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Ofdm Exp 1 Final

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13 views4 pages

Ofdm Exp 1 Final

Uploaded by

shreya khatu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Group No.

: 03 Date: 06/08/2024

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM: To calculate and plot the Friis Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) model.
SOFTWARE: MATLAB
THEORY:
Free Space Propagation
The free-space propagation model is used for predicting the received signal strength in the line-of-
sight (LOS) environment where there is no obstacle between the transmitter and receiver. It is
often adopted for the satellite communication systems.
Friis Free Space Path Loss
The Friis Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) equation, also known as the Friis Transmission Equation,
describes the free space propagation of electromagnetic waves and calculates the path loss between
a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna
𝑃𝐺𝐺 𝜆
𝑃 (𝑑) =
(4𝜋𝑑) 𝐿
---------- (1.1)
Where, - Pr is the received power at the receiving antenna,
- Pt is the transmitted power from the transmitting antenna,
- Gt is the gain of the transmitting antenna,
- Gr is the gain of the receiving antenna,
- λ is the wavelength of the signal , where c is the speed of light and f is the frequency),
- d is the distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas
Path loss
Path loss refers to the reduction in signal strength as an electromagnetic wave travels through
space. It is a critical factor in wireless communication systems and is influenced by various
environmental and system-specific factors. Path loss is often expressed in decibels (dB) and is a
key consideration in designing and optimizing wireless networks.
For simplicity, if L=1 (no system loss), the free-space path loss PLF(d) can be derived from
Equation (1.1) as:

𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝐺𝜆
𝑃𝐿𝐹(𝑑)[𝑑𝐵] = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = −10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃 (4𝜋𝑑)
---------- (1.2)
Without antenna gains (Gt = Gr =1), Equation (1.2) is reduced to
𝑃 4𝜋𝑑
𝑃𝐿 (𝑑)[𝑑𝐵] = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃 𝜆
---------- (1.3)

The above figure shows the free-space path loss at the carrier frequency of fc = 1.5 GHz for
different antenna gains as the distance varies. It is obvious that the path loss increases by reducing
the antenna gains. As in the aforementioned free-space model, the average received signal in all
the other actual environments decreases with the distance between the transmitter and receiver, d,
in a logarithmic manner. In fact, a more generalized form of the path loss model can be constructed
by modifying the free-space path loss with the path loss exponent n that varies with the
environments. This is known as the log-distance path loss model, in which the path loss at distance
d is given as

𝑑
𝑃𝐿 (𝑑)[𝑑𝐵] = 𝑃𝐿 = (𝑑 ) + 10𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑑
------------ (1.4)

FLOWCHART:
START

Initialize parameters:
fc = 1.5 GHz
distance = [1:2:31].^2
Gt = [1, 1, 0.5]
Gr = [1, 0.5, 0.5]

Loop through Gt and Gr values


for k = 1:3
Call PL_free function with inputs (fc, distance, Gt(k), Gr(k))

Store output in y_Free(k, :)

Plot path loss using


semilogx(distance, y_Free)
Customize plot:
- Grid on
- Set axis limits
- Add title
- Add labels (x, y)
- Add legend

END

CODE:
function PL = PL_free(fc, d, Gt, Gr)
% Free Space Path Loss Model
% Inputs:
% fc : Carrier frequency [Hz]
% d : Distance between base station and mobile station [m]
% Gt : Transmitter gain
% Gr : Receiver gain
% Output:
% PL : Path loss [dB]
lamda = 3e8 / fc;
tmp = lamda ./ (4 * pi * d);
if nargin > 2
tmp = tmp * sqrt(Gt);
end
if nargin > 3
tmp = tmp * sqrt(Gr);
end
PL = -20 * log10(tmp); % Eq. (1.2)/(1.3)
end
% plot_PL_free.m
clear; clf;
fc = 1.5e9;
distance = [1:2:31].^2;
Gt = [1 1 0.5];
Gr = [1 0.5 0.5];
for k = 1:3
y_Free(k, :) = PL_free(fc, distance, Gt(k), Gr(k));
end
semilogx(distance, y_Free(1,:), 'k-o', distance, y_Free(2,:), 'k-^', distance, y_Free(3,:), 'k-s');
grid on;
axis([1 1000 40 110]);
title(['Free Path-loss Model, f_c = ', num2str(fc / 1e6), ' MHz']);
xlabel('Distance [m]');
ylabel('Path loss [dB]');
legend('G_t = 1, G_r = 1', 'G_t = 1, G_r = 0.5', 'G_t = 0.5, G_r = 0.5', 'Location', 'Best');

Output:

Conclusion:
The free-space path loss increases as the distance between the transmitter and receiver increases.
Additionally, the path loss is lower when the antenna gains (both transmitter and receiver) are
higher, indicating that the gains play a significant role in reducing signal attenuation over a given
distance. This model provides a fundamental understanding of how signals propagate in an ideal
line-of-sight environment, which can be further extended to more complex real-world scenarios.

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