HSE 1,2 &3 PROFESSIONAL

PROGRAM
PRESENTED BY
LAWRENCE DIJI-GESKE
 HSE LEVEL 1 PROFICIENCY

• Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety

• Accidents in the workplace | Accident/Incident investigation and reporting
• Understanding HSE Policies, Rules and Regulations
• Industrial Safety Analysis | Job Hazard Analysis (Group work/assignment)
• Basic First Aid (Practical demonstration and role play)
• • Industrial Hygiene
• • Group Work and interaction
 HSE LEVEL 2 PROFICIENCY
• Elements of Occupational Health and Safety Management System (HSE-MS,
HSG 65; OHSAS 18001; ILO-OSH 2001, HEMP, PDCA cycle, etc.)
• • Fire Safety | Fire Prevention and Fire fighting techniques (Practical
demonstration with a fire extinguisher)
• • Types and uses of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• • Risk Assessment | Disaster management strategies
• • Security in the workplace
• • Workplace hse inspection (candidates will conduct mock hse inspection at
a company location)
 HSE LEVEL 3 PROFICIENCY

• Industrial Safety technology and Ergonomics

• • Appreciate the importance of accident investigation and
reporting
• • Environmental Management Practices (EMP, EIA, waste
management, environmental pollution)
• • Case study of a named company and group discussion
 HSE LEVEL 1.

HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) is a set of processes and procedures

identifying potential hazards to a certain environment, developing best
practices to reduce or remove those hazards, and then training employees for
accident prevention, accident response, etc.
 HEALTH, SAFETY AND
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• The major intent of having a Health, safety and environment Management
System dates back in time to the faulty working practices of workers in an
earlier era, especially in the manufacturing industry. Employees were barely
protected from the accidents caused by the machines and equipment they
worked with. As a result, there was a high rate of accidents that led to
injuries and even death of the employees. Eventually, the workers began to
demand better safety and forced the government to take action. The
governments responded by introducing legislation requiring employers to
assure workplace health and safety, pay for medical insurance and other
compensation for injuries, death and illness resulting from work activities.
 WHY IS HSE NEEDED?

• According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), it has been found

that more than 2.3 million workers die every year because of occupational
accidents or work-related diseases. The ILO estimates that the annual cost to
the global economy from accidents and occupational diseases alone is $3
trillion. So, preventing illnesses and accidents caused by work should be a
vital priority for everyone at work.
 PROVIDING HEALTH, SAFETY AND
ENVIRONMENT TRAINING OR INFORMATION
HELPS TO:
• Ensure workers are not injured or affected by the work they do
• Implement a positive health & safety culture that fosters health, safety and
wellness
• Manage workplace health and safety in a better way
• Ensures well-being through advanced technology and professional
development
BEST PRACTICES FOR HSE
 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

• Health, safety and environment are considered a top priority due to their
significance in safeguarding human lives and properties, especially in high-
risk industrial sectors. These industries are afflicted by workplace injuries,
illnesses, and fatalities because of unsafe work environments. It is important
to establish and execute an effective workplace health and safety
management system to avoid the risks of irreversible accidents.
 SAFETY CULTURE

The safety culture of an organization refers to the set of organizational

practices relating specifically to the values and beliefs concerning HSE safety
shaped by employees working together in social relationships and
organizational structures in the workplace. The significant impact of strong
HSE safety culture is improved safety performance, reduced incidents,
conducted a successful near-miss investigation and incident reporting in an
organization.
 SAFETY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

• The primary aim of measuring safety performance in a work environment is

an attempt to mitigate unsafe behaviors and conditions that can lead to
accidents. Usually, performance measurements can either be reactive or
active monitoring. Reactive monitoring defines identifying and reporting
incidents and learning from mistakes while active monitoring provides
feedback on performance before an incident occurs.
 SAFETY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

• A safety performance indicator refers to measuring the changes over time

at the level of safety as the result of actions taken by providing information
on organizational performance, motivating people to work on HSE safety,
and increasing the organizational potential for HSE safety. There are two
safety performance indicators, leading and lagging indicators. In leading
indicators, the response is proactive in nature with the intent of making
changes in the safety process to avoid injuries, while in the lagging
indicators, the response is reactive because injuries have already occurred
and the response is initiated to try to prevent the occurrence of further
injuries.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT BY RECOGNIZING THE
HAZARD

• The initial step to prevent accidents is the identification of hazards. The HSE
safety performance improvement requires the implementation of proactive
worker hazard identification and prevention programs. The risk associated
with hazardous conditions or situations in a work environment can only be
analyzed for accident prevention if the related hazards can be properly
recognized or identified. To proactively identify hazardous situations and
conditions, details from HSE safety incident data can be analyzed to identify
predictor variables of future incidents in manufacturing environments.
 SAFETY DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS,
AND SHARING
Safety data collection, analysis, and sharing will assist the industry to find out
the root causes of an event, explore existing and potential hazards, and
improve existing HSE safety programs. In the United States, the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) investigates the workplace to ensure
compliance with minimum safety standards. If OSHA compliance agents
detect any infringement on a site, they may issue a penalty or a citation. In
case of any serious accident or incident at the workplace, OSHA must be
notified to inspect the accident.
 WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY

• Workplace Health and Safety will reduce the avoidable illness

and injury cost, improve your HSE safety culture, and enhance
health and safety-related decision making for an efficient and
effective operation. Human resource is a very essential asset of
every workplace that needs to be safeguarded by
implementing a robust health & safety program.
 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
APPRECIATION
• What are the following concepts?
• Health: refers to one’s physical, mental and social
• wellbeing.
• Safety: the state of being free from danger or harm.
• Environment: refers the air, water and land where plants, animals and humans live
in.
• Hazard can be defined as anything with the potential to cause harm to
personnel,damage to assets and the environment.
 WHY CONCERN FOR ACCIDENTS?

• This dates back in history to the industrial revolution of the 18th

century. Several accidents occurred in factories resulting to injuries to
workers, illness, maiming, decapitation and death to workers.
• These accidents and illness occur because workers were exposed to
dangerous moving parts of the machines without guards, poorly lit
factories, inadequate ventilation, exposure to toxic gases and chemicals
and inadequate training on machine usage. Meanwhile the employers
were happy at the returns from increased production at lower cost
caring less about the suffering of their employees.
• This resulted to humanitarian issues of people suffering in pain and
loss of earnings, breadwinners etc. and therefore resulted to protest
from workers, their families and well-meaning individuals.
• This spurred the government to react quickly and enacted the legislation
requiring employers to provide safe and healthy place of work, pay Medicare
and compensation for injuries, disability, death and illness resulting from work
activities.

This reaction introduced an economic factor to be considered. The factors are;

• Accidents cost money via Major Loss / Business Interruption, Equipment
• Breakdown, Release/Permit Violations, Legal Liability
• Lowers the morale of employees
• Damage reputation of the company.
An indirect loss like the family suffers huge financial loss, government losses taxes from
both the injured and the company. The reasons for which accidents are considered
undesirable are usually summarized as
• Humanitarian
• Economic
• Legal
• Moral
• Reputation.
• Since these consequences are undesirable, it is imperative that effort
should be directed at preventing accidents. This can be achieved
through an understanding of the factors responsible for the occurrence
of accidents and eliminating them or making provisions for effectively
controlling them or mitigating the effect of the occurrence.
 SO WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT?

• An accident is defined as an unwanted occurrence caused by

either an unsafe act or condition or both resulting to injury,
Illness, death.
• An accident can also be defined as the final event in an
unplanned process that results in injury or illness to an
employee and possibly property damage. It is the final
effect of multiple causes.
 EVENT.

• An "event," occurs when one "actor" (one person/thing)

performs an "action" (does something).
• In this definition, a person or thing will do something that
result in a change of state. Accidents are processes that
culminate in a final event that causes injury or illness. An
accident may be the result of many factors (simultaneous,
interconnected, cross-linked events) that have interacted in
some dynamic way.
ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY UNSAFE ACTS AND
UNSAFE CONDITIONS

•Causes of accidents ?
 UNSAFE ACT AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS
• Unsafe acts/behaviors: these are actions taken/not taken that directly caused or
contributed to the accident. Unsafe acts are actions performed by
someone without due regard for personal safety, that of colleagues or
other persons in the vicinity.These actions are usually contrary to rules
and regulations, or accepted standard practices and procedures.They
are illegal acts. E.g. Failure to wear PPE, horse play, unsafe speed,
wearing unsafe clothing, moving dangerous objects unnecessarily etc.
• Hazardous/unsafe conditions: Objects and physical states that
directly caused or contributed to the accident. Examples are oil spill on
the floor, defective equipment etc.
UNSAFE ACT
AND UNSAFE
CONDITIONS
Looking at the examples
of both unsafe act and
conditions, one could
suggest that there is a
human factor in every
accident. Accident and
injury causes
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

• Since majority of accidents are caused, identifying the

causes and eliminating them or controlling them can
mitigate its occurrence.
• People (workers, supervisors, management,
manufacturers, installers, purchasers) have been
identified as being responsible for unsafe acts and the
existence of unsafe conditions.They are said to act
unsafely and permit the existence of unsafe conditions
because of the following defects in them;
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

• Does not know; ignorance, not trained, not

instructed, not informed.
• Cannot; physically or mentally unable.
• Does not want to; wrong attitude.
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

• CONTROL MEASURES;
• Engineering
• Education
• Enforcement
• Encouragement
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

• Engineering takes the unsafe conditions out of the

work environment.

• Education takes the defects out of the people through

training, induction, instruction, rules, policies, procedures,
seminars, legislation etc.
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

• Enforcement ensures that people comply with and apply all that
they have been taught and instructed to do through effective
supervision, inspections, audits, and reports.
• Encouragement by recognition, incentives, awards, and
promotion boosts the morale of the employees and makes
them react more positively to the company’s safety policy,
which positively affects production in the company.
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

• .
 HSE POLICIES, RULES AND REGULATIONS

• Policies: A policy is defined as a definite course or method

of action selected from among alternatives and in line with
given conditions to give and determine present and future
decisions.
• It is a statement from management indicating the principle
(how and why), guidelines and standards for actions that
establishes the limits to choices and the rules to be
followed by the organization. HSE policies require
compliance from all employees and contractor of the
company.
 HSE POLICIES, RULES AND REGULATIONS

• To ensure that all comply with the provisions set out in the
policies, copies of the policies are made to all and also
posted on information boards.These policies are explained
to staff to ensure they understand and are aware of what is
expected of them. HSE advisors and supervisors ensure strict
compliance with the requirements of these policies.
 HSE RULES AND PROCEDURES

• HSE rules are meant to ensure that the company’s HSE

objectives are realized.They enable the policy of a company
to pursue the goal of no harm to people – its staff,
contractor’s employees or other persons, and to protect the
environment.
 REGULATIONS

• In addition to company’s rules and procedures, there are legislative

regulations such as those supervised by the Factories inspectorate of
the Federal Ministry of Labor, the Directorate of Petroleum Resources,
and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency that must be
complied with for the protection of persons and the environment.
• Such regulations include the Factories Act that stipulates safety,
health and welfare standards for industrial establishments; the
Mineral Oils (safety), regulations that specify safe operating
standards for the oil industry, and a number of environmental
protection regulations.
 DEFENSIVE DRIVING AND JOURNEY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
The objectives of journey management
• These includes Safety of personnel and goods, Prevention
of accidents,To achieve efficient use of vehicle and other
resources and to reduce undue exposure,To achieve
uniform standards of practice for companies and
contractors, To promote a single point responsibility for
transportation activities.
 WHAT IS JOURNEY MANAGEMENT?

• Journey management includes plans (policies and standards) and

procedures involved in the safe and efficient transportation of goods and
personnel over land and water.

Journey decision making

• Before embarking on any journey, key decision of journey management must
be made to eliminate undue exposure of personnel to transportation risks.
• Therefore the need to expose people must be made after every other
alternatives like fax, emails, telephone are carried out were no physical
contact is needed.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Journey: any transportation carried out in the pursuit of

the company’s business whether by company or its
contractors which are required by the company to be
managed.
• Journey management
• The action taken by a person to authorize, plan, monitor and
close- out a journey so that any risk to health, safety or the
environment is identified, assessed and controlled, so that
recovery measures are made available should the journey
not be completed as planned for any reason.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Journey plan: the document which details the timings and

the route of the journey, including ETA (Estimated time of
arrival), rest stops, the vehicle, the driver and passengers.
• Home base: the operating station where the driver and
vehicle are normally based and forms where the outward
journey starts.
• The authorizing person (manager) : the manager or
department head who guarantees the integrity of the
journey management system of the company or
department.
 JOURNEY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

QUALIFYING JOURNEYS.
The following journeys shall (as a minimum) be managed
according to the provisions of this standard:
• All journeys involving medium and heavy vehicles.
• All inter-state journeys.
• All journeys which exceed 100km round trip.
• All journeys at night outside company’s bases.
 JOURNEY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The general manager, production or the duty manager

shall authorize all journeys at night. Journeys not covered by
the above four points still require re-authorizing, planning, and
recording. However, formal journey management is not
required and it is sufficient that details of the journey are
entered in the vehicle logbook.
 THE JOURNEY PLAN FOR MARINETRANSPORT
The journey plan can be in any format or size, but the following
information shall be included;
• Name of the vessel/fleet number
• Name of the quartermaster.
• Number of passengers on manifest.
• Departure point.
• Actual departure date and time.
• Route with name or time of each rest
 THE JOURNEY PLAN FOR MARINETRANSPORT

• Exact arrival point.

