Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

Thus we find that the system of equations will have ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
(i) unique solution if p 2 and q 3 Example 1 :
(ii) no solution if p 2 and q 3
(iii) infinite number of solutions if p 2. 1 2 3 
2 3 1 
Example 15 : If A =   then find adj ( adj A)
 3 1 2 
Find values of k so that the following system of equations
has non-trivial solution Sol. We know adj ( adj. A) = |A|n–2 A
x + ky + 3z = 0 ; kx + 2y + 2z = 0 ; 2x + 3y + 4z = 0 Now if n = 3 then adj ( adj A) = |A| A
1 k 3 1 2 3
Sol. Here  = 0  k 2 2 = 0 2 3 1
2 3 4 = A = {1(6 – 1) –2 (4 –3) +3 (2–9)} A
3 1 2
8 + 9k + 4k – 12 – 4k2 –6 = 0 4k2 – 13k + 10 = 0
k = 2, 5/4 = (5 – 2 – 21) A = – 18 A

Example 16 : Example 2 :
The system of equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3,  cos   sin  0   cos  0 sin  
3x + 2y + kz = 4 has unique solution if    0 0 
(1) k = 0 (2) k  0 If M () =  sin  cos  0  ; M () =  1

(3) –1 < k < 1 (4) –2 < k < 2  0 0 1    sin  0 cos  

Sol. (2). Given system will have unique solution, if then find [M() M ()]–1 .
Sol. [M() M()]–1 = M()–1 M()–1]
1 1 1
2 1 1
0k0  cos  sin  0 
3 2 k   sin  cos  0 
Now M()–1 =  
 0 0 1 
USEFUL TIPS
Some important determinants to remember : cos ()  sin () 0
 sin () cos () 0
=  = M(–)
1 x x2  0 0 1
1. 1 y y2 = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
1 z z2 cos  0  sin  
 0 1 0 
M()–1 = 
 sin  0 cos  
1 x x3
2. 1 y y3 = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (x + y + z)  cos () 0 sin () 
3
 0 1 0 
1 z z =  = M (–)
 sin () 0 cos ()
[M() M()]–1 = M(–) M(–)
x x2 yz
3. y y2 zx = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (xy + yz + zx) Example 3 :
2
z z xy 1 0   0 1  cos  sin  
If I =  0 1  , J =  1 0  and B =   sin  cos   ,
     
a b c then find B in terms of I and J.
b c a  cos  sin   cos  0   0 sin  
4. = – (a3 + b3 + a3 – 3abc) < 0
c a b Sol. Here   sin  cos   =  0 cos   +   sin  0 
    
if a, b, c are different and positive.
1 0   0 1
= cos  0 1  + sin  1 0  = I cos + J sin
   

28 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Example 4 : Example 8 :
1 0  a b bc ca
If A = 1 1  then find A–n.
  bc ca ab
The determinant is equal to
ca ab bc
1 0  1  1 0  1 0
Sol. A = 1 1  ; A–1 = 1  1 1    1 1  (A) 2(3abc – a3  b3  c3 ) (B) 2(a3 + b3 + c3  3abc)
     

 1 0  1 0  1 0  1 0
(C) 2 (a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc) (D) 3abc   a3
A–2 =  1 1   1 1    2 1  ; A–n = n 1 Sol. (A). C1 : C1 + C2 + C3 gives,
      
2 a  b  c b  c c  a
Example 5 : 2(a  b  c) c  a a  b
D=
1 2 3  2(a  b  c) ab bc
5 0 4
If A =   then find adj A. Taking 2(a + b +c) as common factor and then R2 : R2 – R1
 2 6 7  and R3 : R3 – R1 . gives
1 bc ca
 04  52 74 5 0 
 67 26
  24 27 30  0 a b bc
 4 D = 2 (a + b + c)
 23 1 3 1 2  1 2  0 a c ba
Sol. Here[Aij] =   6 7 27  26 =  
   8 11 10 
= 2 (a+ b +c) [– (a – b)2 – (b – c) (a – c)]
 02 34  15 34 1 2
50 
  = – 2(a + b + c ) {a2 + b+ + c2 – ab – bc – ca}
= – 2(a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 abc)
 24 4 8 
 27 1 11  Example 9 :
Hence transposing [Aij] we get adj A =  
 30 2 10   1 tan x  1
If A = 
 tan x 1  , then find the value of A  A
Example 6 :  

a b c ka kb kc  1  tan x 
Sol. A   
x y z kx ky kz  tan x 1 
If = , then find
p q r kp kq kr
1  1  tan x 
A 1   tan x 1 
Sol. We know that if any row of a determinant is multiplied by 2 ,
1  tan x 
k, then the value of the determinant is also multiplied by k,
Here all the three rows are multiplied by k, therefore the  cos 2x  sin 2x 
value of new determinant will be k3 . A A 1     | A'A–1| = 1
 sin 2x cos 2x 
Example 7 :
Example 10 :
b2  c2 a2 a2
Find the number of positive integral solutions of the
b2 c2  a 2 b2
Find
c 2
c 2
a  b2
2
x3  1 x2 y x 2z
Sol. Applying R1– (R2 + R3), we get equation xy 2 y3  1 y2 z = 11.
2 2 3
0 2c 2 2b 2 0  c2 b2
xz yz z 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Det. = b c a b =2 b c a b
c2 c2 a 2  b2 c2 c2 a 2  b2 x3 x2y x2z 1 x2y x2z
2
Sol. LHS = xy y3  1 y2 z 3
+ 0 y 1 y2 z
0  c2 b2
xz 2 yz 2 z3  1 0 yz 2 z3  1
= 2 b2 a2 0 (by R2 + R1, R3 + R1)
c2 0 a2

= 2 (a2b2c2 + a2b2c2) = 4a2b2c2

29 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

|A|
x2 0 0  (adj A)X = X
 A
y2 1 0 Since X is a non-zero vector, therefore   is a
=x + (y3 + 1) (z3 + 1) – y3 z3 = x3+ y3 + z3 + 1  
2 characteristic root of the matrix adj A.
z 0 1

As 10 = 23 + 13 + 13, the solutions are

(2,1,1), (1,2, 1), (1, 1, 2). Example 15 :

Example 11 : a 0 0 
0 a 0 
Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. If A =   , then find the value of |A| |adj A|.
Then M is invertible if – 0 0 a 
(A) The first column of M is the transpose of the second
row of M. Sol. |A| |adj A| = |A adj A| = | |A | I |
(B) The product of entries in the main diagonal of M is |A| 0 0
not the square of an integer.
0 |A| 0
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main = = |A|3 = (a3)3 = a9
diagonal. 0 0 |A|
(D) Both (B) and (C)
a b
Sol. (D). Let M =  b c  , where a, b, c I
 
Example 16:
For invertible matrix, det(M)  0  ac – b2  0 If A, B and C are n × n matrix and det(A) = 2, det(B) = 3
i.e. ac  b2 and det (C) = 5, then find the value of the det (A2BC–1).
Sol. Given that | A | = 2, | B | = 3, | C | = 5.
Example 12 :
Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. | A |2 | B | 4  3 12
Further, if M  N and M2 = N4, then det (A2BC–1) = |A2BC–1| =  
|C| 5 5
(A) Determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(B) There is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that
(M2 + MN2) U is the zero matrix. Example 17:
(C) Determinant of (M2 + MN2)  1  2 1
(D) Both (A) and (B) Matrices A and B satisfy AB = B–1, where B =  2 0  .
 
Sol. (D). M2 – N4 = 0 (M – N2) (M + N2) = 0
M – N2 = 0 not Possible Find (i) without finding B–1 , the value of K for which
M + N 2 = 0 ; | M + N2 | = 0 KA = 2B–1 + I = 0, (ii) without finding A–1, the matrix X
M – N 2  0 ; | M – N2 | = 0 satisfying A–1XA = B.
In any case | M + N2 | = 0 Sol. (i) AB = B–1  AB2 = I
(A) ( | M2 + MN2 | = | M | |M + N2 | = 0 KA – 2B–1 + I = O KAB – 2B–1B + IB = O
(B) If | A| = 0 then AU = 0 will have solution.  KAB – 2I + B = O  KAB2 – 2B + B2 = O
Thus (M2 + MN2) U = 0 will have many 'U'.  KI – 2B + B2 = O
1 0   2 1  2 1  2 1  0 0 
Example 13 :  K 0 1  – 2 2 0  + 2 0  2 0  = 0 0
If  is a characteristic root of a non-singular matrix,          

A  K 0   4  2   2 2   0 0 
then prove that   is a characteristic root of adj A.   0 K    4 0    4 2   0 0 
         
Sol. Since a is a characteristic root of a non-singular matrix,
K  2 0  0 0 
therefore a  0. Also a is a characteristic root of A implies   0 
that there exists a non-zero vector X such that  K  2 0 0   K = 2
AX = X (ii) A–1 XA = B
 (adj A) (AX) = (adj A) (X)  AA–1XA = AB  IXA = AB  XAB = AB2
 [(adj A) A] X = (adj A) X  XAB = I  XAB2 = B  XI = B  X = B
 |A| IX = (adj A)X [ (adj) A] A = |A| I]
|A|
 |A| X = (adj A)X X = (adj A)X


30 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

QUESTION BANK
EXERCISE - 1 (LEVEL-1)
PART - 1 - MATRICES  1 2 3  1 2  4 5 6 
Q.1 If I is a unit matrix, then 3I will be Q.9 If P   2 3 4  2 0   0 0 1  then P22 =
(A) A unit matrix (B) A triangular matrix     
(C) A scalar matrix (D) None of these  3 4 5  0 4
Q.2 If A is a symmetric matrix, then matrix M'AMis (A) 40 (B) – 40
(A) Symmetric (B) Skew-symmetric (C) – 20 (D) 20
(C) Hermitian (D) Skew-Hermitian
Q.3 If A is a square matrix, then A + AT is  p q  r s
Q.10 If A =   q p  , B =  s r  then
(A) Non singular matrix (B) Symmetric matrix    
(C) Skew-symmetric matrix (D) Unit matrix (A) AB = BA (B) AB  BA
Q.4 If A is a square matrix satisfying the equation (C) AB = – BA (D) None of these
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 then A–1 is equal to –
(A) A – 4I (B) (1/3) (A – 4I) 0 1 
Q.11 If A =  0 0  and a and b are arbitrary constants then –
1 1  
(C) (A – 4I) (D) (A – 4I) 2
4 5 (aI + bA) =
(A) a2I + abA (B) a2I + 2abA
 1 a 2 2
(C) a I + b A (D) None of these
Q.5 If A =  , then An (where n  N) equals
 0 1   
Q.12 If     is square root of identity matrix of order 2
 1 na   1 n2a  
(A)  (B)   then –
 0 1  0 1 
(A) 1 + 2 +  = 0 (B) 1 + 2 –  = 0
2
(C) 1 –  +  = 0 (D) 2 +  = 1
 1 na   n na 
(C)  (D) 
 0 0   0 n  Q.13 If A  
2 2 2
 and A = O, then (a, b) =
Q.6 If A and B are two square matrices of the same order such a b 
that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is always equal to (A) (–2, –2) (B) (2, –2)
(A) I (B) A + B (C) (–2, 2) (D) (2, 2)
(C) 2 AB (D) 2 BA 1 
Q.7 Inverse of a diagonal non-singular matrix is –  
Q.14 If A   2 , then AA' =
(A) diagonal matrix
(B) scalar matrix 3  1 
(C) skew symmetric matrix 4
(D) zero matrix (A) 14 (B)  
3 
Q.8 If the multiplicative group of 2 × 2 matrices of the form
 a a  2 2 1 2 3
 a a  , for a  0 and a  R , then the inverse of  2 2 2 4 6
(C)   (D) None
 3 6 9 
1 1 1 1
8 8 4 4 3 5 1 17 
(A)  1 
1 (B)  1 
1 Q.15 If A    and B    then | AB | is equal to
2 0  0 10
8 8 4 4
(A) 80 (B) 100
(C) –110 (D) 92
1 1
2 2
(C)  1 
1 (D) Does not exist PART - 2 - DETERMINANTS
2 2  4 1
Q.16 If A =  2 3 , then find the value of | A |
 
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 1 (D) 10

31 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

4x 6x  2 8x  1 sin 4 2sin 2 2
(A) (B)
Q.17 Solve the equation 6x  2 9x  3 12x =0 sin  sin 
8x  1 12x 16x  2 (C) 4 cos 2  (2 cos   1) (D) None of these
for value of x
(A) –11/97 (B) 10/97 x b b
x b
(C) –8/97 (D) –3/97 Q.24 If 1  a x b and  2  are the given
a x
sin(   ) cos(   ) 1 a a x

Q.18 If A  sin(  ) cos(  ) 1 , then determinants, then

sin(   ) cos(   ) 1 d
(A) 1  3( 2 )2 (B) (1 )  3 2
(A) A = 0 for all  dx
(B) A is an odd Function of  d
(C) (1 )  2( 2 )2 (D) 1  3 3/2
(C) A = 0 for        dx 2
(D) A is independent of 
Q.19 The parameter on which the value of the determinant 1 1 1
bc ca ab
Q.25 Find the value of
1 a a2 bca ca b a bc
cos(p  d)x cos px cos(p  d)x
does not depend upon (A) 2 (B) 3
sin(p  d)x sin px sin(p  d)x
(C) 0 (D) 4
(A) a (B) p
19 6 7
(C) d (D) x
Q.20 For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R the value of 21 3 15
Q.26 Find the value of the determinant .
28 11 6
cos(A  P) cos(A  Q) cos(A  R)
cos(B  P) cos(B  Q) cos(B  R) (A) 2 (B) 3
is (C) 1 (D) 0
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)
x x 2 1  x3
(A) 0 (B) cos A cos B cos C
(C) sin A sin B sin C (D) cos P cos Q cos R y y 2 1  y3
Q.27 If x, y, z are unequal and = 0 then find the
z z2 1  z3
1 x x 1
Q.21 If f (x)  2x x(x  1) (x  1)x value of xyz.
3x(x  1) x(x  1)(x  2) (x  1)x(x  1) (A) 2 (B) –1
(C) 4 (D) – 4
then f (100) is equal to
a b c d
(A) 0 (B) 1 Q.28 If in the multiplication of  b a and  d c , A, B are
(C) 100 (D) – 100
the elements of the first row then the elements of the
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
second row will be
Q.22 Let 1  a 2 b2 c2 and  2   2 2 2 , (A) – B, A (B) A, B
a3 b3 c3 3 3 3 (C) B, A (D) – B, – A
a 5x p
then 1   2 can be expressed as the sum of how many
b 10y 5
determinants Q.29 If = 125 , then find the value of
(A) 9 (B) 3 c 15z 15
(C) 27 (D) 2
Q.23 If C  2 cos  , then the value of the determinant 3a 3b c
x 2y z
C 1 0 p 5 5
 1 C 1 is
(A) 12 (B) 22
6 1 C (C) 10 (D) 25

32 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
For Q.39-Q.40
a 1 0 Assume X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order 2 × n,
ax a 1 3 × k, 2 × p, n × 3 and p × k, respectively.
Q.30 If f (x) = , then find f (2x) – f (x) equals – Q.39 The restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be
ax 2 ax x defined are:
(A) a (2a + 3x) (B) ax (2x + 3a) (A) k = 3, p = n (B) k is arbitrary, p = 2
(C) ax (2a + 3x) (D) x (2a + x) (C) p is arbitrary, k = 3 (D) k = 2, p = 3
Q.40 If n = p, then the order of the matrix 7X – 5Z is –
(A) p × 2 (B) 2 × n
PART- 3 - APPLICATION OF
(C) n × 3 (D) p × n
DETERMINANTS
Q.31 If the system of equation : x + 2ay + az = 0; x+ 3by + bz =0; cos   sin  
Q.41 If A =  then A + A' = I, if the value of  is
x + 4cy + cz = 0 has non-zero solution then a, b, c are in–  sin  cos  
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (A) /6 (B) /3
(C) H.P. (D) Satisfy at a + 2b + 3c = 0 (C)  (D) 3/2
Q.32 The system of equations x + y + z =  – 1, Q.42 Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if
x + y + z =  – 1, x + y + z =  – 1 has no solution if = (A) AB = BA (B) AB = BA = O
(A) –2 (B) – 2 (C) AB = O, BA = I (D) AB = BA = I
(C) either – 2 or 1 (D) = 1 Q.43 If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric
Q.33 If x  y  z  0,3x  y  3z  0, x  3y  z  0 then –
has non zero solution, then  = (A) A is a diagonal matrix (B) A is a zero matrix
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) A is a square matrix (D) None of these
(C) 1 (D) – 3 Q.44 If A is square matrix such that A2 = A then (I + A)3 – 7A is
Q.34 The value of k for which the set of equations equal to –
(A) A (B) I – A
x  ky  3z  0, 3x  ky  2z  0, 2x  3y  4z  0 (C) I (D) 3A
has a non trivial solution over the set of rationals is
(A) 15 (B) 31/2 x 2 6 2
Q.45 If  , then x is equal to –
(C) 16 (D) 33/2 18 x 18 6
Q.35 The equation x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x + y + 3z = 2, (A) 6 (B) ± 6
5x + 5y + 9z = 4 have – (C) – 6 (D) 0
(A) Unique solution Q.46 Which of the following is correct –
(B) Infinitely many solutions (A) Determinant is a square matrix
(C) Inconsistent (B) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix
(D) None of these (C) Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix
(D) None of these
PART- 4 - MISCELLANEOUS Q.47 If area of triangle is 35 sq. units with vertices (2, –6), (5, 4)
Q.36 A = [ aij ]m×n is a square matrix if – and (k, 4). Then k is –
(A) m < n (B) m > n (A) 12 (B) –2
(C) m = n (D) None of these (C) –12, –2 (D) 12, –2
Q.37 Which of the given values of x and y make the following
pair of matrices equal ? a11 a12 a13
Q.48 If   a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then
3x  7 5  0 y  2 a 31 a 32 a 33
 y  1 2  3x  , 8 4 
   value of  is given by
1 (A) a11 A31+ a12 A32 + a13 A33
(A) x = – ,y=7 (B) Not possible to find (B) a11 A11+ a12 A21 + a13 A31
3 (C) a21 A11+ a22 A12 + a23 A13
2 1 2 (D) a11 A11 + a21 A21 + a31 A31
(C) y = 7, x = – (D) x   , y   Q.49 Let A be a non singular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then
3 3 3
Q.38 The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with | adj A | is equal to –
each entry 0 or 1 is – (A) | A | (B) | A |2
(C) | A |3 (D) 3 | A |
(A) 27 (B) 18
(C) 81 (D) 512 Q.50 If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 then det (A–1) is
equal to –
(A) det (A) (B) 1/det (A)
(C) 1 (D) 0
33 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.51 Choose the correct statement for the system of equation. (A) a : consistent, b : consistent.
(a) x + 2y = 2 ; 2x + 3y = 3 (B) a : inconsistent, b : consistent.
(b) 2x – y = 5 ; x + y = 4 (C) a : consistent, b : inconsistent.
(A) a : consistent, b : consistent. (D) a : inconsistent, b : inconsistent.
(B) a : inconsistent, b : consistent. Q.53 Choose the correct statement for the system of equation.
(C) a : consistent, b : inconsistent. (a) 3x – y – 2z = 2 ; 2y – z = –1 ; 3x – 5y = 3
(D) a : inconsistent, b : inconsistent. (b) 5x – y + 4z = 5 ; 2x + 3y + 5z = 2 ; 5x – 2y + 6z = –1
Q.52 Choose the correct statement for the system of equation. (A) a : consistent, b : consistent.
(a) x + 3y = 5 ; 2x + 6y = 8 (B) a : inconsistent, b : consistent.
(b) x + y + z = 1 ; 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 ; ax + ay + 2az = 4 (C) a : consistent, b : inconsistent.
(D) a : inconsistent, b : inconsistent.

EXERCISE - 2 [LEVEL-2]
Q.1 If A is non singular matrix, then –
(A) | A–1 | = | A | (B) | A–1 | = A–1  2  3  1   3
–1
(C) | A | = 0 (D) | A–1 | = 1 / | A |  1 2  4 ,
Q.7 If p 4  q 3  r 2  s  t 
 3 4 3
cos   sin  0 
 
Q.2 If f () =  sin  cos  0 then (f ()–1) = the value of t is
 0 0 1  (A) 16 (B) 18
(A) f () (B) f (–) (C) 17 (D) 19
(C) f (0) (D) None of these
x2  x x 1 x2
a b 0 2
Q.8 If 2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3  Ax  12 ,
Q.3 If 0 a b  0, (a  0) then –
b 0 a x 2  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1

(A) a is one of cube root of unity then the value of A is

(B) b is one of cube root of unity (A) 12 (B) 24
(C) (a/b) is one of cube root of unity (C) –12 (D) – 24
(D) (b/a) is one of cube root of –1
a2 b2 c2
1 i 1 i i
(a  1)2 (b  1) 2 (c  1)2 
1 i i 1 i  Q.9
Q.4
i 1 i 1 i (a  1)2 (b  1)2 (c  1)2

(A) – 4 – 7i (B) 4 + 7i
(C) 3 + 7i (D) 7 + 4i a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
x 1 x2 x4 (A) 4 a b c (B) 3 a b c
x3 x5 x 8  1 1 1 1 1 1
Q.5
x  7 x  10 x  14
(A) 2 (B) – 2 a2 b2 c2
(C) x2 – 2 (D) None of these (C) 2 a b c (D) None of these
Q.6 If a, b, c are unequal what is the condition that the value 1 1 1
of the following determinant is zero

a a2 a3  1 1 1 1
  b b2 b3  1 Q.10 2 a b c 
2 3 2 2 2
c c c 1 a  bc b  ac c  ab

(A) 1 + abc = 0 (B) a + b + c + 1 = 0 (A) 0 (B) 1

(C) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a ) = 0 (D) None of these (C) 2 (D) 3abc

34 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

1 1 1
a 2 ab ac
bc ca ab
ab  b2 bc  Ka 2 b2 c 2 , then K = Q.15 The value of is
Q.11 If bc ca ab
ac bc  c2
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(A) – 4 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 8 a b c
2 2 2
a 2b 2c Q.16 If b c a  k(a  b  c)(a  b  c  bc  ca  ab) ,
c a b
Q.12 If a  6, b, c satisfy 3 b c  0, then abc =
4 a b then k =
(A) 1 (B) 2
(A) a + b + c (B) 0 (C) – 1 (D) – 2
(C) b3 (D) ab + bc
 cos  sin  
a b ab Q.17 If f () =   sin  cos   and if , , , are angle of a
 
Q.13 If b c b  c  0 ; then a, b, c are in triangle, then f (). f (). f() equals
a b bc 0 (A) I2 (B) –I2
(C) 0 (D) None of these
(A) A. P. (B) G. P.
(C) H. P. (D) None of these  1 2 2 
 2 1 2 
1 1 1 Q.18 If k   is an orthogonal matrix then k =
 2 2 1
1 2  
Q.14
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2
1  2
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/16
(A) 3 3i (B) 3 3i  2 1  4 1
(C) i 3 (D) 3 Q.19 If A =  7 4  and B =  7 2 then which statement

is true ?
(A) AAT = I (B) BBT = I
(C) AB  BA (D) (AB)T = I
EXERCISE - 3 (PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE / JEE MAIN QUESTIONS)
 1 0 0
 2 1 0 1  3 
Q.1 Let A =   . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such  
 3 2 1 Q.4 If P = 1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and
 2 4 4 
 1  0
 
| A | = 4, then  is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2013]
 0
that Au1 =   and Au2 =  1 , then u1 + u2 is equal to (A) 4 (B) 11
 0  0
(C) 5 (D) 0
[AIEEE 2012] Q.5 If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA' = A'A
and B = A–1A', then BB' equals – [JEE MAIN 2014]
 1  1  1  1
 1  1  1   (A) I + B (B) I
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  1 (C) B–1 (D) (B–1)'
 0  1  0  1 n n
Q.6 If ,  0, and f (n) =  +  and
Q.2 Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P  Q. If P3 = Q3 and
3 1  f (1) 1  f (2)
P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is equal to :
1  f (1) 1  f (2) 1  f (3)
[AIEEE 2012]
1  f (2) 1  f (3) 1  f (4)
(A) – 2 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) – 1 = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( – )2, then K is equal to –
Q.3 The number of values of k, for which the system of [JEE MAIN 2014]
equations : (k + 1) x + 8y = 4k ; kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1 (A)  (B) 1/
has no solution, is – [JEE MAIN 2013] (C) 1 (D) –1
(A) infinite (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3

