Introduction to

Roman Architecture
and Interiors
Explore the grandeur and sophistication of ancient Roman architecture and
interior design. From the iconic Colosseum to the elegant villas of the elite,
discover the engineering marvels and artistic flourishes that defined this
influential civilization.

by DPU SoD
The Influence of Greek Architecture
1 Foundations of Greek Design 2 Adaptation and Incorporation 3 Iconic Structures
Many iconic Roman buildings, such as
The ancient Greeks developed a highly As the Roman Empire grew, Roman the Pantheon and the Colosseum,
influential architectural style architects studied and adapted Greek showcase the influence of Greek
characterized by symmetry, proportion, architectural principles, incorporating architecture in their use of columns,
and elegance. Their innovations, such them into their own unique designs. pediments, and other classical
as the classical orders (Doric, Ionic, and This blending of styles created a elements. This demonstrates the
Corinthian), laid the groundwork for distinctive Roman aesthetic that built enduring impact of Greek design on the
later Roman architectural upon the foundation of Greek Roman architectural tradition.
developments. classicism.
The Arch and Vault: Defining
Features of Roman Design

The arch and vault were revolutionary architectural elements pioneered by

the Romans. Arches allowed for the construction of larger, more open
spaces, while vaults created sturdy, domed ceilings overhead. These
innovations enabled the Romans to build massive, awe-inspiring structures
like the Colosseum and Pantheon, which showcased their engineering
prowess and architectural vision.
The Roman arch, with its distinctive keystone at the apex, distributed
weight evenly and allowed for the creation of expansive, column-free
spaces.
Vaults, such as the barrel vault and groin vault, further strengthened the
structure, creating soaring, cavernous interiors. These techniques were
crucial for the construction of Roman bridges, aqueducts, and other
landmark buildings that stand the test of time.
The Importance of Concrete in Roman
Construction
Revolutionary Material Innovative Techniques
Roman concrete, known as opus The Romans pioneered the use of concrete
caementicium, was a revolutionary by developing advanced mixing and
construction material that allowed the pouring techniques. They also discovered
Romans to build on an unprecedented that adding volcanic ash to the mix created
scale. It was a durable, versatile, and cost- a stronger, water-resistant material that
effective alternative to traditional stone could be molded into complex shapes and
and brick. structures.

Architectural Marvels
Roman concrete enabled the construction of iconic buildings and engineering marvels, such as
the Pantheon, the Colosseum, and the expansive system of aqueducts. These structures
showcase the Romans' mastery of concrete and their ability to push the limits of architectural
design.
 CLASSIC ROMAN ORDERS
The Tuscan Order is uniquely
Roman and did not exist in
Greek civilization. This order is
a simplified, bare-bones
variation of the Doric Order of
architecture. The Columns are
nearly always not fluted, the
columns are also the shortest
and often typically spaced
further apart compared to the
other orders. Also, the capital
structure above the column is
more like the Greek Doric
capital - undecorated and very
basic in form.
Tuscan Style Building - University of Virginia
CLASSIC ROMAN ORDERS

Simplicity is the very essence of the Tuscan Order.

In terms of detail and decoration, on a scale of one
to ten, the Ionic would be an eight, the Corinthian
a ten, the Doric a six ... and the Tuscan would rate
just a one or two, which is not necessarily a bad
thing.
The Tuscan Order's simplistic structure and lack of
detail makes it a good architectural choice if
budget, time and simplicity is required. And
because of those qualities, it actually was used
quite often in the past, and it continues to be
used.
TUSCAN ORDER ENTABLATURE:
THE COMPOSITE ORDER
The Composite Order is completely Roman in origin and was
first used in the Arch of Titus in 82 AD approximately.
Afterwards, this order was often used in the construction of
many other Roman Triumphal Arches and other structures.
The Composite Order of classical architecture was finally
recognized as an order during the Renaissance period. At
first, Renaissance architects were not sure what to call it,
using terms such as the Latin, the Roman, or the Italian
Order. Eventually, it was decided by the architect Palladio to
call this uniquely Roman Order the Composite (Composito in
Italian).
And whereas the Tuscan Order had a long history, having
arisen during the Etruscan civilization,
the Composite evolved from the Roman Corinthian order.
The only difference between the two orders is the structure
of the capital on top of the column shaft - everything else is
the same, such as the columns and entablature above.
Additionally, even the height and width proportions of the
architecture of the Composite Order match those of
the Corinthian Order.
The Pantheon: A Masterpiece of Roman Engineering

The Pantheon is considered one of the most remarkable and

well-preserved architectural achievements of ancient Rome.
Built in the 2nd century AD, this iconic domed structure stands
as a testament to the Romans' advanced engineering prowess
and their mastery of concrete construction.

