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Periodic Classification of Elements

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30 views

Periodic Classification of Elements

Uploaded by

Arya Shaju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

• In order to make the study of elements simple and


systematic, many attempts were made to classify them
based on their properties.
• Earliest attempt was done by Lavoisier who made two
broad groups, namely metals and non – metals.
• After Dalton proposed his atomic theory ( 1808) ,
according to which the mass of atoms of every element is
different from that of atoms of other elements, the
earlier classification was based on the atomic masses of
the elements
DOBEREINER’S TRIADS
He identified certain groups of 3 elements each ( in 1817)
i)The groups of 3 elements having similar properties were
called DOBEREINER’S TRIADS

ii)When arranged based on increasing atomic masses, the


mass of the middle element was approximately equal to the
average of the atomic masses of the other 2 elements
EXAMPLES of DOBEREINER’S TRIADS

element symbol At.mass


lithium Li 6.9u
sodium Na 23u
potassium K 39u

Average mass of Li and K = (6.9 + 39)/2 = 22.95 u , same as that of the


mass of Na atom
This triad consists of alkali metals as they react with water to form
alkalis ( water soluble bases)
element symbol At. mass
calcium Ca 40.1u
strontium Sr 87.6u
barium Ba 137.3u

Average mass of ca and Ba equals 88.7 u , roughly = atomic


mass of Sr
These 3 elements are called alkaline earth metals as their
oxides are alkaline and they exist in the earth
Element symbol At. mass
Chlorine Cl 35.5u
Bromine Br 79.9u
iodine I 126.9u

Average mass of Cl and I equals 81.2u, roughly the same as Br


These 3 elements are called halogens as they react with metals to
form salts, which is halo in Greek . Gene means to produce
element symbol At.mass
Sulphur S 32.06u
Selenium Se 78.96u
tellurium Te 127.6u
The mass of Se is appx equal to the average mass of its two
neighbours.
The 3 of them belong to oxygen family as the first element in their
group is oxygen in the periodic table
Limitations of DOBEREINER’S TRIADS
• Only 4 triads were known at his time.
• Other known elements could not be put in the form of triads
• Even though N ( 14u) , P ( 31u) and As (74.9u) showed similar
properties, when arranged according to their increasing masses, the
average atomic mass of N and As which works out to be 44.5u, did not
match with that of P
• As this method could not be applied to other elements, known then ,
DOBEREINER’S TRIADS method of classification of elements was
rejected
NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
i) John Alexander Newland in 1866 arranged the 56 elements
known then in the order of their increasing atomic masses.
ii) He started with H and ended with thorium, the 56th element
iii) He found that properties of the 8th element were similar to that
of the 1st
iv)Similar to how the 8th note resembles the 1st in musical notes , he
called his law as Law of Octaves
( Sa- re- ga- ma -pa -dha -ni… then notes start to repeat. Or do – re-
mi – fa- so- la- ti … in English music)
v)If we take Li as the 1st element , then the 8th element from
it is Na. The two have similar properties
vi) other such examples-a) Na and K b) Be and Mg c) Mg
and Ca d) B and Al
e) C and Si f) N and P g) O and S h) F and Cl
Drawbacks or limitations of Newlands law of octaves
1)His law was applicable only to lighter elements with atomic masses
up to 40u which is that of Ca . After Ca , every 8th element did not
show the similar properties as that of the 1st. Chromium and the 8th
element from it, yttrium, do not show similar properties. Other
examples which deviate from the rule are Ti and In ; In and Zr ; Mn
and As ; and Fe and Se
2)He assumed that only 56 elements existed and no more would be
discovered. Later on, when new elements were discovered , they
could not be arranged in his table
3)In order to fit the elements into his table, he placed 2 elements in
the same slot. Ex: Co and Ni
4)He placed unlike elements in the same column. Eg Co, Ni , F , Br
and Cl are in the same column even though they show markedly
different properties

5)Fe which resembles Co and Ni is placed far away from them

6)When noble gases were discovered in 1900, the properties of


the 8th element no longer resembled the 1st. it was now the 1st
and the 9th elements which showed similar properties
MENDELEEVS PERIODIC TABLE
He is regarded as the main contributor to the development of the PT
A periodic table is an arrangement of all known elements based on
their properties so that the elements with similar properties are
placed in the same vertical column and the ones with dissimilar
properties are placed separately
 63 elements were known at his time ( 1869).

 He wanted to correlate the physical and chem props of the elements


with their atomic masses

 He focussed on the comps of the elements with hydrogen and


oxygen ie hydrides and oxides

 He chose hydrides and oxides as hydrogen and oxygen formed


comps with almost all elements

 The atomic masses of the elements and the similarity in the


formulae of the hydrides and oxides formed by the elements, was
the basis for the classification of the elements
 He took 63 cards

 e wrote down the name of the element, its properties, its formula of the hydride and
oxide on each card

 On sorting out the elements with similar props, he found that most of the elements
automatically got arranged in an increasing order of atomic masses when arranged
vertically

 He saw the repetition of similar physical and chem props after certain regular intervals
. Elements with similar props repeat
Mendeleev stated the law that “ Physical and chemical
properties of elements are a periodic function of their
atomic masses.”

Periodicity means repetition of the props at regular intervals


His law can also be stated as “ when elements are arranged in the
order of increasing atomic masses, elements with similar props are
repeated after certain regular intervals. The repetition of props of
elements after regular intervals is called periodicity of properties.”

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