for keywords and names for
advanced searching.

_____6. Reference sources are not useful for obtaining a brief overview of a new subject.

_____7. One of the purposes of reference sources is to help users learn definitions of important terms
and concepts.

_____8. Researchers can utilize reference sources to gather essential facts and background information
that inform their assessment of other resources.

_____9. Reference sources often provide recommendations for additional sources related to a topic,
including well-known references.

_____10. Multipurpose reference sources typically include a wide variety of different types of reference
materials.
 Learning Challenge

Task 1: Present the parts of the given research study specifically title, statement of the problem, scope
and delimitation of the study.

Title: ___________________________________________________

Statement of the Problem:

a. _______________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Task 2: Present the sample Importance of the Study and Definition of Terms.

Importance of the Study

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Definition of Terms

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________