• Estimated arrival date and time and distance of journey.
• Name of journey manager and contact number.
• If part of the journey is to be done at night, the reason why, and
• attach the written authorization.
• A tick box if hazardous materials are carried, to show that a SHOC
(safe handling of chemicals) card has been giving to the quartermaster.
 JOURNEY MANAGEMENTVIOLATIONS
•The following acts by users are deemed violations. Violations which
include deviations from a journey plan will be monitored and defaulters
will face the appropriate line review panels or the vehicle accidents
review panel [VARP] for disciplinary action.

• Driving or operating company’s vehicle without authority or

competence.
• Driving or operating company’s vehicle with faulty speedometer.
• Driving or operating company’s vehicle without the drivers
recommended prescription glasses.
• Driving under the influence of alcohol or drug.
 JOURNEY MANAGEMENTVIOLATIONS
• Operating a vehicle during curfew hours without prior
authorization. [the ban on night
forbids driving between hours of 1830 to 0600 hours without
senior management approval
except vehicle attached to the airport when flights are
delayed.
• Failure to adhere to ETA/ETD.
• Deviating from an approved route to a destination.
 JOURNEY MANAGEMENTVIOLATIONS

• Non-reporting or concealment of an accident or incident.

• Failure to use seat belt by the driver and passenger[s].
• Tampering with the in-vehicle monitoring system [IVMS] in order to render
ineffective.
• Any false entry in the journey management form.
• Driving and or travelling as a passenger in a company vehicle without an
IVMS installed.
• Failure to inspect vehicle before use e.g. to ensure vehicle roadworthy
 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF DEFENSIVE
DRIVING
• DEFINITION
• Defensive driving is driving to prevent accidents (collisions) in spite of
the incorrect actions of other road users and the adverse conditions
around you and thus saves lives, time, money and property.This is a
skill a driver can master through study, training and practice.
• The concept of defensive driving requires the driver to avoid all
accidents irrespective of whatever the cause might be. He should not
claim right of way nor blame the accidents on some factors, he
should defend himself against unsafe actions of others or unsafe
conditions around him.This should be his frame of mind at all times.
 ADVERSE CONDITIONS.

• There are six conditions present in every driving situation.

They are; light, weather, road, traffic, the state of the car
and the driver. When they are favorable, they make driving
easier. However when they are unfavorable, driving
becomes more difficult increasing the chances of getting
involved in accidents.The driver under such circumstances
has to adjust [or tailor] his driving to suit the prevailing
conditions. It is only when the driver fails to adjust his
driving that this adverse conditions can cause accidents.
 HOWTO DEFENDAGAINST CONDITIONS

• LIGHT
• The light from the sun can dazzle the driver when he faces
the sun either in the morning or during sun setting in the
evening.The driver should slow down and put on the sun
visor. He can also wear sun glasses. Sometimes, there is too
little during daytime hours since as at dawn or dusk, when
the sky is dark due to rain clouds, when roadway is covered
with smoke or dust.in such situation turn on your low beam
lights and reduce your speed.
 HOWTO DEFENDAGAINST CONDITIONS

• At night, light from the oncoming vehicle or the one behind you can
dazzle you. When the light is from the vehicle behind adjust your rear-
view mirror. So that the light rays do not strike your eyes directly. For
lights from oncoming vehicle, communicate twice to the driver by
flashing your light. If the driver fails to turn his light to low beam, start
to defend yourself by doing the following;
• Turn your eyes from the bright lights to the right and down a little bit
for the road marks to guide you. Never retaliate by giving the other
driver full beam.
 HOWTO DEFENDAGAINST CONDITIONS

• Reduce speed (slow down)

• increase following distance if there is a vehicle ahead
• Watch for pedestrians, cyclist and obstruction. If you are
blinded before you can turn away, stop and recover. It takes
4-7 seconds to recover sight. Do not drive while blinded by
oncoming vehicle headlights. Do not override your
headlights. Always keep them clean and well-aimed.
 WEATHER
• The adverse weather conditions a driver may encounter include
rain, dews (harmattan) and high winds. During rain and heavy
dew, do the following;
▪ Reduce speed
▪ Increase following distance
▪ Put on low beam headlights
▪ Park in open space if the rain is very heavy or when wind is very
strong. Put on hazard lights if you park by the road side.
▪ Avoid hydroplaning.
 ROAD

• Study the characteristics of the road you are driving on;

• Shape of road- is the road straight, flat or hilly, road signs will
guide you. Look out for them. Reduce your speed when
approaching curves [bends] and hills.
• Road surface can be concrete, asphalt, gravel, laterite and
dirt. It can be
• dry, smooth or bumpy. There could be lane or pavement
lines or not. Adjust your driving to suit conditions.
 TRAFFIC.
• Traffic means everything using the road, they have the right to use road
like you though many of them do not use the road properly. The
defensive driver should realize that the greater the amount of traffic on
• the road the more the chances for conflicts and collisions. Hence take
the following precaution.
• Avoid the rush hours and congested routes whenever possible.
• Always yield right of way to pedestrians.
• Treat motorcycles as equals to full-size vehicle.
• Travel at the same traffic with other traffic.
• Be considerate; don’t claim right if this is necessary to prevent a
• collision.
 VEHICLE.

• The vehicle must be well maintained. All the parts must be in good
working order

• DRIVER.
Driver error accounts for more than 70 percent of all collisions. A
driver should determine whether he is physically and emotionally fit
before driving. A driver’s fitness to drive is affected by the following
factors:
 .
•AGE: Young drivers though react very fast, are inexperienced and often
react incorrectly.
They speed too much Middle aged drivers tend to be over confident
because of their experience, they should stay alert. If stressed or anxious,
they should change their state of mind before getting behind the wheel.
Old or matured drivers should change their driving habit to suit their
physical abilities. They should drive shorter distances, stay out of heavy, fast
traffic and drive on familiar road and streets.
 ATTITUDE

•ATTITUDE: Aggressive or ‘’me first’’ personalities frequently lead to

collisions.
• ALCOHOL: Adversely affects judgment, reaction time and
co-ordination. Do not mix driving with drinking.
•DRUGS: Affects driver as alcohol.

• DROWSINESS AND FATIQUE: Do not drive if you are tired. Always

‘’take ten from two’’ take a nap or let someone else drive. Do not
rely on coffee to keep awake.
 .
• PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT: Vision and hearing problems, muscle
weakness, epilepsy, heart disease, diabetes etc. increase driving risk.
Consult your doctor whether you should drive.

• EMOTIONS: Anger, worry, frustration, joy and excitement

reduce the concentration. Control your emotions before driving.
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)

Or
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

WHAT IS A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)

• A JSA is a technique of screening job tasks as a way

to identify hazards before they occur.
• It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task,
the tools and the work environment.
After identifying hazards, you can take steps to eliminate or
reduce the hazard to an acceptable level.
 HAZARD

• Hazard – a potential for harm

• A hazard is associated with a condition or activity
that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or
illness.
 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
FOCUSING YOUR SAFETY AND HEALTH EFFORTS
• This course will help you to understand and conduct your
own Job Safety Analysis. The aim is to help you identify and
correct the most serious safety issues facing your particular
situation.
• This course focuses on employee safety and health, but the
general method may be applied to other loss prevention
efforts (environmental and fire protection, liability, etc.)
 HOW DO I CONDUCT A JSA?

• Involve your employees in the JSA process.

• Identify the job or task to be analyzed.
• Break the job or task into key components.
• Identify the hazards found in each key component.
• Use accident history of injuries and “near misses”.
 HOW DO I CONDUCT A JSA?

• Identify ways to eliminate or control these hazards.

• Act to eliminate the hazard or implement the controls.
• Record the hazards identified and the steps taken to
eliminate or control them.
• Periodically assess controls to ensure they are working
correctly.
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

IDENTIFYING THE JOB FORANALYSIS

• Any job or task that meets any of the following conditions

should have a JSA conducted for it.

• Tasks with a history of injuries, or near

misses.
• Catastrophic potential: fire, explosion, chemical release,
toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficient atmospheres.
• Tasks done in new environments
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
IDENTIFYING THE JOB FOR ANALYSIS

•In addition, any job or task that meets any of the following conditions
should also have a JSA conducted for it:
• New people doing the task. Tasks that
have changed.
• Rarely performed jobs.
•Any task done under a safety "Work permit" condition {e.g.
permit required confined space, hot work permits, Lock Out/Tag
Out (LOTO)}.
 • Look at jobs injuring workers, using
existing information found in:
CONDUCTING A
JOB SAFETY ❖ Your accident or incident
ANALYSIS
IDENTIFYING JOBS
reports
FOR A JSA ❖ Workers’ Compensation claims
.

❖ Conduct walk through

observations to identify
hazardous jobs or tasks.
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

EXISTING INFORMATION SOURCES

• Incident or accident reports will direct you to the jobs that

have injured workers in the past.
• Don’t forget “near misses”.
• Workers' compensation claims will show you jobs that have
caused an injury.
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS
WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Observe workers doing their jobs to identify potential

hazards that may lead to an injury, pay attention to the
amount of time the worker is exposed to a particular hazard.
• Talk with workers to find out what they think is the most
hazardous part of their job, ask them if what you observed
them doing is typical.
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

HAZARD SOURCES -WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Hazards Source List
• Fall Hazards: Are workers working at heights?
• Confined Space Entry: Do workers have to enter a
confined space?
• Excavations, Holes or Floor Openings: Can workers fall
into or through?
• Moving Equipment: Is there machinery, forklifts, etc. in
the area?
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

HAZARD SOURCES -WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Moving Equipment: Is there machinery, forklifts, etc. in the area?

• Pinch points: Do moving parts in machinery create pinch points? Can
workers get caught in machinery or belts & pulleys, chains & sprockets,
etc?
• Chemicals: Do workers use solvents, acids, bases, pesticides, consumer
products, etc.?
• Crushing hazards: Can workers get crushed (under or between) objects?
• Dusts: Does the process create or are workers exposed
• to dusts (wood dust, grinding dusts, etc.)?
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

HAZARD SOURCES -WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Electrical Hazards: What is the condition of your extension
cords, wiring, service panels, etc.?
• Lighting Levels: Is there enough light to do the work?
• Stored Energy Hazards (Electrical, mechanical, pressure):
Can stored energy be released by the work? (Lock-
out/Tag-out)
• Falling or dropping objects: Are people working overhead?
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

HAZARD SOURCES -WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Motor vehicles or traffic: Do workers have to drive or work in
traffic as part of the job?
• Sharp objects: Do workers use knives, razors, etc.?
• Slip, trip or fall hazards: What is the condition of the walking/
working surfaces, housekeeping, etc.?
• Physical layout of work place: Does the layout or process flow
create a hazard?
• Ladder or Scaffold use: Are ladders or scaffolds used in the
work?
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

HAZARD SOURCES -WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Weather: Can the weather create hazards?

• Fire/Explosion: Is there a potential for a fire or explosion?
• Access and Egress: Can workers safely get to their work
areas? Can they safely evacuate in the case of an emergency?
• Process Flow: Does the flow of product through the process
create a hazard?
 IDENTIFYING THE JOB/TASK FOR ANALYSIS

HAZARD SOURCES -WALK-THROUGH OBSERVATIONS

• Location of co-workers or other workers in the area: Does the work
pose a hazard to them, or does their work pose a hazard to the job
being analyzed?
• Human factor issues: Is the training adequate? Are the workers
fatigued? How fit are the workers, etc.?
• Material Moving or Handling: Do workers have to lift or carry heavy
objects?
• Repetitive Motion : Does the job require repetitive motion (typing,
etc.)?
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
• Once the job is identified, you must break it into key components or
sub-tasks and then identify and list all the hazards associated with
each subtask.
▪ What can go wrong?
▪ What are the consequences?
▪ How could a problem happen?
▪ How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
• The following screens will help you break down a job,
identify and rank hazards.
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
BREAK IDENTIFIED JOB INTO KEY COMPONENTS

• The correct amount of detail breaks the job into components

that make sense in terms of the overall job.
• Right Amount of Detail
• Get ladder and new light bulb.
• Place ladder under light to be changed. Use
ladder, change bulb.
• Put tools and supplies away.
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
BREAK IDENTIFIED JOB INTO KEY COMPONENTS

➢When evaluating a task, such as "changing a light

bulb" remember that you do not want too much
detail, or too little detail, keep your focus on
obtaining the right amount of detail.

