Water Resources
Water Resources
5. “The availability of water resources varies over space and time”. Give
reasons.
Answer: Water resources varies over space and time due to the variation in
seasonal and annual precipitation.
10. Mention any two regions which are expected to face water shortage.
Answer: (i) Regions having low rainfall
(ii) Regions which are drought prone.
14. Why were the multipurpose river projects considered as temples of modem
India by Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: These would integrate development of agriculture and the village
economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.
15. Name any two social movements which have been launched against the
multipurpose projects.
Answer: Narmada Bachao Andolan and ‘Tehri Dam’ Andolan.
18. What was the primary reason for launching ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’
Answer: Narmada Bachao Andolan was launched due to the large scale
displacement of local communities.
20. How people used to conserve or harvest water in hills and mountainous
regions
Answer: By building diversion channels like the ‘guts’ or ‘kuls’.
21. How people used to harvest water in the flood plains of Bengal
Answer: By building inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
22. How people harvest water in the semi- arid and arid regions of Rajasthan
Answer: By building underground tanks.
23. Many people of arid and semi-arid regions construct under-ground rooms
adjoining the water tanks. Give reason.
Answer: By beating the summer heat it would keep the room cool.
24. Name two techniques of roof top rain water harvesting. [CBSE 2009(0)]
Answer: (i) Recharge through hand pump.
(ii) Recharge through abandoned dug well.
25. Name any two states where roof top water harvesting is most common.
Answer: Meghalaya and Rajasthan.
26. Define the term Tankas. [CBSE 2008 (F)]
Answer: Tankas are the underground tanks for storing drinking water.
30. Name the river on which the Hirakud dam is located. [CBSE 2013]
Answer: Mahanadi
32. Name the river on which the Nagarjuna Sagar dam is located.
Answer: Tungabhadra
34. Name the river on which the Bhakra Nangal dam is located. [CBSE 2014]
Answer: Satluj
36. Name the river on which the Sardar Sarovar dam is located.
Answer: Narmada
8. What are dams? How do these help to conserve and manage water
Answer: A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards
the flow often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
(i) Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be
used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
(ii) Dams are also source of perennial canals.
10. Who proclaimed the dams as the temples of modern India Give reason.
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of
modem India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of
agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the
urban economy.
11.‘Multipurpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many
social movement’. Name any two such movements. Why these movements
were launched
Answer: Multipurpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many
new social movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and ‘Tehri Dam
Andolan’ etc. Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large –
scale displacement of local communities. Local people often had to give up their
land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the
greater good of the nation.
13. How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern? What is its impact on the
social landscape [CBSE Sep 2012]
Answer: Due to irrigation facilities many farmers have shifted to water intensive
and commercial crops. For example, Punjab has become major producer of rice
inspite of low rainfall.
Impact on social landscape: This transformation has widens the gap between rich
and poor. The rich and mighty who can afford higher inputs has become more rich
whereas the poor have failed to get benefit due to lack of capital.
14. Explain three ways in which irrigation schemes have changed the social
landscape of the region. [CBSE 2012]
Answer: (i) Displacement of the local people : Local people often had to give up
their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the
greater good of the nation.
(ii) Social movements : Multipurpose projects and large dams have also been the
cause of many new social movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the
‘Tehri Dam Andolan’, etc.
(iii) Widening the gap between rich and poor : Multipurpose projects have
widened the gap between rich and poor. The landlords, large farmers and
industrialist are getting benefit at the cost of poor.
15. “Multipurpose projects have failed to achieve the purpose for which they
were built”. Justify by giving reasons. [CBSE 2014]
Answer: (i) These dams were constructed to control floods but they have
triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
(ii) Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at
the time of excessive rainfall.
(iii) Many a time authorities are forced to release water from dams during heavy
rainfall.
17. (i) What is a multipurpose project [CBSE 2009 (D) ; Sept. 2010, 11]
(ii) Why did Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru proclaim the river dams as the ‘Temples
of Modem India?’ Explain the main reason. [CBSE 2014]
Answer: (i) A multipurpose project is that which fulfils a variety of purposes at the
same time, for example – irrigation, generation of electricity, flood control, fish
breeding, soil conservation, etc.
(ii) It would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with
rapid industrialisation and the growth of urban economy.
19. Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative
both socio economically and environmentally in a country like India [CBSE Sept.
2010, 2011]
Answer: (i) Water harvesting is a very cheap and affordable method of
conservation of water.
(ii) Indian people have in-depth knowledge of rainfall regime and soil type. They
have developed techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, rain water and
flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs.
(iii) Rainwater harvesting techniques are more environmental friendly as compare
to multipurpose river projects.
2. How do the multipurpose river projects affect the aquatic life Explain.
Or
Explain the ecological problems being faced due to the multi-purpose river
projects. [CBSE 2013]
Answer: In recent years, the multi-purpose projects and large dams have come
under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of reasons :
(i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor
sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir,
resulting in rockier streambeds and poorer habitats for the rivers, as well as the
aquatic life.
(ii) Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for the aquatic fauna to migrate,
especially for spawning.
(iii) The reservoirs that are created on the flood. Plains also submerge the existing
vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over time.
(iv) Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers
shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological
consequences like salinisation of the soil.
4. Why is there an urgent need to conserve and manage our water resources
Mention three reasons. [CBSE 2012]
Or
Why is it necessary to conserve water resources in India Explain.
