Central University of Jharkhand

Department of Geology

An Assignment
On

Garnet Group, Epidote group

&
Amphibole group

By,
To,
PINTU KUMAR
Dr. Sagar Kumar swain Reg. No.: 24380402005
Assistant Professor M.Sc. 1st Semester
Department of Geology Department of Geology
Session: 2024-2026
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed
to the successful completion of the assignment of Crystallography and
Mineralogy on “Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group”.

First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Sagar Kumar my

esteemed professor for the M.Sc. (Geology) course for his guidance,
expertise, and unwavering support which is invaluable throughout the
academic endeavours. Your commitment to fostering a deep understanding of
the subject matter has been a constant source of inspiration.

Lastly, I extend my heartfelt thanks to my fellow classmates for their

engagement and discussions, which have contributed to a collaborative
learning environment and completion of this assignment. This assignment has
been a fulfilling and enlightening experience, and I am grateful for the
support and resources that have enabled its completion.

PINTU KUMAR
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
SEMESTER: 1st (2024-2026)
ROLL NO: 24380402005
 INDEX

Topic PageNo.

Introduction.........................................................................................................01

Introduction to Garnet group.....................................................................…. 02-04

Introduction to Epidiote group................................................................... 05-07

Introduction to Amphibole group..................................................................08-10

Conclusion............................................................................................................11

References...................................................................................................12-13
 LISTOFFIGURES

Figure1: Garnet img. 02

Figure2: Types of Garnet 03

Figure3: Img. Of Epidote

05

Figure4: Img. Of Amphibole 08

Introduction
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with specific chemical compositions and physical
properties. They are the building blocks of rocks and are essential for understanding geological processes.
Among the various types of minerals, the Garnet, Epidote, and Amphibole groups are some of the most
significant due to their widespread occurrence in Earth's crust, their varied geological implications, and
their use in both industrial and ornamental applications.

The Garnet group consists of a group of silicate minerals that have a common crystal structure but vary
in chemical composition. Garnets are known for their hardness, making them useful as abrasives, as well
as for their vibrant colors, which are prized in the gemstone industry. The Epidote group, primarily
composed of calcium, aluminum, and iron silicate, is often associated with metamorphic processes and
alteration zones. Epidote minerals provide valuable information about the pressure and temperature
conditions during the formation of rocks. The Amphibole group, a diverse group of inosilicate minerals,
plays a critical role in both igneous and metamorphic rock formations. Amphiboles are particularly
notable for their complex crystal structures and varied chemical compositions, which have led to their
identification in numerous geological contexts.

This assignment explores the chemical composition, physical properties, types, uses, and occurrences of
minerals in the Garnet, Epidote, and Amphibole groups. By examining these groups, we gain a deeper
understanding of their significance in geological studies, their economic importance, and their
applications in industries such as jewelry, abrasives, and geological exploration. Each of these groups is
integral to the broader study of minerals, helping geologists to interpret the Earth's history and the
processes that shape it.

These mineral groups are closely associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks, offering critical
information about the temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions present during rock formation.
Furthermore, these minerals have been utilized by humans in various forms for centuries, contributing to
the development of multiple industries, including jewelry, abrasives, and geologic exploration. This
introduction aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Garnet, Epidote, and Amphibole groups,
highlighting their key features, applications, and geological importance.
The Garnet group is a group of silicate minerals that share a similar crystal structure but differ in their
chemical composition. These minerals are found in a wide range of geological settings, including
metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks, and are most commonly associated with high-grade
metamorphic rocks, such as schist and gneiss. Garnets are most often recognized for their rich variety of
colors and their use as gemstones, but their industrial importance cannot be understated. Their hardness
makes them ideal for use as abrasives, and their geological applications in rock classification and dating
have made them invaluable tools for geologists.
The Epidote group consists of a series of silicate minerals that are important for understanding the
metamorphic processes of the Earth’s crust. These minerals are typically found in low to medium-grade
metamorphic rocks, especially in regions where fluid-rock interaction has occurred. Epidote minerals are
often associated with alteration zones, where the chemistry of the rock has been modified by fluid
migration.
The Amphibole group is a diverse and important group of silicate minerals that play a critical role in the
composition of both igneous and metamorphic rocks. Amphiboles are complex minerals with a
characteristic double-chain silicate structure, which distinguishes them from other silicate mineral groups.
These minerals can vary significantly in their chemical composition, which affects their physical
properties and their role in rock formation.
|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||
Introduction to Garnet Group