➢Generally limit the number of components to 10

or less.
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
QUESTIONSTO ASK ABOUT EACH SUB-TASK
• This following list of questions is intended to help focus your
effort at identifying and controlling hazards.
• While the list is comprehensive, it is not complete, and you will
need to think about the sub-tasks and the particular hazards
they present.
• Questions to ask …
• Does the layout of the location or process create hazards,
(e.g. pedestrian/fork-lift traffic)?
• Is there adequate access and egress to and from the work
area?
 QUESTIONSTO ASK ABOUT EACH SUB-TASK
• Are workers exposed to temperature extremes? Is the lighting
adequate?
• Is the work done outdoors? Can the weather create a hazard?
• Does the task require entering a confined space?
• Is the work done at heights (from a ladder, roof top, etc.)? Do the tools or equipment
create a hazard?
• Is there excessive noise or vibration?
• Can any part of the worker's body or clothing be caught in the equipment?
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

QUESTIONSTO ASK ABOUT EACH SUB-TASK

• Does the task require entering a confined space?

• Is the work done at heights (from a ladder, roof top, etc.)?
• Do the tools or equipment create a hazard?
• Is there excessive noise or vibration?
• Can any part of the worker's body or clothing be caught in the
equipment?
 QUESTIONSTO ASK ABOUT EACH SUB-TASK

• Is the tool or equipment appropriate for the task (strength,

size, power, etc.)?
• Are chemicals used?
• Does the worker come into direct contact with the
chemicals?
CONDUCTING A
• Once you have identified jobs needing a
JSA, then its time to start conducting the
JOB SAFETY JSA's.
ANALYSIS
INVOLVING
WORKERS AND ➢ Involving employees and area
MANAGERS IN THE managers in the JSA process
JSA allows them to bring their
. insights on the job to the
process.
• They can help to identify hazards
and they will have ownership of the
JSA and may more readily accept the
findings and hazard controls selected.
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
QUESTIONSTO ASK ABOUT EACH SUB-TASK –CONT.

• Are the chemicals released into the air (gas, mists, vapors,
etc.)? Are workers exposed to electrical hazards?
• Are there excavations, holes, or floor openings in the work
area?
• Are the workers exposed to stored energy hazards such
as; line pressure, electricity, steam, or falling objects?
• Does the process start and stop automatically?
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
QUESTIONSTO ASK ABOUT EACH SUB-TASK –CONT.

• Are robotics used in the process?

• Can human factor issues (training, fitness, fatigue, etc.)
create a hazard?
• Is there risk of injury from material handling such as lifting,
carrying,
• pushing or pulling)?
• Is there risk of repetitive motion injury?
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
A METHOD TO PRIORITIZE HAZARDOUSTASKS

• Consider the severity of an injury if something were

to go wrong while doing a task.
• Look at the four categories under "Severity“.

• Severity
• 4 – Catastrophic, may cause death
• 3 – Critical, may cause serious injury or illness
• 2 – Marginal, may cause minor injury or illness
• 1 – Negligible, will not cause injury or illness
 CONDUCTING A JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
A METHOD TO PRIORITIZE HAZARDOUS TASKS
• Next, think about how often the worker is exposed to the hazard using
the categories found in the "Probability" table.

Probability
• 5 – Frequently, likely to occur frequently
• 4 – Probable, will occur several times
• 3 – Occasional, likely to occur
• 2 – Remote, unlikely but possible

• 1 – Improbable, so unlikely it can be assumed that it will not occur

 BASIC FIRST AID
------------------------------------------------------------------
 TRAINING MODULES
• Chain of Survival
• What is First Aid?
• Scene Survey
• Initial Assessment
• Victim Assessment Sequence
• Bleeding Control
• Shock
• Burns
 TRAINING MODULES

• Choking
• Fractures
• HeartAttack
• Basic First Aid forWounds
• Dressing and Bandages
• Amputation
• Checking for Spinal
• Injuries
• Stroke (BrianAttack)
• Bites and Stings
 CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

Early Early First Aid/CPR Early Defibrillation Early Advanced

Access “9-911” You EMS on Scene Care Hospital
 BASIC FIRSTAID

• What Is First Aid?

• The immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person.
• DOES NOT take the place of proper medical treatment.
• Legal Considerations
• Implied Consent involves an unresponsive victim in a life- threatening
condition.
• It is assumed or “implied” that an unresponsive victim would
• consent to lifesaving help.
• Only perform First Aid assistance for which you have been trained.
 SCENE SURVEY
• When confronted with an accident or illness on duty it is important to
assess the situation to determine what kind of emergency situation you
• are dealing with, for your safety, the victim’s safety and that of others.

• Do a quick survey of the scene that includes looking for

three elements:
• Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or bystanders.
• The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.
• The number of victims.
• Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.
 INITIAL ASSESSMENT
• Goal of the initial assessment:
• Visually determine whether there are life-threatening or
• other serious problems that require quick care.
• Breathing
• Bleeding
• Shock
• Burn
• Choking
• Heart Attack
• Fractures
 INITIAL ASSESSMENT

• Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout. Check for

• ABC as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.
• Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be
changed.
• It takes less than a minute to complete, unless first aid is required
at any point.
 VICTIM ASSESSMENT SEQUENCE
• Assessment Sequence Components:
• If victim is responsive
▪ Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
• experiencing.
▪ Check and provide first aid for these complaints as well as others
that may be involved.
• If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or incoherent).
▪ Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
▪ Check from head to toe
▪ Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness observed.
 BLEEDING CONTROL CONT.

• Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:

• Signs of internal bleeding:
• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
 WHAT TO DO:

For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps:

• Monitor ABC’s (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help prevent
expulsion of vomit from stomach, or allow the vomit to drain and also
prevent the victim from inhaling vomit).
• Treat for shock by raising the victim’s legs 8” – 12”
• Seek immediate medical attention
 SHOCK
• Shock refers to circulatory system failure that happens when
insufficient amounts of oxygenated blood is provided for every
body part.This can be as the result of:
• Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or other
circulatory system problem.
• Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive sweating.
• Trauma (injury)
• Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.
 • What to Do
• After first treating life-threatening injuries
SHOCK CONT. such as breathing or bleeding, the following
procedures shall be performed:
• Lay the victim on his or her back
• Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12”
. to allow the blood to drain from
the legs back to the heart.
• Prevent body heat loss by putting
blankets and coats under and over
the victim
 • Burns have been described as:
• First-degree burns (Superficial)

BURNS • Only the skin’s outer layer (epidermis) is

• damaged.
• Symptoms include redness, mild
• tenderness, and pain.
• Usually heals without scarring.
• What to Do:
• Immerse in running tap water 10 to 15 minutes or
use wet cloths.
• Water reduces burn progression
BURNS CONT. • Second-degree burns (PartialThickness)
• Epidermis and upper regions of dermis
are damaged.
• Symptoms include blisters, swelling,
• weeping of fluids, and severe pain.
.
• What to Do:
• Immerse in water/running tap water
• Do not break blisters
• May seek medical attention
 • Third-degree burns (FullThickness)
• Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers, into
the underlying fat
• and muscle.
BURNS CONT. • Symptoms include: the burned area appears gray-
white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema or
pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)
• What to Do:
. • Usually not necessary to apply cold to areas of third
degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick dressings
• Check ABC’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help
 • Burn injuries can be classified as follow:
• Thermal (heat) burns caused by:
• Flames
BURNS CONT. • Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid

.
• What to Do:
• Stop the burning
• Remove victim from burn source
• If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or
similar item, or have
• the victim drop and roll on ground, with hands
covering the face.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn
 BURNS CONT.

• Chemical burns
• The result of a caustic or corrosive substance touching the skin caused
by:
• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)
 • A mild electrical shock can cause serious internal
injuries.
• There are three types of electrical injuries:
ELECTRICAL BURNS
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact
with the skin are ignited by an electrical current.
• Mostly caused by the flames produced by the
electrical current and not by the passage of the
. electrical current or arc.
• Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or
arcs, from one spot to another.
• Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.
• True Electrical Injury (contact) –
Occurs when an electric current truly passes
through the body.
 • What is it?
• Obstruction in the airway.
CHOKING • General Precaution
• If someone is coughing, leave the person alone.
• Do not perform the Heimlich Maneuvre.
• Keep eyes on that person.
• Ask the person if he/she needs help.
.
• Signs and Symptoms
• Person is not able to breath or talk due to obstruction,
choking
• sign given, distressed, and panic.
• Hands wrapped around the neck is universal sign for
choking.
CHOKING CONT. • What to Do:
• Perform Heimlich Maneuver if you are properly trained
• Conscious Victim:
• Approach from behind and wrap arms around the victim’s waist.
• Place one fist just above the victim’s navel with the thumb side against
the abdomen.
• Second hand over the fist.
• Press into the victim’s abdomen with one upward thrust
.
• Repeat thrust if necessary.
• Try to pop the obstruction out with swift thrusts in and up.
• Continue until the obstruction is relieved or victim collapses.
• Have someone call for
help. Note: Always stay
calm.
 • What to Do:
• Unconscious Victim:
• Ask someone to call 9-911 for help
CHOKING CONT. • Lower victim to floor on back or left side and
perform Heimlich Maneuver
• Open airway with tongue-jaw lift
• Look inside mouth – if you cannot see anything, do not
do
.
• a finger sweep
• Try to give two full rescue breaths
• If these do not go in, reposition the head and give
another breath
• Perform CPR/abdominal thrusts
• Continue until successful or help arrives
 FRACTURES

• There are two categories of fractures:

• Closed (Simple) fracture
• The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere near the fracture site.
• Open (Compound) fracture
• The skin over the fracture has been damaged or broken.
• The wound may result from bone protruding through the skin.
• The bone may not always be visible in the wound.
 FRACTURES CONT.
• What to Look for:
• General signs and Symptoms:
• Tenderness to touch.
• Swelling.
• Deformities may occur when bones are broken, causing an abnormal shape.
• Open wounds break the skin.
• A grating sensation caused by broken bones rubbing together
• can be felt and sometimes even heard.
• Do not move the injured limb in an attempt to detect it.
• Loss of use.
STROKE (BRAIN ATTACK)

• What is Stroke?
• Tissue damage to area of the
brain due to disruption in blood
.
supply, depriving that area of
the brain of oxygen.
 • Signs and Symptoms of Stroke:
STROKE (BRAINATTACK)CONT.
• Weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or
leg (usually on one side of the body)
• Blurred or decreased vision, especially
in one eye.
. • Problems speaking or understanding
• Unexplained, severe headache
• Dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden
fall
 BASIC FIRSTAID

– Assess the situation

– Ask for permission to help if possible unless the person
is unconscious, then use “implied consent”
– Call for help when necessary
– Stabilize the situation before help arrives
– Try to remain calm and do not panic
 THE END OF LEVEL 1

THANKYOU FOR LISTENING

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 HSE LEVELS 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 HSE LEVEL 2 PROFICIENCY
• Elements of Occupational Health and Safety Management System (HSE-MS,
HSG 65; OHSAS 18001; ILO-OSH 2001, HEMP, PDCA cycle, etc.)
• • Fire Safety | Fire Prevention and Fire fighting techniques (Practical
demonstration with a fire extinguisher)
• • Types and uses of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• • Risk Assessment | Disaster management strategies
• • Security in the workplace
• • Workplace HSE inspection (candidates will conduct mock HSE inspection
at a company location)
KEY ELEMENTS OF A HEALTH
AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
.
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• All recognized occupational health and safety management systems follow the same basic
and common elements:

A planning phase

A performance phase

A performance assessment phase

A performance improvement phase

 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .
Performance Assessment Improvement
Planning phase
phase phase phase

Active
Setting policy Communication Review
monitoring
Key elements

Employee Reactive Continual

Organizing
participation monitoring improvement

Identification & Acceptance

assessment monitoring

Procedures
122
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .
Common basis for HSG 65, OHSAS 18001 and
ILO-OSH 2001
Plan:
Plan
Key elements
Establish
standards for
Act Do health and safety
management
based on risk
Check assessment and
legal requirements
123
.

Do: Check: Act:

• .

Implement Measure Review against

plans to progress objectives and
with plans standards and
achieve
and take
objectives compliance appropriate
and with action
standards standards
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .

HSG 65 is published in the UK by the Health & Safety

Executive (HSE) as a guide to successful health and safety
management. Key elements

The guide is more concerned with continual improvement than

the attainment of minimum health and safety standards.

This framework is used by HSE Inspectors when auditing the

health and safety management arrangements of employers.

125
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .
POLICY Review

Review of
ORGANIZE
Key elements
performance –
actual vs.
PLAN & planned taking
AUDIT
IMPLEMENT into account
relevant
MEASURE experiences
PERFORMANCE
and applying
REVIEW
lessons learnt
REVIEW 126
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .

