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Engineering Mathematics - I: Awanish Kumar Tiwari

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7 views

Engineering Mathematics - I: Awanish Kumar Tiwari

Uploaded by

kjz8wg90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mathematics - I

Awanish Kumar Tiwari

Department of Mathematics
IIIT Bhopal, Pune

August 21, 2024

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 1/5


The Limit Comparison Test
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N ( N an integer).
If limn→∞ bann = c > 0, then
P P
an and bn both converge or both
diverge.
If limn→∞ bann = 0 and
P P
bn converges, then an converges.
an P P
If limn→∞ bn = ∞ and bn diverges, then an diverges.

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 2/5


The Limit Comparison Test
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N ( N an integer).
If limn→∞ bann = c > 0, then
P P
an and bn both converge or both
diverge.
If limn→∞ bann = 0 and
P P
bn converges, then an converges.
an P P
If limn→∞ bn = ∞ and bn diverges, then an diverges.

Example : Which of the following series converge, and


which diverge?
3 5 7 9
P∞ 2n+1 P∞ 2n+1
1
4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + · · · = n=1 (n+1)2 = n=1 n2 +2n+1

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 2/5


The Limit Comparison Test
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N ( N an integer).
If limn→∞ bann = c > 0, then
P P
an and bn both converge or both
diverge.
If limn→∞ bann = 0 and
P P
bn converges, then an converges.
an P P
If limn→∞ bn = ∞ and bn diverges, then an diverges.

Example : Which of the following series converge, and


which diverge?
3 5 7 9
P∞ 2n+1 P∞ 2n+1
1
4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + · · · = n=1 (n+1)2 = n=1 n2 +2n+1
1 1 1 1
P ∞ 1
1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + · · · =
2
n=1 2n −1

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 2/5


The Limit Comparison Test
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N ( N an integer).
If limn→∞ bann = c > 0, then
P P
an and bn both converge or both
diverge.
If limn→∞ bann = 0 and
P P
bn converges, then an converges.
an P P
If limn→∞ bn = ∞ and bn diverges, then an diverges.

Example : Which of the following series converge, and


which diverge?
3 5 7 9
P∞ 2n+1 P∞ 2n+1
1
4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + · · · = n=1 (n+1)2 = n=1 n2 +2n+1
1 1 1 1
P ∞ 1
1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + · · · =
2
n=1 2n −1
1+2 ln 2 1+3 ln 3 1+4 ln 4
P∞ 1+n ln n
3
9 + 14 + 21 + · · · = n=2 n2 +5

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 2/5


P∞ ln n
Example : Does n=1 n3/2 converge?
Example : Use the Limit Comparison Test to determine if
each series converges or diverges
P∞ n−2
1
n=1 n3 −n2 +3
P∞ q n+1
2
n=1 n2 +2

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 3/5


The Ratio Test
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an
Then
the series converges if ρ < 1,
the series diverges if ρ > 1 or ρ is infinite,
the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 4/5


The Ratio Test
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an
Then
the series converges if ρ < 1,
the series diverges if ρ > 1 or ρ is infinite,
the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Example : Investigate the convergence of the following


series.
P∞ 2n +5
1
n=0 3n

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 4/5


The Ratio Test
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an
Then
the series converges if ρ < 1,
the series diverges if ρ > 1 or ρ is infinite,
the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Example : Investigate the convergence of the following


series.
P∞ 2n +5
1
n=0 3n
P∞ (2n) !
2
n=1 n!n!

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 4/5


The Ratio Test
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an
Then
the series converges if ρ < 1,
the series diverges if ρ > 1 or ρ is infinite,
the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.

Example : Investigate the convergence of the following


series.
P∞ 2n +5
1
n=0 3n
P∞ (2n) !
2
n=1 n!n!
P∞ 4n n!n!
3
n=1 (2n)!
(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 4/5
Thank You

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 5/5

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