The Garnet group refers to a set of silicate minerals that share a common crystal structure and chemical
composition but differ in their specific elemental make-up. Garnets are renowned for their vibrant colors
and are widely used as gemstones. The name "garnet" is derived from the Latin word granatum, which
means pomegranate, in reference to the fruit's red seeds, reminiscent of the typical red color of garnets.
However, garnets are available in a wide range of colors, including red, green, yellow, and even colorless
varieties (Schofield, 2021).

Chemically, garnets are silicate minerals with the general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3, where X and Y represent
metal ions that vary in different garnet species. Garnets have both decorative and industrial applications,
making them a crucial group in mineralogy (McFarlane, 2019).

Types of Garnets

The garnet group contains several types based on their chemical composition. Each type displays distinct
properties, including color and hardness. The primary types include:

1. Almandine:
o Composition: Iron aluminum silicate (Fe3Al2(SiO4)3).
o Color: Deep red to purplish-red.
o Uses: Almandine is a common gemstone used in jewelry (Lee, 2020).

2. Pyrope:
o Composition: Magnesium aluminum silicate (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3).
o Color: Red to purplish-red.
o Uses: Often used as a gemstone and also has industrial applications (Schofield, 2021).

3. Spessartine:

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

 o Composition: Manganese aluminum silicate (Mn3Al2(SiO4)3).
o Color: Yellow, orange, red.
o Uses: This type is used both in gemstones and abrasives (Lee, 2020).

4. Grossular:
o Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3).
o Color: Green, yellow, brown, or colorless.
o Uses: The green variety, tsavorite, is highly prized as a gemstone (McFarlane, 2019).

5. Andradite:
o Composition: Calcium iron silicate (Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3).
o Color: Green, yellow, brown, or black.
o Uses: Found in jewelry and used as a gemstone in varieties like demantoid (Schofield,
2021).

6. Uvarovite:
o Composition: Calcium chromium silicate (Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3).
o Color: Bright green.
o Uses: Primarily used as a gemstone due to its striking color (Lee, 2020).

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

Physical Properties of Garnets

Garnets are known for their durability and hardness, making them useful in both jewelry and industrial
applications. The physical properties of garnets include:

 Hardness: Garnets typically have a hardness ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making
them suitable for jewelry and abrasive uses (Schofield, 2021).
 Color: While red is the most common color, garnets can appear in various hues, depending on
their chemical composition (McFarlane, 2019).
 Density: Garnets are relatively dense, with densities ranging from 3.1 to 4.3 g/cm³, depending on
the species (Lee, 2020).
 Crystal System: Garnets crystallize in the cubic crystal system, typically forming dodecahedral
or trapezohedral crystals (Schofield, 2021).
 Transparency: Garnets can be transparent to translucent, with transparent varieties being highly
sought after for use in fine jewelry (McFarlane, 2019).
 Cleavage: Garnets have no distinct cleavage, making them tough and resistant to breakage (Lee,
2020).

Uses of Garnets

Garnets are used in a wide range of applications due to their hardness, aesthetic appeal, and diverse
colors:

1. Gemstones:
o Garnets are popular in jewelry due to their vibrant colors and durability. Varieties like
pyrope, almandine, and tsavorite are particularly prized (Schofield, 2021).

2. Abrasives:
o Garnets are used as abrasives in industrial applications. Garnet sand is commonly used in
sandblasting, waterjet cutting, and polishing, particularly in metalworking and
construction industries (McFarlane, 2019).

3. Water Filtration:
o Garnet sand is also used in water filtration systems. Its hardness and uniform grain size
make it effective in removing suspended particles from water (Lee, 2020).

4. Industrial Cutting Tools:

o Due to their hardness, garnets are used in the manufacture of cutting tools, abrasives, and
polishing agents (Schofield, 2021).