35 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.15 The system of linear equations: [JEE MAIN 2019]
1 2 2  x + y + z = 2 ; 2x + 3y + 2z = 5
 
Q.7 If A =  2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying the equation 2x + 3y + (a2 – 1) z = a + 1
 a 2 b  (A) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4.
AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the ordered (B) is inconsistent when | a | = 3 .
pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE MAIN 2015] (C) is inconsistent when a = 4.
(A) (–2, 1) (B) (2, 1) (D) has a unique solution for | a | = 3.
(C) (–2, –1) (D) (2, –1)
Q.8 The set of all values of  for which the system of linear cos   sin  
equations 2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1 ; 2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2 ; Q.16 If A =  sin  cos   , then the matrix A–50 when
 
–x1 + 2x2 = x3 has a non-trivial solution
(A) Is a singleton [JEE MAIN 2015] = / 12, is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2019]
(B) Contains two elements  3/2 1/ 2   1/ 2 3 / 2
(C) Contains more than two elements (A)   (B)  
(D) Is an empty set  1/ 2 3 / 2    3 / 2 1 / 2 
Q.9 The system of linear equations,
x + y – z = 0 ; x – y – z = 0 ; x + y – z = 0  1/ 2  3 / 2   3/2 1 / 2 
has a non-trivial solution for : [JEE MAIN 2016] (C)   (D)  
(A) exactly one value of   3 / 2 1 / 2   1 / 2 3 / 2
(B) exactly two values of  Q.17 The system of equation 3x + 4y + 5z = µ ; x + 2y + 3z = 1 ;
(C) exactly three values of  4x + 4y + 4z =  is inconsistent, then (, µ) can be
(D) infinitely many values of  (A) (4, 6) (B) (3, 4)[JEE MAIN 2020]
(C) (4, 3) (D) (1, 0)
5a  b  Q.18 The system of linear equations
Q.10 If A   T
 and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b =
3 2 3x – 2y – kz = 10 [JEE MAIN 2021]
(A) 5 (B) 4 [JEE MAIN 2016] 2x – 4y – 2z = 6
(C) 13 (D) –1 x + 2y – z = 5m
Q.11 If S is the set of distinct values of 'b' for which the is inconsistent if :
following system of linear equations (A) k = 3, m = 4/5 (B) k  3, m  R
x + y + z = 1 ; x + ay + z = 1 ; ax + by + z = 0 (C) k  3, m  4/5 (D k = 3, m  4/5
has no solution, then S is : [JEE MAIN 2017]
 3 1 2 
(A) a finite set containing two or more elements
(B) a singleton Q.19 Let P   2 0   , where R . Suppose Q = [qij]
 
(C) an empty set  3 5 0 
(D) an infinite set
is a matrix satisfying PQ = kI3 for some non-zero k  R. If
 2  3 q23 = –k/8 and |Q| = k2 / 2, then 2 + k2 is equal to
Q.12 If A   2
 , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to –
 4 1  _______ [JEE MAIN 2021]
[JEE MAIN 2017]  i i 
Q.20 Let A =  i i  , i  1 . Then, the system of linear
 51 84   72 63  72 84   51 63  
(A)  63 72  (B)  84 51  (C)  63 51  (D)  
      84 72 
x  8 
Q.13 If the system of linear equations equations A8      has [JEE MAIN 2021]
x + ky + 3z = 0 ; 3x + ky – 2z = 0 ; 2x + 4y – 3z = 0  y  64 
xz (A) Exactly two solutions (B) No solution
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z) , then is equal to: (C) A unique solution (D) Infinitely many solutions
y2
(A) –30 (B) 30 [JEE MAIN 2018]
(C) –10 (D) 10 Q.21 The maximum value of [JEE MAIN 2021]
x  4 2x 2x
2x x  4 2x
sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x cos 2x
Q.14 If = (A + Bx) (x – A)2, then the ordered
2x 2x x4 f (x) = 1  sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2x , x  R is :
pair (A, B) is equal to: [JEE MAIN 2018] sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2x
(A) (– 4, 5) (B) (4, 5)
(C) (–4, –5) (D) (–4, 3) (A) 3/4 (B) 5
(C) 7 (D) 5
36 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.24 Let A = [aij] be a real matrix of order 3 × 3, such that
2 3
Q.22 Let A   a 0  , a  R be written as P + Q where P is a ai1 + ai2 + ai3 = 1, for i = 1, 2, 3. Then, the sum of all the
  entries of the matrix A3 is equal to
symmetric matrix and Q is skew symmetric matrix. If (A) 1 (B) 3
det(Q) = 9, then the modulus of the sum of all possible (C) 2 (D) 9 [JEE MAIN 2021]
values of determinant of P is equal to Q.25 The number of distinct real roots of
(A) 24 (B) 18
sin x cos x cos x
(C) 45 (D) 36 [JEE MAIN 2021]  
Q.23 The value of k R, for which the following system of cos x sin x cos x  0 in the interval   x 
4 4
linear equations 3x – y + 4z = 3, x + 2y – 3z =–2, 6x + 5y + cos x cos x sin x
kz = –3, has infinitely many solutions, is
(A) –3 (B) –5 is
(C) 5 (D) 3 [JEE MAIN 2021] (A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 4 (D) 3 [JEE MAIN 2021]
EXERCISE - 4 [PREVIOUS YEARS KARNATAKA CET QUESTIONS]
Q.1 If A and B are two square matrices of the same order such Q.8 If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is always equal to which one of the following is NOT true? [KCET 2011]
(A) I (B) A + B [KCET 2010] (A) AB – BA is symmetric (B) AB + BA is symmetric
(C) 2 AB (D) 2 BA (C) A – B is symmetric (D) A + B is symmetric
Q.2 If A is a 3 × 3 nonsingular matrix and if | A | = 3, then Q.9 If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the value of
| (2A)–1 | = [KCET 2010]
1 2 1  4
(A) 24 (B) 3
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/24  1 1  5 is – [KCET 2011]
2
1  
3 2 
Q.3 If A = 1 1  , then A2 + xA + yI = 0 for (x, y) = (A) 4 (B) 2
 
(C) 2 – 4 (D) – 4
(A) (– 4, 1) (B) (–1, 3) [KCET 2010]
(C) (4, –1) (D) (1, 3)  x x 
Q.10 G     , x is a nonzero real number  is a group
Q.4 The constant term of the polynomial   x x 
x3 x x2 with respect to matrix multiplication. In this group, the
x x 1 x 1
is – [KCET 2010] 1 / 3 1 / 3
x  2 2x 3x  1 inverse of 1 / 3 1 / 3 is – [KCET 2011]
 
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) –1 (D) 1 1 1 3 3 
(A) 1 1 (B) 3 3
sin  cos  sin (  )    
sin  cos  sin (   ) 
Q.5 [KCET 2011] 3 / 4 3 / 4   4 / 3 4 / 3
sin  cos  sin (    )
(C) 3 / 4 3 / 4  (D)  4 / 3 4 / 3
(A) 1 – (sin  – sin ) (sin  – sin ) (sin  – sin )    
(B) 1 + sin  sin  sin  Q.11 Inverse of a diagonal non-singular matrix is –
(C) 1 (A) diagonal matrix [KCET 2012]
(D) 0 (B) scalar matrix
(C) skew symmetric matrix
 cos  sin   (D) zero matrix
Q.6 If A =   sin  cos   , then A . A' is – [KCET 2011]
 
x 2  3x x 1 x  3
(A) A2 (B) –A
x 1 2x x4
(C) A (D) I Q.12 If ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = ,
x3 x4 3x
1 2 1
then e = [KCET 2012]
Q.7 If  1 x  2 1  is singular, then the value of x is –

(A) –1 (B) 1
 x 1 1  (C) 0 (D) 2
Q.13 The characteristic equation of a matrix A is
(A) 0 (B) 1 [KCET 2011]
3 – 52 – 3 + 2 = 0 then | adj (A) | [KCET 2012]
(C) 3 (D) 2
(A) 4 (B) 9
(C) 25 (D) 21
37 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.14 If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’ such that Q.22 Consider the following statements: [KCET 2014]
A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the following will (a) If any two rows or columns of a determinant are
be true? [KCET 2013] identical, then the value of the determinant is zero.
(A) Either of A or B is zero matrix (b) If the corresponding rows and columns of a
(B) A = B determinant are interchanged, then the value of
(C) AB = BA determinant does not change.
(D) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (c) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
interchanged, then the value of the determinant
 2  3
Q.15 If A   2   and | A |  125 , then  = changes in sign.
  Which of these are correct?
(A) ± 1 (B) ± 2 [KCET 2013] (A) (a) and (c) (B) (a) and (b)
(C) ± 3 (D) ± 5 (C) (a), (b) and (c) (D) (b) and (c)

x 1 1 2 0 0
x 1
dA  
Q.16 If A  1 x 1 and B  , then  Q.23 The inverse of the matrix is A =  0 3 0  is
1 x dx
1 1 x  0 0 4

(A) 3B + 1 (B) 3B [KCET 2013] [KCET 2014]

(C) –3B (D) 1 – 3B
Q.17 If the determinant of the adjoint of a (real) matrix of order 2 0 0 2 0 0
1 
3 is 25, then the determinant of the inverse of the matrix is 0 3 0 0 3 0
(A) 24   (B)  
(A) 0.2 (B) ± 5 [KCET 2013]  0 0 4   0 0 4 
1
(C) 5 (D) ± 0.2 1 0 0  1/ 2 0 0 
625
1 
0 1 0   0 1/ 3 0 
2 3  (C) 24  (D)  
Q.18 If the matrix 5 1 = A + B, where A is symmetric and
  0 0 1   0 0 1/ 4 

B is skew symmetric, then B = [KCET 2013] Q.24 If a, b and c are in A.P., then the value of

2 4   0 2  x2 x3 xa

(A)  4 1 (B)  2 0  x4 x5 xb
    is – [KCET 2014]
x6 x7 xc
 0 1 0 1
(C)  1 0  (D) 1 0  (A) 0 (B) x – (a + b + c)
   
(C) a + b + c (D) 9x2 + a + b + c
Q.19 If A is 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A'B and BA'
are both defined, then B is of the type [KCET 2014] cos15 sin15
(A) 4 × 4 (B) 3 × 4 Q.25 Evaluate sin75 cos75 [KCET 2015]
(C) 4 × 3 (D) 3 × 3
(A) 1 (B) 0
 1 2 4 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.20 The symmetric part of the matrix A   6 8 2 is Q.26 The system of linear equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z=10
  and x + 2y + az = b has no solution when –
 2 2 7 [KCET 2015]
(A) a = 2, b  3 (B) a = 3, b  10
 0 2 1  1 4 3 (C) b = 2, a = 3 (D) b = 3, a  10
 2 0 2  2 8 0
(A)   (B)   [KCET 2014] 0 1  2
 1 2 0   3 0 7 Q.27 If A    , then A equal to – [KCET 2015]
 1 0 

 0 2 1  1 4 3 0 1  1 0 
 2 0 2  4 8 0 (A) 1 0  (B) 1 0 
(C)     
 (D)  
 1 2 0  3 0 7
1 0  0 1
Q.21 If A is a matrix of order 3, such that A (adj A) = 10 I, then (C)  0 1  (D) 0 1
   
| adj A | = [KCET 2014]
(A) 1 (B) 10
(C) 100 (D) 10 I

38 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

 2  1 1
Q.28 If A   2   and | A3 | = 27, then  = [KCET 2015] 1   cos ( x) tan (x /  ) 
  B  
  sin 1 (x /  )  tan 1 (x) 
 
(A) ± 1 (B) ± 2
then A – B is equal to – [KCET 2016]
(C) ± 7 (D) ± 5
(A) 0 (B) (1/2) I
x 1 1 (C) I (D) 2I
x 1 dQ
Q.29 If P  and Q  1 x 1 , then   3 1
1 x Q.36 If A   2
1 1 x
dx
1 2  then A – 5A is equal to – [KCET 2016]
 
(A) 3P + 1 (B) 1 – 3P [KCET 2015] (A) –1 (B) –71
(C) –3P (D) 3P (C) 1 (D) 71
Q.37 If A is a matrix of order m × n and B is a matrix such that
2a x1 y1
abc AB' and B'A are both defined, the order of the matrix B is
Q.30 If 2b x 2 y2   0 , then the area of the triangle
2 (A) n × n (B) m × n [KCET 2016]
2c x 3 y3 (C) m × m (D) n × m

 x1 y1   x 2 y 2   x 3 y3  Ax x2 1 A B C
whose vertices are  ,  ,  , , , is
 a a   b b   c c  Q.38 Let   By y2 1 and 1  x y z
Cz z2 1 zy zx xy
1 1
(A) abc (B) abc [KCET 2015]
4 8 Ax By Cy
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/8
then   x 2 y2 z2 [KCET 2017]
cos 2  sin 2  1 1 1
Q.31 If A =  sin 2 cos 2  and A + AT = 1, where I is the
 
(A) 1 = 2 (B) 1 = –
unit matrix of 2 × 2 and AT is the transpose of A, then the (C) 1 =  (D) 1  
value of  is equal to [KCET 2016]
3 x 3 2
(A) /3 (B) 3/2 Q.39 If x 1  4 1 then x is equal to – [KCET 2017]
(C) /6 (D) 
Q.32 If x, y, z are all different and not equal to zero and (A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 2 (D) ± 2 2
1 x 1 1
1 1 y 1 0 1 3 y 0 5 6
, then the value of Q.40 If 2 0 x  1 2  1 8 , then the value of x and
1 1 1 z
y are [KCET 2017]
x–1 + y–1 + z–1 is equal to [KCET 2016]
(A) x = 3, y = 3 (B) x = –3, y = 3
(A) x–1 y–1 z–1 (B) –1
(C) x = 3 , y = –3 (D) x = –3, y = –3
(C) xyz (D) – x – y – z Q.41 If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 , then | KA | is equal to
Q.33 If x, y, z are not equal and  0,  1 the value of [KCET 2017]
(A) K2 | A | (B) K | A |
log x log y log z (C) 3K | A | (D) K3 | A |
log 2x log 2y log 2z Q.42 If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric , then
is equal to – [KCET 2016]
log 3x log 3y log 3z [KCET 2017]
(A) A is diagonal matrix (B) A is a zero matrix
(A) log (6 x y z) (B) log (x + y + z) (C) A is scalar matrix (D) A is square matrix
(C) log (x y z) (D) 0
 2 2  n k
Q.34 If A is any square matrix of order 3 × 3 then | 3A | is equal Q.43 If A    then A = 2 A, where k =
to [KCET 2016]  2 2 
(A) (1/3) | A | (B) 9 | A | (A) 2n–1 (B) n + 1 [KCET 2018]
(C) 3 | A | (D) 27 | A | (C) n – 1 (D) 2 (n – 1)

1 1
1  sin (x) tan (x / ) 
Q.35 If A  ,
 sin 1 (x / ) cos 1 (x) 
 
39 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

 1 1  x   2 1 3  2 1
Q.44 If  1 1  y    4 , the values of of x and y respectively Q.52 If A    ,B  , then | ABB' | =
      4 2 1 2 
are [KCET 2018] (A) 100 (B) 50 [KCET 2019]
(A) –3, –1 (B) 1, 3 (C) 250 (D) –250
(C) 3, 1 (D) –1, 3 Q.53 If the value of a third order determinant is 16, then the
value of the determinant formed by replacing each of its
 cos  sin  
Q.45 If A    , then AA' = [KCET 2018] elements by its cofactor is [KCET 2019]
  sin  cos   (A) 256 (B) 96
(A) A (B) Zero matrix (C) 16 (D) 48
(C) A' (D) I Q.54 The constant term in the expansion of
Q.46 If x, y, z R, then the value of determinant
3x  1 2x  1 x2
x x 2 x x 2 5x  1 3x  2 x 1
(5  5 ) (5  5 ) 1 is [KCET 2019]
x
(6  6 x 2
) x
(6  6 x 2
) 1 7x  2 3x  1 4x  1
is – [KCET 2018]
x
(7  7 x 2
) x
(7  7 x 2
) 1 (A) – 10 (B) 0
(C) 6 (D) 2
(A) 10 (B) 12  0 0 1
(C) 1 (D) 0  
Q.55 If A =  0 1 0 , then A4 is equal to [KCET 2020]
ab bc a  1 0 0
ba ca b (A) A (B) 2A
Q.47 The value of determinant is
ca ab c (C) I (D) 4A

(A) a3 + b3 + c3 (B) 3abc [KCET 2018]  2 1  1 0

Q.56 If   A , then the matrix a is[KCET 2020]
(C) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc (D) None of these  3 2  0 1
Q.48 Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then | 5A | =
(A) 5 | A | (B) 125 | A | [KCET 2018]  2 1  2 1  2 1   2 1
(A)  (B)  3 2  (C)  3 2 (D) 
(C) 25 | A | (D) 15 | A |

 3 2      3 2 

 2 5 0 x3  x ax b x
 0 1 1
Q.49 The inverse of the matrix   is [KCET 2019] xa x2  x c x
 1 0 3  Q.57 If f (x) = then [KCET 2020]
xb xc 0

 3 15 5   3 1 1  (A) f (1) = 0 (B) f (2) = 0

 1 6 2  15 6 5
(A)   (B)   (C) f (0) = 0 (D) f (–1) = 0
 1 5 2   5 2 2  Q.58 If A and B are square matrices of same order and B is a
skew symmetric matrix, then A'BA is [KCET 2020]
 3 15 5   3 5 5  (A) Symmetric matrix (B) Null matrix
    (C) Diagonal matrix (D) Skew symmetric matrix
(C)  1 6 2 (D)  1 6 2  Q.59 If A is a square matrix of order 3 and | A | = 5, then
 1 5 2  1 5 2 
| A adj.A | is [KCET 2020]
Q.50 If P and Q are symmetric matrices of the same order then (A) 5 (B) 125
PQ – QP is [KCET 2019] (C) 25 (D) 625
(A) zero matrix (B) identity matrix Q.60 If a1 a2 a3 ......a9 are in A.P. then the value of
(C) skew symmetric matrix (D) symmetric matrix
a1 a2 a3
 1 18  a4 a5 a6
7 10 17  4 0 is [KCET 2020]
Q.51 If 3A + 4B' =  0 6 31 and 2B – 3A' =   a7 a8 a9
   5 7 
9
then B = [KCET 2019] (A) (a1  a 9 ) (B) a1 + a9 (C) loge (loge e) (D) 1
2
 1 18   1 3 1 3  1 3
 4 16   1 1   1 1   1 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 5 7   2 4  2 4   2 4 
40 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.63 If A and B are matrices of order 3 and | A | = 5, | B | = 3 then
2 1  | 3AB | is – [KCET 2021]
1 2 1
Q.61 If A    , B  3 2  then (AB)' is equal to (A) 425 (B) 405
 2 1 3 1 1  (C) 565 (D) 585
Q.64 If A and B are invertible matrices then which of the
 3 2   3 10  following is not correct? [KCET 2021]
(A) 10 7  (B)  2 7  (A) adj A = | A | A–1 (B) det (A–1) = [det (A)]–1
    (C) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1 (D) (A + B)–1 = B–1 + A–1
 3 7   3 7  cos x 1 0
(C)   (D)  
10 2  10 2  0 2 cos x 3 f (x) 
Q.65 If f (x) = then xlim

[KCET 2021] 0 1 2 cos x
Q.62 Let M be 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries, then
M is invertible if [KCET 2021] (A) –1 (B) 1 [KCET 2021]
(A) the first column of M is the transpose of second row (C) 0 (D) 3
of M.
(B) the second row of M is transpose of first column of
1 2 3
M.
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the 4 x 6
Q.66 If x3 – 2x2 – 9x + 18 = 0 and A = then the
principal diagonal. 7 8 9
(D) The product of entries in the principal diagonal of M
maximum value of A is [KCET 2021]
is the product of entries in the other diagonal.
(A) 96 (B) 36
(C) 24 (D) 120

ANSWER KEY
EX ERCISE - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A C A B D A B A D A A B D A C B D A D B A
Q 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A A C D B C D B A D C C A D D A C B D A B
Q 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
A B D B C B C D D B B A B B

EX ERCISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A D B D B B A B B A A C C B A C C B A D

EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A D C B B B C C B C A B D D A B A C D 17 B D D B B A

EXERCISE - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A B D A C D D D A C C A C A C C B D D B D C C D A B B C C D D
Q 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A C B D D B B B C D A D B D D D D D B A C B D A C C B C D B C
Q 61 62 63 64 65 66
A B C B D A A

41 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

Chapter Limit, Continuity and

15 Differentiability of Function
(fg) (x) = f (x) g (x)
LIMITS (f / g) (x) = f (x) / g (x), if g (x)  0 for any x  D.
Following are some results concerning the limits :
LIMITS OF A FUNCTION
Let lim f (x) =  and lim g (x) = m. If  and m exist.
Let y = f (x) be a function of x and for some particular value xa xa
of x say x = a, the value of y is indeterminate, then we
1. lim (f g) (x) = lim f (x)  lim g(x) = ± m
consider the value of the function at the points which are xa xa xa
very near to ‘a’. If these values tend to a definite unique
number as x tends to ‘a’ (either from left or from right) 2. lim (fg) (x) = lim f (x). lim g (x) = m
xa xa xa
then this unique number l is called the limits of f (x) at x= a
and we write it as lim f (x)
f xa 
lim f (x) =  . 3. lim   (x) = = provided m  0
xa  g  lim g(x) m
xa xa
Meaning of ‘x  a’:
Let x be a variable and a be a constant. If x assumes values 4. lim k f (x) = k. lim f (x) , where k is constant
xa xa
nearer and nearer to ‘a’ then we can say ‘x tends to a’ and
we write ‘x  a’. 5. lim [f (x)  k] = lim f (x) + k where k is a constant
xa xa
It should be noted that as x  a we have x  a.
(i) x  a 6. lim | f (x) | = | lim f (x) | = |  |
xa xa
(ii) x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ and
(iii) We are not specifying any manner in x a 7. lim (f (x)) g(x) = m
which x should approach to a. x may xa
approach to a from left or right as 8. If f (x)  g(x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a, then
shown in figure. a x
lim f (x)  lim g(x)
xa xa
Existence Of Limit : The limit of a function at some point 9. If f (x)  g(x)  h (x) for every x in the neighbourhood of a
exists only when its left-hand limit and right hand limit at and lim f (x) =  = lim h (x) then lim g(x) = 
xa xa xa
that point exist and are equal. Thus lim f (x) exists
xa
10. lim fog (x) = f ( lim g (x)) = f (m)
xa xa
 lim f (x) = lim f (x) =
x a  x a  In particular
where is called the limit of the function.  
(a) lim log f (x) = log  lim f (x)  = log 
xa  x a 
Example 1 :
f (x) lim f (x)
x 3
Find the value of lim (b) lim e = e x a = e
x 3 | x  3 | xa

1
(3  h)  3 h 11. If lim f (x) = +  or –  , then lim =0
Sol. LHL = lim = lim = –1 xa xa f (x)
h 0 | (3  h)  3 | h 0 |  h |

(3  h)  3 h
RHL = lim = lim =1 METHODS OF EVALUATION OF LIMITS
h 0 | (3  h)  3 | h 0 |h|
LHL  RHL, so limit does not exist When x  : In this case expression should be expressed
as a function 1/x and then after removing indeterminate
form, (If it is there) replace 1/x by 0.
THE ALGEBRA OF LIMITS
Let f and g be two real functions with domain D.We define
four new functions f  g, fg, f / g on domain D by setting
(f  g) (x) = f (x)  g(x),

42 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Example 2 :
x2 x3
2 2 2 2 2. e–x = 1 – x + – + ...........
1  2  3  ......  x 2! 3!
Find the value of lim
x x3
x2 x3
3. log (1 + x) = x – + – .......
12  2 2  32  ......  x 2 2 3
Sol. lim
x x3 x2 x3
4. log (1 – x) = – x – – – ......
x(x  1)(2x  1) (1  1/ x)(2  1/ x) 2 3
= lim 3 = lim = 1/3
x 6x x 6 (x log a)2 (x log a)3
5. ax = 1 + (x log a) + + + ........
2! 3!
When x  a , a  R.
x3 x5
h(x) 6. sin x = x – + – ......
Factorisation method : If f (x) is of the form and of 3! 5!
g(x)
indeterminant form then this form is removed by factorising x2 x4
7. cos x = 1 – + – .....
g (x) and h (x) and cancel the common factors, then put the 2! 4!
value of x.
x3 2 5
8. tan x = x + + x + ...........
Example 3 : 3 15
 x2 1  x3 9x 5
Find the value of lim  2  9. sin–1 x = x + + + ........
x  1  x  3x  2  3! 5!

  x  x  9x  .....
3 5
(x  1) (x  1) 1  1
Sol. Limit = lim  =–2 10. cos–1 x= – 
x  1 (x  2) (x  1) 1  2 2  3! 5! 

g (x) x3 x5 x7
Substitution Method : For evaluating lim ,
xa h (x) 11. tan–1 x = x – + – + .........
3 5 7
we follow the following steps-
n(n  1)
(i) Put x = a + h, where h is small ( 0) as x  a, h  0 12. (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x2 + .......
(ii) Simplify numerator and denominator and cancle h 2!
throughout (h  0)
(iii) Put h = 0, we get the required limit. Example 5 :
 1 1 
Example 4 : Find the value of lim  2  2 
x0  x sin x 
x2  1
Evaluate lim
x 1 x  1 sin 2 x  x 2
Sol. Limit = lim
x 0 x 2 .sin 2 x
(1  h)2  1 h 2  2h
Sol. = lim  lim = hlim
 0 (h +2) = 2
h 0 (1  h)  1 h 0 h 
2

x3 2 1
 x  3!  .....  x x 2  x 4  .....  x 2
  3
Rationalisation Method : In this method we rationalise the = lim = lim = – 1/3
x 0 2 x 0 2
 x3   x 2 
factor containing the square root and simplify and we put x2  x   ..... x 4 1   .....
 3!  3!
the value of x.  
Evaluation Of Limits By Using De’L’ Hospital’s Rule :
Expansion Method : If x  0 and there is atleast one If f (x) and g(x) be two functions of x such that
function in the given expression which can be expanded
then we express numerator and Denominator in the (i) lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0
xa xa
ascending of x and remove the common factor there.
(ii) both are continuous at x = a,
The following expansions of some standard functions are:
(iii) both are differential able at x = a,
x2 x3 (iv) f  (x) and g (x) are continuous at the point x = a, then
1. ex = 1 + x + + + ............
2! 3! f (x) f (x)
lim = lim provided that g (a)  0
xa g(x) x a g (x)
43 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Note : The above rule is also applicable if
12. lim sin x = lim cos x = 0 13. xlim
sin1 / x
lim f (x) =  and lim g (x) = . x  x x  x  1/ x = 1
xa xa

lim 1/x = 0 1
Generalisation : If lim
f (x)
assumes the indeterminate 14. x  15. xlim
 = 
x  a g  (x) |x|

0  0, if | a | 1
form and f  (x), g (x) satisfy all the conditions embodied 
0  1, if a 1
in De L Hospitals rule, we can repeat the application of 16. xlim a x=   if a 1
 
f (x) f (x) does not exist if a  1
f (x)
this rule on to get lim = lim
g (x) x  a g(x) x  a g  (x)
lim g (x)[f (x) 1]
Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this process a 17. lim [f (x)]g (x) = e x  a
xa
number of times till our goal of evaluating limit is achieved.