OHSAS 18001 is an internationally recognized accredited

standard for occupational health and safety management.
Key elements

The standard is similar in structure to ILO-OSH 2001, with

the main exception that it is only awarded to organizations
following a successful audit by an awarding institution.

127
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .
POLICY ▪ Results of internal audits
and evaluations of
compliance
PLANNING ▪ Results of consultation
▪ Communications from
Key elements external parties (including
IMPLEMENTATION & complaints)
▪
OPERATION OH&S performance
▪ How well objectives have
been met
CHECKING & ▪ Status of investigations and
CORRECTIVE ACTION corrective actions
▪ Follow up from previous
reviews
MANAGEMENT ▪ Recommendations for
REVIEW improvement
128

81
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .
ILO-OSH 2001 is a guideline offering a recommended
occupational health and safety management framework.

There are main common elements Key with the UK’s HSG 65 and
elements
OHSAS 18001; the framework is not legally binding on ILO member
states and does not seek to replace national laws, regulations or
standards.

To be successful the ILO recognizes that there must be a national

policy on health and safety and occupational health and safety
management systems in place. 129
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .
POLICY
▪ Performed by
competent and
ORGANIZING trained personnel at
agreed intervals.
Key elements
▪ Cover:
 Elements of the
PLANNING &
management
IMPLEMENTATION
system.
 Employee
EVALUATION participation and
consultation.
 National legislation
compliance.
ACTION FOR
 Meeting
130 objectives.
IMPROVEMENT
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .

Auditing should establish how effective the following three

components of the health and safety management are in reality:
Key elements
1 Management organization and arrangements
2 Identification and implementation of risk control and measures.
3 Workplace precautions and control measures.

131
 KEY ELEMENTS
Key elements of all H&S HSG OHSAS ILO-OSH Auditing & Group
management systems 65 18001 2001 Improvement discussion

• .

To be effective improvement does not need to be expensive or

complex but can benefit organization:
▪ By decreasing the rate of injuries,Key elements
ill health and damage
▪ By a possible reduction in the resources required to maintain
the system
▪ By accepting high standards and improvement in the health
and safety culture
▪ With overall improvements in the management system itself.
132
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• These are apparels or equipment’s worn by a worker to protect

him/her from hazards existing in the work place. PPE becomes
necessary when all other control measures have proved
abortive.
• Does PPE prevent accidents from happening?
• PPE doesn’t prevent the accident or remove the hazard but only
minimizes the effect of the hazard on the worker or reduce the
gravity of the injury emanating from the accidents.They do not
indemnify the worker so therefore any worker who exposes
himself to risks just because he is wearing PPE is only making a
terrible mistake.
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Quick facts about PPE

• The management is obligated and must provide PPEs for
workers performing hazardous tasks.
• Management must train workers on the correct and
• appropriate usage of the PPE.
• Management must change faulty and destroyed PPE except when
deliberately destroyed by the worker.
• Management must persuade workers to wear PPE at all time during
the course of their task.
 PERESUADING WORKERS TO USE PROVIDED
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• It is commonly observed that some workers resent using the
personal protective equipment they are expected to wear while
performing duties.They advance reasons which have
psychological, egoistical and economic undertones.These
include;
• Discomfort due to weather conditions.
• Wrong size, there are more cases of oversize personal
protective equipment.
• Personal protective equipment does not keep pace with fashion.
• Exposure of grade of workers.
• Payment for the equipment e.g. safety shoes.
 PERESUADING WORKERS TO USE PROVIDED
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• All persons including management working in or coming to a

work area must put on there commended personal protective
equipment. The following measures can be employed to ensure
effective use of personal protective equipment.

• EDUCATION; workers should be thoroughly educated on the

need and importance of personal protective equipment.This
will enable them bear whatever discomfort the protective
might bring.They will also be helped to put aside ‘’ego drive’’
And be concerned with the protection it will provide.They will
also realize that this is a statutory requirement which they
must comply with if they are to remain with their jobs.
 PERESUADING WORKERS TO USE PROVIDED
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• AS A CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENT; the use of this

equipment could be used at the onset as a condition of
the job being offered. Acceptance of the offer
automatically means acceptance to wear the necessary
personal protective equipment.

• PAYMENT FOR APPAREL; all personal protective equipment

that an employee must wear while performing his job should be
provided free of charge. Workers should realize that this a
statutory requirement.
 PROCUREMENT AND ASSURANCE OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
• The safety officer should be familiar with the types and styles
of personal protective equipment available in the market. He
should recommend the type that will give the needed
protection to the employee who is (performing a particular
job. For instance a hand glove that can protect a workers
hand against acid burns cannot protect him against sharp
objects
 PROCUREMENT AND ASSURANCE OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT

• . Similar, a safety shoe that is very useful in a metal workshop

may be a hazard itself in an electrical operation.The safety
officer should ensure that the proper types of personal
protective equipment are procured and supplied to employees.
They should be as comfortable as possible
 ASSURANCE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
• The safety officer should work out a procedure for issuing
out the needed personal protective equipment to
employees. He should have an idea of how long a particular
personal protective will last, putting into consideration the
work situation in which the equipment will be used.This
period can be estimated from either the
• manufacturer’s catalogue or experience gained from
previous usage
 ASSURANCE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
• A practice, which is common today, is selling of personal free
by the company. A worker may be issued with a new pair of
safety shoes. You might find him still using the old shoes,
which has signs of deterioration.To prevent this practice, the
old or damaged personal protective equipment should be
retrieved from employees when issuing them with new ones.
 ASSURANCE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
• Proper record should be kept of all personal protective
equipment Issued to staff, indicated date of issuance and
size.The employee has to sign against his name for the items
given to him. Efforts should be made to ensure that these
items are in stock long before the date of issuance. Orders
for purchase should therefore be sent out early.
 TYPES OF PPE

• bumping
Helmet; this protects the head against falling objects
of head against overhead structures and liquids
leaking from facilities.
• Eye goggles; these are of various types; they protect the
eyes from splashes of corrosive liquids, flying particles,
dust and harmful radiation.
• Foot protection /safety steel toed- boots/; comprises of safety
boots/shoes, swamp shoes, rain boots.
These protects against falling objects, piercing and insulation.
• Face shield; protects the face and neck against light impact,
flying particles, hazardous chemicals, hot splashes, heat,
radiation and other hazards.
 TYPES OF PPE

• Hand gloves; these protects the fingers, palms and hand from burns,
cuts, bruises and scratches.
• Ear protection; such as ear mufflers and plugs protects the ears from
dangerous noise levels that can cause hearing loss.
• Respiratory equipment; protect against inhalation of dangerous
substances.
• Aprons/overalls; protect the body from contact with hot, corrosive or
toxic substances.
• Belts and harnesses; are used when working at an elevated place to
prevent falls.
• Fire suit; for going through fire.
 TYPES OF PPE

• Shin guard; /leggings, knee pads/ to prevent cuts on legs.

• Cutlass sheath; for safe carriage of cutlass.
• Lean stick; used by front cutters to prevent cutting their legs
• Protective creams; rubbed on the legs, hands, and body to
repel harmful creatures in the bush/swamp.
• Life jackets; /work vests to be worn by all persons engaged
in waterborne operation.
 INTRODUCTIONTO SECURITY

• Security is generally linked with the absence of

danger to life and property. Security management is
also referred to as asset protection management.

• Security can also be defined as the measures taken

to protect against loss through spying, attacks and
theft.
 INTRODUCTIONTO SECURITY

• Security is generally linked with the absence of

danger to life and property. Security management is
also referred to as asset protection management.

• Security can also be defined as the measures taken

to protect against loss through spying, attacks and
theft.
 INTRODUCTIONTO SECURITY

• What are assets?

• An asset comprises of an individual’s family, money,
property and documents. For an industry or corporate
organization, assets comprises of its personnel, cash,
property, equipment and machinery, goods and products and
its business documents.

• Need for security

• Assets enhance the quality of life for an individual and similarly for
an organization, assets enables it achieve the objectives for which it
was established
 SECURITY SURVEY AND RISK ASSESSMENT

• The first step to be taken in determining necessary measures is

to analyze the security threat to the organization and the
target of the threat and an assessment of the severity of the
threat. These will determine what form of counter measures is
required.
• Common security threats
Threats to which an individual or organization is exposed are
determined by status, wealth, location, product, goods and
cash, personnel and community relations, political
affiliations, business competition, accessibility and
relationships.
 THREATS:

• Crime: arson, burglary, robbery, embezzlement, false

Statement, forgery, fraud, bad cheque, assault, disorderly
conduct, drug offense, abduction, eavesdropping, bombing, high
jacking etc.

• Conflict of interest: bribery, disaffection, espionage, kickbacks,

sabotage, unfair competition.
• Terrorism: extortion, kidnapping, assassination with political
overtones
• Civil disturbance: riot, insurrection.
 OTHER RISK
• Security survey
• Security survey is a detailed and in-depth examination of all
prevailing security offenses measured against current and
projected risk designed to provide the management or
individual with sufficient information and recommendations
that will enable a feasible security plan. It is a critical on-site
examination and analysis of the facility in question to
• Analyze the current security status
• Identify deficiencies
• Determine the protection needed

• Recommended to improve the overall security.

 SECURITY PLAN

• After the survey comes the plan. No single measure

provides absolute protection, so a number of
complementary measures are adopted. An effective plan
should include:
• Management leadership and commitment.

• Administrative and enforcement unit of trained,

experienced and disciplined management force.
• Effective counter measures system for facility,
information and executive protection.
 FACILITY PROTECTION:

• Employee screening, relations, education and monitoring

• Physical barriers
• Locking devices and systems
• Intruder detection and alarm systems
• Lights
• Communication
• Closed circuitTV
• Access control.
• Security guards service.
 INFORMATION PROTECTION:

• The organization should put in place an effective

management policy guarding sensitive data like research and
developments results, product formula and marketing
strategies.
• Physical measures should also be employed to restrict access
to
• unauthorized personnel’s.
 EXECUTIVE PROTECTION:

• Security measures should include protection at home, while

travelling and in the office for business executives and
employees in sensitive positions. Such measures should
include;

• advice on what to and not to do in certain situations,

access control and the use of trained body-guards and
protected vehicles.
 .
• Responsibilities of the security departments; their major
duty is to protect lives and properties i.e. personnel, assets
and
• information from damage, theft or losses.
• Personal safety concerns at home, office and in public (Each
group will come up with control measures)
 PERMITTOWORK
• A document signed by an authorized competent person
indicating that non-routine work may be carried out within
a restricted area under stated precautions. It is the
principal authorization and clearance document as well as
a communication and control document.
• Itwithin
assures safety in execution of non-routine activities
restricted areas.
• Who is a competent person?
• One who is appointed in compliance with regulation 6 of the
Mineral Oils (safety) regulations 1997 for the purpose of
supervising all production, drilling, transmission and loading
operation. Such person is responsible for the observance of
safety operations during these activities.
 WHO IS A COMPETENT PERSON?

• In SPDC, he is a staff appointed in writing by the MD that

he is competent to effectively and safely carry out
aspects of company operations which he is to supervise.

• Restricted area: an area which calls for precaution as a result

of the possible presence of combustible, toxic or noxious
materials.

• Non-routine activities are activities in a restricted area outside

of normal operations or likely to cause ignition source, loss of
containment or the release of toxic materials.
 OBJECTIVES

• Since PTW systems are a formal method of giving safe

operation instructions and essential where safety depends on
strict routines being followed, the objective here is to
prevent accidents through the avoidance of
misunderstanding when non-routine or potential hazardous
work is to be done by:
 PROCEDURE

• To assure safety in executing non-routine tasks, risks are

dealt with prior to the beginning of the job.
• Identify and Analyze inherent hazards
• Specify equipment for work. Know precaution to avert
release of hazards and their complementary certificates
necessary.
• Agree precaution with the asset owner before start of work.
• Ensure facility is safe to work on and precautions are
adhered to.
 .

• Ensure all relevant parties are aware of the work.

• Authorize the work to start by signatures.
• Check that work is in progress, the validity of the permit
certificates and adherence to precautions specified.

• Check to ensure work has been left in a satisfactory condition

on completion, by formal acceptance of work and closure of
the permit.
 PTW CERTIFICATE
• This must be signed by designated competent persons
before initiation by appropriate Head of the executing
department(construction and maintenance engineer).

• The certificate clearly indicates:

• The section or equipment where work will be carried out
• Nature of work
• Area classification of the location
 .