5. Gemstone Collecting:
o Garnet crystals, especially rarer varieties like demantoid, are highly valued by collectors
for their beauty and range of colors (McFarlane, 2019).

6. Metallurgy:
o In specialized metallurgical processes, garnet can be used as a flux to help remove
impurities from metals during processing (Lee, 2020).

7. Gemstone Collecting:
|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||
  Due to their aesthetic appeal, garnets are highly sought after by mineral collectors. Rare varieties,
especially those that are unusual in color or transparency, can fetch high prices in the collector’s
market (Schofield, 2021).

Introduction to the Epidote Group

The Epidote group consists of a series of silicate minerals that share a common crystal structure and
similar chemical composition. These minerals are characterized by their distinct yellow-green to
greenish-brown color, and they are typically found in metamorphic rocks, particularly those formed under
high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. Epidote minerals are most commonly associated with the
alteration of other minerals, especially in the metamorphism of calcium-rich rocks such as limestone.

The name "epidote" is derived from the Greek word epididonai, meaning "to give, to increase," referring
to the mineral's characteristic of growing in elongate, prismatic crystals. Epidote minerals have a complex
chemical composition, but they share a basic formula of Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH), which can vary slightly
due to the substitution of certain elements in the crystal structure (such as iron or chromium).

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

Members of the Epidote Group

The Epidote group is composed of several related minerals that differ slightly in their chemical
composition and properties. The main members of the Epidote group include:

1. Epidote:
o Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate hydroxide (Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH)).
o Color: Green to yellow-green, sometimes brown or black.
o Occurrence: Epidote is the most common member of the group, typically found in
metamorphic rocks such as schist, gneiss, and limestone.
o Uses: While it is not as commonly used as a gemstone, it is valued by collectors and can
be used in ornamental stonework.

2. Pistacite:
o Composition: A variety of epidote with iron-rich composition.
o Color: Green to yellow-green.
o Occurrence: Found in similar settings to epidote, but with a higher iron content, which
imparts a different color.
o Uses: Pistacite is often studied for its unique composition but is not widely used in
industrial applications.

3. Clinozoisite:
o Composition: A variety of epidote with less aluminum and more iron and manganese.
o Color: Green to brownish-green.
o Occurrence: Found in metamorphic environments, especially where iron and manganese
are abundant.
o Uses: Clinozoisite is used primarily by mineral collectors and in some instances for
ornamental purposes.

4. Allanite:
o Composition: Calcium rare earth silicate (Ca2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH)).
o Color: Brown to black.
o Occurrence: Allanite is often found in granitic rocks or in the alteration zones of some
volcanic rocks. It can also be found in pegmatites.
o Uses: Allanite is primarily of interest to mineralogists due to its rare earth content and is
not typically used for commercial purposes.

5. Manganepistacite:
o Composition: A manganese-rich member of the epidote group.
o Color: Green to yellow-green with brownish hues due to manganese.
o Occurrence: Found in metamorphic rocks, especially in areas with high manganese
content.
o Uses: It is primarily a collector's mineral and does not have significant industrial uses.

6. Scapolite (Epidote Group):

o Composition: Though primarily categorized under the scapolite group, certain varieties of
scapolite share similar characteristics with epidote and are sometimes included in the
broader epidote family.
o Color: Yellow, gray, or white.

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

 o Uses: Scapolite can be used in ornamental carvings and is sometimes employed in
research regarding high-temperature mineral formation.

Physical Properties of Epidote Group Minerals

The members of the Epidote group share several common physical properties, although slight variations
in color, hardness, and other characteristics distinguish each mineral within the group.