Example 6 : SOME LIMITS WHICH DO NOT EXIST

a x  bx  1
Evaluate lim (i) lim   (ii) lim x1 / x
x0 x x0  x  x0

a x  bx  0  (iii) lim
|x|
(iv) lim
|xa |
Sol. lim  form x0 x
x0 x 0 xa x  a

a x log a  b x log b  1  1
 lim (by ‘L’ Hospital rule) (v) lim sin   (vi) lim cos  
x0 1 x0  x x0  x

(vii) lim e1 / x (viii) lim sin x

 log (a/b) x0 x 

(ix) lim cos x

x 
SOME STANDARD LIMITS

sin x x CONTINUITY
1. lim = lim =1; lim sin x = 0
x0 x x  0 sin x x0 CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT
 1  A function f (x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a if
2. lim cos x = lim   =1
x0 x  0  cos x  (i) f (a) exists

tan x x (ii) lim f (x) exists and finite

xa
3. lim = lim = 1; lim tan x = 0
x0 x x  0 tan x x0
so lim f (x) = lim f (x)

sin 1 x x x a  x a
4. lim = lim =1
x0 x x  0 sin 1 x (iii) lim f (x) = f (a)
xa
1 x or function f (x) is continuous at x = a
tan x
5. lim = lim =1
x0 x x  0 tan 1 x If lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f(a)
x a  x a 
x
6. lim  1  a  = lim (1 + ax)1 / x = ea i.e. If right hand limit at ‘a’ = left hand limit at ‘a’ = value
 
x  x x0 of the function at ‘a’

ax 1 Example 7 :
7. lim = logea (a > 0 ) Test the continuity of the function f (x) at the origin :
x0 x
| x |
ex  1 xn  an  ; x0
8. lim =1 9. lim = n an – 1 f (x) =  x
x0 x xa xa  1 ; x  0
log(1  x) (1  x)n  1
10. lim =1 11. lim =n
x0 x x0 x

44 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Sol. We have (LHL at x = 0) Some common type of functions that are continuous :
1. Constant Function : Every
= lim f (x) = lim f (0 –h) = lim f (–h)
x  0 h0 h0 constant function is Y
everywhere continuous. Let
| h | f (x) = k, where k is a constant, f(x) = k
= lim = lim (–1) = –1
h0 h h0 be a constant function. Its k
and, (RHL at x = 0) graph is shown. It is evident X X
O
lim f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim f(h) from the graph that this
=
x  0 h0 h0 function is everywhere
Y
continuous.
|h| h 2. Identity Function : The identity function I(x) is defined by
= lim = lim = lim 1 = 1
h0 h h0 h h0 I(x) = x for all x  R. This function is everywhere
continuous as is evident from its graph.
Thus, we have lim f (x)  lim f (x)
x  0 x  0 Y
Hence f (x) is not continuous at the origin I(x) = x

Continuity On An Open Interval :

A function f (x) is said to be continuous on an open interval
X X
(a,b) iff it is continuous at every point on the interval (a,b). O

Continuity On A Closed Interval :

A function f (x) is said to be continuous on a closed interval
[a,b] iff
Y
(i) f is continuous on the open interval (a,b)
3. Modulus Function :
(ii) lim f (x) = f(a), and (iii) lim f (x) = f(b) The modulus function f (x) is
Y
x a  x b f (x) = | x |
defined as
In other words, f (x) is continuous on [a,b] iff it is continuous
on (a,b) and it is continuous at a from the right and at b  x, if x  0
from the left. f (x) = | x | =   x, if x  0
 X
O
X

Clearly, the domain of f(x) is

Example 8 :
R and this function is Y
Check the continuity of the function
everywhere continuous.
x  2 , x  3 4. Exponential Function : If a is a positive real number, other
 than 1, then the function f (x) defined by f (x) = ax for all x
f (x) =  5 , x  3 at x = 3
8  x , x  3 R, is called the exponential function.
 The domain of this function is R . It is evident from its
Sol. f (3) = 5 graph that it is everywhere continuous.

Left hand limit lim (3 + h) + 2 y

x 3
a>1
lim (5 + h) = 5
h0 0<a<1
(0,1)
Right hand limit lim 8 – (3 – h)
x 3
x
lim 5 + h = 5 = LHL 0
h0
5. Logarithmic Function : If a is positive real number other
f (3) = RHL = LHL
than unity, then a function defined by f (x) = loga x is called
 function is continuous
the logarithmic function. Clearly its domain is the set of all
positive real numbers and it is continuous on its domain.
CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS It should be noted that it is not everywhere continuous.
A function f (x) is said to be continuous if it is continuous
at each point of its domain.
Everywhere Continuous Function : A function f (x) is said
to be everywhere continuous if it is continuous on the
entire real line (–, ).

45 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Y
Note : The product of one continuous and one
discontinuous function may or may not be continuous.
logax ( a > 1) For example :
(i) f (x) = x is continuous and g (x) = cos 1/x is discontinuous
(1,0) whereas their product x cos (1/x) is continuous.
o X (ii) f (x) = C is continuous & g (x) = sin (1/x) is discontinuous
whereas their product C sin 1/x is discontinuous.
loga x (0 < a < 1)
DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
A function is said to be a discontinuous function if it is
6. Polynomial Function : A function of the form
discontinuous at at least one point in its domain.
f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ....+ anxn, where a0,a1,a2,..., an  R
The discontinuity may arise due to any of the following
is called a polynomial function. This function is everywhere
situations:
continuous.
7. Rational Function : If p(x) and q(x) are two polynomials, (i) lim f (x) or lim f (x) of both may not exist.
x a  x a 
p(x)
then a function f (x) of the form f (x) = , q (x)  0 is (ii) lim f (x) as well as lim f (x) may exist, but are unequal
q(x) x a  x a 
called a rational function. This function is continuous on
(iii) lim f (x) as well as lim f (x) both may exist, but either
its domain, i.e. it is everywhere continuous except at points
x a  x a 
where q (x) = 0.
of the two or both may not be equal to f (a).
8. Trigonometric Functions :
We classify the points of discontinuity according to
(a)The sine & cosine functions are everywhere continuous.
various situations discussed above.
(b)The tangent, cot, sec & cosec functions are continuous
in their domain. Removable Discontinuity: A function f is said to have
9. Inverse Trigonometric Functions : We know that the
removable discontinuity at x = a if lim f (x) = lim f (x)
graph of the inverse of a function is the mirror image of x a  x a 
the graph of the given function in the line y = x. but their common value is not equal to f (a).
Therefore, graphs of sin–1x, cos–1x,tan–1x,cot–1x, sec–1x Such a discontinuity can be removed by assigning a
and coses–1x are the mirror images of those of the suitable value to the function f at x = a.
corresponding trigonometric functions in the line y = x.
Since trigonometric function are continuous in their Discontinuity of the first kind : A function f is said to
domains, Therefore each of the inverse trigonometric have a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if lim f (x)
functions is continuous in its domain. x a 

Properties of continuous functions: and lim f (x) both exist but are not equal.
x a 
1. If f and g are two continuous functions on their common
f is said to have a discontinuity of the first kind from the
domain D, then
(i) f + g is continuous on D left at x = a if lim f (x) exists but not equal to f (a).
(ii) f – g is continuous on D x a 
(iii) fg is continuous on D Discontinuity of the first kind from the right is similarly
(iv)  f is continuous on D where  is any real number. defined.
f Discontinuity of second kind : A function f is said to have
(v) is continuous on D – { x ; g (x)  0} a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if neither
g
lim f (x) nor lim f (x) exists.
1 x a  x a 
(vi) is continuous on D – { x ; f (x)  0}
f f is said to have a discontinuity of the second kind from
2. The composition of two continuous functions is a the left at x = a if lim f (x) does not exist.
continuous function. x a 
3. If f is continuous on its domain D, then | f | is also continuous
on D. For examples : Similarly, if lim f (x) does not exist, then f is said to have
x a 
(i) e2x + sin x is a continuous function because it is the
sum of two continuous function e2x and sin x. discontinuity of the second kind from the right at x = a.
(ii) sin (x2 + 2) is a continuous function because it is the Following are examples of some discontinuous function -
composite of two continuous functions sin x and x2+2. (i) f (x) = 1/x, at x = 0
(ii) f (x) = e1/x, at x = 0
(iii) f (x) = sin 1/x, f (x) = cos 1/x, at x = 0
46 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(iv) f (x) = [x], at every integer Geometrical meaning of
(v) f (x) = x – [x], at every integer differentiability at a point : y y = f(x)
(vi) f (x) = tan x, f (x) = sec x, when x = (2n + 1) /2, n  z. Thus, f (x) is differentiable at
(vii) f (x) = cot x, f (x) = cosec x, when x = n , n  z. point P, iff there exists a
(viii) f (x) = coth x, f (x) = cosech x at x = 0 unique P (c,f(c))
tangent at point P. In other x' x
DIFFERENTIABILITY words, f (x) is differentiable o
at a point P iff the curve does
DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION not have P as a corner point. y'

A function f (x) is said to be differentiable at a point of its

domain if it has a finite derivative at that point. Thus f (x) is DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION IN A SET
differentiable at x = a Differentiability on an open interval : A function f (x)
f (x)  f (a) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to be differentiable
 lim exists finitely or derivable in open interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at
x a xa
each point of (a, b).
f (x)  f (a) f (x)  f (a) Differentiability on a closed interval : A function f (x)
 lim  lim
xa  xa xa  xa defined on [a, b] is said to be differentiable or derivable at
the end points a and b if it is differentiable from the right at
f (a  h)  f (a) f (a  h)  f (a) a and from the left at b.
 lim  lim
h0 h h 0 h f (x)  f (b)
f (x)  f (a)
 f  (a – 0) = f  (a + 0) In other words lim and lim
x a  xa xb  xb
 Left - hand derivative = Right - hand derivative
Generally derivative of f (x) at x = a is denoted by f  (a) both exist.
If f is derivable in the open interval (a, b ) and also at the
f (x)  f (a) end points a and b, then f is said to be derivable in the
f  (a) = lim
x a xa closed interval [a, b].
(i) Differentiable at every point of interval (a, b).
Example 9 :
(ii) Right derivative exists at x = a.
For what choice of a and b is the function
(iii) Left derivative exists at x = b.
 x 2 , xc
f (x) =  is differentiable at x = c.
 ax  b , x  c DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION
Sol. It is given that f (x) is differentiable at x = c and every A function f is said to be a differentiable function if it is
differentiable function is continuous. So, f (x) is continuous differentiable at every point of its domain.
at x = c. Everywhere differentiable function : If a function is
differentiable at each x  R, then it is said to be every
 lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (c)
x  c
where differentiable.
x  c

 lim x 2 = lim (ax  b) = c2 [Using def. of f (x)] SOME STANDARD RESULTS ON DIFFERENTIABILITY
x c  x c
1. Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x  R.
 c2 = ac + b .....(i) 2. The exp. function ax, a>0 is differentiable at each xR.
Now, f (x) is differentiable at x = c 3. Every constant function is differentiable at each x  R.
 (LHD at x = c) = (RHD at x = c) 4. The log function is differentiable at each point in its
f (x)  f (c) f (x)  f (c) domain.
 lim  lim 5. Trigonomtery and ITF are differentiable in their domains.
x  c xc x c  xc
6. The sum, difference, product & quotient of two
x 2  c2 (ax  b)  c2 differentiable functions is differentiable.
 lim  lim [Using def. of f (x)] 7. If a function is not differentiable but is continuous at a
xc xc xc xc
point, it geometrically implies there is a sharp corner at
x 2  c2 ax  b  (ac  b) that point.
 lim  lim [Using (i)] 8. If f (x) and g(x) both are not differentiable at a point, then
xc xc xc xc
the sum function f (x) + g(x) and the product function f (x).
 xlim (x  c)  lim a  2c = a .....(ii)
g(x) can still be differentiable at that point.
c x c
2 2 2
From (i) and (ii), we get c = 2c + b  b = – c .
Hence, a = 2c and b = –c2.
47 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Note :  
1. If a function f (x) is differentiable at a point x = a then it is Sol. Put   = h or  =  + h
4 4
continuous at x = a.    
2. If f (x) is only continuous at a point x = a, there is no cos   h   sin   h 
4  4 
guarantee that f (x) is differentiable there. Limit = lim
h0 h
3. If f (x) is not differentiable at x = a then it may or may not be
continuous at x = a.    
cos   h   cos   h 
4. If f (x) is not continuous at x = a, then it is not differentiable 4  4 
= lim
at x = a. h0 h
5. If left hand derivative and right hand derivative of f (x) at 
x = a are finite (they may or may not be equal) then f (x) is 2sin .sinh
= lim 4  2
continuous at x = a.
h0 h
Example 3 :
SHORT CUT METHODS
sin (e x  2  1)
[ax  b] Evaluate lim
a x 2 log(x  1)
1. If a > 0, then lim
x  x
sin (eh  1)
Sol. Given limit = lim
a  xn  a 1 h 0 log(1  h)
2. lim n

x0 x 2 a  
h2
sin  h   ....
m m  2 
a  xn  a  xn 2 = lim
3. lim 
x0 x n
ma 11/m h 0 h2
h  ....
4. If S is a linear function of x, then 2

1  cos ax 3
lim  0 iof g (x) S  h2  1 h2 
x  0 g (bx)  h  2  ....  3!  h  2  ....  ....
   
= lim 1
ax 2  bx  c
a h0 h2
5. lim 2
 h  ....
x  dx  ex  f d 2
Example 4 :
[Degree of numerator = degree of denominator] 1 1
1/x Evaluate lim  log (1  x)
6. lim (1  x) e x 0 x x2
x0
1 1
n Sol. lim  log (1  x)
 1 x0 x x 2
7. lim 1    e  x 2 x 3 
n   n x  x   ....
x  log(1  x)  2 3  1
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES = lim 2 = lim 
x 0 x x0 2 2
Example 1 : x

 x 2  1, x  1
If f (x) =  , then find the value of lim f (x). Example 5 :
 3x  1, x  1 x 1
x | x |
If f (x) = , then find lim f (x)
Sol. Left hand limit = lim f (x) = lim (3x –1) = 3.1 – 1 = 2 x x0
x 1  x 1 
h  | h |
Sol. LHL = lim = lim (0) = 0
and Right hand limit = lim f (x)= lim (x2 + 1) = 12 + 1 = 2 h0 h h0
x 1 x 1
h | h |
 lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 2. So lim f (x) = 2 RHL = lim = 2 ; LHL  RHL  does not exist
h0 h
x 1  x 1 x 1
Example 2 :
Example 6 :
cos   sin 
Evaluate lim sin x
  Evaluate lim
   x  x
4 4

48 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

sin x 1  f (0 – 0)  f (0 + 0)  lim f (x) does not exist.

Sol. lim = lim . lim sin x x0
x  x x  x x 
= 0 × (a finite number between – 1 and 1) = 0 Example 11 :

Example 7 : x k  5k
If lim = 500, then find the value of k.
x 5 x  5
f (x)  3
If f (9) = 9 and f (9) = 4, then find the value of lim Sol. It is in 0/0 form, so by L’ Hospital rule, we have
x 9 x 3
Sol. Given limit is in 0/0 form, so using Hospital rule, we get kx k 1  0
lim = 500  k 5k –1 = 500 = 4 × 53
x 5 1
1
.f '(x)  k=4
2 f (x) f '(9). 9 4.3
Limit = lim =  4
x 9 1 f (9) 3 Example 12 :
2 x
sin( cos 2 x)
Example 8 : Evaluate lim
x0 x2
x
x(2  1) Sol. Limit is in 0/0 form, so by Hospital Rule
Evaluate lim
x0 1  cos x
cos( cos 2 x)2 cos x(  sin x)
Limit = lim
2x  1 x2 2x  1 x2 x0 2x
Sol. L = lim . = lim . lim
x0 x 1  cos x x  0 x x 0 2 sin 2 x
2  sin x 
= lim {– cos (cos2x). cos x} . lim  
x 0 x 0 x 
2
 x/2  = .1 = 
= log 2. 2 lim   = 2 log 2
x 0  sin(x / 2) 
Example 13:
Example 9 : Find the value of lim (sinx)tanx

x
tan x  sin x 2
Evaluate : lim
x 0 x3
lim tan x(sin x 1)

x
 x 3 2x 5   x3 
Sol. lim (sin x) tan x  e 2
 x  3  15  .....   x  3!  ...... 
    x
Sol. Limit = lim 2
x0 x3
sin 2 x sin x 2sin x cos x  cos x
lim lim
 cos x   sin x
x x
 1 1  
x 3     ()x 2  ..... =e 2 =e 2 = e0 =1
  3 6  
= xlim = 1/2
0 x3
Example 14:
Example 10 :
 log(1  ax)  log(1  bx)
 , x0
 sin[x] If f (x) =  x
 ,[x]  0 
If f (x) =  [x] then find xlim
 0 f (x)
k , x0
 0 ,[x]  0
 is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of k.
Sol.  f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
sin( 1)
Sol. When –1 x < 0, then f (x) =
1
= sin 1 f (0) = lim f (x)
x0
and when 0  x < 1, then f (x) = 0 [[x] = 0 f (x) = 0]
log(1  ax)  log(1  bx) 0 
 f (0 – 0) = lim sin 1 = sin 1  k = xlim
0  form
h0 x 0

 f (0 + 0) = lim (0) = 0  a b 
h0 = xlim 
 0  1  ax 1  bx  = a + b

49 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

QUESTION BANK
EXERCISE - 1 (LEVEL-1)
PART - 1 - LIMITS x
lim  1  a
2 2 2
1  2  3  ......  x 2 Q.10 x    =
x
Q.1 Find lim
x x3 (A) 1 (B) e
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2 (C) ea (D) e2
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/5
 sin x n
3 2 Q.11 For m, n  I , lim is equal to
x  x log x  log x  1 x  0 (sin x) m
Q.2 Find lim
x 1 x2 1 (A) 1, if n < m (B) 0, if n > m
(A) 1/3 (B) 3/2 (C) n/m (D) 0, if n = m
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
[3(n  1)]!
lim
Q.3 Find lim x1/ x Q.12 n  (n  1)3 (3n!)
equals –
x 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B) 9
(C) 3 (D) 4 (C) 27 (D) 36
Q.4 Find lim f (x) and lim f (x) , where sin ( cos 2 x)
x0 x 1 Q.13 lim equals –
x 0 x2

2x  3, x  0
f (x) = 3 (x  1), x  0 (A) – 
(C) /2
(B) 
(D) 1
(A) 1, 2 (B) 3, 6
(C) 2, 3 (D) 2, 4 lim sin x
Q.14 x equals-
x
x 2  1 , x  1 (A) 1 (B) 0
Q.5 Find lim f (x) where f (x) =  2
x 1   x  1, x  1 (C)  (D) Does not exist
(A) 0 (B) –1 cos ax  cos bx
(C) –2 (D) does not exist Q.15 lim 
x 0 x2
| x |
 x , x  0 a 2  b2 b2  a 2
(A) (B)
Q.6 Evaluate lim f (x) , where f (x)   2 2
x 0 0, x0 (C) a – b2
2 (D) b – a2
2


(A) 0 (B) 1 PART - 2 - CONTINUITY

(C) 2 (D) does not exist  x, if x is rational
x | x | Q.16 If function f (x) = 
Q.7 If f (x) = , then lim f(x) equals- 1  x, if x is irrational
x x0
(A) 2 (B) 0 then the number of points at which f (x) is continuous, is
(C) 1 (D) Does not exist (A)  (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) 2
x  sin x lim Q.17 If f (x) = sgn (x) and g (x) = x (1 – x2), then the number of
Q.8 If f (x) = , then x   f(x) equals- points of discontinuity of function f (g (x)) is –
x  cos 2 x
(A) exact two
(A) 0 (B) 
(B) exact three
(C) 1 (D) 2
(C) finite and more than 3
 x  1, x  0 (D) infinitely many
 lim
Q.18 Examine the continuity of the function
Q.9 If f (x) =  1/ 4, x  0 then x  0 f (x) equals-
 2  x2  9
 x , x0  , when x  3
f (x) =  x  3 ; at x = 3
(A) 0 (B) 1  6 , when x  3

(C) –1 (D) Does not exist
50 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(A) f (x) is continuous at x = 3
(B) f (x) is continuous at x=2 
 1  cos 4x
(C) f (x) is continuous at x = 1 , when x  0
(D) f (x) is continuous at x = 4  x2

Q.19 If f (x) = | x – 2 |, then Q.24 If f (x)   a, when x  0 ,

(A) lim f (x)  0  x
x  2 , when x  0
 (16  x )  4
(B) lim f (x)  0 
x  2
is continuous at x = 0, then the value of ‘a’ will be
(C) xlim f (x)  lim f (x) (A) 8 (B) – 8
2 x 2
(C) 4 (D) 2
(D) f (x) is continuous at x = 2