• Validity of permit
• Precautions to safeguard personnel during course of work
• Name of direct supervisor on site.
• Safety equipment on site.
• Certification supervisor
• Position held by the issuing authority
 COMPLEMENTARY CERTIFICATE

• These are work type specific documents indicating

precautions to be observed when carrying out the specific
operations.They are:
• HOT: for work likely to generate ignition source.
• GAS: for recording result of gas test during work execution
• EXCV: Excavation in the vicinity of buried utilities
 COMPLEMENTARY CERTIFICATE
• CONF: work requiring confined space entry
• RAD: work involving the use of radiological materials
• DIVING: for all diving work
• HVEC: involving electrical voltages.
 RESPONSIBILITIES UNDERTHE PTW WORK
SYSTEM
• PERMIT APPLICANT
• Analyze hazards and specifies precaution necessary for safe
operations
• Fills the PTW form and complementary certificates
• Agrees hazard analysis and precaution with asset holder.
• Instructs permit holder(person designated to supervise the work on
site) on safe operations.
• ASSET HOLDER
• 1 and 3 above.
 PERMIT HOLDER

• Liaises with AHSS on proper isolation, purging and gas testing before
commencement of work.
• Ensures all necessary precaution are in place before asking AHSS to
revalidate the PTW and allow work to start.
• Supervise the work and ensures worksite is left in a safe state at close
of work or shift change.
• Ensures work completion is full agreed with AHSS.
 .

• Asset holder supervisor

• Checks for adequacy of agreed precautions for specific conditions and
agrees with the permit holder.
• Ensures the facility is properly isolated before handling it over to the
permit holder.
• Check daily for continued observance of agreed safety precaution
before revalidating PTW.
• Checks that site is made safe before accepting work.
 CONCLUSION.

• The principle here is the strict adherence to safe operation

and it is a legal requirement. E.g. regulation 38 of the
mineral oils (safety) regulation 1963 states that “no person
at any well or in any other restricted area shall smoke,
discharge any firearm or explosives or use any naked light or
make any fire.
• Except in such cases as may be set aside and notified by the
a manager or someone authorized by the manager on his
behalf as being safe for the purpose.
 .

• An authorize person may at his discretion, authorize

operations like welding or machinery but the
authority shall be in writing giving details of the
precautions that shall be taken for the prevention of
fire.

• The ultimate concern of PTW is for the assurance of safety and

the protection of persons, assets the environment and
reputation.
 FIRE PREVENTION, PROTECTION AND EVACUATION
PROCEDURE

• INTRODUCTION;
• An effective fire prevention and protection program must on a large
extent depend on every staff or worker in the company.
• However, the overall program may be under the director of safety [Safety
Coordinator]. Fire protection [fire Service], security, engineering or
maintenance and supervisor who should have a direct interest and who
should direct how fire prevention and protection programme should go.
FIRE PREVENTION, PROTECTION AND EVACUATION
PROCEDURE

• The supervisor should direct the day-to-day operations and should be

in an excellent position to determine necessary fire prevention,
protection and evacuation procedures in case of any fire outbreak.

• The supervisor and workers in the company should see that

management provides; where not available fire protection
equipment; they must be thoroughly familiar with the use of the fire
equipment that is provided in their respective operations.
FIRE PREVENTION, PROTECTION AND EVACUATION
PROCEDURE
• Every worker needs to play an active role in departmental
housekeeping.They should make sure that they follow safe
housekeeping practices with regards to preventing fires.

• For a successful fire prevention, protection and evacuation

procedure in case of actual fire outbreaks to be achieved,
continuous training such as this and others in safe work
procedure, regular inspections of work areas, and close
supervision of the employee job performance is needed or
necessary.
 FIRE SAFETY.

• This is the theory and practice of providing adequate safeguards

to reducing life and property loss caused or occasioned by fire.

• Definition of FIRE:
• This is a rapid chemical combustion or reaction between three
essential elements namely; fuel, heat and oxygen accompanied
by a release or evolving energy in the form of heat, smoke and
often flame.
 BASIC FIRE CHEMISTRY.

• BASIC FIRE CHEMISTRY.

To prevent, protect or control fire, the knowledge and
understanding of basic fire chemistry is very essential.
Every ordinary fire result when a substance or fuel in the presence
of oxygen is heated to a critical temperature; as shown
in the formula below;
• Oxygen must be at least 16% atmospheric conc.
• Heat must be critical.
Fuel must be heated to a critical temperature
 THE CONCEPT OF FIRE CHEMISTRY IS BEST
ILLUSTRATED BY WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE FIRE
TRIANGLE.

• FIG 1:THE FIRETRIANGLE

 THE FIRETRIANGLE

• The elements of Oxygen and fuel are always present

therefore, eliminating and or controlling heat [ignition]
sources is of primary importance in preventing the
occurrence of fires.

• It is important to note or recognize that, the absence of

any one of the essential elements as shown on the side of
the fire triangle can eliminate fire occurrence.
 OXYGEN REMOVAL:

• OXYGEN REMOVAL: Since fire needs at least 16% of oxygen

concentration on the atmosphere for burning, we can remove
oxygen level by reducing its percentage to below 16.

• This we can do by purging and inserting carbon (IV) oxide in the

atmosphere in closed containers or processing systems. Foam
can also be used to produce a smothering action against oxygen
actions.
 FUEL REMOVAL:

• FUEL REMOVAL: It is practically impossible for us to

remove all fuels in our daily operations. Despite the above
fact, we need to try and keep the quantity of stored
combustible materials at a minimum.

• HEAT SOURCE CONTROL: The elementary steps in fire

prevention are through eliminating and controlling of heat
sources.
 HEAT SOURCE CONTROL
• Heat generation can be eliminated through the control use
of welding and cutting equipment, torches, heating
equipment, spark producing equipment, and smoking
materials.

• We should keep heat and ignition sources away from fuel;

we need to know that the best time to stop a fire is before it
starts.
 CLASSES OF FIRE.

• CLASS A FIRES;
• This consists of solid combustible materials usually organic
carbonaceous in nature such as wood, paper, cloth, leather, furniture etc.
this class of fire leaves ash as residue when burnt.

• CLASS B FIRES;
• This consist of fires involving highly flammable liquid hydrocarbons such
as petrol, kerosene, diesel, motor oil, vegetable oil, oil paints and
liquefiable solids such as wax, bitumen, margarine, shear butter, etc.
when they burn no residue is left over.
 CLASSES OF FIRE.
• CLASS C FIRES;
This consist of gaseous or liquefied gases in the form of liquid spillage or
a gas leak e.g. methane, propane,
• butane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide, oxyacetylene etc. when they
burn no residue is left over.

• CLASS D FIRES;
This involves combustible metals as magnesium, Potassium, Calcium,
Copper, Zinc, Lead, Bronze, Aluminium etc.The most reactive
combustible metals are alkali metals (earth metals) e.g. calcium,
barium, beryllium, magnesium, strontium, and radium.
 CLASSES OF FIRE.

• These are bivalent metals of group II of the periodic. They also include
initially, the univalent metals of group I of the periodic table e.g. Lithium,
Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, cesium and Francium.

• Water causes these metals to release hydrogen and large amount of

heat, thereby causing the hydrogen to ignite and explode. When they
burn, a residue is usually left in form of a carcass.
THERE ARE THREE PRINCIPLE METHODS OF EXTINCTION
AND THE METHODS ARE REPRESENTED IN AN
INTERPOSED TRIANGLE FORM.
S
T
A
R
V
A COOLING HEAT
F
T
U
I
E
O
L
N

• SMOTHERING
 OXYGEN
• From the above triangle of extinction, we can see the
method used to cut off the elements in the fire triangle or
triangle of combustion [burning process].
•They include;
• i. cooling
•ii. Smothering
• iii. Starvation
 COOLING;

• The reduction of heat below ignition temperature by the

application of a fire extinguisher (i.e. water or cooling agent
e.g. foam) onto a burning substance.The water is applied
either in bulk jet or spray.This method removes heat from
the triangle of combustion or triangle of fire. It is used in
class A fires.
 SMOTHERING;

• The cutting off or reduction in the supply of oxygen to the

fire.There are certain substances that produce their own
oxygen [oxidizing agents] required for combustion.This
method may be ineffective or inadequate. It is used in
classes B, C and D.
EXAMPLES OF SMOTHERING PROCESSES INCLUDE;

• Covering burning cooking oil with a non-combustible

cover/lid.
• Use of fire blanket.
• Use of dry chemical powder [DCP] for class B and D fires
only. Special DCP called TEC-Ternary Eutectic Chloride is
used in class D.
• By inserting the burning vicinity with an inert gas e.g.
carbon iv oxide CO2, in classes B and C.
• Use of foam and graphite can also be used in class D fires.
 STARVATION

• Starvation is the removal of fuel from the vicinity of fire

thereby starving the fire of combustible materials. It is used
in classes B and C.
• Examples of starvation or removal of fuel supply includes;
• Shutting of a gas supply.
• Draining of fuel from burning oil tanks.
• Throwing away combustible materials from a houseboat.
 IDENTIFICATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, SIZE
AND COLOUR CODES.
• There are different types, sizes, use and color of fire
extinguishers. Some are portable while others are mounted
on wheel trolley. All fire extinguishers used during a fire
outbreak must be reported and return to the fire services
unit for refilling.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHER: The color code is red. It is a

cooling agent. To use it, remove safety pin strike the jet at base
of fire. It should not be used on electrical equipment.

• CARBON IV OXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHER: Color code black.

Carbon (IV) oxide. It is a flame inhibitor for gaseous, liquid and
electrical equipment fires. To operate it, remove it safety clip or
cap, press knobs, squeeze nozzle level, direct at the base of fire
in a sweeping manner.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• DRY CHEMICAL POWDER:

Color code blue. It is a smothering agent for all fires except
gaseous fires because of its explosion
risk.

• FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Color code; cream white. A smothering as well as a cooling agent.
It shouldn’t be used on electric fires due to its conductive nature.
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• VAPOURISING LIQUID EXTINGUISHERS:

Bromochlorofloride (BCF) halons 1301, 1211 and 2402.Code
colour green .Suitable for class B and C fires.
It vaporizes rapidly when discharged, releasing chemical
compounds that extinguish the fire through interruption of the
combustion chain reaction. WHO has stopped the use of
BCFs because they are environmentally unfriendly. The
cause ozone layer depletion and global warming.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 CAUSES OF FIRE

• Major Causes: carelessness and ignorance

• Common causes: accident fires and arson
• Natural causes.
• Evacuation procedure
• On noticing fire:

• If you are first to notice the fire, do not panic but raise alarm by braking the
glass of fire alarm call point and pressing the button.
• Call the fire service and give location of fire.
 ON NOTICING FIRE:

•Use potable extinguishers if available

•Leave the building through exit route
•Do not use the lift. Use the stairs.
•Assemble at muster point for roll call.
 ON HEARING ALARM:

• Leave the building through exit route

• Be calm, do not panic
• Do not attempt to collect your belongings or anything you
have forgotten
• Use the stairs
• Shut doors behind you
• Assemble at muster point for headcount
 RISK MANAGEMENT
CONCEPTS AND CASE
STUDIES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WHAT IS A HAZARD? WHAT IS A DISASTER?
HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?
 NATURAL HAZARD VS A DISASTER?

▪ A natural hazard is a natural phenomenon that can potentially trigger

a disaster
▪ Examples include earthquakes, mud-slides, floods volcanic
eruptions, tsunamis, drought

▪ These physical events need not necessarily result in disaster

▪ A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, exceeding the ability of the community to cope using
own resources
 WHAT IS RISK?
• The product of hazards over which we have no control. It
combines:
❑the likelihood or probability of a disaster happening
❑the negative effects that result if the disaster happens
• –these are increased by vulnerabilities
(characteristics/circumstances that make one
susceptible to damaging effects of a hazard)
• –and decreased by capacities (combination of strengths,
attitudes and resources)
 TERMINOLOGY

• Prevention: outright avoidance of the adverse affects

of hazards / disasters
• Mitigation: the process of lessoning or limiting the adverse
• affects of hazards / disasters
• Preparedness: knowledge and capacities to effectively
anticipate, respond to and recover from impacts of likely
hazard
 TERMINOLOGY

• Risk Reduction: practice of reducing risks through

systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal
factors of disasters, including through reduced
exposure, lessened vulnerability, improved
preparedness
• Response: provision of emergency services to save
lives, meet needs
 Appropriate disaster
prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and response
builds on people’s
capacities and tackles the
causes of vulnerability
 HOW DO THE CONCEPTS OF VULNERABILITY AND
CAPACITY APPLY TO EDUCATION?

• Within education systems, what kinds of vulnerabilities

typically exist?

• What capacities exist that could enable education to

continue with minimum disruption?