 Hardness: Epidote minerals typically have a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making them
moderately hard and suitable for use in ornamental stonework. The hardness of individual
members can vary depending on their composition, particularly the presence of iron (Schofield,
2021).
 Color: Epidote minerals are usually green to yellow-green, but they can also occur in brown,
black, or reddish hues, particularly in iron-rich varieties like pistacite and allanite. The color of
the mineral depends on the presence of specific elements, such as iron or manganese (McFarlane,
2019).
 Luster: Epidote minerals generally exhibit a vitreous to resinous luster, which can enhance their
appeal in ornamental and decorative applications.
 Cleavage: Epidote minerals exhibit perfect cleavage in one direction, resulting in flat, prismatic
crystal forms. This cleavage can affect the way the mineral is cut or shaped in jewelry or
ornamental items.
 Density: Epidote minerals have a relatively high density, typically ranging from 3.3 to 3.6 g/cm³.
This density is due to the high concentration of calcium and aluminum in their structure
(Schofield, 2021).
 Transparency: Epidote minerals can range from translucent to opaque, with transparent varieties
being highly prized by collectors.
 Crystal System: Epidote crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, often forming prismatic or
elongated crystals. The crystals can sometimes be found in aggregates or as granular masses.

Uses of Epidote Group Minerals

While epidote group minerals are not typically used in industrial processes to the same extent as some
other mineral groups, they still have a range of uses in both scientific research and ornamental contexts.

1. Gemstones:
o Some members of the epidote group, especially the transparent varieties of epidote and
clinozoisite, can be cut into gemstones for use in jewelry. While not as popular as other
gemstones, epidote is valued by collectors due to its unique color and crystal structure
(McFarlane, 2019).

2. Collector's Minerals:
o Epidote and its various members, such as allanite, are highly sought after by mineral
collectors due to their interesting crystal forms, unique colors, and rarity. Transparent
specimens of epidote, in particular, are prized in mineralogical collections (Schofield,
2021).

3. Ornamental Stones:
o Epidote minerals, especially those with vibrant colors and striking crystal forms, are
occasionally used for ornamental purposes. They may be polished into cabochons or
carved into decorative objects, although this is not as common as in other types of
minerals like jade or turquoise.
|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||
 4. Geological Research:
o Epidote minerals are important in geological studies, especially in understanding the
metamorphism of rocks. They are often used as indicators of metamorphic conditions and
can provide valuable insights into the temperature, pressure, and chemical environment of
the rocks in which they form (Schofield, 2021).

5. Metamorphic Petrology:
o Epidote is widely used in metamorphic petrology as a marker mineral to help determine
the metamorphic grade of rocks. Its presence, especially in certain metamorphic
environments, helps geologists understand the processes that shaped the rock (McFarlane,
2019).

6. Industrial Uses:
o While not commonly used in large-scale industrial applications, epidote and its members
can be found in some niche applications. Their unique properties make them interesting
for specific scientific studies related to the behavior of minerals under high-pressure
conditions (Schofield, 2021).

Introduction to the Amphibole Group

The Amphibole group consists of a large family of silicate minerals that are primarily composed of
chains of tetrahedra (SiO4) linked together by metal cations, such as magnesium, calcium, iron, and
aluminum. Amphiboles are common in both igneous and metamorphic rocks and are found in a variety of
colors, including green, brown, black, and colorless. These minerals are known for their distinct prismatic
crystals and two-directional cleavage, which helps distinguish them from other silicate groups like
pyroxenes.

Amphiboles are essential in the study of geology, particularly in understanding the conditions under
which rocks form. They are found in a variety of rock types, including basalt, granite, gneiss, and schist,

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

and are important components of many metamorphic rocks. The group includes several minerals that
differ in their chemical composition and physical properties, but they share a common structural
framework and general formula (AB2C5(SiO4)8), where A and B represent metal cations like calcium,
magnesium, or iron.

Types of Amphiboles

The Amphibole group includes a variety of minerals, with each type differing in its chemical composition
and the specific cations present. Some of the major types of amphiboles are:

1. Hornblende:
o Composition: A complex iron and magnesium silicate (Ca2(Mg,Fe)4Al(SiO4)5(OH)2).
o Color: Dark green to black, sometimes brown or dark grey.
o Occurrence: Hornblende is one of the most common amphiboles found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks, particularly in andesite, basalt, and granite.
o Uses: Hornblende is studied extensively in geology but is not widely used in industry,
although it is sometimes cut as a gemstone for collectors.

2. Actinolite:
o Composition: Magnesium iron silicate (Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2).
o Color: Pale to dark green.
o Occurrence: Actinolite is typically found in metamorphic rocks like schist, and it forms
under conditions of moderate temperature and pressure.
o Uses: Actinolite is mainly of interest to mineral collectors. It is not widely used in industry
due to its relatively soft texture but has some historical significance in ornamental
carvings.