(x 2 / a)  a, when x  a PART - 3 -DIFFERENTIABILITY

 Q.25 Which of the following is not true
Q.20 If f (x)   0, when x  a, then (A) Every differentiable function is continuous.
 2
a  (x / a), when x  a (B) If derivative of a function is zero at all points, then
the function is constant.
(A) lim f (x)  a (C) If a function has maximum or minima at a point, then
x a the function is differentiable at that point and its
(B) f (x) is continuous at x = a derivative is zero.
(C) f (x) is discontinuous at x = a (D) If a function is constant, then its derivative is zero at
(D) lim f (x)  1 all points.
xa Q.26 Which of the following statements is true
(A) A continuous function is an increasing function
 2 1
 x sin , when x  0 (B) An increasing function is continuous
Q.21 If f (x)   x , then (C) A continuous function is differentiable
 0, when x  0 (D) A differentiable function is continuous
(A) f (0+) = 2 (B) f (0–) = 1 Q.27 The function f (x) = | x | at x = 0 is
(C) f is continuous at x = 0 (D) f (0+) = –1 (A) Continuous but non-differentiable
(B) Discontinuous and differentiable
  x 2 , when x  0 (C) Discontinuous and non-differentiable
 (D) Continuous and differentiable
 5x  4, when0  x  1
Q.22 If f (x)   , then Q.28 The left-hand derivative of f (x) = [ x ] sin (x) at x = k, k is
2
4x  3x, when 1  x  2 an integer and [x ] = greatest integer < x is
 3x  4, when x  2
 (A) (1)k (k  1)  (B) (1)k 1 (k  1) 
(A) f (x) is continuous at x = 0
(C) (1)k k (D) (1)k 1 k 
(B) f (x) is continuous x = 2
(C) f (x) is continuous at x = 1 Q.29 Let f (x  y)  f (x)f (y) and f (x)  1  sin(3x)g(x)
(D) Both (B) and (C) where g (x) is continuous then f ' (x) is
(A) f (x) g (0) (B) 3 g (0)
5
 2  x , when x  2 (C) f (x) cos 3x (D) 3 f (x)g (0)
 f (5)  f (1)
Q.23 If f (x)   1 , when x  2 , then Q.30 If f (x)  x 2  2x  4 and  f '(c) then value
 5 1
3 of c will be
 x  , when x  2
 2 (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
(A) f (x) is continuous at x = 2
(B) f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2  x, 0  x 1
Q.31 If f (x)   , then
(C) lim f (x)  1 2x  1, 1  x
x 2
(A) f is discontinuous at x = 1
(D) lim f(x)  1/ 3 (B) f is differentiable at x = 1
x2 (C) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(D) None of these

51 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(A) discontinuous at x = 2
ax 2  b; x  0
Q.32 If f (x)   possesses derivative at x = 0, (B) discontinuous at x = 3
 x2 ; x  0 (C) discontinuous at x = 0
(D) no point of discontinuity
then
(A) a = 0, b = 0 (B) a > 0, b = 0  3
Q.38 f (x) =  x 2  3 if x  2
(C) a R, b = 0 (D) a = 1, b = 1  x  1 if x  2
(A) discontinuous at x = 2
PART - 4 : MISCELLANEOUS (B) discontinuous at x = 3


Q.33 f (x) = 2x  3, if x  2
2x  3, if x  2
(C) discontinuous at x = 0
(D) no point of discontinuity
(A) discontinuous at x = 2  x10  1 if x  1
(B) discontinuous at x = 3 Q.39 f (x) =  2
x if x  1
(C) discontinuous at x = 0
(D) no point of discontinuity (A) discontinuous at x = 2
(B) discontinuous at x = 3
| x | 3 if x  3
Q.34 f (x)  2x if  3  x  3 (C) discontinuous at x = 0
6x  2 if x  3 (D) discontinuous at x = 1
(A) discontinuous at x = 2 3 if 0  x  1
(B) discontinuous at x = 3 Q.40 f (x) =  4 if 1  x  3
5 if 3  x  10
(C) discontinuous at x = 0
(D) no point of discontinuity (A) discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 3
(B) discontinuous at x = 2
 | x | (C) discontinuous at x = 0
Q.35 f (x) =  x if x  0
 0 if x  0 (D) no point of discontinuity

(A) discontinuous at x = 2  2x if x  0
(B) discontinuous at x = 3 Q.41 f (x) =  0 if 0  x  1
 4x if x  1
(C) discontinuous at x = 0
(D) no point of discontinuity (A) discontinuous at x = 1
(B) discontinuous at x = 2
 x (C) discontinuous at x = 0
 if x  0
Q.36 f (x) =  | x | (D) no point of discontinuity
  1 if x  0
 2 if x  1
(A) discontinuous at x = 2 Q.42 f (x) =  2x if  1  x  1
(B) discontinuous at x = 3  2 if x  1
(C) discontinuous at x = 0 (A) continuous at x = 2
(D) no point of discontinuity (B) continuous at x = 1
 x  1 if x  1 (C) continuous at x = 0
Q.37 f (x) =  2 (D) no point of discontinuity
 x  1 if x  1

EXERCISE - 2 (LEVEL-2)

Q.1 The value of lim a 2 x 2  ax  1  a 2 x 2  1 is 3x/2  3

x  Q.3 The value of lim is
x2 3x  9
(A) 1/2 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) –1 (A) 0 (B) 1/3
(C) 1/6 (D) ln 3
 x, if x is rational
Q.2 If f (x)   , then lim f (x) is 3x 2  5x  1
  x, if x is irrational x0 Q.4 Evaluate lim
(A) Equal to 0 (B) Equal to 1
x  7x 2  3x  1
(C) Equal to –1 (D) Indeterminate (A) 1/2 (B) 1/7
(C) 3/2 (D) 3/7

52 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(A) –1/2 (B) 1/2
(1  x 2 )  1  x 2 (C) – 1 (D) 1
Q.5 Find the value of lim
x0 x2  e x  ax, x  0
(A) –2 (B) 1/2 Q.12 If f (x)   is differentiable at x = 0,
2
(C) 0 (D) 1 b(x  1) , x  0
then (a, b) is
 x4 (A) (–3, –1) (B) (–3, 1)
 | x  4 |  a, x  4
 (C) (3, 1) (D) (3, –1)
Q.6 Let f (x)   a  b, x  4 .
Q.13 If f (x)  x( x  x  1), then
 x4
  b, x  4 (A) f (x) is continuous but non- differentiable at x = 0
 | x  4 | (B) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f (x) is not continuous at x = 0
Then f (x) is continuous at x = 4 when (D) Both (B) and (C)
(A) a = 0, b = 0 (B) a = 1, b = 1
(C) a = –1, b = 1 (D) a = 1, b = –1  e2x  1 , x0
Q.14 The function f (x)   2
(cos x)1/ x , x  0 bx
Q.7 If the function f (x)   ax  1 , x  0
 k, x  0  2

is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is is continuous and differentiable for

(A) 1 (B) –1 (A) a = 1, b = 2 (B) a = 2, b = 4
(C) 0 (D) e (C) a = 2, any b (D) any a, b = 4
 1 2 n 
Q.15 lim    .....   is equal to
 sin[x] n  1  n 2
1 n 2
1  n2 
 [x]  1 , for x  0
 (A) 0 (B) –1/2
  (C) 1/2 (D) –1/3
 cos 2 [x]
Q.8 If f (x)   , for x  0 ; where [x] denotes the 2x  sin 1 x
 [x] Q.16 In the function f (x)  , (x  0)
 k, at x  0 2x  tan 1 x
 is continuous at each point of its domain, then the value

 of f (0) is
(A) 2 (B) 1/3
greatest integer less than or equal to x, then in order that (C) 2/3 (D) –1/3
f be continuous at x = 0, the value of k is
1  (x)
(A) Equal to 0 (B) Equal to 1  , x  1
Q.17 If f (x) =  1  x , then the value of f ( | 2k | ) will
(C) Equal to –1 (D) Indeterminate  1 , x  1
x 2  10x  25 be (where [ ] shows the greatest integer function)
Q.9 If f (x)  for x  5 and f is continuous at
x 2  7x  10 (A) Continuous at x = –1 (B) Continuous at x = 0
x = 5, then f (5) = (C) Discontinuous at x = 1/2 (D) All of these
(A) 0 (B) 5 1  cos 4x
(C) 10 (D) 25 Q.18 Function f (x)  , where x 0and f (x) = k where
8x 2
1  sin x  x = 0 is a continous function at x = 0then the value of k
   2x , x  2 will be
Q.10 If f (x)   , be continuous at
 (A) k = 0 (B) k = 1
 , x 
 2 (C) k = –1 (D) k = –2
Q.19 The function defined by
x = /2 then value of  is
(A) –1 (B) 1 | x  3 |; x 1

(C) 0 (D) 2 f (x)   1 2 3 13 is
 4 x  2 x  4 ; x  1
1  sin x  cos x
Q.11 The function f (x)  is not defined at
1  sin x  cos x (A) Continuous at x = 1 (B) Continuous at x = 3
x = . The value of f () so that f (x) is continuous at (C) Differentiable at x = 1 (D) All the above
x = , is
53 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
EXERCISE - 3 (PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE / JEE MAIN QUESTIONS)
Q.1 If f : R R is a function defined by (C) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g' (0) = – sin (log 2)
(D) g is not differentiable at x = 0
2x  1
f (x) = [x] cos   , where [x] denotes the greatest
 2  Q.10 lim
cot x  cos x
equals – [JEE MAIN 2017]
integer function, then f is :
x  /2 (   2x)3
(A) continuous for every real x. [AIEEE 2012] (A) 1/8 (B) 1/4
(B) discontinuous only at x = 0. (C) 1/24 (D) 1/16
(C) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x. Q.11 For each t  R , let [t] be the greatest integer less than or
(D) continuous only at x = 0.
1 2 15 
Q.2 Consider the function, f (x) = | x – 2 | + | x – 5 |, x  R . equal to t. Then lim x        .....   
Statement-1 : f ' (4) = 0 [AIEEE 2012] x 0  x   x  x
Statement-2 : f is continuous in [2, 5], differentiable in [JEE MAIN 2018]
(2, 5) and f (2) = f (5). (A) is equal to 120 (B) does not exist (in R)
(A) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. (C) is equal to 0 (D) is equal to 15
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 Q.12 Let S = {t  R : f (x) = | x –  | · (e|x| – 1) sin | x | is not
is a correct explanation for Statement-1. differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 [JEE MAIN 2018]
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1. (A) {} (B) {0, }
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (C) (an empty set) (D) {0}
(1  cos 2x) (3  cos x)
Q.3 lim = [JEE MAIN 2013] 1  1  y4  2
x0 x tan 4x Q.13 lim [JEE MAIN 2019]
y 0 y4
(A) –1/4 (B) 1/2
(C) 1 (D) 2 (A) exists and equals 1/ 4 2 (B) does not exist
sin ( cos 2 x) 1 1
Q.4 lim is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2014]
x0 x 2 (C)exists & equals (D) exists & equals 2 2 ( 2  1)
2 2
(A) /2 (B) 1 Q.14 Let f : R  R be a function defined as :
(C) – (D)
5, if x 1
 
Q.5 If the function, g (x)  k x  1, 0  x  3 f (x)  a  bx, if 1 x  3
mx  2, 3  x  5 b  5x,
30,
if 3 x 5 [JEE MAIN 2019]
 if x5
is differentiable, the value of k + m is [JEE MAIN 2015]
(A) 16/5 (B) 10/3 Then, f is :
(C) 4 (D) 2 (A) continuous if a = 5 and b = 5
(1  cos 2x) (3  cos x) (B) continuous if a = –5 and b = 10
Q.6 lim  [JEE MAIN 2015] (C) continuous if a = 0 and b = 5
x0 x tan 4x (D) not continuous for any values of a and b
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1/2 (D) 4 1/x 2
 3x 2  2 
Q.7 For x R , f (x) = | log 2 – sin x | and g (x) = f (f (x)), then : Q.15 lim  2  is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2020]
[JEE MAIN 2016] x0  7x  2 
(A) g ' (0) = cos (log 2)
(B) g ' (0) = – cos (log 2) 4
Q.16 Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t and lim x    A .
(C) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g' (0) = – sin (log 2) x0  x 
(D) g is not differentiable at x = 0 Then the function, f (x) = [x2] sin (x) is discontinuous,
2 1/2x when x is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2020]
Q.8 Let p  lim (1  tan x ) then log p is equal to –
x  0 (A) A5 (B) A 1
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 [JEE MAIN 2016]
(C) A (D) A  21
(C) 1/4 (D) 2
Q.9 For x R , f (x) = | log 2 – sin x | and g (x) = f (f (x)), then : Q.17 If f : R  R is a function defined by
(A) g ' (0) = cos (log 2) [JEE MAIN 2017]  2x  1
(B) g ' (0) = – cos (log 2) f (x) = [x – 1] cos   , where [.] denotes the greatest
2 
integer function, then f is : [JEE MAIN 2021]

54 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(A) discontinuous at all integral values of x except at x= 1
(B) continuous only at x = 1 ae x  b cos x  ce  x
Q.20 If lim  2 , then a + b + c is equal
(C) continuous for every real x x0 x sin x
(D) discontinuous only at x = l to ______. [JEE MAIN 2021]
 n 1  1    x2 
Q.18 lim
n 
tan  tan 
 r 1

 1  r  r   =
2 [JEE MAIN 2021)
x 0

Q.21 If the value of lim 2  cos x cos 2x   2 
 x  is equal to

Q.19 Let the function f : R  R and g : R  R be defined as: ea, then a is equal to _______. [JEE MAIN 2021]
Q.22 If f : R  R is given by f (x) = x + 1, then the value of
 x  2, x  0 x3 , x 1
f (x)   2 and g (x)  3x  2, x  1 1
 x , x  0  5  10   5 (n  1)  
lim  f (0)  f    f    ...f    is
Then, the number of points in R where (fog) (x) is NOT n  n   
n  n  n 
differentiable is equal to : [ JEE MAIN 2021] (A) 7/2 (B) 3/2 [ JEE MAIN 2021]
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 5/2 (D) 1/2
(C) 2 (D) 1
EXERCISE - 4 [PREVIOUS YEARS KARNATAKA CET QUESTIONS]
is continuous at x = 2, then the value of a is [KCET 2012]
 2 2 
Q.1 lim n sin .cos   [KCET 2010] (A) –1 (B) –6
n   3n 3n  (C) 0 (D) 1
(A) /6 (B) 2/3
log e (1  x)
(C) 1 (D) /3 Q.8 lim ? [KCET 2013]
Q.2 The function f (x) = [x], where [x] denotes the greatest x 0 3x  1
integer not greater than x, is – [KCET 2010] (A) loge 3 (B) 0
(A) continuous for all nonintegral values of x. (C) log3 e (D) 1
(B) continuous only at positive integral values of x.
 x, if x is irrational
(C) continuous for all real values of x. Q.9 Let f (x)   then f is –
(D) continuous only at rational values of x. 0, if x is rational
Q.3 The function f (x) = |x – 2| + x is – [KCET 2010] (A) continuous everywhere [KCET 2013]
(A) differentiable at both x = 2 and x = 0. (B) discontinuous everywhere
(B) differentiable at x = 2 but not at x = 0. (C) continuous only at x = 0
(C) continuous at x = 2 but not at x = 0. (D) continuous at all rational numbers
(D) continuous at both x = 2 and x = 0.
2a  x when  a  x  a
 a  2x  3x  Q.10 f (x)  3x  2a when a  x

Q.4 lim   [KCET 2011]
x  a  3a  x  2 x  Then which of the following is true? [KCET 2013]
2 (A) f (x) is not differentiable at x = a.
3 3
(A) (B) (B) f (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
3 3 2 (C) f (x) is continuous for all x < a.
2 2 (D) f (x) is differentiable for all x  a.
(C) (D)
3 3
f (x)  2
 log x
Q.11 If the function f (x) satisfies lim  , , then
Q.5 If f (x) =  x  1 if x  1 is continuous at x = 1, then the x 1 x2 1
 k if x  1
lim f (x)  [KCET 2014]
value of k is – [KCET 2011] x 1
(A) e (B) 1 (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) –1 (D) 0 (C) 0 (D) 3
Q.12 The function represented by the following graph is
x 2x  x
Q.6 lim  [KCET 2012] Y
x  0 1  cos x 2
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 log 2 1
[KCET 2014]
(C) log 2 (D) 1/2 log 2 0 1 2 X

 x 2  (a  2) x  a (A) Continuous but not differentiable at x = 1

 , x2 (B) Differentiable but not continuous at x = 1
Q.7 If f (x) =  x2
 2 x2 (C) Continuous and differentiable at x = 1
(D) Neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 1
55 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

 3sin x  sin 3x
 , x0  ; x0
Q.13 If f (x) =  5x is continuous at x = 0, then the Q.23 If f (x) =  e2x  1 is continuous at x = 0,
 2K , x  0 k  2 ; x  0

value of K is [KCET 2014] then k = [KCET 2019]
(A) /10 (B) 3/10 (A) 1/2 (B) 3/2
(C) 3/2 (D) 3/5 (C) 2/3 (D) 7/2
1  cos x  13 23 33
Q.14 lim is – [KCET 2015]
n n3 
x 0 x 2
Q.24  (2r  1)  x then n  2  2  2  ..... 
lim 
x 2 
(A) 2 (B) 3 r 1  x x x
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/3 (A) 1 (B) 1/2 [KCET 2019]
(C) 4 (D) 1/4
3x  8 if x  5 Q.25 The negative of the statement “All continuous functions
Q.15 f (x)   2k if x  5 is continuous, find k
 are differentiable.” [KCET 2019]
(A) 2/7 (B) 3/7 [KCET 2015] (A) Some continuous functions are not differentiable.
(C) 4/7 (D) 7/2 (B) All continuous functions are not differentiable.
Q.16 The function f (x) = [x], where [x] denotes greatest integer (C) All differentiable functions are continuous.
function is continuous at – [KCET 2015] (D) Some continuous functions are differentiable.
(A) 4 (B) –2 Q.26 The right hand and left hand limit of the function
(C) 1 (D) 1.5  e1/x  1 
 , if x  0  are respectively
xe x  sin x f (x)   e1/x  1 
Q.17 lim is equal to [KCET 2016] 
x0 x  0 , if x  0 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (A) 1 and 1 (B) 1 and –1 [KCET 2020]
(C) 3 (D) 0 (C) –1 and –1 (D) –1 and 1
Q.18 The function f (x) = [x] the greatest integer function is
 tan x 
continuous at [KCET 2016] Q.27 lim   is equal to [KCET 2020]
(A) 4 (B) – 2 x 0  2x  4  2 
(C) 1.5 (D) 1 (A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6
1  cos 4
Q.19 The value of lim is – [KCET 2017]
 0 1  cos 6 1  cos Kx
(A) 9/4 (B) 9/3  x sin x , if x  0
Q.28 If f (x)  
(C) 4/9 (D) 3/4  1
, if x  0
 2
Kx 2 if x  2
Q.20 If f (x) = 3 if x  2 is continuous at x = 2, then the is continuous at x = 0, then the value of K is[KCET 2020]

value of K is [KCET 2017] (A) ± 1/2 (B) 0
(A) 3/4 (B) 4 (C) ± 2 (D) ± 1
(C) 4/3 (D) 3  x 3  1, 1  x  
Q.29 At x = 1, the function f (x) =  x  1,    x  1 is –
 1  kx  1  kx 
 if  1  x  0 (A) continuous and differentiable [KCET 2021]
Q.21 If f (x) =  x
2x  1 (B) continuous and non-differentiable
 if 0  x  1 (C) discontinuous and differentiable
 x 1
(D) discontinuous and non-differentiable
is continuous at x = 0, then the vlaue of k
(A) k = 1 (B) k = 1 [KCET 2018]
(C) k = 0 (D) k = 2
 log e x
 ; x 1
Q.22 If f (x)   x  1 is continuous at x = 1, then the
 k ; x 1
value of k is [KCET 2018]
(A) e (B) 1
(C) –1 (D) 0

56 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A A B A B D D D C D C B C B B B B B A D B C D B A C
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
A D A A C D C C A B C D D D D A A B

EXERCISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A A A C D D D A A A C C B D C B B D B D

EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A A C D D D B A B A D A C A D A B C 1 D 4 3 A

EXERCISE - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
A B A D A B B C C C A B A B C D D D C C A B B D D A B A D
Q 29
A B

57 LIMIT, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION

 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

Chapter
16 Differentiation

INTRODUCTION d d
(5) (ax) = axloge a (6) (logex) = 1/x
The rate of change of a quantity 'y' with respect to another dx dx
quantity 'x' is called the derivative or differential coefficient
of y with respect to x. d 1 d
(7) (logax) = (8) (sinx) = cos x
dx x log e a dx
DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT
d d
Let y = f(x) be a continuous function of a variable quantity (9) (cosx)= –sinx (10) (tanx) = sec2x
x, where x is independent and y is dependent variable dx dx
quantity. Let  x be an arbitrary small change in the value of d d
(11) (cotx) = –cosec2x (12) (secx) = secx tanx
y dx dx
x and y be the corresponding change in y then lim if
x  0  x
it exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of d
(13) (cosec x) = – cosecx cot x
dy dx
y with respect to x and it is denoted by , y', y1 or Dy..
dx d 1
(14) (sin–1x) = , –1 < x < 1
dy y dy f (x  x)  f (x) dx 1  x2
So, = lim  = lim
dx  x  0  x dx  x  0 x
The process of finding derivative of a function is called d 1
(15) (cos–1x) = – , –1 < x < 1
differentiation. dx 1  x2
If we again differentiate (dy/dx) with respect to x then the
new derivative so obtained is called second derivative of y d 1 d 1
(16) (tan–1x) = (17) (cot–1x) = –
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2
 d2 y 
with respect to x and it is denoted by  2  or y" or y2 or d 1
 dx  (18) (sec–1 x) = ;|x|>1
dx | x | x2 1
D2y. Similarly, we can find successive derivatives of y which
d3 y d4 y dn y d 1
may be denoted by , ,................ , ................ (19) (cosec–1 x) = ;|x|>1
dx 3 dx 4 dx n dx | x | x2 1
y d
Note: (i) is a ratio of two quantities y and x where as (21) (eax sinb x) = eax(a sinb x + b cos bx)
x dx
dy dy = ax –1
is not a ratio, it is single quantity i.e.  dy  dx. a 2  b 2 e sin (bx + tan b/a)
dx dx
d
dy d (22) (eax cosb x) = eax (a cos b x – b sinb x)
(ii) is (y) in which d/dx is simply a symbol of dx
dx dx
= ax –1
operation and not 'd' divided by dx. a 2  b 2 e cos (bx + tan b/a)

DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF STANDARD FUNCTION

SOME THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
d d Theorem I : Differentiation of a constant function is zero
(1) (constant) = 0 (2) (kx) = k ; where k is constant
dx dx d
i.e. (c) = 0
d d dx
(3) (xn) = nxn–1 (4) (ex) = ex
dx dx

58 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Note : Geometrically, graph of a constant function is a Theorem V : Quotient rule for differentiation
straight line parallel to x-axis. So tangent at every point is If f(x) and g(x) are two differentiable functions and g(x)  0,
parallel to x-axis. Consequently slope of the tangent is
f (x)
dy then is also differentiable such that
zero, i.e., =0 g(x)
dx
Theorem II : Let f(x) be a differentiable function and let c be d d
g(x) [f (x)]  f (x) [g (x)]
a constant. Then c. f (x) is also differentiable such that d  f (x)  dx dx
  =
d d dx  g(x)  [g(x)]2
{c. f (x)} = c. (f(x))
dx dx
r d r r d r
i.e. The derivative of constant times a function is the d  N r  D dx [N ]  N dx [D ]
constant times the derivative of the function. or  r =
dx  D  [D r ]2
Theorem III : If f (x) and g(x) are differentiable functions,
where Nr : Numerator ; Dr Denominator
then f(x) ± g(x) are also differentiable
d d d Theorem VI : Differentiation of a function of a function
such that  f (x)  g(x)   f (x)   g(x) (Chain rule) : If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions,
dx dx dx
i.e. The derivative of the sum or difference of two functions then fog is also differentiable and
is the sum or difference of their derivatives (fog)' (x) = f ' {g(x)}. g' (x)
Note : The above result can be extended to a finite number d d d
of differentiable functions. Thus we have
or,  (fog)(x)  {(fog)(x)}.  g(x)
dx d g(x) dx
d
dx
 f1 (x)  f2 (x)  .....  fn (x) Note :
(1) The above rule can also be restated as follows
d d d dz dz dy

dx
 f1 (x)  dx  f2 (x)  .........  dx  fn (x) If z = f (y) and y = g(x), then  .
dx dy dx
Theorem IV : Product rule for differentiation or (Derivative of z w.r.t. x = Derivative of z w.r.t.y
× Derivative of y w.r.t.x)
If f (x) and g (x) are two differentiable function, then f(x). (2) This chain rule can be extended further
g(x) is also differentiable such that Derivative of z w.r.t. x = (Derivative of z w.r.t. u)
× (Derivative of u w.r.t v) × (Derivative of v w.r.t x)
d d d
[f (x). g (x)] = f (x) [g(x)] + g(x) [f (x)]
dx dx dx Theorem VII : Derivative of a function with respect to
i.e. Derivative of the product of two functions another function : If f(x) & g (x) are two functions of a
= [(First function) × (derivative of 2nd function) variable x, then
+ (second function) × (derivative of first
function)] d[f (x)] d d
= [f(x)] / [g(x)]
Note: The above result may also be expressed as d[g(x)] dx dx
(fg)' = f ' g + fg' Example 1 :
 f ' g ' x x dy
 (fg)' = (fg)  f  g  [Dividing both sides by fg] If y = tan 1  cot 1 , then find the value of
2 2 dx
It can be generalized for the derivative of the product of dy d  1 x  d  1 x 
Sol.  tan  cot
more than two functions as given below dx dx  2  dx  2 
 f ' g ' h '
(fgh)' = (fgh)  f  g  h  14
. 
4 1
.
2.2

4
= 2 2 2 = 2
4 x 2 1 x 4 x 1 x2
Generalisation of the product rule : Let f (x), g(x), h (x) be
Example 2 :
three differentiable functions. Then,
x4
 f (x).g(x).h(x)    f (x)  g(x).h(x)
d d If f(x) = then find the value of f ' (0).
dx 2 x
 dx 
1
d  d  x.1  (x  4)
 f (x)   g (x)  h (x)  f (x)g(x).   h (x)  Sol. f ' (x) = 2 x
=
2x  x  4

x4
 dx   dx  2x 4x x 4x x
which is not defined at x = 0 i.e. f ' (0) does not exist.
59 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Example 3 : Working rule for finding the derivative :
Find the differential coefficient of log10 x w.r.t. logx 10. First method :
Sol. Let y = log10 x and z = logx 10 (i) Differentiate every term of f(x, y) = 0 with respect to x.
(ii) Collect the coefficients of dy/dx and obtain the value of
dy 1 1 (log x)2 dy/dx.
  2 =–  
dz z (log x 10)2 (log10)2 dy f / x
Second Method : f (x, y) = constant, then =
dx f / y
METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION
are partial differential coefficients of f(x, y) with respect to
Differentiation by trigonometrical substitutions :
x and y respectively.
Sometimes it comes very easy to differentiate a function by
Note: Partial differential coefficient of f(x,y) with respect to
using trigonometrical transformations. Usually this is done
x means the ordinary differential coefficient of f (x, y) with
in case of inverse trigonometrical functions.
respect to x keeping y constant.