• How can education be used as a vehicle for increasing capacities

to reduce vulnerability to disaster?
WORK PLACE SECURITY FOR EMPLOYEES
 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

• Security policy and procedures

• Personal security issues
• Computer security
• How to protect sensitive information
• How to help prevent workplace theft
 WHAT IS AT STAKE

• Crimes against companies are increasing

• You want to feel safe at work
• OSHA requires a safe workplace
 SECURITY POLICY: KEEPING CRIMINALS OUT

• References
• Background checks
 SECURITY POLICY

• Do you understand our

security policy and
procedures?
• Do you understand the
other steps the company
takes to make the facility
secure?
 PERSONAL SECURITY: SIGNS OF VIOLENCE

• Threats or intimidation
• Frequent angry outbursts
• Talk about weapons
• Paranoia
• Blaming others for
• problems
• Extreme mood swings or stress
 PREVENTING WORKPLACE THEFT

• Secure personal property

• Follow rules for securing
• company property
• Keep access doors closed
• Report thefts of personal or company
property
• Report suspicious activity
 PREVENTING WORKPLACE THEFT (CONT.)

• Log in materials when they are

delivered
• Check orders and paperwork
against goods
• Follow rules for tracking inventory
counts
• Keep a close eye on accounts
 KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER

• Workplace security is a priority for us all

• You play an important role in keeping the
workplace safe and secure
• Make sure you understand our security policy and
procedures and do your part to support them
• Take precautions to protect your personal
security on the job and commuting to work
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ERGONOMICS
FOR THE
"GENERAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY OF PRACTITIONERS"
 HSE LEVEL 3 PROFICIENCY

• Industrial Safety technology and Ergonomics

• • Appreciate the importance of accident investigation and
reporting
• • Environmental Management Practices (EMP, EIA, waste
management, environmental pollution)
• • Case study of a named company and group discussion
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• oDefine ergonomics
• oIdentify high return interventions
• oSell ergonomics
 ERGONOMICS TODAY

• Matching the job, work tools, and workplace

to the worker.
 ERGONOMICS
• Employee Concerns Employer Concerns
• Comfort • Worker’s
• Fatigue compensation costs
• Injuries • Productivity
• Job satisfaction • Errors
• Decreased boredom • Products
• Decreased stress • Profit
• Reasonable workloads
 RESULTS OF POOR ERGONOMIC DESIGN

➢Discomfort and fatigue

➢Injuries and accidents
 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS)

•O Necks
• o Backs
•O Arm and hand
O Knee and foot
WHAT CAUSES THESE INJURIES?

Repetition

Force Posture
Risk
Factors

Personal Environment
 POOR ERGONOMICS

• oDecreased efficiency
• oDecreased productivity
• oErrors
 POOR ERGONOMIC DESIGN

• O Turnover
• O Absenteeism
• o Job avoidance
 HOW DO I GET STARTED?

• o Pick your fights

• oSell your service
 WHAT SHOULD I LOOK FOR?
• Awkward postures
• Repetition
• Force
 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?

• Offices and Telecommuters

 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?

• Laboratories
 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?

• Hospitals
 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?

• Facilities
 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?

• Work Shop
 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?

• .
 WHERE SHOULD I LOOK?
o Housekeeping

o Dining

o Housing

o Student stores
 WHAT CAN ERGONOMICS DO?
• ↓ discomfort
• ↓ accidents and injuries
• ↑ accuracy
• ↑ efficiency
• ↑ satisfaction
• ↑ job retention
 HOW DO I START?

• Identify problems
• Complaints of discomfort
• Symptom surveys
• Near misses
• Accidents
• Injuries
• Errors
• High turnover
 WHAT IS ANTHROPOMETRY?

• Measurement of people
• o Match size and strength with work environment and tools
 WHY DOES “MATCH” MATTER?
• o Average is not good enough
• o Need to consider reaches and clearances
 WHO SHOULD WE MATCH?
o Central 90 percent
o Disregard extreme body sizes
o Try to fit males/females from 20-65 yrs
 WHAT IS THE GOLDEN RULE?

• Design so the small woman can

reach, and the large man can fit.

• S. Konz
 WHAT RULEWOULDYOU USE HERE?

• Design so the small woman can

reach, and the large man can fit.

• S. Konz
 ACCOMMODATING REACH
• How low can we place
materials these
workers have to reach?
• How high can a shelf
be placed holding
work materials?

Golden Rule: Place objects between knee and shoulder height.

• 157
 HOW DO I MAKE A QUICK IMPACT?

• Computer workstations
• On-line training
• Ergo evaluators
 MANUAL MATERIALS HANDLING

• oGolden rule
• Eliminate lifts

• oWhen you can’t

• Keep it off the floor
• Reduce lifts
• Conveyors,
dollies
• Adjust work
flow
 HOW SHOULDYOU LIFT?

Stoop

Semi-squat

• Squat
 SQUAT AND SEMI-SQUAT LIFTS

o More protective of back

o Preferred by injured workers

 THERE ARE NO “RIGHT” OR “CORRECT”
WAYS TO SIT, STAND OR LIFT....

However, there are more and less demanding ways!

 HSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• HSE-MS
• What is HSE-MS?
• It is defined as a quality management system for managing risks within
the company to assure the protection of its people, assets and
reputation and the protection of the environment the company
operates within.
• Incorporated in the HSE-MS adopted by SPDC are the means to meet
the requirements of the SPDC HSE statement, policy and commitment,
including those of continuous improvement and compliance with the
law.
 WHY HSE-MS?
• HSE-MS is installed in order to control the following:
• Risks
• To demonstrate that risk is being controlled
• To foster synergy between HSE and other business
objectives.
• To learn from the past.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HSE-MS

• The objective of any management system is to ensure

that the activities of the company are planned,
implemented, controlled and directed so that the
business objectives of the company are met.

• It should have an improvement loop in its construction

following the plan– do – check-feedback steps of any
quality system.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HSE-MS

• Demonstrable management leadership and commitment-

management and supervision shall be regarded as been fully
committed to HSE by all staff and contractors. They are to be
seen as providing a leading role towards constant improvement
through leadership and action planning. Management shall
regularly review the suitability and effectiveness of the system.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HSE-MS

• Policy and strategic objectives- companies shall have a written HSE policy
covering the group policy elements as a minimum. HSE objective shall be
challenging, understood by all and consistently incorporated in policies. In
certain objectives, management shall consider the overall risk level of its
activities and shall identify those critical operations and installations which
require a full documented demonstration that risk has been reduced to
alarp.in compliance with this requirement.
 STRUCTURE OF THE HSE-MS

• Organization, responsibilities, resources, standards and

documents- the organization and resources shall be adequate for
its purpose. Responsibilities at all levels shall be clearly described,
communicated and understood. Staff shall be developed
following structured competency assessment and training
system. Preparation, review and distribution of all key reference
documentation shall be adequately controlled.
HEMP- THE PROCESS FOR THOSE CRITICAL INSTALLATIONS
AND OPERATIONS SHOULD INCLUDE

• An inventory of the major hazards to the environment and to the

health and safety of people of all the activities, materials, products
and service; and

• An assessment of the related risks, implementation of measures

to control these risks, and recover in case of control failure.
•Planning and procedures- adequate standards and procedures shall
be in place and understood at the appropriate organization levels.
Preparation, review and distribution of all key reference documents
shall be adequately controlled. HSE standards include ; procedures
 .
• Work instructions: permit to work; concurrent operations; contractor HSE
business cycle and HSE planning; controlled documentation. Emergency
response procedures [including medical emergencies] shall be regularly
tested.

• Implementation and monitoring – HSE performance targets shall be set to ensure

progression towards the long term goals of no harm to people and no damage to the
environment. Performance indicators shall be established, monitored and results
reported in a way that can be externally verified, all HSE incidents and near misses with
significant actual or potential consequences shall be thoroughly investigated and
reported.
 .

• Audit- scheduled audit program should be in place to review and verify the
effectiveness of the management system. It includes audits by auditors
independent of the process or facility studies. An audit program will include
internal and external audits, and external certification.
• Audit follow up shall be timely, thorough and auditable.

• Review - program [on business plan schedule] of management review of HSE-

MS and HSE cases as well as general issues. The objective is to assess suitability
and effectiveness of the system. A yearly review of implementation and a 3-
yearly review of management sys. HSE cases are reviewed at asset level; half yearly
for hazard registered updates, and yearly for policy issues
 HAZARDSAND EFFECTS MANAGEMENT PROCESS.

• The hazards and effects management process is generally referred to as

• HEMP.

• DEFINITIONS;
• Hazard is defined as the potential to cause harm, ill health or injury,
damage to property, plant, products or the environment, production
losses or increased liabilities. Hazard should not be confused with
hazardous activities [e.g. drilling].
• Examples of hazards; Hydrocarbons in unstable state, objects at height,
electricity, toxic substances, working at heights, noise and radiation.
 .

EFFECTS: is defined as either the consequences of not managing a hazard

e.g. loss of control, or the consequences of an unintended release. An effect is
usually an adverse effect on the health or safety of employees or the public.

• HEMP; is defined as a process for identifying the hazards in an HSE critical

activity and the effect, with a view to eliminating them or controlling them
to reduce the effect as low as reasonably practicable. It is central to the
effective implementation of the HSE-MS, and is therefore referred to as the
heart of an HSE-MS.
 STEPS INTHE HEMP PROCESS

• The principle of identify, assess, control and recover are the basis
• of hemp.

• The principles are applied in the following steps;

• Identify the hazards and potential effects. Systematically
identify the hazard, the threats and potential hazardous events
and effects which may affect, or arise from, a company’s operation
throughout the total life cycle of the operation.
 EVALUATE [ASSESS] RISKS.

• Systematically evaluate the risks from the identified hazards

against accepted screening criteria, taking into account the
likelihood of occurrence and the severity of any
consequences to employees, assets , the environment and
the public. His includes the risks associated with deviation
from limits set for environmental and occupational health
hazards.
 RECORD HAZARDS AND EFFECTS

Record hazards and effects; Record all those hazards and effects identified as significant in
relation to the screening criteria in one of the following documents.
• HSE-MS activities catalogue
• HSE-MS specification sheets
• Hazards and effects register
• HSE critical operations procedures
• Manual of permitted operations
• These documents will then be included in part 3 and 5 of the HSE-MS and HSE
case.
 .

• Compare with the objectives and performance criteria

• Compare the evaluated risk against the detailed HSE objective and
targets for the project or installation. For all cases these targets
must be maintained and be consistent with the company policy and
strategic objectives. Performance standards at all levels must meet
the criteria set in the HSE case which in turn must comply with the
company’s HSE management system.
• Establish risk reduction measures.
 STRUCTURED REVIEW TECHNIQUES

• Examples of such techniques are HAZIDS[Hazard

identification], HAZOP[Hazard and operability studies],
and TSA [technical safety Audit].
 APPLICATION OF APPROACHES.

• For low risk, the approach is judgment and experience and the
controls are generic procedures/competences and supervision.

• For medium risk, the approach is judgment and experience or hazard

analysis as appropriate.The control is to define for each hazard procedure,
responsibilities, performance, competencies i.e link hazard to activity,
e.g. in hazard control sheet.

• For high risks, the approach is hazard analysis, e.g. bow tie, or other
structured review techniques. Control involves defining for each hazard
as medium risk, as well as providing for each threat, consequences and
escalation factor.
 HSE RISK MANAGEMENT

•Risk is defined as a function of the probability of occurrence of an

undesirable event together with a measure of its adverse consequences.
• Risk analysis seeks to answer questions such as how likely and how seriously
can things go wrong/ what is the potential loss or damage/ or what can go
wrong/ how likely is it/ what are the impacts/.

• TYPES OF RISK
• Generally risks associated with the hazards of activities includes;
• Potential loss of life, asset, production, insurance
• Potential damage to health including injury and sickness, environment, asset,
reputation.
• All type usually manifest in serious financial and adverse consequences.
 OBJECTIVE OF RISK MANAGEMENT.

• Risks are assessed to;

• Provide a clear framework in which all available information is used.
• Compare alternatives, particularly in the design phase
• Optimize the use of scarce resources, money, people and time.
• Meet regulatory requirements
• Identify potential economic vulnerability
• Identify hazardous situations/procedures
• Provide knowledge of patterns of events and identifying critical parts of the
operation.
 APPROACH

• Estimate likelihood and consequence of undesirable events e.g.

fires and explosions.

• Define cost of effective reduction measures providing a

maximum level of safety of personnel and assets.
 PROCEDURETO FOLLOW

• Identification of hazards
• Quantification of likelihood and consequences
• Evaluation of effect on business
• Once a potential hazard has been identified, questions arise with
regard to severity.
• The risk associated with a potentially hazardous event consists of two
basic elements; The likelihood of the event
• A measure of its adverse consequences.
 .

• Quantification of both elements is often a useful

exercise to form an opinion of the seriousness of the
risk.This quantification is often essential with
respect to structured decision-making reduction
measures.
 THE RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX

• The risk assessment matrix is a tool that standardizes

qualitative risk assessment and facilitates the categorization
of all threads to health, safety, environment and reputation.
The matrix axis, consistent with the definition of risk, are
consequences and probability or likelihood.
 THE RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX

• A scale of consequences are those from 0 to 5 is used to

indicate increasing severity.The consequences are those of
credible scenarios taking the prevailing circumstances into
consideration that can develop from the release of a hazard.
The potential consequences that could have resulted from
the released hazard if circumstances had been less favorable.
 .