Featuring a massive dome that spans an impressive 142 feet in

diameter, the Pantheon's design is a marvel of structural
elegance and mathematical precision. The dome's thickness
tapers from 21 feet at the base to just 4 feet at the top,
creating a harmonious, visually striking form that has
influenced countless buildings throughout history.
 The Pantheon: A Masterpiece of Roman Engineering
1.Impressive Dome: The Pantheon features a massive dome with a diameter of 43.3 meters
(142 feet), which was the largest in the world for over 1,300 years. The dome's oculus, a
central opening measuring about 8.2 meters (27 feet), allows natural light to illuminate the
interior and serves as the building's primary source of light.
2.Innovative Engineering: The construction of the dome was an engineering feat of its
time, featuring a coffered design that reduces weight while retaining strength. The use of
lighter materials towards the top of the dome, such as pumice, demonstrates advanced
Roman building techniques.
3.Portico and Columns: The entrance to the Pantheon is marked by a grand portico that
consists of 16 large Corinthian columns, each made of Egyptian granite. The columns are
monolithic, meaning they are carved from a single piece of stone, which adds to the
grandeur of the structure.
4.Interior Design: The interior of the Pantheon is strikingly simple yet elegant, featuring
marble floors and niches adorned with statues. The harmonious proportions and interplay
of light create a serene atmosphere for visitors.
5.Historical Significance: Originally built as a temple to the Roman gods, the Pantheon has
been in continuous use throughout its history. In the 7th century, it was converted into a
Christian church, which played a significant role in its preservation.
6.Burial Site: The Pantheon is also the final resting place for several notable figures,
including the painter Raphael and various Italian monarchs.
7.Cultural Influence: The Pantheon has inspired countless buildings and architects
throughout history, including the U.S. Capitol and various churches around the world,
showcasing its lasting impact on architecture.
Visiting the Pantheon provides a unique glimpse into ancient Roman engineering, religious
practices, and artistic endeavors, making it a must-see landmark in Rome.
The Colosseum: An Iconic Roman Amphitheater

Architectural Grandeur Spectacle and Entertainment Architectural Innovations

The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian The Colosseum was the site of grand public The Colosseum featured several innovative
Amphitheater, is one of the most iconic and events, including gladiatorial contests, animal architectural elements, including a complex
impressive structures of the Roman Empire. This hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous system of underground tunnels and chambers
enormous elliptical amphitheater, measuring 620 battles, and dramas based on Classical known as the Hypogeum, which allowed for the
feet long and 188 feet tall, was the largest of its mythology. These events were hugely popular efficient movement of gladiators, animals, and
kind in the ancient world and a testament to the with the Roman public and could accommodate stage equipment. The building's use of concrete
engineering prowess of Roman architects. up to 50,000 spectators at a time. and the invention of the groin vault also
contributed to its structural integrity and the
creation of its iconic arched entrances.
The Roman Forum: The Heart of Ancient Rome

The Epicenter of Ancient Rome A Storied Past Architectural Marvels

The Roman Forum was the central public space in The origins of the Roman Forum can be traced The Roman Forum was home to some of the most
the heart of ancient Rome, serving as the hub of back to the 7th century BC, with the gradual iconic and impressive structures of the ancient
religious, political, and commercial activities for development of market stalls and small shrines. world, including the Arch of Titus, the Temple of
centuries. This sprawling complex of monuments, Over time, it evolved into an impressive center of Saturn, and the Basilica of Maxentius. These
temples, and public buildings was the beating power, witnessing the rise and fall of imperial grand monuments, built with the Roman mastery
heart of the Roman Empire, where citizens dynasties, the triumphs of conquering generals, of engineering and design, serve as a testament
gathered to conduct business, participate in and the debates of Roman senators. to the ingenuity and ambition of the Roman
government, and celebrate important events. civilization.
The Baths of Caracalla:
Lavish Public Bathing
Complexes
The Baths of Caracalla were one of the largest and most extravagant public
bathing complexes in ancient Rome. Constructed during the reign of
Emperor Caracalla in the 3rd century AD, these massive thermae covered
an area of over 27 acres and could accommodate up to 1,600 bathers at a
time.