SOME SUITABLE SUBSTITUTIONS Example 5 :

Functions Substitution dy
If x3 + y3 = 3xy, then find .
1. x = a sin  or a cos  dx
a 2  x2
Sol. Differentiating w.r.t. x,
2. 2
x a 2 x = tan or a cot  dy dy
3x2 + 3y2 = 3y + 3x
3. x = a sec  or a cosec  dx dx
x2  a2

ax dy dy x 2  y
 3 (x2 – y) = 3 (x –y2) 
4. x = a cos 2 dx dx x  y 2
ax
Differentiation of logarithmic functions: In differentiation
a2  x2 of an expression or an equation is done after taking log on
5. x2 = a2 cos 2 both sides, then it is called logarithmic differentiation. This
a2  x2
method is useful for the function having following forms–
6. ax  x 2 x = a sin2  (i) When base and power both are the functions of x i.e. the
functions is of the form [f(x)]g(x).
x y = [f(x)]g(x)
7. x = a tan2  log y = g(x) log[f(x)]
ax
1 dy d
x . = g(x). log[f(x)]
8. x = a sin2  y dx dx
ax
dy d 
9. (x  a)(x  b) x = a sec2  – b tan2  = [f(x)g(x).  [g(x) log f (x)]
dx  dx 
10. (x  a)(b  x) x = a cos2  + b sin2 
Example 6 :
Example 4 :
d xx
Find (x )
 x  1  x  1 dy
If y = sec1    sin 1   , then find . dx
 x  1  x  1 dx
Sol. Let y = x x x ; log y = xx log x
 x  1  x  1
Sol. y = sec1    sin 1 
 x  1  x  1 1 dy 1
 x x . + log x [xx (1 +logx)]
y dx x
 x  1  x  1  dy
= cos1    sin 1     =0 dy x
 x  1  x  1 2 dx  x x [xx–1 + log x {xx (1+ log x)}]
dx
Differentiation of Implicit functions : If in a equation, x
Differentiation of infinite series:
and y both occurs together i.e. f(x, y) = 0 and this equation
can not be solved either for y or x, then y (or x) is called the
(i) if y  f (x)  f (x)  f (x)  ........
implicit function of x (or y).
For example x3 + y3 + 3xy = 2, xy + yx = ab,  y = f (x)  y y2 = f (x) + y
ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx +2fy + c = 0
60 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

dy dy dy f '(x) ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

2y = f ' (x) +  = Example 1 :
dx dx dx 2y  1

f (x)....  1  x 2  1 dy
f (x) 1
(ii) if y = f (x) then y = f (x)y. If y = tan   , then find .
 x  dx
 log y = y log [f(x)]
1 dy y '.f '(x)  dy  Sol. Put x = tan 
  log f (x).  
y dx f (x)  dx   1  x 2 = 1  tan 2  = sec

dy y2 f '(x)  sec   1 1  1  cos  

  y = tan 1  = tan 

dx f (x)[1  y log f (x)]  tan     sin  

1 dy y f '(x)   
(iii) If y = f (x)  ........ then  2sin 2   1
dx 2y  f (x) 1  2  
f (x)  1

1
= tan   = tan 1  tan  =  tan 1 x
f (x) f (x)    2 2 2
Example 7 :  2sin cos 
 2 2
x x....... dy
y  xx then find the value of (1– y logx) . dy 1 1
dx   .
Sol. y = xy dx 2 1  x 2

1 dy dy y
log y = y log x ; = log x.  Example 2 :
y dx dx x
1  5cos x  12sin x    dy
dy  1  dy  1  y log x  If y = cos   , x   0,  , then find dx
 log x  = y  y 13 2
dx  y  x dx  y  =
x
5 12
2
Sol. Let cos   . Then sin   .
dy y 13 13
(1 – y logx) = So y = cos–1 {cos  cosx – sin . sinx}.
dx x
 y = cos–1 { cos (x + )} = x + 
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION (x +  is the first or the second quadrant)
The nth derivative of y is denoted by dny/dxn. All these dy
derivative are called as successive derivative of y and this so 1
dx
process is known as successive differentiation.
We also use the following symbols for the successive Example 3 :
derivatives of y = f(x): If f is an even function and f' exists, then f' (e) + f' (–e)
y1 , y2 , y3,.........., yn,.................. equals
y', y", y"',.........., yn,................. Sol. Since f is an even function, f (– x) = f(x), diff. both side
Dy, D2y, D3y,........., Dny,.............. w.r.t. x  f ' (–x) (–1) = f ' (x)
where (D = d/dx)  – f ' (–e) = f ' (e) (By putting x = e)
dy/dx, d2y/dx2, d3y/dx3........ dny/dxn...........  f ' (e) + f ' (–e) = 0
f' (x) f"(x) f"' (x),....... fn(x),.............
th
If y = f(x) then the value of the n order derivative at x = a Example 4 :
is usually denoted by
x...
dy xx
 dn y  Find the expression of of the function y = a
 n dx
or ( yn )x =a or (yn)x=a or fn(a)
 dx  x  a y
Sol. We have y = a x  log y = xy log a ...(1)
Example 8: 1 dy  d  y dy 
  log a  x y (y log x)  = (loga) xy   log x 
Let y = a sin mx + b cos mx, then find d2y/dx2 y dx  dx   x dx 
Sol. dy/dx = am cos mx – bm sin mx
y dy 
d2 y = (logy)   log x  [By (1)]
 = – am2 sin mx – bm2 cos mx x dx
2
dx
= – m2 [a sin mx + b cos mx] = – m2y dy  1  y.log y
 dx  y  log x log y  x

61 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Find the derivative of the function f(x) = log5 (log7x), where
dy y 2 log y x > 7 is
 
dx x(1  y log x log y)
1 1
Sol. f ' (x) = , log5 e, log7 e
log7 x x
Example 5:
Find the derivative of (xx)x 1  1 1 
=  log 5 e  , log 7 e  
x2 x log 7 x(log 5)(log 7)  log e 5 loge 7 
Sol.  (xx)x = x
d x x 2 d
 (x ) = (x x ) (x 2 log x) Example 10:
dx dx
= (xx)x [ x2 (1/x) + 2x logx] = x (xx)x log (ex2)  1  1 dy
If x = a  t   , y = a  t   , then find dx .
 t t
Example 6 :
dx  1 t2 1
 2x  1 dy Sol.  a 1  2   a 2
If y = f  and f ' (x) = sinx2, then find dt  t  t
 x 2  1 dx
Sol. dy  1  t 2  1 2
 a 1  2   a  2   dy  dy / dt  t  1
dt  t   t  dx dx / dt t 2  1
dy  2x  1  (x 2  1)2  (2x  1).2x 
 = f ' 2  .  
dx  x  1  (x 2  1)2 
Example 11:
2 If y = x3 logx, then find the value of y4
 2x  1  2  2x  2x 2 
= sin  2  .   Sol. Here y = x3 logx
 x  1  (x 2  1) 
3 1
y1 = x . + 3x2 log x = x2 (1 + 3logx)
 x
 2x  1 
2
 2x  1
 f '(x)  sin x 2 , f '   sin  2  
  x 2  1 x  1   3
 y2 = 2x (1 +3 logx ) + x2  0   = x (5 + 6x logx)
x
Example 7:
 6
1  y3 = 1 (5 + 6 logx ) + x  0   = 11 + 6 logx
If g is the inverse of f and f ' (x) = , then find g' (x). x
1  x3
Sol. We have, g = inverse of f = f–1 6 6
 y4 = 0  
 g (x) = f–1 (x) f [g(x)] = x x x
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get f ' [g (x)]. g' (x) = 1 Example 12:
1
g ' (x) = = 1 + [g (x)]3   dy  2 
f '[g (x)] 1    
 dx  
If (x – a) + (y – b) = c (c > 0) then 
2 2 2 
 1 1   d2 y 
 f '(x)  , f '[g(x)]    
 1  x3 1  [g(x)]3   dx
2

Sol. (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = c2 (c > 0) ....... (1)
Example 8 : Now differentiating w.r.t. to x.
If y = cos 2x cos 3x, then find yn. 2 (x – a) + 2 (y – b) y1 = 0
1  (x – a) + (y – b) y1 = 0 ....... (2)
Sol. We have, y = cos 2x cos 3x = [cos 5x + cos x]  1 + (y – b) y2 + (y1)2 = 0 ....... (3)
2
(x  a) 2 c2
1  dn dn  1  (y1 )2  1   [From eq. (2)]
 yn =  n
(cos 5x)  n
(cos x)  (y  b)2 (y  b)2
2  dx dx 
3/2
1 n  n   n   c2 
= 5 cos   5x   cos   x   
2 2   2  (1  (y1 )2 )3/2  (y  b)2 
 | c3 / (y  b)3 |
2  2 c
y2 (1  (y1 ) )  c / (y  b)3
Example 9: (y  b)
62 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

QUESTION BANK
EXERCISE - 1 (LEVEL-1)
Q.1 If sin y = x sin (a + y) then dy/dx is
2t 1 t2 dy
sin(a  y) sin 2 (a  y) Q.10 If x  2
, y 2
, then equals
(A) (B) 1 t 1 t dx
sin 2 a sin a
2t 2t
sin a (A) 2 (B) 2
t 1 t 1
(C) (D) sin a
sin 2 (a  y) 2t t
(C) (D) 2
Q.2 If y = (1 + x1/4) (1 + x1/2) (1 – x1/4), then dy/dx equals – 1 t2 t 2
(A) – 1 (B) 1 dy
(C) x (D) Q.11 If xy = ex–y then is equal to –
x dx
d2 y ex 1 1
Q.3 If x = t2, y = t3, then find 2 (A) x  y (B) 
dx e y xy
(A) 3/4t (B) 1/4t
(C) 4/3t (D) 1/3t log x log x
(C) log (x  y) (D)
dy (1  log x)2
Q.4 Find , if x  a (  sin ), y  1 (1  cos ) .
dx dy
(A) cos (/2) (B) cot (/2) Q.12 If y = sin–1 sin x , then equals-
dx
(C) sin (/2) (D) tan (/2)
2 sin x sin x
1  5cos x  12sin x    dy (A) (B)
Q.5 If y = cos   , x   0, 2  , then is 1  sin x 1  sin x
13 dx
equal to – 1 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 1  cos ec x (D) 1  cos ec x
2 2
(C) 0 (D) –2
Q.6 The differential coefficient of log tan (x/2 + /4) is – dy
Q.13 If cos (xy) = x ,then is equal to -
(A) cosec x (B) cos x dx
(C) sec x (D) sin x
y  cos ec (xy) y  sin (xy)
d2 y (A) (B)
Q.7 If x = at2, y = 2at, then  x x
dx 2
1 1 y  cos (xy) y  cos ec (xy)
(A)  2 (B) (C) (D) –
x x
t 2at 3
1 1 Q.14 Differentiate ln tanx with respect to sin–1 (ex)
(C)  (D)  3
t3 2at e x 1  e 2x e x 1  e 2x
dy (A) (B)
Q.8 If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 , then  sin x.cos x sin x.cot x
dx
ax  hy  g ax  hy  g e x 1  ex e x 1  e 2x
(A)  (B) (C)
sin x.cos x
(D)
sin x.sec x
hx  by  f hx  by  f
Q.15 If x = a (+ sin ), y = a (1–cos ), then dy/dx equals-
ax  hy  g hx  gy  h
(C) (D) (A) tan  (B) cot 
hx  by  f hx  by  f (C) tan (/2) (D) cot (/2)
d2 y  ex 
Q.9 If x  a sin  and y = b cos , then 2 is
dx Q.16 If y = log  x  , then dy/dx equals-
 e  1
a b 2
(A) sec2  (B) sec  1 1
2
b a (A) x (B)
e 1 (e  1)2
x
b 3 b 3 ex  1 ex  2
(C) 2 sec  (D) 2 sec  ( C) x (D) x
a a e 1 e 1

63 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
n n
3x  x 3 n b  x  x
Q.17 If y = tan–1 , then dy/dx equals- (C) sin log   (D) n b cos log  
1  3x 2 x  n  n
(A) 3x (B) tan 3x 2
d  1 
3 Q.26  x  
(C) (D) 3 tan–1 x dx  x
1 x2
1 1 1 1
dy (A) 1  (B) 1  2 (C) 1  (D) 1 
Q.18 If y = sin x  sin x  sin x  ..... , then dx equals- x2 x 2x 3x
d  ax  b 
tan 1  
sin x cos x Q.27
dx  bx  a 
(A) (B)
2y  1 2y  1
1 a2 1 a2
cos x tan x (A)  (B) 
(C) (D) 1 x2 a 2  b2 1 x2 a 2  b2
2y  1 2y  1
x ..... 1 a2 1
x  ex  e (C)  (D)
Q.19 If e , then dy/dx is - 1  x 2 a 2  b2 1 x2
y y d
(A) (B) Q.28 log7 (log 7 x) =
1 y y 1 dx
y 2y 1 loge 7 log 7 e log 7 e
(C) (D) (A) x log x (B) x log x (C) x log x (D) x log x
1 y 1 2y e e e 7
Q.20 If f (x) = | x – 2 | and g (x) = f [f (x)], then for x > 20, g'(x) = d
(A) 1 (B) –1 Q.29 cos 1 cos x 
dx
(C) 0 (D) 2
Q.21 The value of the derivative of | x – 1| + | x – 3 | at x = 2 is- 1
(A) 1  sec x (B) 1  sec x
(A) –2 (B) 0 2
(C) 2 (D) Not defined
1
(C)  1  sec x (D)  1  sec x
 1  x  2
Q.22 The differential coefficient of cos 1   wrt x is
 2  d
Q.30 x sin x 
1 dx
1
(A)  (B) sin x  x cos x sin x  x cos x
2 1  x2 2 1 x2 (A) (B)
2 x sin x x sin x
1  1  x 
(C) (D) sin 1   x sin x  cos x sin x  x cos x
1 x
 2  (C) (D)
2sin x 2 x sin x
1
 x  dy Q.31 The differential coefficient of the given function
Q.23 If y  tan   , then =
 1 x2  dx  1  sin x 
log e   with respect to x is
 1  sin x 
1 x 1 1  x2
(A)  (B) (C) (D) (A) cosec x (B) tan x
1 x2 1  x2 1  x2 x (C) cos x (D) sec x

d2 x dy
Q.24 If x = A cos 4t + B sin 4t, then  Q.32 If y  (1  x 2 ) tan 1 x  x, then 
dx
dt 2
(A) tan–1x (B) 2x tan–1x
(A) – 16x (B) 16 x
(C) x (D) – x 2x
(C) 2x tan–1x – 1 (D)
n tan 1 x
 x dy
Q.25 If y  b cos log   , then =
 n dx a2
Q.33 If f (x)  ax  , then f ' (a) =
n n ax
 x  x
(A)  n b sin log   (B) n b sin log   (A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) a
 n  n

64 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
EXERCISE - 2 (LEVEL - 2)
Q.1 If the three functions f (x), g (x) and h (x) are such that dy
h (x) = f (x) . g (x) and f–1 (x) . g–1(x) = c, where c is a Q.10 If x 1  y + y 1  x = 0, then equals-
dx
f  (x) g (x) 2c
constant, then   is equal to – 1 1 1 1
f (x) g(x) f (x).g(x) (A) 2 (B) – (C) (D)
2
(1  x) (1  x)2 1 x 1  x3
h (x)
h(x) h(x)
(A) h'(x) . h''(x) (B) (D) (C) d2 y dy
h (x)
h(x) h  (x) Q.11 If y is a function of x then y  0 . If x is a
2 dx
Q.2 The derivative of eax cos bx with respect to x is dx
reax cos (bx + tan–1 (b/a)). When a > 0, b > 0, the value of function of y then the equation becomes
r is –
3
d2 x dx d2 x  dx
(A) a b 2 2 (B) 1/ ab (A) +x dy =0 (B) +y  =0
d y2 d y2  d y 
(C) ab (D) a + b
Q.3 If cos–1 (y/b) = n log (x/n), then – 2 2
d2 x  dx d2 x  dx
(A) xy1  b  y  0 2 2 (B) y1  x b  y 2 2 (C) y  =0 (D) x  =0
d y2  d y  d y2  d y 
(C) xy1  n b2  y 2  0 (D) xy1  n b 2  y2 Q.12 If x2 ey + 2xyex + 13 = 0, then dy/dx equals-
Q.4 If m sin–1x = loge y, then (1 – x2) y'' – xy'= 2xe y  x  2y(x  1) 2xe y  x  2y(x  1)
(A) – 2y (B) m2 y (A) – (B)
2 x(xe y  x  2) x(xe y  x  2)
(C) – m y (D) 2y
Q.5 If y = (tan–1 x)2, then (x2 + 1)2 y2 + 2x (x2 + 1) y1 is equal
to 2xe x  y  2y(x  1) 2e x  y  2x (y  1)
(C) – (D)
(A) 4 (B) 0 x(xe x  y  2) x(xe x  y  2)
(C) 2 (D) 1

 1 x2  dy Q.13 If y = (sinx)ln x cosec (ex (a + bx)) and a + b = then the
If y  log  2e
Q.6 2  , then dx is equal to
1 x  dy
3 3 value of at x = 1 is
4x 4x 1 4x dx
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  x4 1 x 4 4  x4 1  x4 (A) (sin 1) ln sin 1 (B) 0
(C) ln sin 1 (D) indeterminate
2
 dy  1  y  x 2 
Q.7 If x = a cos3 , y = a sin3 , then 1    equals- Q.14 If x = e tan 
 dx   ,then dy/dx equals-
 x2 
(A) tan2 (B) sec2
(A) x [1+ tan (log x)] + sec2 (logx)
(C) sec (D) | sec|
(B) 2x [1 + tan (logx)] + x sec2 (logx)
sin 1 x dy (C) 2x [1+ tan (log x)] + x sec (log x)
Q.8 If y = , then (1– x2) equals- (D) 2x [1+ cot (log x)] + x cos (log x)
1  x2 dx
Q.15 If f (x) = 3x10 – 7x8 + 5x6 – 21x3 + 3x2 – 7 then the value of
(A) x + y (B) 1 + xy
f (1  h)  f (1)
(C) 1 – xy (D) xy – 2 Lim is
x 1 h 3  3h
1 d2 y (A) – 53/3 (B) – 22/3
Q.9 If y = 2 2
, then equals-
x a 2 (C) 53/3 (D) 22/3
dx

3x 2  a 2 3x 2  a 2 1  x2  1 x2 dy
(A) (B) Q.16 If y = tan–1 , then equals-
x 2
a 
2 3
x 2
a 
2 4 2
1 x  1 x 2 dx

1 1
(A) – (B) –
2 (3x 2  a 2 ) 2 (3x 2  a 2 )
(C) (D) 2 1 x2 1  x4
x 2
a 2 3
 x 2
a 2 4
 x x
(C) – (D) –
4
1 x 2 1 x4
65 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

dy and h(x) is a function such that h (x) = [f (x)]2 + [g (x)]2

Q.17 If 1  x 2  1  y 2 = a (x – y), then the value of dx is- and h (5) = 11, then the value of h (10) is-
(A) 0 (B) 1
1 x2 (C) 10 (D) 11
1  y2 1 x2 1  y2
(A) (B) (C) – (D) – Q.21 If x = (sec – cos ) and y = secn – cosn , then
1  y2 1 x2 1  y2 1 x2 (dy/dx)2 =
y2  4 y2  4
tan 6 x  9 tan 4 x  9 tan 2 x  1 (A) 2 2 (B)
Q.18 Let f (x) = , n (x  4) n (x 2  4)
3 tan 3 x n 2 (y 2  4) n (y 2  4)
if f ' (x) =  cosec4(2x) then the value of  equals (C) (D)
(A) 16 (B) 12 x2  4 x2  4
(C) 18 (D) 14 dy
Q.22 If y  x sin x , then =
Q.19 Suppose F (x) = f (g (x)) and g(3) = 5, g ' (3) = 3, dx
f '(3) = 1, f '(5) = 4. Then the value of F'(3), is
x cos x.log x  sin x sin x y[x cos x.log x  cos x]
(A) 16 (B) 12 (A) .x (B)
x x
(C) 18 (D) 14
Q.20 f(x) is a function such that f " (x) = – f(x) and f ' (x) = g(x) (C) y[x sin x.log x  cos x] (D) y[x tan x.logx  cosec x]