• The probability on the horizontal axis is estimated on the

basis of historical evidence or experience that the identified
consequences have materialized within the industry, the
company or a smaller unit. Note that this should not with the
probability of the estimated potential consequences
occurring.
CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES

• The consequences of the release of a hazard or effect are

identified in each of the four categories harm to people,
asset damage, environmental effect and potential impact on
the reputation of the company by selecting and appropriate
row description on the vertical axis of the matrix
 ASSESSMENT OF PROBABILITY

• The horizontal axis represents the probability or the measure

of likelihood of the occurrence of an undesired event following
the release of a hazard.The scale of the horizontal axis is
indicatively defined;
• A; Never heard of in the ----industry
• B; Heard of in the --- industry
• C ; Has occurred in our company
• D; happens several times per year in company
• E Happens several times per year in location.
 .

• This assessment is based on experiment and is indicative of

the likelihood of undesired consequences materializing.
Note again that this should not be confused with the
probability that the hazard is released; it is the probability of
the estimated potential consequences occurring.
 .

• In smaller operating unit or new ventures where experiences are

limited it is recommended that the probability is assessed on the basis
of knowledge from similar operations in other operating unit. In new
ventures the potential consequences scale can only be used and
investigations carried out for all incidents with potential 3 or higher. By
doing so, every opportunity is used for learning from the potential
serious incidents, no matter how unlikely their occurrence may be.
 HAZARDS ANALYSIS

• The undesired release of a hazard is a hazardous event.

• Ifrelease
the hazardous event is the first event resulting from the
of a hazard, then it is called the top event.

• This is the undesired event at the end of the fault tree at the
beginning of the event tree.

• Threat is something that could potentially cause the release

of a hazard and result in an accident; e.g. corrosion, fatigue
damage, poor visibility. Over pressure, lack of
knowledge/competence.
 .
• Barriers are counter measures put in place to prevent a
threat or combination of threats ultimately resulting in the
release of a hazard. E.g. for corrosion, Barriers could be
corrosion resistant coating, inspection programs, or
corrosion allowances. For over pressure, one barrier could be
a pressure relief system.
 .

• Consequences, mitigation and recovery preparedness measures;

should barriers fail to prevent or avoid the release of a hazard, then
some kind of counter- measures are required to limit the consequences
of the hazardous event or effect.The purpose of these counter-
measures is the mitigation of consequences and to aid reinstatement.
E.g. fixed fire protection system, evacuation of personnel from the
area.Those measures aimed at reinstating or returning the situation to
a normal operating condition are also called recovery preparedness
measures.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

• Over the years one would note that the intensity of the sun is
getting higher, more children are using glasses nowadays
unusually from times of the past, high propensity of disasters
like theTsunami (Japan recently), high level of respiratory
infections(Professor Ian Mathews et al, 2005), flooding in
various parts of the world, We could go on and on.What about
in Nigeria; oil spillages resulting to damage of water bodies
and habitats, soil degradation, waste lands, fire disasters, poor
plant growth in villages around the refinery areas due to gas
flaring.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.

• The truth is there wouldn’t have been spillages if the crude

originally situated beneath the earth’s surface remains un-
tempered with. So the big question one may ask is "are u
saying we shouldn’t tap from nature’s resources?The big
answer is “no but we must ensure that adequate measures
are employed in order to maintain the initial state of
the environment after our various exploration and
exploitation”.
 ENVIRONMENT?
• Environment simply put “is the surroundings in which a person,
animal, or plant lives”, or we can say “it’s our natural world which we
live and interact with”.

• The Environment consists of the air, land, water, natural resources,

plants, animals and human beings.The Environment if not properly
tendered could be unsafe for living in because man’s course of action
over the years had introduced certain hazards which had been the
causal agent responsible for its’ ill health thereby making it unfit for
living in.
 ENVIRONMENT?

• The primary functions of management include: Planning;

Organizing; Supervising; Controlling etc. Management now
goes beyond its traditional scope of managing human,
material and financial resources
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• Environmental management is not as the phrase could

suggest, the management of the Environment as such,
but rather the management of interaction by the
modern human society with; and impact upon the
environment.
 WHY IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT NEEDED?

• The impact on our world of human activities is so great that natural systems
are now failing to absorb the damage that we inflict upon them, leading to
the destruction of fragile habitats, including tropical rain forests, species
extinction, and the depletion of non-renewable resources (Professor Mark
Brayshay).
• We face acute competition for building land, waste- disposal problems,
food security issues, the trans-national spread of epidemic diseases, and
the relentless rise in the total human population. Few now doubt that ways
to live in a far more sustainable way - in better harmony with our
environment – must be found.
 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND ASPECTS

• Environment consists of Natural resources, the

biosphere, air, soil, humans, plants and animal.

• Environmental aspects refers to activities, products and

services which have the potential to impact adversely on the
environment which includes: wastes, gaseous emissions, fluids
discharges on soil and water, nuisance(noise, odour and heat),
use of energy erosion etc.
 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND ASPECTS

• Industrial activities that could interface and impact

the environment includes: Dredging, Pipe-laying, Gas
flaring, Site clearing, Pigging operation, Drilling
operation, excavation, flow-station operation.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN OIL COMPANIES

• Before a project is carried out, various prerequisites are

implemented. Apart from HSE-MS, JHA, JSA etc,
Environmental management is also required in order to
identify, evaluate and control environmental risks that could
arise during or after the job processes.This follows the order
of management namely:
 /.
• LEADERSHIP AND COMMITMENT
• POLICIES AND STRATEGIC POLICIES
• ORGANISATION, RESPONSIBILITIES, RESOURCES, STANDARD
AND DOCUMENTATION
• HAZARD AND EFFECT MANAGEMENT
• PLANNING AND PROCEDURES
• IMPLEMENTATION
• CORRECTIVE ACTION
• MONITORING
• AUDIT
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural

environment that causes instability, disorder, nuisance, harm
or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living
organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light.
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

• Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or

energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they
are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
Pollution is often classed as point source(a single identifiable
localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or lightpollution).
ornonpoint source(refers to both water and air pollution from
diffuse sources) pollution.
 FORMS OF POLLUTION

• Air Pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the

atmosphere. Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), lead
oxides and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor
vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Other
forms of air pollutants are particulate matter, or fine dust.
• Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and
astronomical interference.
• Littering
 .
• Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft
noise, industrial noise as well as high- intensity sonar which are
above the hearing threshold of the ear, about 80db.

• Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by

spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil
contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy
metals, MTBE,[9]herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
 FORMS OF POLLUTION

• Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century

activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation
and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment.
Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water
bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as
coolant in a power plant.

• Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead

power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from
strip mining), open storage of
trash or municipal solid waste.
 FORMS OF POLLUTION

• Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater (effluents) from

commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into
surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical
contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste
and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including
urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical
fertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal and leaching into groundwater;
eutrophication and littering.
 FORMS OF POLLUTION

• A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water

or soil.Three factors determine the severity of a
pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and
the persistence.
 AIR POLLUTION

• Sources and Causes: Air pollution comes from both natural

and manmade sources. One major source of air pollution is
gaseous emissions from vehicles and heavy industrial
machineries, combustion, construction, mining, agriculture
and warfare.
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

• Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone
pollution can cause respiratory disease, eye defect, cardiovascular
disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Reports have
it that 656,000 people die prematurely each year in China because of air
pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a
year .Studies now prove that Lead oxides from vehicles play a major
role in damaged brain cells (since its highly lipophilic) and kidney-liver
diseases(over time since its none biodegradable).
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

• Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease

in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.

• Green house effect: this occurs when gases (excess unabsorbed gases) released into the
atmosphere as a result of man’s actions forms an envelope around the earth thereby
trapping the excess heat that the earth radiates back into space as infrared rays and re-
radiates it to the earth. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy
is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere. As a result, the temperature there
is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming
mechanism.This is the causal agent for global warming, melting of the polar ice, rise in
sea level which could result to over-flooding and other environmental disasters. Examples
of these green house gases are: methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, CFCs and
Halogen compounds.
 PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG:

• Photochemical Smog : smog is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular

emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in
the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine
with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Smog is also caused
by large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke, sulfur
dioxide and other components. It can inflame breathing passages, decrease the
lungs' working capacity, and cause shortness of breath, pain when inhaling
deeply, wheezing, and coughing. It can cause eye and nose irritation and it dries
out the protective membranes of the nose and throat and interferes with the
body's ability to fight infection, increasing susceptibility to illness
 .
• react with the ozone layer thereby depleting it. This accounts for the
proliferation of the usage of sun glasses to prevent and manage eye
defects as a result of high level of exposure to UV light. Also the
increasing cases of skin cancer, sun burns are all factors to show that the
ozone layer is wearing off due to man’s adverse action on the
environment.
 Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur
ACID RAIN: dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with
the water molecules in the atmosphere to
produce acids. Nitrogen oxides can also be
produced naturally by lightning strikes and
sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic
eruptions.
.
The chemicals found in acid rain can cause
paint to peel and stone statues to begin to
appear old and
• worn down, which reduces their value and
beauty.
Trees killed by acid rain
 WATER POLLUTION
• WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely
affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to
the water.The sources of water pollution are categorized as
being a point source or a non-source point of pollution. Point
sources of pollution occur when the polluting substance is
emitted directly into the waterway. A pipe spewing toxic
chemicals directly into a river is an example. A non- point
source occurs when there is runoff of pollutants into a
waterway, for instance when fertilizer from a field is carried
into a stream by surface runoff.
 WATER POLLUTION

• Generally we have several types of water pollution. Namely;

organic (caused by the introduction of organic substances
e.g. manure and sewage into the water thereby reducing the
level of oxygen in water), inorganic (introduction of heavy
toxic chemicals) and thermal (change of temperature of
water under the influence of humans) water pollution.
 SOURCES AND CAUSES

• Sources of water pollution include but are not limited to the

following:
• Oil and Chemical spillage, boat maintenance/washing, fueling
of bouts and barges, Industrial Effluents containing heavy
metals, sewage and discharges from sewage treatment plants,
acid rain etc.
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

• Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day,

mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated
sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million
Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian
children die of diarrhea sickness every day. Nearly 500 million
Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. Other effects are
Cholera, typhoid and skin infections.
 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

• Includes the contamination of surface and

underground water bodies, destruction of aquatic life
as a result of low biochemical oxygen demand and
silting of water bodies.
 SOIL POLLUTION

• Soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic

(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the
natural soil environment.
 SOURCES AND CAUSES

• Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated

hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium– found
in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint, aviation fc2vuel,
oil spillage .In 2001 a series of press reports unveiled a widespread
practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the
contamination of the soil with various metals(ET AL). Ordinary municipal
landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil
environment (and often groundwater).
 HUMAN HEALTH

• Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through

direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants which
have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration
of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human
consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any
apparent source of above ground contamination.
 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF SOIL POLLUTION

• Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants.This

will affect other organisms in the food web.
• Reduced land usage
• Public nuisance
 OIL SPILLAGE

• An oil spill is a release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment

due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.
• The Department of Petroleum Resources estimated 1.89 million barrels of
petroleum were spilled into the Niger Delta between 1976 and 1996 out of a total
of 2.4 million barrels[2] spilled in 4,835 incidents (Approximately 220 thousand
cubic meters). A UNDP report states that there have been a total of 6,817 oil spills
between 1976 and 2001, which account for a loss of three million barrels of oil, of
which more than 70% was not recovered.[4] Most of these spills occurred off-shore
(69%), a quarter was in swamps and 6% spilled on land. In the early 2000's, it
seemed more spills were due to sabotage than by accidents.
 .

• The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation places the quantity of petroleum

jettisoned into the environment yearly at 2,300 cubic meters with an average of
300 individual spills annually. However, because this amount does not take into
account "minor" spills, the World Bank argues that the true quantity of petroleum
spilled into the environment could be as much as ten times the officially claimed
amount.The largest individual spills include the blowout of aTexaco offshore
station which in 1980 dumped an estimated 400,000 barrels (64,000 m3) of crude
oil into the Gulf of Guinea and Royal Dutch Shell's Forcados Terminal tank failure
which produced a spillage estimated at 580,000 barrels (92,000 m3).[7] In 2010
Baird reported that between 9 million and 13 million barrels have been spilled in
the Niger Delta since 1958.[8] One source even calculates that the total amount of
petroleum in barrels spilled between 1960 and 1997 is upwards of 100 million
barrels (16,000,000 m3).
 SOURCES OF OIL SPILLS

• Sources of oil spillage could include; Equipment

failures, human error, corrosion, sabotage, theft,
drilling operation emergency operation,
construction, and natural events like the earth quake
etc.
 EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLAGE

• Community unrest, death of aquatic life, death

of birds, stunted growth in vegetation,
disruption of recreational activity and fire
outbreak
 STRATEGIES FOR OIL SPILL PREVENTION

• Use of trained personnel.