3. Tremolite:
o Composition: A magnesium calcium silicate (Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2).
o Color: White, light green, or gray.
o Occurrence: Tremolite is often found in metamorphic rocks, especially in areas of low to
moderate grade metamorphism.
o Uses: Like actinolite, tremolite is mostly used for scientific purposes, although its white or
light-colored varieties are sometimes used for ornamental purposes.

4. Glaucophane:
o Composition: Sodium aluminum silicate (Na2(Mg,Fe)3Al2(SiO4)8).
o Color: Bluish, often with a steel-gray tint.
o Occurrence: Glaucophane is typically found in high-pressure metamorphic rocks, such as
blueschists, which form under high-pressure, low-temperature conditions.
o Uses: Due to its distinctive blue color, glaucophane is sometimes used as a collector's
mineral.

5. Riebeckite:
o Composition: Sodium iron silicate (Na2Fe3+4Si8O22(OH)2).
o Color: Dark blue to black.
o Occurrence: Riebeckite is commonly found in granite and other igneous rocks and is
associated with the formation of alkaline rocks.
o Uses: Riebeckite is primarily a collector’s mineral and is not widely used commercially.

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

 6. Anthophyllite:
o Composition: Magnesium iron silicate (Mg7Si8O22(OH)2).
o Color: Brown, yellow, or green.
o Occurrence: Anthophyllite is found in metamorphic rocks and is more common in
ultramafic rocks like peridotite.
o Uses: Anthophyllite is rarely used in industry, although it has some significance in the
study of metamorphic petrology.

7. Ferro-actinolite:
o Composition: A variety of actinolite that is richer in iron than magnesium.
o Color: Dark green to black.
o Occurrence: Ferro-actinolite forms in metamorphic rocks, especially those that have
undergone regional metamorphism.
o Uses: Ferro-actinolite is of interest to mineralogists, but like other amphiboles, it is rarely
used for commercial purposes.

Physical Properties of Amphiboles

Amphiboles share certain physical properties due to their common crystal structure, but variations in
chemical composition can lead to differences in their appearance and behavior.

 Hardness: Amphiboles generally have a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, meaning they are
moderately hard and can be scratched by harder materials like quartz. This makes them suitable
for ornamental uses, although they are not as durable as harder minerals such as diamond or
corundum.
 Color: Amphiboles exhibit a wide range of colors, from green and blue to black and brown. The
specific color of an amphibole depends largely on the metal cations in its structure. For example,
hornblende is typically dark green to black, while glaucophane can range from blue to steel-gray
(Schofield, 2021).
 Cleavage: One of the defining features of amphiboles is their prismatic crystals and perfect
cleavage in two directions, which typically intersect at 56° and 124°. This cleavage pattern helps
identify amphiboles and is a key distinguishing factor from pyroxenes, which have a different
cleavage angle (McFarlane, 2019).
 Luster: Amphiboles often have a vitreous to pearly luster, which gives them an attractive sheen
when polished. This luster is especially noticeable in minerals like actinolite and hornblende.
 Density: The density of amphiboles can vary depending on their composition but typically ranges
from 2.9 to 3.6 g/cm³. This is due to the significant presence of heavy elements such as iron and
magnesium in many amphibole minerals (Schofield, 2021).
 Crystal System: Amphiboles crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system, forming elongated,
prismatic crystals. The crystals often appear in clusters or as part of larger rock masses
(McFarlane, 2019).
 Transparency: Amphiboles are typically opaque, although some transparent varieties exist,
especially in the case of minerals like actinolite.

Uses of Amphiboles

Although not as widely used as some other minerals, amphiboles have several important applications in
both scientific research and industry:

1. Geological Research:

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

 o Amphiboles play a crucial role in the study of metamorphic petrology. Their presence and
composition provide valuable information about the conditions under which a rock
formed, such as temperature, pressure, and the chemical environment (Schofield, 2021).

2. Ornamental and Decorative Uses:

o Some varieties of amphiboles, especially hornblende and actinolite, are cut and polished
for use in ornamental stones. While not as commercially popular as gemstones like
diamonds or emeralds, amphiboles can be used in cabochons, carvings, or other decorative
pieces (McFarlane, 2019).