EXERCISE - 3 (PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE / JEE MAIN QUESTIONS)

dy 3x 3 9
3x x
Q.1 If y = sec (tan–1x), then at x = 1 is equal to – (A) (B) (C) (D)
dx 1  9x 3
1  9x 3
1  9x 3 1  9x 3
(A) 1 / 2 (B) 1/2 [JEE MAIN 2013] Q.4 If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of
d2 y
(C) 1 (D) 2 at t = /4 , is: [JEE MAIN 2019]
dx 2
1 3 1 1 1
Q.2 If g is the inverse of a function f and f ' (x) = , then (A) (B) (C) (D)
1  x5 2 2 3 2 6 6 2
g ' (x) is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2014] Q.5 If x = 2sin  – sin 2 and y = 2cos  – cos 2,
(A) 1 + x5 (B) 5x4 d2 y
[0, 2], then at  =  is : [JEE MAIN 2020]
1 dx 2
(C) (D) 1 + {g (x)}5
1  {g (x)}5 (A) 3/2 (B) –3/4
(C) 3/4 (D) 3/8
 1  6x x 
Q.3 If for x   0, tan 1   is 1 1  sin x  1  sin x 
  , the derivative of  1  9x 3  Q.6 If y(x)  cot ( ), x  ( ,  ) then
4 1  sin x  1  sin x 2
x  g (x) , then g (x) equals – [JEE MAIN 2017]
dy 5
at x = is (A)– 1/2 (B) 0 (C)– 1 (D) 1/2
dx 6
[JEE MAIN 2021]
EXERCISE - 4 [PREVIOUS YEARS KARNATAKA CET QUESTIONS]
Q.1 If x = a cos3 and y = a sin3, then dy/dx = [KCET 2010] f  (x) g (x) 2c
constant, then   is equal to –
(A) 3 y/x (B) 3 x/y f (x) g(x) f (x).g(x)

(C) – 3 x / y (D) – 3 y / x h(x)

(A) h'(x) . h''(x) (B) [KCET 2010]
h (x)
2
d y dy
Q.2 If y = tan–1 x 2  1 , then the ratio :  h (x) h(x)
dx 2 dx (C) h(x) (D)
h  (x)
[KCET 2010]
Q.4 The derivative of eax cos bx with respect to x is
2 2 2 reax cos (bx + tan–1 (b/a)). When a > 0, b > 0, the value of
x (x  1) 1  2x 1  2x 2
x (x  1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) r is –
1  2x 2 x (x 2  1) x (x 2  1)
1  2x 2
Q.3 If the three functions f (x), g (x) and h (x) are such that (A) a 2  b2 (B) 1/ ab [KCET 2010]
h (x) = f (x) . g (x) and f–1 (x) . g–1(x) = c, where c is a (C) ab (D) a + b
66 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.5 If y = sin x. sin 2x. sin 3x ...sin nx; then y' is[KCET 2011]
 1 x2  dy
n n Q.16 If y  log  2  , then dx is equal to [KCET 2015]
(A)  cot kx (B) y. k tan kn 1 x 
k 1 k 1

n n
4x 4x 3 1 4x 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(C) y. k cot kx (D)  k tan kx 1  x4 1  x4 4  x4 1  x4
k 1 k 1 Q.17 The differential coefficient of log10 x with respect to
logx 10 is [KCET 2016]
sin 2 x cos 2 x (A) – (log10 x)2 (B) x2/100
Q.6 If f (x) =  , then f ' (/4) is –
1  cot x 1  tan x (C) 1 (D) (logx 10)2
(A) – 3 (B) 0 [KCET 2011] dy
Q.18 If tan–1 (x2 + y2) =  then is equal to –[KCET 2016]
dx
(C) 1/ 3 (D) 3
(A) xy (B) – xy
Q.7 –1
If cos (y/b) = n log (x/n), then – [KCET 2011] (C) –x/y (D) x/y
(A) xy1  b2  y2  0 (B) y1  x b 2  y2  1 
sec1 
sin 1 (t 2 1)  t 2 1 dy
2 2 2 2
Q.19 If y  e and x  e then =
(C) xy1  n b  y  0 (D) xy1  n b  y dx
(A) –y/x (B) –x/y [KCET 2016]
Q.8 If m sin x = loge y, then (1 – x2) y'' – xy'=
–1
(C) x/y (D) y/x
(A) – 2y (B) m2 y [KCET 2012]
2
(C) – m y (D) 2y dy
Q.20 If xmyn = (x + y)m+n then is equal to – [KCET 2016]
dx
d2 y dy (A) xy (B) y/x
Q.9 If x + y = tan–1 y and 2
 f (y)
, then f (y) =
dx dx
xy
(A) –2/y3 (B) 2/y3 [KCET 2013] (C) (D) 0
(C) 1/y (D) –1/y xy
Q.10 If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4), then dy/dx at x = 1 is Q.21 If xy = ex–y then dy/dx is equal to – [KCET 2016]
(A) 20 (B) 28 [KCET 2014]
ex 1 1 log x log x
(C) 1 (D) 0 (A) x  y (B)  (C) log (x  y) (D)
Q.11 If y = (tan–1 x)2, then (x2 + 1)2 y2 + 2x (x2 + 1) y1 is equal e y xy (1  log x)2
to [KCET 2014]
(A) 4 (B) 0 f (x) g (x) h (x)
dy
(C) 2 (D) 1 Q.22 If y  1 m n then, is equal to –
dx
dy a b c
Q.12 If y = f (x2 + 2) and f ' (3) = 5, then at x = 1 is –
dx [KCET 2017]
(A) 5 (B) 25 [KCET 2015]
(C) 15 (D) 10 f 1 (x) g 1 (x) h 1 (x) 1 m n
2 1 m n f (x) g (x) h (x)
 dy  (A) (B)
Q.13 If x = a cos3, y = a sin3, then 1    is – a b c a b c
 dx 
(A) tan  (B) tan2  [KCET 2015] f (x) 1 a
2 1 m n
(C) sec  (D) 1
g  (x) m b a b c
Q.14 If the function g (x) is defined by (C) (D)
h (x) n c f  (x) g  (x) h  (x)
x 200 x199 x198 x2
g (x)     .....  x5,
200 199 198 2 2t 2t dy
Q.23 If sin x  2
, tan y 
2 then is equal to
then g' (0) = [KCET 2015] 1 t 1 t dx
(A) 1 (B) 200 (A) 0 (B) 2 [KCET 2017]
(C) 100 (D) 5 (C) 1 (D) –1
dy
Q.15 If x + ct and y = c/t, find at t = 2 [KCET 2015]
dx
(A) 1/4 (B) 4
(C) –1/4 (D) 0

67 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
dy
d2 y Q.33 If 2x + 2y = 2x+y, then is – [KCET 2020]
Q.24 If y = log (log x) then is equal to – [KCET 2017] dx
dx 2 (A) 2y–x (B) –2y–x
 (1  log x) (1  log x)
(A) (B) 2y  1
2
x log x (x log x) 2 (C) 2x–y (D)
2x  1
(1  log x) (1  log x)  2x 
(C) (x log x) 2
(D) 2 Q.34 If f (x) = sin–1   , then f  ( 3) is [KCET 2020]
x log x 1 x2 
(A) – 1/2 (B) 1/2
1  sin x  cos x  dy
Q.25 If y  tan   , then is equal to – (C) 1 / 3 (D) – 1 / 3
cos x  sin x  dx
(A) 1/2 (B) 0 [KCET 2017] 3 2
Q.35 If y = 2xn+1 + , then 2 d y is – [KCET 2020]
(C)  / 4 (D) 1 x
xn dx 2
Q.26 The derivative of cos–1 (2x2 – 1) w.r.t cos–1 x is
(A) 1 – x2 (B) 2/x [KCET 2017] (A) 6n (n + 1) y (B) n (n + 1) y
dy
1 (C) x y (D) y
(C) (D) 2 dx
2 1 x2 dy
Q.27 If cos y = x cos (a + y) with cos ± 1, then dy/dx is equal Q.36 If (xe)y = ey, then is – [KCET 2020]
dx
to [KCET 2018]
log x 1
sin a cos2 (a  y) (A) (B)
(A) (B) (1  log x) 2
(1  log x)2
cos 2 (a  y) sin a
log x ex
cos a cos (a  y) 2 (C) (D)
(1  log x) x (y  1)
(C) (D)
sin 2 (a  y) cos a
dy
Q.28 If f (x) = | cos x – sin x |, then f ' (/6) is equal to – Q.37 If y = (cos x2)2 , then is equal to [KCET 2021]
[KCET 2018] dx
(A) – 4x sin 2x2 (B) – x sin x2
1 1
(A)  (1  3) (B) (1  3) (C) – 2x sin 2x2 (D) – x cos 2x2
2 2
d
1 1 Q.38 For constant a, (xx + xa + ax + aa) is [KCET 2021]
(C)  (1  3) (D) (1  3) dx
2 2
(A) xx (1 + log x) + axa–1
dy (B) xx (1 + log x) + axa–1 + ax log a
Q.29 If y  x  x  x  .... , then  [KCET 2018]
dx (C) xx (1 + log x) + aa (1 + log x)
(D) xx (1 + log x) + aa (1 + log a) + axa – 1
1 1 2y 1
(A) 2 (B) (C) 2 (D) Q.39 Consider the following statements: [KCET 2021]
y 1 2y  1 y 1 2y  1
Statement 1: If y  log10 x  loge x then
 x 1 
1 2
Q.30 If f (x) = sin  dy log10 e 1
 , then f ' (0) = [KCET 2019]  
 1  4x  dx x x
2 log 2 4log 2 d log x
(A) (B) 2 log 2 (C) (D) log 2 Statement 2 : dx (log10 x)  log10 and
5 5

d2 y d log x
Q.31 If x = a sec2 & y = a tan2 then  [KCET 2019] (log e x) 
dx 2 dx log e .
(A) 0 (B) 2a (A) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.
(C) 4 (D) 1 (B) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.
dy (C) Both statements 1 and 2 are true.
Q.32 3 y x 6 (x  y)5 , then dx = [KCET 2019] (D) Both statements 1 and 2 are false.
(A) x – y (B) x / y
(C) y / x (D) x + y

68 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.40 If the parametric equation of a curve is given by
dy
x = cos log tan (/2) and y = sin , then the points for Q.41 If y = (x – 1)2 (x – 2)3 (x – 3)5 then at x = 4 is equal to
dx
dy (A) 108 (B) 54 [KCET 2021]
which  0 are given by [KCET 2021]
dx (C) 36 (D) 516
Q.42 A particle starts from rest and its angular displacement
n 
(A)   , nZ (B) = (2n + 1) , n z
2 2 t2 t
(in radians) is given by    . If the angular velocity
(C)  = (2n + 1) , n  z (D)  = n, n  z 20 5
at the end of t = 4 is k, then the value of 5 k is
(A) 0.6 (B) 5 [KCET 2021]
(C) 5 k (D) 3

ANSWER KEY
EX ERCIS E - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B A A D A C D A C B D C D A C A C B C A
Q 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
A B A C A C A D C A A D B C

EX ERCIS E - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A C A C B C A D B C B C
Q 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A A C B C C B A B D C A

EXERCISE-3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6
A A D C D D A

EXERCISE - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A D B C A C B C B B B C D C A C A A C A B D ACD C B D
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
A D B A D D A C B B B A C B A D D D

69 DIFFERENTIATION
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

Chapter
17 Application of Derivatives
Equations of tangent and normal :
TANGENT & NORMAL The equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) to the curve

Slope of the tangent : Let y = f (x) be a continuous curve,  dy 

y = f (x) is y – y1 =  dx  (x – x1) . .........(1)
P
 dy 
and let P (x1, y1) be a point on it. Then,   is the Since the normal at P (x1, y1) passes through P and has
 dx  p
1
slope of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at point P i.e. ; slope  , therefore the equation of the normal at P
 dy 
 dy   
dx P
  = tan = slope of the tangent at P, where  is the
dx p
(x1, y1) to the curve y = f (x) is
angle which the tangent at P (x1, y1) makes with the posi-
tive direction of x-axis. 1
y – y1 =  (x – x1) .........(2)
y  dy 
 
dx P
No

t
en
rm

ang
al

T
Length of intercepts made on axes by the tangent :
P(x1 ,y1) x– intercept :
Y

 y1  B
OA = x1   
O x  (dy / dx)(x1,y1 ) 
P(x1,y1)
 dy 
(i) The inclination of tangent with x–axis. = tan 1   y–intercept :
 dx 
 dy  O
(ii) If the tangent at P(x1,y1) of the curve y = f (x) is parallel to OB  y1  x1   A X
 dx   x
the x–axis ( or perpendicular to y-axis) then  = 0 i.e. its 1 ,y1 

 dy  The length of intercept made by normal on x-axis is

slope will be zero. m    0
 dx  (x ,y )  dx 
1 1  dy 
x1  y1   & length of intercept on y-axis is y1  x1  
(iii) If the tangent at P(x1,y1) of the curve y = f (x) is parallel to  dx   dy 
y-axis (or perpendicular to x-axis) then  = /2 , and its
 dy  Length of perpendicular from origin to the tangent :
slope will be infinity i.e. m     The length of perpendicular from origin (0,0) to the tangent
 dx 
 x1 ,y1  drawn at the point (x1,y1) of the curve y = f (x) is
Slope of the normal : The normal to a curve at P (x1, y1) is
a line perpendicular to the tangent at P & passing through  dy 
y1  x1  
P. Slope of the normal at  dx 
p
1 2
1  dx   dy 
P = =    1  
slope of tangent at P  dy   dy  p  dx 
 
dx p
The length of perpendicular from origin to normal is
Note: If normal makes an angle of  with positive direction
dx dy  dy 
of x-axis then   tan  or   cot  x1  y1  
dy dx  dx 
P 
2
 dy 
1  
 dx 

70 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Example 1 :
Find the slope of the tangent to the hyperbola  dy   dy 
    
2x2 – 3y2 = 6 at (3, 2). tan 1  tan  2 dx C1 dx C2
Sol. Differentiating the given equation of the curve tan =  tan  =
1  tan 1 tan  2  dy   dy 
4x – 6y. (dy/dx) = 0 dy/dx = 2x / 3y 1    
 dx  C  dx  C
1 2
 dy  2 3
  The other angle between the tangents is 180° – .
dx (3, 2) = 3 . 2 = 1
Generally the smaller of these two angles is taken to be
the angle of intersection.
Example 2 : Orthogonal curves : If the curves are orthogonal, then
Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = sin x at the
 dy 
point (, 0).  = /2 m1 m2 = – 1   .  dy  = – 1
 dx  C  dx 
1 C2
dy  dy 
Sol. y = sin x  = cos x   dx  = –1
dx (  ,0)
Length of tangent, Normal, Sub-tangent & Sub-normal :
Therefore the equation of tangent at ( , 0) is given by Let tangent and normal to the curve y = f (x) at a point
y – 0 = –1 (x – )  x + y =  P(x,y) meets the x–axis at point Q and R respectively. Then
PQ and PR are called length of tangent and normal
Example 3 : respectively, at point P. Also if PM be the perpendicular
Find the distance between the origin and the tangent to from p on x– axis, then QM and MR are called length of
the curve y = e2x + x2 drawn at the point x = 0. sub tangent and subnormal respectively at P. So from the
Sol. Putting x = 0 in the given curve, we obtain y = 1. diagram at P(x,y).
So, the given point is (0, 1).
Y
dy  dy 
Now, y = e2x + x2  = 2e2x + 2x   dx  =2 P(X,Y)
dx (0,1)
The equation of the tangent at (0, 1) is
y – 1 = 2 (x – 0) 2x – y + 1 = 0 ..(i)
Req. distance = length of the  from (0, 0) on (i) = 1/ 5. Q M R X
O

ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CURVES

1   dy / dx 
2

Let C1 and C2 be two curves having equations y = f (x) (i) Length of tangent, y cosec  = y
and y = g(x) respectively. Let PT1 and PT2 be tangents to
 dy / dx 
the curves C1 and C2 respectively at their common point (ii) Length of normal = PR = y sec 
of intersection. Then the angle between PT1 and PT2 is
the angle of intersection of C1 and C2 . Let 1 and 2 be  dy 
(iii) Length of sub tangent = QM = y cot  = y /  
the angles made by PT1 and PT2 with the positive direction dx
of x-axis in anticlockwise sense.
Y  dy 
(iv) Length of sub normal = MR = y tan  = y  
dx

POINT OF INFLEXION
C2
P C1 If at any point P, the curve is concave on one side and
2 1
O convex on other side with respect to x-axis, then the point
X
P is called the point of inflexion. Thus P is a point of
Then, m1 = tan 1 = slope of the tangent to y = f (x) at
 dy  d2 y d3 y
P =  dx  and m2 = tan 2 = slope of the tangent to inflexion if at P,  0 , but 0
C 1 dx 2 dx 3
 dy  Also point p is a inflexion
y = g(x) at P =   .
 dx  C if f '' (x)  f ''' (x)  f n 1 (x)  0 and f n  x   0 for odd n.
2
From figure it follow that,
 = 1 – 2tan= tan (1 – 2)

71 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3


Example 4 :
x  x  f (x )  f (x 2 )
Find the angle of intersection between the curves y = x or or1 x 2 x  f1(x ) / f (x , x1 , x 2  D
1 2 1 2)
and y2 = 4x at (4,4).
Sol. Differentiating given equations , we have Y Y
 dy   dy  2
   1 and  dx   y
dx 1 2

 dy   dy  2 1
 At (4,4)  dx   1 ;  dx   4  2
1 2 O
O X X

1 A function is said to be monotonic function in a domain

1
Angle of intersection = tan
1 2  tan 1 (1 / 3) if it is either monotonic increasing or monotonic
 1 decreasing in that domain.
1  1 
 2 For Example
Example 5 : (i) f (x) = ex is a monotonic increasing function where as
If at any point S of the curve by2 = (x + a)3, the relation g (x)=1/x is monotonic decreasing function.
between subnormal SN and subtangent ST be (ii) f (x) = x2 and g(x)=| x | are monotonic increasing for x > 0
p (SN) = q (ST)2 then find p/q. and monotonic decreasing for x < 0. In general they are
not monotonic functions.
2 (iii) sin x, cosx are not monotonic function whereas tanx, cotx
 dy 
y/ are monotonic.
dy 3(x  a) 2 p  dx  y 8b
Sol.  ;   
q  dy  3 27
dx 2by y   dy  Method of testing monotonicity :
 dx    (i) At a point : A function f (x) is said to be monotonic
dx
increasing (decreasing ) at a point x = a of its domain if it
MONOTONICITY is monotonic increasing (decreasing) in the interval
(a – h, a + h) where h is a small positive number.
Monotonic Increasing : A function f (x) defined in a domain
D is said to be monotonic increasing function if the value Y
Y
of (x) does not decrease (increase) by increasing
(decreasing) the value of x or We can say that the value of P
P
f (x) should increase (decrease) or remain equal by
increasing (Decreasing) the value x. 2


/2
x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 ) O X
or x1  x 2  f (x1 ) / f (x 2 ) , x1 , x 2  D
X
If O

So at x = a, function f (x) is
or  x1  x 2  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )
or x1  x 2  f (x1 ) / f (x 2 ) , x1 , x 2  D
Monotonic increasing f ' (a) > 0
Monotonic decreasing f ' (a) < 0
(ii) In an interval : A function f (x) defined in the interval [a,b]
Y
Y will be Monotonic increasing f ' (x)  0
Monotonic decreasing f ' (x)  0
constant f ' (x) = 0  x   a, b
Strictly increasing f ' (x) > 0
Strictly decreasing f ' (x) < 0
O X O X Note :
(i) In the above result f ' (x) should not be zero for all value of
Monotonic Decreasing : A function f (x) defined in a
x otherwise f (x) will be a constant function.
domain D is said to be monotonic decreasing function if
(ii) If in [a,b], f ' (x) < 0, for atleast one value of x and f '(x) > 0
the value of (x) does not increase (decrease) by increasing
for atleast one value of x then f (x) will not be monotonic
(decreasing ) the value of x or We can say that the value
in [a,b].
of f (x) should increase (decrease) or remain equal by
For example,
increasing (Decreasing) the value of x.
(1) Function f (x) = sinx is monotonic increasing in [0, /2]

1

x  x  f (x )  f (x 2 )
If or1 x 2 x  f1(x ) / f (x
2 1 2)
, x1 , x 2  D because f ' (x)  cos x  0x   0,  / 2

72 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(2) Function f (x) = e–x is monotonically decreasing in [–1, 0], f (x)  f (a) for all x D.
since f ' (x) = – e–x < 0, x (–1, 0) In such a case, a is called the point of maximum and f (a) is
(3) Function f (x) = | x | is not a monotonic functions in the known as the maximum value or the greatest value or the
interval [–1, 1] because absolute maximum value of f (x).
Consider the function
 x; x  0  1; x  0
f (x) =  ; f ' (x) =  f (x) = – (x – 1)2 + 10 for all x R
 x ; x  0  1; x  0  – (x –1)2  0 for all x  R
(4) –1 –1
f (x) = sin x + cos x is constant function in [–1, 1]  – (x – 1)2 + 10  10 for all x R
because f (x) = /2  f ' (x) = 0 x  (–1, 1)  f (x)  10 for all x  R
Examples of monotonic function : Thus, 10 is the maximum value of f (x). Clearly f (x) attain
Monotonic Monotonic Not Monotonic this value at x = 1. So x = 1 is the point of maximum or the
Increasing Decreasing point of absolute maximum.
x3 1/x x2
x|x| 1–2x |x| Minimum : Let f (x) be a function with domain D R.
ex e–x ex + e–x Then f (x) is said to attain minimum value at a point a  D
loga x, a > 1 loga x, a > 1 sin x if f (x)  f (a) for all x D.
tan x cot x cos x In such a case the point a is called the point of minimum
and f (a) is known as the minimum value or the least value
Properties of monotonic functions : or the absolute minimum value of f (x).
(i) If f (x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b], Consider the function
then f–1 exists and it is also a strictly increasing function. f (x) = (3x –1)2 + 5 for all x R
(ii) If f (x) is strictly increasing function on an interval [a, b]  (3x – 1)2  0 for all x  R
such that it is continuous, then f–1 is continuous on (3x – 1)2 + 5  5 for all x R
[f (a), f(b)]. Thus, 5 is the minimum value or the least value or the
(iii) If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f ' (c)  0 (f ' (c)> 0) absolute minimum value of f (x) in its domain. Clearly, f (x)
for each c (a, b), then f (x) is monotonically (strictly) attains this value at x = 1/3. So, x = 1/3 is the point of
increasing function on [a, b]. minimum or the point of absolute minimum.
(iv) If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f ' (c)  0 (f '(c) < 0)
for each c (a, b), then f (x) is monotonically (strictly) Example 7 :
decreasing function on [a, b]. Find the maximum and the minimum values of the function
(v) If f (x) and g(x) are monotonically (or strictly) increasing f (x) = – | x – 1 | + 5 for all x  R
(or decreasing) function on [a, b], then gof (x) is a Sol. We have f (x) = – | x – 1| + 5 for all x  R
monotonically (or strictly) increasing function on [a, b].  | x – 1 |  0 for all x  R  – | x – 1 |  0 for all x R
(vi) If one of the two functions f (x) and g(x) is strictly (or  – | x – 1| + 5 5 for all x  R f (x)  5 for all x R
monotonically) increasing and other a strictly So, 5 is the maximum value of f (x).
(monotonically) decreasing, then gof (x) is strictly Now, f (x) = 5 – | x – 1| + 5 = 5 | x – 1 | = 0 x = 1.
(monotonically) decreasing on [a, b]. Thus, f (x) attains the maximum value 5 at x = 1.
Since f (x) can be made as small as we please, therefore
Example 6 : the minimum value of f (x) does not exist.
Let f (x) = cot–1 [g (x)], where g(x) is an increasing function
for 0 < x < . Then (x) is
LOCAL MAXIMA & MINIMA
(1) increasing in (0, )
(2) decreasing in (0, ) Local maximum : A function f (x) is said to attain a local
(3) increasing in (0, /2) and decreasing in (/2, ) maximum at x = a if their exists a neighbourhood
(4) None of these (a – , a +) of a such that f (x) < f (a) for all
Sol. (2). We have, f (x) = cot–1 (g (x)) x (a – , a + ), x  a
or f (x) – f (a) < 0 for all x (a –, a + ), x  a
1
f ' (x) = × g' (x) < 0 for 0 < x <  In such a case f (a) is called the local maximum value of f
1  [g(x)]2 (a) at x = a.
 g (x) is increasing for 0 < x < , g'(x) > 0] Local minimum : A function f (x) is said to attain a local
Thus, f (x) is decreasing in (0, ) minimum at x = a if there exists a neighbourhood
(a– , a + ) of a such that f (x) > f (a) for
all x (a – , a + ), x  a
MAXIMA AND MINIMA or f (x) – f (a) > 0 for all x (a – , a + ), x  a
Maximum : Let f (x) be a function with domain D  R. The value of the function at x = a i.e., f (a) is called the
Then f (x) is said to attain the maximum value at a point local minimum value of f (x) at x = a.
a D. If
73 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
The points at which a function attains either the local Sufficient Condition :
maximum values or local minimum values are known as First derivative test for local maxima and minima
the extreme point or turning points. Let f (x) be a function differentiable at x = a. Then
Y (a) x = a is a point of local maximum of f (x) if
(i) f '(a) = 0 and
E
(ii) f ' (x) changes sign from positive to negative as x passes
C
f ' (x) > 0 at every point in the left neighbourhood (nbd)
(a –,a) of a and f ' (x) < 0 at every point in the right nbd
(x)
y=f