• Use of equipment designed to specification.
• Regular inspection/maintain of equipment/materials.
• Surveillance of facilities.
• Facilities upgrading.
• Adoption of corrosion control.
• Improved community relations (CLO).
 OIL SPILL CONTROL METHODS

• Isolate/stop the source of pollution

• Containment e.g. boom, absorbent, skimmer
• Recovery e.g. barges, dispersants.
• Storage/transport
• Clean up (mechanical)
• Mop up (physical)
• Disposal
• Rehabilitation
• Certification (appropriation departments, DPR, Contractor,
Community).
 POLLUTION CONTROL

• Pollution control is a term used in environmental

management. It means the control of emissions and
effluents into air, water or soil.
• Without pollution control, the waste products from
consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation and other human activities, whether they
accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment.
 POLLUTION CONTROL

• In the hierarchy of controls, pollution

prevention and waste minimization are more
desirable than pollution control.This brings us
to the next topic titled waste management.
 WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling

or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.The term “waste”
usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is
generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment
or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover
resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid,
gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of
expertise for each.
 FORMS OFWASTE

• Gaseous waste: examples of these are; gas flaring,

particulate dust, waste gases from stack, cement factories,
stone crushing excavation activities, etc
• Liquid waste: this comprises generally of water pollutants
e.g. industrial effluents, sewages etc.
• Solid waste: soil pollutants including broken bricks, broken
bottles, cans, plastics banana peels etc.
 WASTE CLASSIFICATION

• There are basically three classes of waste namely;

• Domestic or municipal waste: e.g. kitchen, garden,

office, water from toilet and laundry waste.

• Industrial waste: examples are scrap metals, plastics,

organic acids, chemical waste, effluents or gaseous
emission etc
 HAZARDOUS WASTE

• Hazardous waste: these are wastes that are potential

hazard to human health and the environment.They are
usually corrosive, ignitable, highly reactive, and toxic and
therefore should receive further treatment before disposal.
• The law requires that they be highly monitored from cradle
to grave”. Examples of these waste are radioactive waste,
heavy metals incorporated in industrial effluents, hospital
waste etc.
 PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (5 STEPS)

• Waste Inventorisation:

This involves cataloging of all waste types, quantities and

sources.

Gives a quick insight on the magnitude of the waste

problem at hand.
 PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (5 STEPS)

• Waste Characterization: Checking physio-chemical and

toxicological properties.
• Waste segregation: selective separation of waste which make
for optimization of recovery of waste streams.
• Waste minimization: involves waste reduction, reuse, recycle,
and recovery.
• Waste treatment: this involves physical/chemical/biological
treatment of waste.
 WHY CLASSIFY WASTE

• To identify waste harnessing hazardous potential

• Management of hazardous waste
• Waste segregation
• Regulatory requirements.
 WASTE SEGREGATION AT SOURCE

• Waste segregation at source

• General waste
• Food/garden waste black bin
green container
• Glass waste blue container
• Paper waste black plastic bag
• Technology materials white container
• Hazardous waste red containers
• Plastic waste brown container
• Metal waste black metal container
• Batteries grey container
 WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS

• LAND FILL
• Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this
remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often
established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow
pits. But poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a
number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind- blown litter,
attraction of vermin (rodents), and generation of liquid leachate.
Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of
methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste
breaks down anaerobically.This gas can create odour problems, kill
surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.
• Landfill operation in Hawaii. A: landfill compaction vehicle in action.
 INCINERATION
• Incineration is a disposal method in which solid
organic wastes are subjected to
• combustion so as to convert them into residue
and gaseous products. This method is useful for
disposal of residue of both solid waste
management and solid residue from waste
water management. This process reduces the
volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the
original volume.
• RECYCLING
• Recycling refers to the collection and
reuse of waste materials such as empty
beverage containers. The materials from
which the items are made can be
reprocessed into new products. Material for
recycling may be collected separately from
general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from
mixed waste streams.

INCINERATION PLANT IN VIENNA.

 BIO-TREATMENT

• Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food
scraps, and paper products can be recycled using biological composting
and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter.

• The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for

agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the
process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating
electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies.The
intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and
accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.
An active compost heap
 AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION METHODS

• An important method of waste management is the prevention of

waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods
of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken
items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or
reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging
consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable
cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans, packaging, ...[3]
and designing products that use less material to achieve the same
purpose (for example, light weighting of beverage cans).
WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

There are a number of

concepts about waste
management which
vary in their usage
between countries or
regions.
Some of the most
general, widely used
concepts include Diagram of the waste hierarchy
 WASTE HIERARCHY

• Waste hierarchy -The waste hierarchy refers to the "4 Rs"

reduce, reuse, recover and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their desirability in
terms of waste minimization.The waste hierarchy remains
the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The
aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum
practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.
 SUSTAINABILITY

• The management of waste is a key component in a business'

ability to maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies
are encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies
each year. One way to do this is by improving a company’s
waste management with a new recycling service. (such as
recycling: glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic
bottles etc.)
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

• An environmental impact assessment is an assessment of the possible

positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the
environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic
aspects.The International Association for ImpactAssessment (IAIA)
defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of
identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical,
social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to
major decisions being taken and commitments made.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

• EIAs began to be used in the 1960s as part of a rational

decision making process. It involved a technical evaluation
that would lead to objective decision making. EIA was made
legislation in the US in the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) 1969. It has since evolved as it has been used
increasingly in many countries around the world.
 THE PURPOSE OF EIA:

• The purpose of EIA is to ensure the protection and

conservation of the environment and natural resources
including human health aspects against uncontrolled
development.The long-term objective is to ensure a
sustainable economic development that meets present
needs without
 WHAT EIA DOES

• Describes the operation

• Describes the environment that will be affected
• Predicts the impact on the environment
• Adoption option, techniques and controls to reduce
negative impacts and
• Monitors the operation to ensure that identified key
impacts are minimized
 GOALS OF EIA

• To reduce environmental and social costs association

with proposed action.
 EIA ACTIVITIES

• Scooping
• Impact identification
• Impact prediction
• Impact evaluation
 BENEFITS OF EIA

• Prerequisite for permit approval by government or

international agencies.
• Required by financiers for a proposed project.
• Help to avoid embarrassing environment problem, risks or
• costly time-working liabilities
• Boost proponent company’s image
• Ensure compliance to FME laws
• Repose confidence/ assurance in proponents.
 BENEFITS OF EIA

• At the end of the project, an EIA should be followed by an

audit. An EIA audit evaluates the performance of an EIA by
comparing actual impacts to those that were predicted.The
main objective of these audits is to make future EIAs more
valid and effective.The two main considerations are:
• Scientific - to check the accuracy of predictions and explain
errors.
• Management to assess the success of mitigation in reducing
impacts
 ENVIRONMENT EVALUATION REPORT

• It is a document of the significant impacts

(effects) of an existing on the physical,
biological and social environment with a view
to identifying appropriate restorative measures
and preferred options.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EIA AND EER

• An Impact Assessment (EIA) addresses the possible

environmental consequences of a proposed action
while an Evaluation Report (EER) addresses the
possible impact of a continuing action or a changing
practice. One can contain the other.
 POST IMPACT AREA

• It comprises of Drills waste pits, Flares sites,

Dredged slots, Fuel storage facilities
(locations), Borrows pits, Oil spill sites,
Dumpsites, Sewage disposal sites,Terminals
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

• What is an EMP?
• An EMP is a document created by companies to provide a
framework for dealing with the pollution risks associated with
their site and activities. In many cases, it simply formalizes
practices already undertaken on site.

• Once a company has an EMP, it has an advantage as far as

knowing the legal requirements and managing pollution risks
according to best practice. EMPs can also help companies
increase efficiencies and reduce costs.
 WHO NEEDS AN EMP?

• An EMP will generally be required for sites that

undertake moderate or high risk industrial or
trade processes.
 A DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT ON SITE

• Pollution risk identification

• Pollution risk management (structural and procedural
controls)
• Roles and responsibilities
• Staff training and awareness
• Emergency preparedness and response
• Inspections and maintenance
• Improvement and review.
 KEY FEATURES AND
CONTENT OF A HEALTH
AND SAFETY POLICY
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

ILO-OSH 2001 identifies that the employer, in consultation with the

workforce and their representatives, should set out in writing a health and
safety policy:
▪ Specific to the organization and appropriate to its size and activities
▪ Concise, clearly written, dated and made effective by
the signature of the most senior accountable person
▪ Communicated and readily accessible to all persons at their place of
work
▪ Reviewed for continuing suitability
▪ Made available to relevant external interested parties.
213
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

The ILO further recommends:

▪ Protecting the safety and health of all members of the organization

by preventing work-related injuries, ill health, disease and incidents
▪ Complying with relevant occupational health and safety national laws
and regulations, voluntary programmes, etc.
▪ Ensuring that workers and their representatives are consulted and
encouraged to participate actively in all areas of occupational health
and safety management
Continual improvement in the performance.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

The statement of intent should set out in clear and simple

language the commitment of the organization to meeting its
obligations for managing the health and safety risks arising from
its normal operations.

This should include:

▪ A commitment to the effective management of health and
safety risks arising from the normal operations of the
organization
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

▪ The aims and objectives should be set and agreed by the

health and safety committee, following consultation with
safety representatives

▪ It should be signed by the most senior accountable

person to signal senior management commitment to
effectively managing health and safety.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

What
What Who
Who How
How

Statement of
Organization Arrangements
intent

What the Who has The measures in

organization general and place to manage
is aiming to specific roles general and
achieve in & functions specific aspects
relation in relation to of the
managing managing organization’s
health health and health and
and safety safety safety
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

The policy should include the following:

▪ The name or job title of the senior accountable
person in the organization who is responsible for
health and safety
▪ The name of the Health and Safety Adviser, any
safety representatives and others who have specific
roles and responsibilities for health and safety
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

▪ The commitment to employee consultation e.g. using a safety

committee, recognition of safety representatives

▪ Identify the relevant health and safety welfare and environmental issues
relating to the organization’s activities

▪ A commitment to risk assessment, emergency procedures, health

surveillance and employment of competence persons

▪ Duties towards non-employees, e.g. contractors, visitors, members of the

public
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

▪ Reference to specific policies of the organization e.g.

smoking, violence to staff etc.
▪ Duties of employees
▪ Specific performance targets for the immediate and long- term
future
▪ The aims and objectives should be set and agreed by the
health and safety committee, following consultation with
safety representatives.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

Common health and safety performance targets:

▪ A specific reduction in the number of accidents, incidents and cases of
work-related illness
▪ A reduction in the level of sickness absence
▪ A specific increase in the number of minor accidents and near miss
incidents
▪ A reduction in the number of civil claims
▪ No enforcement notices from the relevant ‘Enforcement Agency’
▪ A specific improvement in health and safety audit scores
▪ Achievement of a nationally recognised health and safety
management system (e.g. OHSAS 18001).
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

The organization section of the policy should define the names and
duties of the people within the organization who are responsible for the
development and communication to the workplace of the health and safety
policy.

Two key personnel to be identified are:

▪ the most senior accountable person for managing occupational
health and safety and
▪ the Health & Safety Competent Person.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

213
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

This section of the policy will outline the arrangements

in place within the organization for meeting any
specific hazards, legal requirements, etc.

This will include health and safety rules and procedures

and the provision of facilities, such as a first aid room and
wash rooms.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

For evaluating and managing risks arising from

workplaces, hazardous substances, activities, fire, etc.
▪ Health and safety inspection and audit procedures
▪ Accident and illness reporting and investigation
procedure, emergency procedures, first aid
▪ Employee health and safety responsibilities
▪ Control of hazardous substances, manual handling, noise,
vibration. Etc.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

▪ Electricity and electrical equipment

(maintenance and testing)
▪ Machinery safety (including safe systems of work),
lifting
and pressure equipment permits to work procedures
▪ Procedures for contractors and visitors
▪ Catering and food hygiene procedures
▪ Terms of reference and constitutionof the safety
committee (where appropriate).
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

Specific arrangements
▪ Accident investigation and reporting
▪ Health and safety training and information
▪ Health and safety monitoring and audit
▪ Health surveillance
▪ Monitoring of plant and equipment and its maintenance
▪ Liaison with external agencies.
 KEY FEATURES AND CONTENT
ILO Statement of Group
Organization Arrangements Review
recommendations intent discussion

The best control systems will deteriorate over

time, or become obsolete as a result of change,
new processes, etc.

Therefore it makes sense to periodically review the

policy to ensure it remains effective, measure
the aims and objectives and update the
organizational and arrangement sections as
necessary.
THANKYOU FOR LISTENING

THE END