The Baths of Caracalla featured a wide range of amenities, including

spacious swimming pools, hot and cold baths, gymnasiums, libraries, and
even theaters. The interiors were adorned with grand marble columns,
mosaics, and frescoes, creating an opulent atmosphere for relaxation and
social gathering.
The Domus: The Roman Private Residence
 The Domus: The Roman Private Residence

The Heart of Roman Architectural Features Importance of the The Evolving Domus
Life Domus

The domus, or private Domus homes were often The domus was not just a Over time, the domus
Roman residence, was the built around a central living space, but a reflection evolved to incorporate new
centerpiece of family life in atrium, with rooms radiating of the homeowner's social architectural elements, such
ancient Rome. It served as a outward. They featured standing and political as the peristyle garden and
hub for domestic activities, intricate mosaics, frescoes, influence. It was a place to the triclinium dining room.
socializing, and the and the use of expensive entertain guests, conduct These additions showcased
expression of wealth and materials like marble to business, and maintain the owner's wealth and
status. showcase the owner's ancestral traditions. refined tastes.
affluence.
The Atrium: The Central Gathering Space of the Domus

Entrance Hall
1
The grand entryway that welcomed visitors

Open Courtyard
2
A serene, light-filled space at the heart of the home

Gathering Place
3
Where family and guests would congregate and socialize

The atrium was the central hub of the Roman domus, or private residence. This open-air courtyard served as the primary gathering space,
allowing natural light and air to flow through the home. At the entrance, visitors were greeted in the impressive foyer, setting the tone for the rest
of the lavishly decorated abode. Beyond the entryway, the atrium's open-air design created a serene oasis where family members and guests
could come together, socialize, and enjoy the comforts of the home.
The Domus
The Peristyle: The Outdoor Garden of the
Domus

Lush Greenery
The peristyle was the central outdoor garden area within the Roman domus, or private residence. These gardens
were lush with a variety of plants, flowers, and ornamental vases or statues to create a serene, natural oasis
within the home.

Columned Walkways
Surrounding the peristyle were covered walkways supported by a series of tall, elegant columns. This created a
shaded, colonnaded perimeter where the homeowners could stroll and enjoy the garden views.

Fountains and Pools

Many peristyles featured small decorative fountains or reflecting pools at the center, providing the soothing
sound of flowing water and a focal point for the garden. These water features helped to cool the surrounding
spaces.
Mosaics and Frescoes: Decorative Elements of
Roman Interiors
Roman interiors were known for their vibrant and intricate
decorative elements, including exquisite mosaics and frescoes.
Mosaics, made from tiny colored tiles, were often used to
adorn floors, walls, and ceilings, creating captivating patterns
and scenes. Meanwhile, frescoes, painted directly onto plaster
walls, allowed for breathtaking murals that depicted
mythological figures, landscapes, and daily life.

These decorative techniques not only added visual splendor to

Roman homes and public buildings but also conveyed the
wealth, status, and cultural sophistication of their owners. The
attention to detail and craftsmanship in these works was a
testament to the skill of Roman artisans.
The Use of Marble and Precious
Materials
Lavish Opulence Durable Construction
Roman architecture was renowned Marble, granite, and other precious
for its extravagant use of expensive, stones were not only visually
imported materials like gleaming stunning, but also exceptionally
marble, vibrant frescoes, and durable, allowing Roman structures
intricate mosaics. These luxurious to withstand the test of time. This
elements conveyed the wealth and contributed to the longevity and
power of the Roman Empire. grandeur of Roman buildings.