A
D (a, a + ) of a.
(b) x = a is a point of local minimum of f (x) if
B (i) f ' (a) = 0 and
(ii) f ' (x) changes sign from negative to positive as x passes
X through a i.e., f ' (x) < 0 at every point in the left nbd
O
In Figure we observe that the x-coordinates of the points (a –, a) of a and f ' (x)> 0 at every point in the right nbd
A, C, E are points of local maximum and the values at (a, a + ) of a.
these points i.e., their y-coordinates are the local maximum (c) If f ' (a) = 0, but f ' (x) does not change sign, that is, f ' (a)
values of f (x). The x-coordinates of points B and D are has the same sign in the complete nbd of a, then a is
points of local minimum and their y-coordinates are the neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local
local minimum values of f (x). minimum.
Note:
(1) The maximum and minimum points are also known as
extreme points.
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST
(2) A function may have more than one maximum and minimum Step I Put y = f (x)
points. dy
(3) A maximum value of a function f (x) in an interval [a,b] is Step II Find
dx
not necessarily its greatest value in that interval. Similarly,
a minimum value may not be the least value of the dy
function. A minimum value may be greater than some Step III Put = 0 and solve this equation for x.
dx
maximum value for a function. Let c1, c2, c3,... cn be the roots of this equation.
(4) If a continuous function has only one maximum (minimum) c1, c2, c3,...., cn are stationary values of x and these are
point, then at this point function has its greatest (least) the possible points where the function can attain a local
value. maximum or a local minimum. So we test the function at
(5) Monotonic functions do not have extreme points. each one of these points.
Y
For example, Step IV : Consider x = c1. If dy/dx changes its sign from
(i) Function y = sinx , x (0, ) has positive to negative as x increases through c1, then the
a maximum points at x= /2 function attains a local maximum at x = c1.
because the value of sin = /2 is y=sinx If dy/dx changes its sign from negative to positive as x
greatest in the given interval for increases through c1, then the function attains a local
sin x. O /2 
X
minimum at x = c1.
Clearly function y = sinx is increasing in the interval If dy/dx does not change sign as x increases through c1,
(0, /2) and decreasing in the interval (/2, ) for that then x = c1 is neither a point of local maximum nor a point
reason also it has maxima at x = /2. Similarly we can see of local minimum. In this case x = c1 is a point of inflexion.
from the graph of cosx which has a minimum point at x= . Similarly we may deal with other values of x.
(ii) f (x) = x2, x  (–1, 1) has a Y

minimum point at x = 0 because y=x

2
2
at x = 0, the value of x is 0, HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE TEST
which is less than all the X (i) The value of the function f (x) at x = a is maximum, if
O
values of foundation at different -1 1 f ' (a) = 0 and f '' (a) < 0
points of the interval. (ii) The value of the function f (x) at x = a is minimum if
Clearly function y = x2 is decreasing in the interval (–1,0) f ' (a) = 0 and f '' (a) > 0
and increasing in the interval (0,1) So it has minima at x= 0. (iii) If f ' (a) = 0 ,f '' (a) = 0, f ''' (a)  0 then x = a is not an extreme
point for the function f (x).
CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMA & MINIMA (iv) If f ' (a) = 0, f '' (a) = 0, f ''' (a) = 0 then the sign of f (iv) (a) will
determine the maximum and minimum value of function
Necessary Condition : i.e.
A necessary condition for f (a) to be an extreme value of a f (x) is maximum, if f (iv)(a)<0 and minimum if f (iv)(a) > 0.
function f (x) is that f ' (a) = 0, in case it exists.

74 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(v) f ' (c) = f '' (c) = f ''' (c) = .... = f n–1(c) = 0 , and these are associated with a given relation then by
(vi) f n (c) exists and is non-zero. eliminating one variable, we convert function in terms of
Then, If n is even and f n (c) < 0 x = c is a point of local one variable and then find the maxima and minima by
maximum. known methods.
If n is even and f n (c) > 0  x = c is a point of local
minimum Example 9 :
If n is odd x = c is neither a point of local maximum nor Find the maximum value of x3 – 3x in the interval [0, 2].
a point of local minimum. Sol. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x. Then f ' (x) = 3x2 – 3.
For maximum or minimum f ' (x) = 0 x = ± 1.
But x = –1[0, 2].
EXTREME VALUES OF A FUNCTION Therefore x = 1 only. It can be easily checked that f ''(x) >0
From the above test criteria we obtain the following rule for x = 1. So. f (x) attains a local minimum at x = 1
for determining maxima and minima of f (x). Now, f (0) = 0, f (1) = –2 and f (2) = 6
Step I : Find f ' (x) Hence f (x) attains the maximum value at x = 2
Step II : Put f ' (x) = 0 and solve this equation for x. Let c1,
c2,.... cnbe the roots of this equation. c1, c2,.... cn are Example 10 :
stationary values of x and these are the possible points If x + y = 8 then find the maximum value of xy.
where the function can attain a local maximum or a local Sol. Let Z = xy  Z = x (8 – x) or Z = 8x – x2
minimum. So we test function at each one of these point. dz/dx = 8 – 2x = 0  x = 4
Step III : Find f '' (x). Consider x = c1. d2Z/dx2 = –2 < 0
If f '' (c1) < 0, then x = c1 is a point of local maximum.  x = 4 is a maximum point. So maximum value is
If f '' (c1) > 0, then x = c1 is a point of local minimum. Z = 8.4 – 42 =16.
If f '' (c1) = 0, we must find f '''(x) & substitute in it c1, for x.
If f ''' (c1)  0, then x = c1 is neither a point of local maximum
nor a point of local minimum and is called the point of PROPERTIES OF MAXIMA & MINIMA
inflection. (i) If f (x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least
If f ''' (c1)= 0, we must find f IV(x) & substitute in it c1 for x. one maxima and one minima must lie between two equal
If f IV (c1) < 0, then x = c1 is a point of local maximum and values of x.
if f IV (c1) > 0, then x = c1 is a point of local minimum. (ii) Maxima and minima occur alternately .that is between two
If f IV (c1) = 0, we must find fV (x), and, so on. Similarly the maxima there is one minimum and vice-versa.
values of c2, c3 ...., may be tested. (iii) If f (x) is a maximum (minimum ) at a point x = a, then 1/ f(x),
[f (x) 0 ] will be minimum (maximum) at that point.
Example 8 : (iv) If f (x) as x  a or b and f ' (x) = 0 only for one value
Find the points of maxima and minima for the function of x (say c) between a and b, then f (c) is necessarily the
f (x)= x3 – 9x2 + 15x – 11. minimum and the least value.
Sol. Let f (x)= x3 – 9x2 + 15x – 11. (v) If f (x) as x  a or b, then f(c) is necessarily the
then f ' (x) = 3x2 – 18x + 15 = 3x (x2 – 6x + 5) maximum and the greatest values of the function.
For maxima and minima
f ' (x) = 0 x2 – 6x + 15 = 0
STANDARD GEOMETRICAL RESULTS
 (x – 1) (x – 5) = 0 x = 1, 5
Again f '' (1) = –12 < 0 (i) The area of rectangle with given perimeter is greatest
 x = 1 is a point of maxima and f '' (5) = 12 > 0 when it is a square.
 x = 5 is a point of minima (ii) The perimeter of a rectangle with given area is least when
it is a square.
Greatest and Least values of a function in a given interval (iii) The greatest rectangle inscribed in a given circle is a
If a function f (x) is defined in an interval [a,b], then greatest square.
or least values of this function occurs either at x = a or (iv) The greatest triangle inscribed in a given circle is
x = b or at those values of x where f ' (x) = 0. equilateral.
Remember that a maximum value of the function f (x) in (v) The semi vertical angle of a cone with given slant height
any interval [a,b] is not necessarily its greatest value in
and maximum volume is tan 1 2 .
that interval. Thus greatest value of f (x) in interval [a,b]
(vi) The height of a cylinder of maximum volume inscribed in
= Max.[f (a),f (b),f (c)]
Least value of f (x) in interval [a,b] = Min. [f (a),f (b),f (c)] a sphere of radius a is 2a / 3 .
Where x = c is a point such that f ' (c) = 0

Maxima and minima of function of two variable :

If a function is defined in terms of two variables and if

75 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Example 11 : 1
Find the maximum area of a rectangle of perimeter 176 f (x) = is such that lim f (x) = .
2x  1 x  (1/2) 
cms.
Sol. Let sides of the rectangle be x, y ; then So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1/2.
2x + 2y = 176 (vii) The sum, difference, Product and quotient of continuous
 Its area A = xy = x (88 – x) = 88 x – x2 (differentiable) functions is continuous (differentiable)

dA d2A LAGRANGE'S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

 = 88 – 2x, 2 = – 2 < 0
dx d x Let f (x) be a function defined on [a, b] such that
(i) it is continuous on [a, b]
dA d2A (ii) it is differentiable on (a, b)
Now, = 0 x = 44; Also then 2 < 0. Then there exists a real number c  (a, b) such that
dx d x
So area will be maximum when x = 44 and maximum area f (b)  f (a)
f ' (c) =
= 44 × 44 = 1936 sq. cms. ba
Example 12 :   3 
Find the point on the curve y = cosx –1, x   ,  at
MEAN VALUE THEOREMS which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
2 2 
Sol. Let f (x) = cosx – 1
ROLLE'S THEOREM   3 
Clearly, f (x) is continuous on  ,  and differentiable
Statement : Let f be a real valued function defined on the 2 2 
closed interval [a, b] such that   3       3 
(i) it is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] on  ,  . Also, f    cos  1 = – 1 = f   .
2 2  2 2 2
(ii) it is differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and
(iii) f (a) = f (b). Thus, all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
Then there exists a real number c (a, b) such that f '(c)=0   3 
Consequently, there exists atleast one point c   , 
y 2 2
Geometrical interpretation :
for which f '(c) = 0. But. f ' (c) = 0 – sin c = 0  c = 
There exists at least one [c,f(c)]
f (c)  cos  –1 = – 2
point (c,f(c)) lying between B[b,f(b)]
A[a,f(a)]
A and B on the curve y = f (x)
where tangent is parallel to Y= f(x) RATE OF CHANGE OF VARIABLE
x-axis.
0 (a,0) (c,0) (b,0)
x Derivative as a rate measurer : Let y = f (x) be a function
Algebraic interpretation : of x. Let y be the change in y corresponding to a small
y
Between any two roots of a polynomial f (x), there is always change x in x. Then , represents the change in y
a root of its derivative f (x). x
y
due to a unit change in x. In other words, represents
Note : On Rolle's theorem generally two types of problems x
the average rate of change of y w. r. t. x as x changes from
are formulated.
x to x + x.
(a) To check the applicability of Rolle's theorem to a given
As x  0, the limiting value of this average rate of change
function on a given interval.
of y with respect to x in the interval [x, x + x] becomes the
(b) To verify Rolle's theorem for a given function on a given
instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x. Thus,
interval. In both types of problems we first check whether
f (x) satisfies conditions of Rolle's theorem or not. The y
lim = Instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x
following result are very helpful in doing so. 
x  0 x
(i) A polynomial function is everywhere continuous and
differentiable. dy  y dy 
 = Rate of change of y. w.r. t. x  lim 
(ii) The exponential function, sine and cosine functions are dx  x0 x dx 
everywhere continuous and differentiable. The word “instantaneous” is often dropped.
(iii) Logarithmic function is continuous and differentiable in Hence, dy/dx represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x for
its domain. a definite value of x.
(iv) tan x is not continuous at x =/2,±3/2,  5/2 ..... Note :
(v) | x | is not differentiable at x = 0.
(vi) If f(x) tends to   as x  k, then f (x) is not differentiable dy  dy 
1. The value of at x = x0 i.e.  
at x = k. For eg, if f (x)=(2x–1)1/2, then dx dx x  x represents the
0
rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x0

76 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Example 2 :
dy
Find the value of n for which the area of the triangle formed
dy dt dx
2. If x =  (t) and y = (t), then  , provided that 0 by the axes of coordinates and any tangent to the curve
dx dx dt xn y = an is constant.
dt dy fx nx n 1y ny
Thus, the rate of change of y with respect to x can be Sol. dx     n

fy x x
calculated by using the rate of change of y and that of x Equation of tangent is Y – y = – (ny/x) (X – x)
each with respect to t. Putting y = 0 then X = 0 the intercepts on axes are
3. The term “rate of change” will mean the instantaneous
rate of change unless stated otherwise. x(1  n)
A= , B = y (1 + n)
n
Example 13 :
1 1 (1  n) 2 1 (1  n) 2 an
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect  = AB = xy = x n
to its radius. How fast is the area changing with respect 2 2 n 2 n x
to the radius when the radius is 3cm ? It will be constant if xn–1 = 1 i.e. n – 1 = 0 or n = 1
Sol. Let A be the area of the circle. Then A = r2
dA/dr = 2r Example 3 :
Thus, the rate of change of the area of the circle w.r.t. its Find the co-ordinates of the point P on the curve y2 = 2x3
radius r is 2r. When r = 3 cm, we have the tangent at which is perpendicular to the line
dA/dr = (2 × 3) cm2/cm = 6cm2/cm. 4x – 3y + 2 = 0 are given by [Slope of given line is 4/3]

SHORT CUT METHODS dy 6x 2 6x 2 4

Sol.   . = – 1 (m1/m2 = –1)
dx 2y 2y 3
1 y = 4x2 or y2 = 16x4 = 2x3 y = 0 or 1/8
1. If x > 0 then x  2
x y = 0, – 1/16 from y = – 4x2
1 dy 0
2.  sin 4 x  cos 4 x  1 Now  at (0, 0) and hence rejected
2 dx 0
3. Of all rectangles of a given perimeter, the square has the  Required point is (1/8, –1/16)
largest area.
4. The maximum area of the rectangle that can be inscribed Example 4 :
in circle of radius r is 2r2. Find the angle which the perpendicular from the origin on
5. A cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a the tangent makes with the x-axis for the curve whose
sphere of a given radius r is of height 4r/3. parametric equations are x = a sin3, y = a cos3.
Sol. dy/dx = y/x = slope of the tangent = – cot.
6. Maximum value of a sin x + b cos x = a 2  b2 . Hence slope of a line through origin and perpendicular to
the tangent is = tan  as m1m2 = –1.
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES Therefore it makes an angle  with x-axis.
Example 1 :
Example 5 :
x y  x  y
n n The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at
If the line   2 touches the curve      = 2 P (–2, 0) and cuts the y-axis at a point Q where its gradient
a b  a  b
is 3 then find a, b, c.
at point (a, b), then find the value of n Sol. Curve cuts y-axis (x = 0) at (0, 5) at which dy/dx = 3
n 1 or 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 3 at (0, 5)  c = 3
n  x Again dy/dx = 0 at P ( –2, 0) as it touches x-axis.
n n   n n 1
 x  y dy  b  x 
a  a 12a – 4b + c = 0 or 12 a – 4b + 3 = 0 ..(2)
Sol.      = 2 =– = –  
 a  b dx n  y
n 1  a   y  Also P lies on the curve
  – 8a + 4b – 2c + 5 = 0 or – 8a + 4b – 1 = 0
b  n
Solving (2) and (3), we get a = – 1/2, b = – 3/4
 dy  b
  dx   Example 6 :
(a,b) a Find the interval of increase of the function
So tangent to the curve at (a, b) is f (x) = x – ex + tan (2/7).
Sol. We have : f (x) = x – ex + tan (2/7)  f ' (x) = 1 – ex
b x y For f (x) to be increasing, we must have
y–b=– (x – a)   = 2
a a b f ' (x) > 0 1 – ex > 0  ex < 1 x < 0 x (–, 0)

77 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3

QUESTION BANK
EXERCISE - 1 (LEVEL-1)
PART - 1 - TANGENT AND NORMAL (C) a > 0, b < 0 (D) a < 0, b > 0
Q.1 The tangent to a given curve is perpendicular to x-axis if Q.14 The length of subtangent to the curve x2y2 = a4 at the
dx/dy = ? point (–a, a) is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (A) 3a (B) 2a
(C) 2 (D) 3 (C) a (D) 4a
Q.2 Find the slope of the tangent to the hyperbola Q.15 The line 2x  6y  2 is a tangent to the curve
2x2 – 3y2 = 6 at (3, 2).
(A) 0 (B) 1 x2 – 2y2 = 4. The point of contact is
(C) 2 (D) 3 (A) (4,  6) (B) (7,  2 6)
Q.3 Find the point on the curve y2 = x2 + ax + 25 touches the
axis of x. (C) (2, 3) (D) ( 6,1)
(A) ± 20 (B) ± 10
(C) ± 5 (D) ± 15 PART - 2 - MONOTONICITY
Q.4 Find the point at the curve y = 12x – x3 where the slope Q.16 For all values of x, function f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 + 7x – 19 is
of the tangent is zero. (A) Monotonic increasing (B) Monotonic decreasing
(A) (1, 16); (2, –16) (B) (5, 12); (–1, –16) (C) Not monotonic (D) None of these
(C) (2, 16); (–2, –16) (D) (2, 15); (2, 13)
Q.5 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve x = t2 + 3t – 8, Q.17 Function f (x) = x3 – 27x + 5 is monotonic increasing
y = 2t2 – 2t – 5 at the point t = 2. when
(A) 1/7 (B) 2/7 (A) x < – 3 (B) | x | > 3
(C) 5/7 (D) 6/7 (C) x  – 3 (D) | x |  3
Q.6 Find the point where the tangent of the curve
y = 2x2 – x + 1 is parallel to the line y = 3 x + 9 Q.18 If f (x)  x 3  6x 2  9x  3 be a decreasing function,
(A) 0, 1 (B) 2, 7 then x lies in
(C) 1, 2 (D) 3, 16 (A) (, 1)  (3, ) (B) (1, 3)
Q.7 Find the points on the curve y = x3 + 5 at which the
(C) (3, ) (D) None of these
tangents are perpendicular to the line x + 3y = 2.
(A) (1, 6) (–1, 4) (B) (2, 13), (3, 32) Q.19 The function f (x)  tan 1 (sin x  cos x) , x > 0 is always
(C) (0, 5), (–2, –3) (D) None of these an increasing function on the interval
Q.8 Find the equation of tangent at the point 't' to the curve (A) (0, ) (B) (0, /2)
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3t. (C) (0, /4) (D) (0, 3/4)
(A) x sec t – y cosec t = a (B) x sin t + y cos t = a
(C) x sec t + y cosec t = a (D) x cos t + y tan t = a Q.20 2x3  18x 2  96x  45  0 is an increasing function when
Q.9 If y = 4x – 5 is tangent to the curve y2 = px3 + q at (2, 3),
(A) x  8, x  2 (B) x  2, x  8
then
(A) p = 2, q = –7 (B) p = –2, q = 7 (C) x  2, x  8 (D) 0  x  2
(C) p = –2, q = –7 (D) p = 2, q = 7 5 4
Q.21 f (x) = (x – 2) (x + 1) is decreasing in interval (–1, 1/A).
Q.10 If x + 4y = 14 is a normal to the curve y2 = x3 –  at (2, 3), Find the value of A.
then the value of  +  is – (A) 3 (B) 7
(A) 3 (B) 7 (C) 2 (D) 9
(C) 2 (D) 9
a sin x  b cos x
Q.11 The length of the subtangent at any point of the curve Q.22 Function f (x) = is monotonic decreasing
xmyn = am+n is proportional to – c sin x  d cos x
(A) ordinate (B) abscissa if
(C) (ordinate)n (D) (abscissa)n (A) ad – bc < 0 (B) ad – bc > 0
Q.12 The distance between the origin and the normal to the (C) ab – cd < 0 (D) ab – cd > 0
curve y = e2x + x2 at the point whose abscissa is 0, is –
PART - 3 - MAXIMA AND MINIMA
(A) 1 / 5 (B) 2 / 5
Q.23 Find the maximum and the minimum values of the function
(C) 3 / 5 (D) 2 / 3 f (x) = sin (sin x).
Q.13 If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the rectangular (A) sin 1, –sin 1 (B) cos 1, –cos 1
hyperbola xy = 1, then – (C) tan 1, –tan 1 (D) cot 1, –cot 1
(A) a 0, b  0 (B) a < 0, b > 0 or a > 0, b< 0

78 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.24 Find the maximum and the minimum values of the Q.34 Rolle's Theorem holds for the function
function f (x) = 3x2 + 6x + 8, x  R f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx, 1  x  2 at x = 4/3, then
(A) does not exist, x = 0 (B) does not exist, x = –2 the value of b + c is
(C) does not exist, x = –3 (D) does not exist, x = –1 (A) 2 (B) 3
Q.25 On the interval [0, 1] the function x25 (1 – x)75 takes its (C) 4 (D) 5
maximum value at the point. Q.35 Let f be a function defined on [a, b] such that f ' (x) > 0, for
(A) 0 (B) 1/4 all x  (a, b). Choose the correct statement –
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/3 (A) f is an increasing function on (a, b)
(B) f is a decreasing function on (a, b)
x 2  3x  2 (C) f is constant function on (a, b)
Q.26 The function f (x) = is equal to
x 2  2x  3 (D) None of these
(A) min. at x = –3, max. at x = 1
(B) max. at x = – 3 PART - 5 - RATE OF CHANGE OF VARIABLE
(C) Increasing in its domain Q.36 A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable
(D) Decreasing in its domain 3
Q.27 The value of a in order that f (x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b diameter (2x + 3). Determine the rate of change of
2
decreases for all real values is given by –
volume with respect to x.
(A) a  2 (B) a  2 27 17 
(C) a 1 (D) a < 1 (A) (2x + 3)2 (B) (2x + 3)2
8 8
Q.28 The function f (x) = 1 + x (sin x) [cos x], 0 < x /2
(where [ . ] is G.I.F.) 27 37 
(A) is continuous on (0, /2) (C) (2x + 3)2 (D) (2x + 3)2
5 8
(B) is strictly increasing in (0, /2) Q.37 The radius of a balloon is increasing at the rate of
(C) is strictly decreasing in (0, /2) 10 cm/sec. At what rate is the surface area of the balloon
(D) has global maximum value 2 increasing when the radius is 15 cm ?