Or
Why is it essential to conserve, and manage our water resources Explain any
three reasons. [CBSE 2012]
Or
Why we should conserve our water resources Explain any three reasons. [CBSE
2012,2014]
Answer: (i) Precondition for life : Water is necessary for life on earth. It is believed
that life originated in water before it invaded land. Water is in fact a precondition
of life.
(ii) Water essential for crops: Cultivation of crops depends on the availability of
water. Water dissolves minerals and other nutrients in the ground. The roots of
the plants draw this nutritious water for the soil. India is an agricultural country so
availability of water is a must.
(iii) Water and industries : Industries need water as coolant, solvent, raw material,
etc.
(iv) Water for daily life : Water is also used for drinking and domestic
consumption. The growing urbanisation with its modern lifestyle has been
demanding greater share of water day by day.
(v) Water an important component of ecosystem : Conservation of water is also
important to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems.
(vi) Water scarcity : It is essential to conserve and manage water because its
overuse and misuse has lead to water scarcity.
6. “In recent years, the multipurpose projects and large dams have come under
great scrutiny.” Give reasons. [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Or
Mention any four disadvantages of multi purpose projects. [CBSE Sept. 2010,
2013]
Or .
How may the multipurpose river valley projects become harmful for the country
Explain with four examples. [CBSE 2008]
Or
Why are multipurpose projects facing resistance Explain with three
reasons. [CBSE Sept.2010]
Answer: (i) Adverse effect on the fertility of the soil : Due to the construction of
dams, there are no annual floods in the river. And because of this, the soil of the
downstream region does not get nutrient rich “silt”. This decreases the fertility of
the soil.
(ii) Adverse impact on aquatic life: Due to the construction of dams on the rivers,
the fish in the downstream area do not get sufficient nutrient material. Regulating
and damming of rivers affect the natural flow of water causing poor sediment
flow downward, and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of reservoir, resulting
in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers aquatic life. Dams also
fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate for spawning i.e.,
to produce eggs.
(iii) Displacement of local communities : The building of large dams results in
displacement of local communities. The local people often have to give up their
land and livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the
greater food of the nation.
(iv) Change in the cropping pattern : The multipurpose projects are responsible
for providing assured means of irrigation to farmers. Due to this, most of the
farmers have changed the cropping pattern shifting to water intensive and
commercial crops. This has led to salinisation of soil leading to ecological
imbalance.
HOTS Questions and Answers
1. Write the features of the ‘tankas’ built in the houses of Bikaner, Phalodi and
Banner. [CBSE 2013]
Answer: (i) The tanks could be as large as a big room;
one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 meters deep, 4.27 meters long
and 2.44 meters wide.
(ii) The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting
system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard.
(iii) They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
(itv) Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in
these underground tankas.
(v) The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs
and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
2. Explain the term ‘tankas’. Where were tankas built in India [CBSE 2013]
Answer: (i) The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater
harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They
are built for storing drinking water. A tank could be 6.1 meters deep, 4.27 meters
long and 2.44 meters wide.
(ii) The tankas were built in the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan,
particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer.
3. What is bamboo drip irrigation Mention any two features of it. [CBSE 2012]
Answer: (1) (i) About 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, get
transported over hundreds of meters and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per
minute at the site of the plant.
(ii) Bamboo drip irrigation system is practiced in Meghalaya.
(2) Features of bamboo drip irrigation ;
(i) Bamboo drip irrigation system is 200 year old system of tapping stream and
stripwater by using bamboo pipe.
(ii) Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower
reaches by gravity.
(iii) The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it
is distributed into branches.
4. What role do “Guls” or “Kuls” of the Western Himalayas and “Khadin” and
“Johads” in parts of Rajasthan play Describe. [CBSE 2012]
Answer: (i) In Western Himalayas people build diversion channels like ‘guls’ or
‘kuls’.
(ii) In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed
storage structures.
(iii) These allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in
Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
5. “Need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources.” Mention
any four reasons. Suggest any two ways to conserve water. [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Answer: (i) To safeguard ourselves from health hazards.
(ii) To ensure food security.
(iii) To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem.
(iv) To save the future generations from water crisis.
Suggestions : –
(i) Turn off the tap while brushing.
(ii) We should spread awareness regarding water conservation.
(iii) Rainwater harvesting.
7. What is water scarcity? Mention any four factors responsible for water
scarcity. [CBSE 2014]
Or
What is meant by water scarcity and give any two causes of water scarcity
Answer: Shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as water scarcity.
Factors responsible :
(i) Overexploitation of water sources.
(ii) Improper management.
(iii) Unequal access of water among different social groups.
(iv) Industrialisation and urbanisation.
10. Explain various problems associated with poor people due to construction of
large dams. [CBSE 2013]
Answer: (i) Construction of large dams leads to the large-scale displacement of
the local communities.
(ii) Local people have to give up their land and livelihood.
(ii) Pbor people lose meagre access and control over resources for the greater
good of the nation.
(iv) The displaced people do not get full rehabilitation facilities from the
government,
(v) The landless people have to work as labourers in factories or construction
sites. Their lives become miserable.
11. Name any two movements that have been started to oppose multipurpose
projects. Who are benefitted from such projects [CBSE 2013]
Answer: (1) Two movements that have been started to oppose multipurpose
projects are:
(i) Narmada Bachao Andolan was started against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being
built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
(ii) Tehri Dam Andolan – Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to
the large-scale displacement of local communities.
(2) The landowners and large farmers, industrialists and a few urban centers are
benefitted from such projects.