3. Industrial Uses:
o Due to their hardness, amphiboles can be used in specific industrial applications. In
particular, they may be employed as abrasives in certain contexts, though they are less
common in this role compared to minerals like garnet or corundum.

4. Asbestos (Historical Use):

o Some amphiboles, particularly varieties like actinolite and tremolite, have historically
been used as asbestos in insulation and fireproofing products. However, because of the
health risks associated with asbestos exposure, the use of amphibole asbestos has been
largely phased out in many countries (Schofield, 2021).

5. Collector's Minerals:
o Many amphiboles, such as glaucophane and riebeckite, are highly prized by mineral
collectors. Their unique colors and crystal forms make them interesting specimens for
display and study. Some varieties, especially those with rare colors or crystal structures,
can be quite valuable on the mineral market.

6. Gemstones:
o Certain varieties of amphiboles, especially green actinolite and hornblende, can be cut into
gemstones, although they are not as popular as other gemstones like emeralds or sapphires.
Some rarer types, such as the blue variety of glaucophane, are highly prized by collectors
for their unique appearance.

Conclusion
The study of minerals, particularly those within specific groups like the Epidote, Amphibole, and Garnet
groups, offers valuable insight into the Earth's geological processes. These mineral groups not only serve
as indicators of metamorphic and igneous processes but also have unique physical properties that have
led to their use in various applications.

The Epidote Group, with its distinct yellow-green to greenish-brown hues, is known for its importance
in metamorphic rocks and its application in geological research. Minerals like epidote and clinozoisite
help geologists determine the conditions under which rocks form, aiding in the understanding of

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

temperature and pressure during metamorphism. Though not widely used in industry, epidote’s
ornamental value and its status as a collector’s item have contributed to its appeal in the gem market.

The Amphibole Group is similarly crucial in the study of geological conditions, especially within
metamorphic rocks. Minerals like hornblende, actinolite, and tremolite serve as indicators of the chemical
and pressure environments in which rocks undergo metamorphism. While their industrial use has
diminished, especially with the phasing out of asbestos varieties, amphiboles continue to be valuable in
research, ornamental applications, and as collector’s items. Their notable cleavage, luster, and colors also
make them attractive for decorative purposes, though they are not as widely used as other gemstones.

The Garnet Group, renowned for its various types, such as pyrope, almandine, and spessartine, is
perhaps the most commercially significant in terms of gemstone use. Garnets are not only valued for their
beauty but also for their utility as abrasives in industrial processes. Their hardness, durability, and
versatility make them important both in jewelry and in technical applications.

The physical properties of minerals within these groups — such as their hardness, density, and crystal
structures — reflect their formation conditions and help classify them into their respective groups. These
properties not only aid in the identification of minerals but also determine their commercial and industrial
uses. For example, while the garnet group is popular in the gemstone market, the amphibole group has
limited commercial applications due to its historical association with asbestos, despite its continued
scientific importance.

In conclusion, the minerals in the Epidote, Amphibole, and Garnet groups provide a comprehensive
understanding of the Earth's geological history and the processes that shape the crust. While their
industrial and ornamental uses vary, the importance of these minerals cannot be understated. They
continue to be of scientific, commercial, and aesthetic value, contributing significantly to both
mineralogical research and the industries they serve. As we further study these minerals and their diverse
applications, new uses may emerge, enhancing their relevance in a variety of fields, from geology to
materials science and beyond.

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|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

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 Schofield, S. T. (2021). Physical Properties and Uses of Epidote Group Minerals. Mineralogical
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 Simmons, W. B., & Grady, J. D. (2011). Garnet: Petrology and Geochemistry. Mineralogical
Society of America.

 Snyder, R. P. (2018). Minerals of the World. Princeton University Press.

 Wang, L., & Su, W. (2017). Petrology of the Epidote Group: Implications for Metamorphism.
Mineralogical Journal, 68(5), 354-367.

 Zussman, J. (1990). The Amphiboles. Springer.

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||

|| Garnet Group, Epidote group & Amphibole group ||