Symbolic Significance
The use of rare and valuable materials held symbolic meaning, representing the
prestige and status of the Roman state. Decorative elements like columns, floors,
and wall panels showcased the Romans' mastery of craftsmanship and their
access to global trade networks.
The Triclinium: The Formal Dining Room
Elegant Settings Reclining and Dining Extravagant Feasts Entertaining Guests

The triclinium was the focal

point of Roman social life, Guests reclined on Triclinium meals were often The triclinium was not just a
where the elite gathered for cushioned couches arranged grand affairs, featuring an place to dine, but also to
lavish banquets and formal in a U-shape around a abundance of exotic foods, entertain guests with music,
meals. These dining rooms central table, allowing for rare delicacies, and poetry recitations, and other
were designed with ornate easy conversation and the expensive wines. The menu cultural performances.
architectural features, enjoyment of a multi-course could include items like Wealthy Romans would
including frescoed walls, meal. Servers would move roasted peacock, dormice showcase their status and
intricate mosaic floors, and between the couches, stuffed with pork and pine refinement through the
opulent furnishings to delivering dishes and nuts, and rare spices and lavish decor and
create a sophisticated refreshments to the diners. herbs from distant lands. extravagant hospitality
atmosphere. offered in their dining
rooms.
The Cubiculum: The Roman
Bedroom
Intimate Space Luxurious Furnishings
The cubiculum was the private The cubiculum was adorned with
bedroom of the Roman household, elaborate furnishings, including a large
designed to provide a cozy and intimate bed (lectus) draped in fine linens, plush
retreat for the occupants. It was often rugs, and decorative furniture like side
located in a secluded area of the tables and armchairs. Wealthy Romans
domus, away from the bustling common would display their status through the
areas. opulence of their bedroom decor.

Personal Rituals
The cubiculum was not just a sleeping space, but a sanctuary for personal rituals and
grooming. Romans would perform their morning toilette, such as bathing, dressing,
and applying perfumes, in the privacy of their bedchamber.
The Lararium: Household Shrine

Religious Rituals
The lararium was a household shrine where Roman families would conduct religious rituals and honor
their household gods. It was an important part of daily life, providing a space for prayer, offerings, and
maintaining connections with the divine.

Offerings and Rites

At the lararium, family members would make offerings of food, flowers, or incense to the household
gods, known as the Lares. They would also perform rites and ceremonies to seek the protection and
blessing of these deities.

Ancestor Veneration
The lararium often featured statues or paintings of the family's ancestors, who were also revered as
part of the household's spiritual tradition. Honoring one's ancestors was an important aspect of Roman
religion and identity.
 The Hypocaust: Underfloor Heating Systems

Heated Air Circulation

Warm air circulated through a network of subfloor tunnels

Raised Floor
Floors supported by a series of pillars, creating a hollow space below

Heating Furnace

A dedicated furnace fueled by wood or charcoal to heat the air

The hypocaust was an advanced underfloor heating system developed by the ancient Romans. It allowed for the efficient distribution of warm air
throughout a building by circulating heated air through a network of subfloor tunnels. This was achieved by raising the floor above the ground on a series of
pillars, creating a hollow space that could be used as a duct system. A dedicated heating furnace, fueled by wood or charcoal, would heat the air and force it
to circulate through the hypocaust network, keeping the floors and rooms above comfortably warm.
The Villa Adriana: Hadrian's
Retreat in Tivoli

The Villa Adriana, also known as Hadrian's Villa, was a vast imperial estate
built in the 2nd century AD as a retreat for the Roman Emperor Hadrian.
Located in Tivoli, just east of Rome, the villa complex covers an area of over
800 acres and features a stunning blend of architectural styles inspired by
Hadrian's travels.

The villa's highlights include the iconic Canopus, a reflective pool and
temple complex modeled after the Egyptian city of Canopus, as well as the
impressive Pecile, a massive columned portico with an enormous central
courtyard. Hadrian's love of Greek and Egyptian culture is evident
throughout the villa's lavish interiors and sprawling gardens.
The Basilica: Civic and Administrative Center

Civic Functions
The Roman basilica served as a civic and administrative center, hosting important public gatherings, legal
proceedings, and commercial activities. It was a hub of community life and political power in ancient Roman
cities.

Architectural Design
Basilicas were grand, imposing structures featuring a central nave flanked by aisles, and often had an apse at
one end. Their design drew inspiration from ancient Greek temples, with elements like columns, arches, and
domes.

Administrative Functions
In addition to civic activities, basilicas also housed the offices of government officials and served as centers of
legal and administrative authority. They were spaces where important decisions and policies were debated and
enacted.
The Aqueducts: Bringing Water to the
City
Engineering Marvel Ensuring Water Supply
The Roman aqueducts were an With a growing population and expanding
extraordinary feat of engineering, urban centers, the Romans recognized
transporting millions of gallons of fresh the critical importance of a reliable water
water from distant sources to the heart of supply. The aqueducts ensured a steady
the bustling cities. These gravity-fed flow of clean water for drinking, bathing,
structures, some stretching over 50 miles and public fountains, supporting the
long, featured impressive arched bridges hygiene and sanitation needs of the
and intricate underground tunnels to thriving Roman civilization.
overcome natural obstacles.

Architectural Splendor
Beyond their practical function, the aqueducts were also architectural marvels, showcasing
the Romans' mastery of construction techniques. The tall, graceful arches and intricate
stone masonry not only served as conduits for water, but also as impressive landmarks
that symbolized the power and ingenuity of the Roman Empire.
The Curia: Senate House

The Heart of Roman Politics

The Curia, or Senate House, was the epicenter of Roman
political power. This grand, marble-clad building served as the
meeting place for the Roman Senate, the governing body that
shaped the laws and policies of the vast Roman Empire.

Architectural Grandeur
The Curia was a magnificent structure, adorned with intricate
carvings, mosaics, and towering columns. Its imposing
presence conveyed the authority and prestige of the Roman
Senate, instilling a sense of awe and reverence in all who
entered its halls.
Ancient Roman Furniture

Ancient Roman furniture was integral to daily life and reflected the social status, wealth, and aesthetics of the times. Here are some key
features and types of furniture common in ancient Rome:
1. Materials
Wood: The primary material used for furniture, including oak, walnut, and maple.
Metal: Bronze and iron were used for fittings, such as hinges and clasps, and sometimes for entire pieces.
Stone and Marble: Wealthy households might have furniture made from or adorned with marble.
Textiles: Upholstery made of wool, linen, and silk was common, especially in wealthier homes.

2. Types of Furniture
Chairs
Sella: A simple stool or chair without a backrest.
Cathedra: A more elegant chair with a backrest used by the elite, often adorned with rich fabrics.
Curule Chair (Sella Curulis): A folding stool associated with magistrates and public figures, symbolizing authority.
Couches (Lectus)
Used primarily for reclining while dining, couches were often elongated with soft cushions and pillows. They were a central piece in dining
rooms, known as triclinium.
Tables (Mensa)
Mensa Quadrata: Square or rectangular tables used for dining, often made from prized woods and
sometimes inlaid with marble
Mensa Tripod: Lightweight tables supported by three legs, suitable for various settings.
Benche
Used for seating, often without backs, and commonly found in dining areas and public spaces.
Storage Unit
Armarium: A cabinet or cupboard for storage, sometimes finely crafted and decorated.
Cista: A chest used for personal belongings or transporting goods, often richly adorned.

3. Design and Decoration

Ornamentation: Furniture was often intricately decorated with carvings, inlays, and paint. Lavish
decorations were common among the wealthy.
Functional Design: Many pieces were designed for multiple uses; for example, some tables could be
converted to benches or used in various settings.

4. Public and Communal Furniture

Public Spaces: In places like baths, forums, and theaters, benches and seats were provided to
accommodate citizens and promote social interaction.
5. Cultural Significance
Symbol of Status: The quality and style of furniture often indicated a
person's wealth and social standing. Elaborate pieces were a signifier of
luxury and taste.
Everyday Use: While elite families had extravagant furniture, even lower
classes utilized functional designs in their homes, emphasizing the practical
side of Roman life.
Conclusion
Ancient Roman furniture combined functionality with elegance, showcasing
the Romans' advanced craftsmanship and aesthetic sensibilities. It played a
crucial role in both private and public life, influencing furniture design in
future cultures.
The Legacy of
Roman Architecture
and Interiors
The architectural and design innovations of the ancient Romans have left an
indelible mark on the world. From the iconic domes and arches to the use of
concrete and advanced engineering, the Romans set the foundation for
much of Western architecture. Their influence can be seen in the grand
public buildings, lavish private residences, and intricate systems that
supported their thriving cities.