1 ,x0
Q.29 Let f (x)  | x |,0  | x |  2 , then at x = 0 f has
(A) 60 cm2/sec
2
(C) 120 cm /sec
(B) 20 cm2/sec
(D) 70 cm2/sec
(A) A local maximum (B) No local maximum Q.38 The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 7 cm3/sec.
(C) A local minimum (D) No extremum How fast is the surface area increasing when the length
Q.30 The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x of an edge is 12 cm ?
units of a product is given by R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5. The (A) (7/3) cm2/sec. (B) (5/3) cm2/sec.
2
(C) (4/3) cm /sec. (D) (1/3) cm2/sec.
marginal revenue, when x = 15 is
(A) 116 (B) 96 Q.39 The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of
(C) 90 (D) 126 2 cm/sec and the width y is increasing at the rate of
2 cm/sec. When x = 12 cm and y = 5 cm, find the rate of
change of (i) the perimeter and (ii) the area of the
PART - 4 - MEAN VALUE THEOREM rectangle.
1 (A) 7 cm2/sec (B) 21 cm2/sec
Q.31 For the function x  , x [1,3] , the value of c for the 2
(C) 28 cm /sec (D) 14 cm2/sec
x
Q.40 3
On the curve x = 12y, find the interval of values of x for
mean value theorem is
which the abscissa changes at a faster rate than the
(A) 1 (B) 3 ordinate?
(C) 2 (D) None of these (A) x (–2, 2) – {0} (B) x (–1, 2) – {0}
Q.32 The equation ex–8 + 2x – 17 = 0 has (C) x (–3, 2) – {1} (D) x (–4, 1) – {2}
(A) two real roots (B) one real root
(C) eight real roots (D) four real roots
f (b)  f (a) PART - 6 : MISCELLANEOUS
Q.33 In the mean value theorem  f (c) , if a = 0, Q.41 On which of the following intervals is the function f given
ba
by f (x) = x100 + sin x – 1 strictly decreasing ?
b = 1/2 and f (x) = x (x – 1) (x – 2), the value of c is –
(A) (0, 1) (B) (/2, )
15 (C) (0, /2) (D) None of these
(A) 1  (B) 1  15 Q.42 The interval in which y = x2 e–x is increasing is
6
(A) (– , ) (B) (–2, 0)
21 (C) (2, ) (D) (0, 2)
(C) 1  (D) 1  21 Q.43 The slope of the normal to the curve y = 2x2 + 3 sin x at
6
x = 0 is –
79 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(A) 3 (B) 1/3 (C) 3 (D) 1/3
(C) –3 (D) –1/3 Q.49 The maximum value of [x (x – 1) + 1]1/3, 0 x  1 is –
Q.44 The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the curve y2 = 4x at the (A) (1/3)1/3 (B) 1/2
point. (C) 1 (D) 0
(A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 1) Q.50 A cylindrical tank of radius 10m is being filled with wheat
(C) (1, –2) (D) (–1, 2) at the rate of 314 cubic metre per hour. Then the depth of
Q.45 If f (x) = 3x2 + 15x + 5, then the approximate value of the wheat is increasing at the rate of
f (3.02) is – (A) 1 m3/h (B) 0.1 m3/h
(A) 47.66 (B) 57.66 3
(C) 1.1 m /h (D) 0.5 m3/h
(C) 67.66 (D) 77.66 Q.51 The line y = mx + 1 is a tangent to the curve y2 = 4x if the
Q.46 The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side value of m is –
x metres caused by increasing the side by 3% is (A) 1 (B) 2
(A) 0.06 x3 m3 (B) 0.6 x3 m3 (C) 3 (D) 1/2
(C) 0.09 x m3 3 (D) 0.9 x3 m3 Q.52 The normal at the point (1, 1) on the curve 2y + x2 = 3 is –
Q.47 2
The point on the curve x = 2y which is nearest to the (A) x + y = 0 (B) x – y = 0
point (0, 5) is – (C) x + y + 1 = 0 (D) x – y + 1 = 0
Q.53 The normal to the curve x2 = 4y passing (1,2) is –
(A) (2 2, 4) (B) (2 2,0)
(A) x + y = 3 (B) x – y = 3
(C) (0, 0) (D) (2, 2) (C) x + y = 1 (D) x – y = 1
Q.48 For all real values of x, the minimum value of Q.54 The points on the curve 9y2 = x3, where the normal to the
2 curve makes equal intercepts with the axes are
1 x  x
is – (A) (4, ± 8/3) (B) (4, –8/3)
1  x  x2 (C) (4, ± 3/8) (D) (± 4, 3/8)
(A) 0 (B) 1
EXERCISE - 2 (LEVEL - 2)
Q.1 The greatest value of the function
(C) t1 t23 = – 1 (D) t1 t23 =1
1  1  Q.6 The curve y2 = 2x and 2xy = k cut at right angles if
f (x)  tan 1 x  log x in  , 3  is –
(A) k2 = 8 (B) k2 = 4
2  3 
(C) k2 = 2 (D) None of these
 1  1 Q.7 If f (x) = xex(1–x) , then f (x) is
(A)  log 3 (B)  log 3
6 4 6 4 (A) increasing in [–1/2, 1] (B) decreasing in R
 1  1 (C) increasing in R (D) decreasing in [–1/2, 1]
(C)  log 3 (D)  log 3
3 4 3 2 Q.8 Function f (x) = tan–1 (sin x + cosx) is monotonic increasing
Q.2 Let f (x) = x + tan3x, g (x) is inverse function of f (x), find when
(A) x < 0 (B) x > 0
 
343g    1 . (C) 0 < x < /2 (D) 0 < x <  /4
4 
Q.9 f (x) = 2x2 – log | x | (x  0) is monotonic increasing in the
(A) 3 (B) 7 interval
(C) 2 (D) 9 (A) (1/2,) (B) (–,–1/2)  (1/2, )
Q.3 The point(s) on the curve y3 + 3x2 = 12y where the tangent (C) (–,–1/2)  (0, 1/2) (D) (–1/2, 0)  (1/2, )
is vertical (parallel to y-axis), is (are) Q.10 The function f (x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1 increases on
 4   11  the interval
(A)   , 2
 (B)   3 ,1 (A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 3)
3   (C) (5/2, 3) (D) Both (B) and (C)
(C) (0, 0) (D) (4 / 3, 2) Q.11 If the relation between sub-normal SN and sub-tangent
ST at any point S on the curve; by2 = (x + a)3 is
Q.4 All the values of  for which the curve
p (SN) = q (ST)2, then the value of p/q –
x 4 3x 2 (A) 8a/27 (B) 27/8b
y=   x  3 has three tangents parallel to the
4 2 (C) 8b/27 (D) 8/27
axis of x lie in the interval (–k,k) then find the integral Q.12 A ladder 10 meters long rests with one end against a
value of . vertical wall, the other end on the floor, the lower end
(A) 3 (B) 7 moves away from the wall at the rate of 2 meter/minute.
(C) 2 (D) 9 The rate at which the upper end falls when its base is 6
Q.5 If the normal at the point " t1" on the curve xy = c2 meets meters away from the wall, is –
the curve again at " t2", then (A) – 3 meters/min. (B) –2/3 meters/min.
(A) t13 t2 = 1 (B) t13 t2 = –1 (C) – 3/2 meters/min. (D) None of these
80 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
Q.13 The function f (x) = 3 cos4x + 10 cos3x + 6 cos2x – 3, 2° per second, then the radius of the base is increasing at
(0  x  ) is – the rate of –
(A) Increasing in (/2, 2/3) (A) 30 cm/sec (B) 160/3 cm/sec
(B) Increasing in (0, /2) (2/3, ) (C) 10 cm/sec (D) 160 cm/sec.
(C) Decreasing in (/2, 2/3)
Q.18 If y  a log | x |  bx 2  x has its extremum values at
(D) all of above
Q.14 The interval in which the function 2x3 + 15 increases less x = –1 and x = 2, then
rapidly than the function 9x2 – 12x, is – (A) a = 2, b = –1 (B) a = 2, b = –1/2
(A) (–, 1) (B) (1, 2) (C) a = –2, b = 1/2 (D) None of these
(C) (2, ) (D) None of these
(e2x  1)
Q.15 AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point the Q.19 The function is
circumference of the circle, then – (e 2x  1)
(A) area of ABC is maximum when it is an isosceles (A) Increasing (B) Odd
(B) area of ABC is minimum when it is isosceles (C) Even (D) Both (A) and (B)
(C) the perimeter of ABC is minimum when it is isosceles Q.20 The values of ‘a’ for which the function
(D) the perimeter of ABC is maximum when it is isosceles
(a  2)x 3  3ax 2  9ax  1 decreases monotonically
 1  x2  throughout for all real x, are
Q.16 The interval in which f (x) = cos–1   is decreasing (A) a < – 2 (B) a > –2
 1  x2 
(C) –3 < a < 0 (D)   a  3
(A) (– , ) (B) (– , 0) Q.21 Find the coordinates of a point of the parabola
(C) (0, ) (D) (1, ) y = x2 + 7x + 2 which is closest to the straight line
Q.17 The altitude of a cone is 20cm. and its semi-vertical angle y = 3x– 3.
is 30°. If the semi-vertical angle is increasing at the rate of (A) (–2, –8) (A) (–3, –7)
(C) (A) (–1, –6) (D) (A) (–5, –9)

EXERCISE - 3 (PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE / JEE MAIN QUESTIONS)

Q.1 A spherical balloon is filled with 4500 cubic meters of (A) ± 1 (B) ± 2
helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas to (C) ± 3 (D) ± 4
escape at the rate of 72 cubic meters per minute, then Q.5 If f and g are differentiable functions in [0, 1] satisfying
the rate (in meters per minute) at which the radius of the f (0) = 2 = g (1), g (0) = 0 and f (1) = 6, then for some
balloon decreases 49 minutes after the leakage began is : c ] 0, 1[ [JEE MAIN 2014]
(A) 9/7 (B) 7/9 [AIEEE 2012] (A) 2f '(c) = g '(c) (B) 2f '(c) = 3g '(c)
(C) 2/9 (D) 9/2 (C) f '(c) = g'(c) (D) f '(c) = 2g'(c)
Q.2 Let a, b  R be such that the function f given by Q.6 If x = –1 and x = 2 are extreme points of
f (x) = ln | x | + bx2 + ax, x  0 has extreme values at x = – 1 f (x) =  log | x | + x2 + x, then – [JEE MAIN 2014]
and x = 2. [AIEEE 2012] (A)  = –6,  = 1/2 (B)  = –6,  = –1/2
Statement-1 : f has local maximum at x = – 1 and at x = 2. (C)  = 2,  = –1/2 (D)  = 2,  = 1/2
Statement-2 : a = 1/2 and b = –1/4 Q.7 Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree four having extreme
(A) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2  f (x) 
values at x = 1 and x = 2. If lim 1  2   3 , then f (2)=
is a correct explanation for Statement-1. x0  x 
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 (A) – 4 (B) 0 [JEE MAIN 2015]
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1. (C) 4 (D) –8
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. Q.8 The normal to the curve, x2 + 2xy – 3y2 = 0 at (1, 1)
Q.3 The real number k for which the equation, 2x3 + 3x + k = 0 [JEE MAIN 2015]
has two distinct real roots in [0, 1] [JEE MAIN 2013] (A) Meets the curve again in the second quadrant
(A) lies between 1 and 2 (B) lies between 2 and 3 (B) Meets the curve again in the third quadrant:
(C) lies between –1 and 0 (D) does not exist. (C) Meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant
Q.4 The intercepts on x-axis made by tangents to the curve, (D) Does not meet the curve again
x Q.9 A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are
y   | t | dt, x  R , which are parallel to the line y = 2x, bent respectively to form a square of side = x units and a
0 circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of the
square and the circle so formed is minimum, then:
are equal to – [JEE MAIN 2013]
[JEE MAIN 2016]
81 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(A) (4 – ) x = r (B) x = 2r Q.16 If  denotes the acute angle between the curves,
(C) 2x = r (D) 2x = ( + 4) r y = 10 – x2 and y = 2 + x2 at a point of their intersection,
then | tan  | is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2019]
 1  sin x    (A) 4/9 (B) 7/17
Q.10 Consider f (x)  tan 1   , x   0,  .
 1  sin x   2 (C) 8/17 (D) 8/15
Q.17 If normal at P on the curve y2 – 3x2 + y + 10 = 0 passes
A normal to y = f (x) at x = /6 also passes through the
through the point (0, 3/2) then slope of tangent at P is n.
point [JEE MAIN 2016] The value of | n | is equal to [JEE MAIN 2020]
(A) (0, 2/3) (B) (/6, 0) Q.18 Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (–1) = 10,
(C) (/4, 0) (D) (0, 0) f (1) = –6, ƒ(x) has a critical point at x = –1 and ƒ'(x) has a
Q.11 The normal to the curve y (x – 2) (x – 3) = x + 6 at the point critical point at x = 1. Then f (x) has a local minima at
where the curve intersects the y-axis, passes through x = _______. [JEE MAIN 2020]
the point : [JEE MAIN 2017] Q.19 If the tangent to the curve y = x3 at the point
(A) (1/2, –1/3) (B) (1/2, 1/3) P(t, t3) meets the curve again at Q, then the ordinate of
(C) (–1/2, –1/2) (D) (1/2, 1/2) the point which divides PQ internally in the ratio 1 : 2 is :
Q.12 Twenty meters of wire is available for fencing off a flower- (A) –2t3 (B) 0 [JEE MAIN 2021]
bed in the form of a circular sector. Then the maximum (C) –t3 (D) 2t3
area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed, is : [JEE MAIN 2017] 4x 3  3x 2
(A) 25 (B) 30 Q.20 The function f (x) = – 2 sin x + (2x – 1) cos x :
6
(C) 12.5 (D) 10 [JEE MAIN 2021]
Q.13 If the curves y2 = 6x, 9x2 + by2 = 16 intersect each other (A) increases in [1/2, ) (B) increases in (–, 1/2]
at right angles, then the value of b is: [JEE MAIN 2018] (C) decreases in [1/2, ) (D) decreases in (–,1/2]
(A) 4 (B) 9/2 Q.21 Let f be a real valued function, defined on R – {–1, 1} and
(C) 6 (D) 7/2
x 1 2
1
given by f (x)  3loge 
Q.14 Let f (x) = x  2
and g (x) = x
1
, x 1 x 1
x2 x
Then in which of the following intervals, function f (x) is
f (x) increasing? [JEE MAIN 2021]
x  R  {1, 0,1} . If h (x) = , then the local minimum
g (x) (A) (–, 1/2] – {–1} (B) (–1, 1/2]
value of h (x) is: [JEE MAIN 2018] (C) (–, ) – {–1, 1} (D) (–, –1) ([1/2, ) – {1})
Q.22 Consider the function f : R  R defined by
(A) 2 2 (B) 2 2
 
 2  sin   | x |, x  0
(C) 3 (D) –3 1
Q.15 The maximum volume (in cu. m) of the right circular cone 
f (x) =   x   . Then f is :
having slant height 3m is : [JEE MAIN 2019]
 0 , x  0

(A) 3 3  (B) 6 (A) Monotonic on (0, ) only [JEE MAIN 2021]

(B) Monotonic on (–, 0)  (0, )
(C) 2 3  (D) (4/3)  (C) Monotonic on (–, 0) only
(D) Not monotonic on (–, 0) and (0, )

EXERCISE - 4 [PREVIOUS YEARS KARNATAKA CET QUESTIONS]

Q.1 P is the point of contact of the tangent from the origin to (A) {x : x  e} (B) empty [KCET 2010]
the curve y = logex. The length of the perpendicular drawn (C) {x : x < e} (D) {1}
from the origin to the normal at P is [KCET 2010] Q.4 A wire of length 20cm is bent in the form of a sector of a
(A) 1/2e (B) 1/e circle. The maximum area that can be enclosed by the
wire is – [KCET 2010]
(C) 2 e2  1 e2  1 (D) (A) 20 sq. cm (B) 25 sq. cm
Q.2 For the curve 4x5 = 5y4, the ratio of the cube of the (C) 10 sq. cm (D) 30 sq. cm
subtangent at a point on the curve to the square of the Q.5 The angle between y2 = 4x and x2 + y2 = 12 at a point of
subnormal at the same point is – [KCET 2010] their intersection is – [KCET 2011]
–1 –1
(A) x (4/5)4 (B) y (5/4)4 (A) tan (1/2) (B) tan 2 2
(C) (4/5)4 (D) (5/4)4
x (C) tan–1 2 (D) tan–1 2
Q.3 The set of real values of x for which f (x) = is
log x Q.6 A sphere increases its volume at the rate of  cc/s. The
increasing, is –
82 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
rate at which its surface area increases when the radius is Q.19 A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in
1 cm is – [KCET 2011] circles at the speed of 5 cm/sec. At that instant, when the
radius of circular wave is 8 cm, how fast is the enclosed
 3
(A) sq. cm/s (B) sq. cm/s area increasing? [KCET 2014]
2 2 (A) 6cm2/s (B) 8cm2/s
(C)  sq. cm/s (D) 2 sq. cm/s (C) (8/3) cm2/s (D) 80cm2/s
Q.7 The tangent to the curve xy = 25 at any point on it cuts 3 3
Q.20 If f (x) = x and g (x) = x – 4x in –2  x  2, then consider
the coordinate axes at A B, then the area of the triangle the statements: [KCET 2014]
OAB is [KCET 2012] (a) f (x) and g (x) satisfy mean value theorem.
(A) 100 sq. units (B) 50 sq. units (b) f (x) and g (x) both satisfy Rolle’s theorem.
(C) 25 sq. units (D) 75 sq. units (c) Only g (x) satisfies Rolle’s theorem.
Q.8 Length of the subtangent at (x1, y1) on xn ym = am + n, Of these statements
m, n > 0, is – [KCET 2012] (A) (a) and (b) are correct (B) (a) alone is correct
n n m n (C) None is correct (D) (a) and (c) are correct
(A) | x1 | (B) x1 (C) | x1 | (D) | y1 |
m m n m 1
Q.9 If a ball is thrown vertically upwards and the height s Q.21 Slope of Normal to the curve y  x 2  2 at (–1, 0) is –
x
reached in time t is given by s = 22t – 11t2, then the total
(A) 1/4 (B) –1/4 [KCET 2015]
distance traveled by the ball is – [KCET 2012]
(C) 4 (D) – 4
(A) 22 units (B) 44 units
Q.22 A balloon which always remains sphereical is being
(C) 33 units (D) 11 units
inflated by pumping in 10 cube centimeters of gas per
Q.10 The sum of two positive numbers is given. If the sum of
second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon is
their cubes is minimum, then – [KCET 2012]
increasing when the radius is 15 cms. [KCET 2015]
(A) one is thrice the other (B) they are equal
(C) one is twice the other (D) they are unequal 1 1
Q.11 The perimeter of a sector is a constant. If its area is to be (A) cm / sec (B) cm / sec
90 9
maximum, then the sectorial angle is [KCET 2012]
(A) 2c (B) c/6 1 1
(C) cm / sec (D) cm / sec
(C) c/4 (D) 4c 30 
Q.12 The length of the sub-tangent, ordinate and the sub- Q.23 The two curves x3 – 3y2 + 2 = 0 and 3x2y – y3 = 2
normal are in – [KCET 2012] [KCET 2015]
(A) AGP (B) A.P. (A) touch each other (B) cut at right angle
(C) H.P (D) G.P. (C) cut at angle /3 (D) cut at angle /4
Q.13 The maximum value of xe–x is [KCET 2012] x
 1
(A) –1/e (B) e Q.24 The maximum value of   is – [KCET 2016]
x
(C) 1/e (D) –e
(A) ee (B) (1/e)e
Q.14 If sin–1 a is the acute angle between the curves
(C) e (D) e1/e
x2 + y2= 4x and x2 + y2 = 8 at (2, 2), then a = [KCET 2013]
Q.25 The two curves x – 3xy + 2 = 0 and 3x2y – y3 = 2
3 2
(A) 1 (B) 0
(A) cut each other at right angle [KCET 2016]
(C) 1 / 2 (D) 3 / 2 (B) cut at an angle /4
Q.15 The maximum area of a rectangle that can be inscribed in (C) touch each other
a circle of radius 2 units is – [KCET 2013] (D) cut at an angle /4
(A) 8 sq. units (B) 4 sq. units Q.26 The equation of the normal to the curve y (1 + x2) = 2 – x
(C) 5 sq. units (D) 8 sq. units where the tangent crosses x-axis is [KCET 2016]
Q.16 If the length of the sub-tangent at any point to the curve (A) x – 5y – 10 = 0 (B) x + 5y + 10 = 0
xyn = a is proportional to the abscissa, then ‘n’ is – (C) 5x – y – 10 = 0 (D) 5x + y + 10 = 0
(A) any non-zero real number (B) 2 [KCET 2013] Q.27 The rate of change of area of a circle with respect to its
(C) –2 (D) 1 radius at r = 2 cms is [KCET 2016]
(A) 2 (B) 4
x 3 (C) 4 (D) 2
Q.17 The function f (x) =  decreases in the interval
3 x Q.28 The slope of the tangent to the curve x = t2 + 3t – 8,
(A) (–3, 3) (B) (–, 3) [KCET 2013] y = 2t2 – 2t – 5 at the point (2, –1) is [KCET 2016]
(C) (3, ) (D) (–9, 9) (A) 6/7 (B) –6/7
Q.18 The tangent to the curve y = x3 + 1 at (1, 2) makes an (C) 22/7 (D) 7/6
angle  with y-axis, then the value of tan  is Q.29 The function f (x) = x2 + 2x – 5 is strictly increasing in the
(A) –1/3 (B) 3 [KCET 2014] interval [KCET 2017]
(C) –3 (D) 1/3 (A) (–, –1) (B) [–1, )

83 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 3
(C) (–, –1] (D) (–1, ) (A) 5.001 (B) 4.999
Q.30 The rate of change of volume of a sphere with respect to (C) 4.897 (D) 4.899
its surface area when the radius is 4cm is [KCET 2017] Q.38 Rolle’s theorem is not applicable in which one of the
(A) 4 cm3/cm2 (B) 6 cm3/cm2 following cases? [KCET 2019]
3
(C) 2 cm /cm 2 (D) 8 cm3/cm2 (A) f (x) = | x | in [–2, 2]
Q.31 The value of C in Mean value theorem for the function (B) f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 in [1, 3]
f (x) = x2 in [2, 4] is [KCET 2017] (C) f (x) = [x] in [2.5, 2.7]
(A) 3 (B) 7/2 (D) f (x) = x2 – x in [0, 1]
(C) 4 (D) 2 Q.39 If the curves 2x = y2 and 2xy = K intersect perpendicularly,
Q.32 Approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x then the value of K2 is [KCET 2020]
metres caused by increasing the side by 3% is (A) 4 (B) 2 2
[KCET 2018]
(C) 2 (D) 8
(A) 0.09 x3 m3 (B) 0.03 x3 m3
Q.40 If the side of a cube is increased by 5%, then the surface
(C) 0.06 x3 m3 (D) 0.04 x3 m3
x area of a cube is increased by [KCET 2020]
Q.33 The maximum value of (1/x) is – [KCET 2018]
(A) 10% (B) 60%
(A) e (B) ee
(C) 6% (D) 20%
(C) e1/e (D) (1/e)1/e
x
Q.34 f (x) = x has stationary point at [KCET 2018] log e x
Q.41 The maximum value of , if x > 0 is [KCET 2020]
(A) x = e (B) x = 1/e x
(C) x = 1 (D) x = e (A) e (B) 1
(C) 1/e (D) –1/e
Q.35 The interval in which the function
Q.42 If the parabola y = x2 – 6x +  passes through the point
f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x + 10 is increasing in [KCET 2019]
(0, 2) and has its tangent at x = 3/2 parallel to x-axis, then
(A) [1, 3] (B) (–, 1) (3, )
(A)  = 2,  = – 2 (B)  = –2,  = 2 [KCET 2021]
(C) (–, –1]  [3, ) (D) (–, 1]  [3, )
(C)  = 2, = 2 (D)  = – 2,  = –2
Q.36 The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the
Q.43 The function f(x) = x2 –2x is strictly decreasing in the
rate of 4 cm/sec. The rate at which its area is increasing,
interval
when the side is 14 cm. [KCET 2019]
(A) (–, 1) (B) (1, ) [KCET 2021]
(A) 42 cm2/sec (B) 10 3 cm2/sec (C) R (D) (–, )
(C) 14 cm2/sec (D) 28 3 cm2/sec Q.44 The maximum slope of the curve y = –x3 + 3x2 + 2x – 27 is
(A) 1 (B) 23 [KCET 2021]
Q.37 The approximate value of 24.99 is [KCET 2019] (C) 5 (D) – 23
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
A A B B C D C A C A D B B B C A A B B C A A A A D B C A
Q 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
A A A D B B C B A A C A D A D D D A D C A D C A A B A A

EXER C ISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
A C B D C B A A D D D C C A B A B B B D D A

EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A C B D A D C B C B A D A B B C D 4 3 A A D D

EX ERCIS E - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A D C A B B D B C A B A D C C D A A A D D A A B D A
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
A C B A B C A A C D D D B A D A C C A C

84 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES