MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

The elements are arranged in the increasing order of their

ATOMIC NUMBERS. The elements are arranged based on their
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
 1 s2, 2 s2. 2p6, 3s2. 3p6 , 4s2

N=1, K s2

N=2,L s2 p6
N=3, M s2 p6 d10
N=4, N s2 p6 d10 f14

N=5, O s2 p6 d10 f14 g18

N=6,P s2 p6 d10 f14 g18 h22

s2 p6
FEATURES OF THE MODERN P T
i) There are 18 vertical columns called groups numbered 1 to 18

ii) There are 7 horizontal rows called periods numbered 1 to 7

iii) Groups 1, 2, 13,14,15,16,17,18 is called normal or representative elements, totalling 50

elements

iv) Groups 3 to 12 are called transition elements as their props lie between those of
groups to their left which are 1 and 2 and groups to their right which are 13 to 18.

v)The table is broadly classified into metals on the right, non- metals on the left
and metalloids or semi metals like Si, Ge, As, Sb ( antimony) in between
i) Features of the periods
( No of ens in a shell = 2n2, n being the shell no)

 First period has 2 elements, where K shell or 1st shell is being filled. It is the shortest
period, having H and He

 Second period has 8 elements where L shell or the 2nd shell is being filled. It is a short
period, starting from Li (3) to Ne (10)

 Third period has 8 elements as the max no ens permissible in the last shell is 8 .M shell is
getting filled here, with Na (11) to Ar (18). It is a short period

 Fourth period has 18 elements with N shell or the 4th shell getting filled. It is a long period
with K (19) to Kr( 36)
 Fifth also has 18 elements with O shell or the 5th shell getting filled . It is a long period with
Rb( 37 ) to Xe( 54)

 Sixth period has 32 elements with P shell or the 6th shell getting filled it is the longest
period with 32 elements starting from Cs ( 55) to Rn ( 86).

 Seventh period also has 32 elements with Q shell or 7th getting filled. It is also the longest
period with Fr ( 87) to Uuo( 118)

 The table will become too long if arranged with 32 elements which some periods have.
 The elements ( also called inner transition elements) are separated
into :
i) lanthanides or lanthanoids in the 6th period starting from cerium ( 58) to
lutetium ( 71). These are scarcely found and are called rare earth elements

ii) actinides or actinoids in the 7th period from thorium (90) to lawrencium
(103). These are radioactive elements
i)Features of the groups
 All the elements in the same group have identical outer shell configuration

 No of shells increase as we go down the group

 Elements in the same group do not have consecutive at nos

 Elements in the same group are separated by a definite gap of atomic nos which
are 2, 8, 8, 18,18,32.
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEVS TABLE SET RIGHT BY MOD PERIODIC TABLE
i) Position of isotopes: As the elements are arranged accordingd to their at no , isotopes of
an element will occupy the same slot.

ii) Discrepancy in position of some pairs of elements: elements with higher mass no were
placed before lower mass no. This was set right as the atomic nos of these elements were
in fact according to their inc order of at no. Ni ( 58.71u ) was placed after Co ( 58.93) . but
at no of Ni is 28 and that of Co is 27. So, the order was right. Similarly, for Te ( at no 52)
and I ( at no 53) ; Ar ( at no 18) and K ( at no 19)

iii) Uncertainty in predicting new elements : As the at no inc in a regular interval of 1, we can
be sure that no new elements exist between consecutive elements
ADVANTAGES OF MOD PERIODIC TABLE
i) Easy to remember and reproduce it as the elements are arranged
according to increasing at nos in a serial order

ii) Prediction of props of an element is possible by knowing the group

iii)If props are known, its position can be predicted

iv)Position of isotopes is justified

v)Anomaly in the position of some pairs of
elements in Mendeleev’s table is sorted out in the
mod periodic table

vi)Uncertainty in prediction of new elements has

been removed
 LIMITATIONS OF MOD PERIODIC TABLE
i) Position of hydrogen is still controversial

ii) Helium with a config of 2 can be placed in group 2 , but is placed with
noble gases

iii)Lanthanides and actinides are still excluded from the main body of the
per table
 ELECTRONIC CONFIG OF ELEMENTS IN THE MOD PER TABLE
GROUPS :Some elements of group 1 are H(1) , Li (3) , Na( 11), K ( 19)
Their elect config are, H -1 ; Li – 2, 1 ; Na - 2, 8, 1 ; K – 2, 8, 8, 1
The no of shells increases in steps of ONE . All have the SAME no valence ens
Some elements of gp 17 are F ( 9), Cl ( 17), Br( 35)
Their elect config are , F – 2,7; Cl – 2,8,7 ; Br- 2, 8,18, 7
The no of shells increases in steps of ONE . All have the SAME no valence ens
 PERIODS : Elements in period 2 have their elect config as:

Element Li Be B C N O F Ne
Atm no 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
El config 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8
 Those in period 3 are:

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Atm no 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
El config 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8

The electrons get filled in the same shell in the same period and all
the elements of a period have the same no of occupied shells

The first element in the start of a period signifies the filling up of en

in a new shell
TRENDS IN THE MOD PER TABLE
Physical and chemical props of elements depend upon their outer elect
config. As the config changes as, we move from left to right in a period,
there is a gradation in both of these props in a period

But the elect config is same within the same group. So, the chem props are
similar but there is a gradation in physical props down the group
i) VALENCY: it is the combining capacity of an element based on the ens in its valence shell
TRENDS ALONG A PERIOD from left to right
PERIOD 3

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Atm no 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
El config 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8

 Along the period, valency increases from 1 to 2 to 3.

 Si has 4 val ens and will form covalent bonds by sharing ens
 P has valeny 3, S has val 2, Cl has val 1 and Ar zero. The valency has thus
started to decrease
 So val first increases and then starts to decrease ALONG A PERIOD
 Valency is thus either the no of valence ens OR 8 minus the vale ns
TRENDS DOWN A GROUP
As the valence shell config is identical down a group, the valency is
the same for elements of the same group
i) ATOMIC SIZE : It is the radius of the sphere as an atom is
considered to be a sphere. The distance between the nucleus and
the outermost shell containing ens in an isolated atom is the atomic
radius.
ii) The range is 10-12m which is equal to one picometre or 1 pm
 Trends along a period
PERIOD 2
element Li Be B C N O F Ne
Radius
152 111 88 77 75 74 72 160
in pm

Atomic size decreases as we go from left to right along a period

`
As we go from left to right along a period, the atomic no increases by 1 or a new proton
is added to the nucleus along with every addition of en in the valence shell.
The nuclear force of attraction thus increases along a period, making the val ens get
closer to the nucleus.
This reduces the radius of the atom as we move from left to right along a period
 Trends down a group
GROUP 1
element At no Radius in pm No of shells
Li 3 152 2
Na 11 186 3
K 19 231 4
Rb 37 246 5
Cs 55 262 6
Fr 87 275 7

• The atomic radius increases down a group.

• As we go down a group, the no of shells increases in steps of 1
• Distance between the nucleus and the outer shell ens increases, making the
radius larger.
• Even though the nuclear charge also is increasing, the extra en being added in a
new shell makes the distance between the nucleus and the outer shell even
more .