Science Reviewer 2nd Quarter

Pointers To Review:
- Electromagnetic Waves (Properties, Characteristics, Uses/Application)
- Properties of Magnets
- Electromagnetic Induction (Scientists, Motor and Generator)

Types of EXAM:
- Multiple Choice (some with illustrations)
- Concept Mapping

Lesson 1 Electromagnetic Waves

Wavelength - The distance between two

waves
Crest - The highest point of a wave
Trough - The lowest point of a wave

Electromagnetic Wave
- is both a wave and a particle due to
vibration
- all forms of radiation with all level of
wavelength and frequency
- transverse and oscillating (vibration and perpendicular) waves
- composed of electric and magnetic field
- travel in a vacuum at the speed of 3.0x10^8 m/s
- can travel without a medium
- electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field
- classified through their 3 properties (wavelength, energy, and frequency)

- All electromagnetic field travels at the same speed

Frequency and Energy - direct
Wavelength and Frequency - indirect
Wavelength and Energy - indirect
Spectrum - series/group of electromagnetic wave

3 Major Properties of EM
Wavelength Energy Frequency

TYPES OF EM WAVES
Lowest Highest Frequency,
Frequency, Shortest Wavelength
Longest
Wavelength
Radio Waves Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma Radiation
Light

Radio waves - longest wavelength, lowest frequency and energy , use to transmit television and programs

Microwave - sub-bands with different wavelengths and uses oven, transmit phone signals, seen in phones or
all forms of gadgets, oven toasters
Infrared - found between microwave and visible light, detected in forms of heat, used in remote sensing,
heaters, toasters, remote control and grill

Visible light - only part of that can be visible to the naked eye, source: any visible light (sun, flashlight, etc.)
- can be produce by all things, natural or man made

RAINBOW COLORS: ROYGBIV

Highest Energy, Lowest Energy,
Shortest Longest Wavelength
Wavelength
VIOLET INDIGO BLUE GREEN YELLOW ORANGE RED

Ultraviolet (UV) Waves - extends from violet spectra of visible light through X-rays, most UV comes from
the sun,
- UVA (least harmful), UVB (sunburn), UVC (most harmful; ozone layer)
- the skin gets darker as response to it

X-rays - energies described as electron volts

(wavelengths are small)
- soft (smaller energy) and hard (higher e) x-
rays (both penetrate to matter except bones)
- don’t easily pass through metal
- used in medical components

Gamma Rays - found at the end of the EM

spectrum
- highest energy produced through supernova,
neutron stars, and decay of radioactive elements
- passes through skin and soft tissues, use to kill
bacteria in food
- used in surgical instruments

QUIZ 1 - ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

WAVE TYPE USES/ DEFINITON/ ETC…
RADIO WAVE Longest wavelength and lowest f, used in tv transmission
MICROWAVE Used to transmit cell phone and Wi-Fi signals, used in tv transmission,
killing bacteria, and to analyze weather condition,
INFRARED Picked up by night vision googles, use to analyze weather conditions
and measure the speed of moving objects
VISIBLE Wavelengths and f can be seen by the human eye, ROVGBIV
ULTRAVIOLET Promotes vitamin D production and can cause skin cancer, radiant heat
rays
X-RAY Goes through most matter except bone and lead, used in airport security
GAMMA RADIATION Highest energy, therefore most destructive, use to kill cancer cells
Lesson 2 - Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism - “electricity” “magnet”, combination of the concept of magnet and electricity

Ferro - metals attracted by magnetic materials
Magnet - comes in different shapes
- bar, horse shoe, needle (compass), oval, cylindrical, and ring magnet

PARTS OF MAGNET
1. Poles - “N” “S” or the North and South Pole
2. Magnetic Field lines - represented by black lines
3. Axis - middle of the magnet

Properties of A Magnet

1. Attractive Property - attraction of magnets to ferro magnetic materials

Ferro - compose of metals (generally)
- compose of nickel, iron, cobalt (specifically) (zinc at alum too)
2. Repulsive Property - has something to do with the poles
Same = Repel Different = Attract
3. Directive Property - deals with the direction of magnet
North - South = direction of magnet when freely suspended
S N - N S = outward N S - S N = inward
4. If we cut it to 2 or more pieces, it will still exist to have to 2 polls (always)

2 TYPES OF MAGNET
1. Permanent - natural occurring, has stronger magnetism compared to the temporary magnet
Types (identifies price and strength) : Neodymium (strongest), Alnico, Ceramic (weakest)
2. Temporary - electromagnet, weaker than permanent; 2 types = increase and decrease magnetism

Parts of Electromagnet
1. Source - battery 2. Solenoid / foil of wire - copper wire
3.Iron coil 4. Iron core - metal

Note: The bigger the battery, the higher the voltage; increase in EM, More loop on the wire increases
the EM

Scientists:

1. Hans Christian Oersted - A Danish scientist that tried

to prove that electricity is different from magnetism
- In 1820 he was doing a demonstration using electric
current. As he passed current through a wire, a compass
needle deflected. He discovered that magnetism is related
to electricity.
Needle deflects = presence of magnetic field
- proves that ec produces mf, e can cause m
2. Michael Faraday - given recognition as the owner of the discovery of electromagnetic induction (he was
the first to publish)
Materials: Bar Magnet, Galvanometer (measures
ec), Coil

Electromagnetic Induction - Process of

generating a current in a circuit by changing a
magnetic field. Magnetic field lines must be
cut perpendicular by relative motion of magnet
and conductor. Either the magnet can move or
the wire can move.

Electric current is produce due to the

relative motion of the coil or magnet

- production of electricity = production of magnetic field (vice versa)

- production of magnetic field = production of magnetism
- current flow is determine through the deflection of the needle

In the experiment: (was done by both Faraday and Joseph Henry)

North - inside South - outside South - inside North - outside
Needle: right Needle: right Needle: left Needle: left

3 Properties that determines Electromagnetism

(FACTORS AFFECTING MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED CURRENT)

1. Amount of conductor or coils of wire

2. Strength of the magnetic field
3. Speed of motion

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

- Electricity can create magnetism
- Moving charges create a magnetic field around the wire carrying that current

4. John Ambrose Fleming

- Devised the commonly used Hand Rules for
electric motors and generators

Electric motor - electric current to magnetic

field, power source: battery (left hand)

Generator - magnetic field - electric

current,power source: windmill router (right
hand)
RIGHT HAND RULE # 1
If straight wire is grasped with the right hand, with the thumb
pointing in the direction of current, fingers will purl in direction of
magnetic field

RIGHT HAND RULE #2

When a solenoid is grasped with the right hand, so that
the finger curl in the direction of the current, the
outstretched thumb will point toward the north pole of
the magnetic field.

RIGHT HAND RULE #3

is used to find the direction of induced current in an electric generators
According to this rule, “Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of
the right hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If
the forefinger points indicates the direction of the magnetic field and the
thumb indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle
finger will indicate the direction of induced current in the conductor”

LEFT HAND RULE

is used to find the direction of magnetic force acting in an electric motors
According to this rule, “Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of
the left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the
forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and the middle finger
indicates the direction of the current, then the thumb will indicate the
direction of motion or the force on the conductor”.