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Kuldip S. Rattan + Nathan W. Klingbeil

Introductory
Mathematics for
Engineering Applications
 Preface

This book is intended to provide first-year engineering students with a comprehen-

sive introduction to the application of mathematics in engineering. This includes
math topics ranging from precalculus and trigonometry through calculus and dif-
ferential equations, with all topics set in the context of an engineering applica-
tion. Specific math topics include linear and quadratic equations, trigonometry, 2-D
vectors, complex numbers, sinusoids and harmonic signals, systems of equations and
matrices, derivatives, integrals, and differential equations. However, these topics are
covered only to the extent that they are actually used in core first- and second-year
engineering courses, including physics, statics, dynamics, strength of materials, and
electric circuits, with occasional applications from upper-division courses. Additional
motivation is provided by a wide range of worked examples and homework problems
representing a variety of popular engineering disciplines.
While this book provides a comprehensive introduction to both the math
topics and their engineering applications, it provides comprehensive coverage of
neither. As such, it is not intended to be a replacement for any traditional math
or engineering textbook. It is more like an advertisement or movie trailer. Indeed,
everything covered in this book will be covered again in either an engineering or
mathematics classroom. This gives the instructor an enormous amount of freedom
− the freedom to integrate math and physics by immersion. The freedom to lever-
age student intuition, and to introduce new physical contexts for math without the
constraint of prerequisite knowledge. The freedom to let the physics help explain
the math and the math to help explain the physics. The freedom to teach math to
engineers the way it really ought to be taught − within a context, and for a reason.
Ideally, this book would serve as the primary text for a first-year engineering
mathematics course, which would replace traditional math prerequisite requirements
for core sophomore-level engineering courses. This would allow students to advance
through the first two years of their chosen degree programs without first complet-
ing the required calculus sequence. Such is the approach adopted by Wright State
University and a growing number of institutions across the country, which are now
enjoying significant increases not only in engineering student retention but also in
engineering student performance in their first required calculus course.
Alternatively, this book would make an ideal reference for any freshman
engineering program. Its organization is highly compartmentalized, which allows
instructors to pick and choose which math topics and engineering applications to
cover. Thus, any institution wishing to increase engineering student preparation and

vi
 Preface vii

motivation for the required calculus sequence could easily integrate selected topics
into an existing freshman engineering course without having to find room in the
curriculum for additional credit hours. Finally, this book would provide an outstand-
ing resource for nontraditional students returning to school from the workplace, for
students who are undecided or are considering a switch to engineering from another
major, for math and science teachers or education majors seeking physical contexts
for their students, or for upper-level high school students who are thinking about
studying engineering in college. For all of these students, this book represents a one-
stop shop for how math is really used in engineering.
 Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank all those who have contributed to the development
of this text. This includes their outstanding staff of TA’s, who have not only pro-
vided numerous suggestions and revisions, but also played a critical role in the success
of the first-year engineering math program at Wright State University. The authors
would also like to thank their many colleagues and collaborators who have joined in
their nationwide quest to change the way math is taught to engineers. Special thanks
goes to Jennifer Serres, Werner Klingbeil and Scott Molitor, who have contributed
a variety of worked examples and homework problems from their own engineering
disciplines. Thanks also to Josh Deaton, who has provided detailed solutions to all
end-of-chapter problems. Finally, the authors would like to thank their wives and
families, whose unending patience and support have made this effort possible.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Founda-
tion under Grant Numbers EEC-0343214, DUE-0618571, DUE-0622466 and DUE-
0817332. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
National Science Foundation.

viii
 Straight Lines in CHAPTER
1
Engineering

In this chapter, the applications of straight lines in engineering are introduced. It is

assumed that the students are already familiar with this topic from their high school
algebra course. This chapter will show, with examples, why this topic is so impor-
tant for engineers. For example, the velocity of a vehicle while braking, the voltage-
current relationship in a resistive circuit, and the relationship between force and
displacement in a preloaded spring can all be represented by straight lines. In this
chapter, the equations of these lines will be obtained using both the slope-intercept
and the point-slope forms.

1.1 VEHICLE DURING BRAKING

The velocity of a vehicle during braking is measured at two distinct points in time, as
indicated in Fig. 1.1.

t, s v(t), m/s
1.5 9.75
2.5 5.85

Figure 1.1 A vehicle while braking.

The velocity satisfies the equation

v(t) = at + vo (1.1)
where vo is the initial velocity in m/s and a is the acceleration in m/s2 .
(a) Find the equation of the line v(t) and determine both the initial velocity vo and
the acceleration a.
(b) Sketch the graph of the line v(t) and clearly label the initial velocity, the acceler-
ation, and the total stopping time on the graph.
The equation of the velocity given by equation (1.1) is in the slope-intercept form
y = mx + b, where y = v(t), m = a, x = t, and b = vo . The slope m is given by
𝚫y y2 − y1
m= = .
𝚫x x2 − x1

1
2 Chapter 1 Straight Lines in Engineering

Therefore, the slope m = a can be calculated using the data in Fig. 1.1 as
v2 − v1 5.85 − 9.75
a= = = −3.9 m/s2 .
t2 − t1 2.5 − 1.5
The velocity of the vehicle can now be written in the slope-intercept form as
v(t) = −3.9 t + vo .
The y-intercept b = vo can be determined using either one of the data points. Using
the data point (t, v) = (1.5, 9.75) gives
9.75 = −3.9 (1.5) + vo .
Solving for vo gives
vo = 15.6 m/s.
The y-intercept b = vo can also be determined using the other data point (t, v) =
(2.5, 5.85), yielding
5.85 = −3.9 (2.5) + vo .
Solving for vo gives
vo = 15.6 m/s.
The velocity of the vehicle can now be written as
v(t) = −3.9 t + 15.6 m/s.
The total stopping time (time required to reach v(t) = 0) can be found by equating
v(t) = 0, which gives
0 = −3.9 t + 15.6.
Solving for t, the stopping time is found to be t = 4.0 s. Figure 1.2 shows the velocity of
the vehicle after braking. Note that the stopping time t = 4.0 s and the initial velocity

Velocity, m/s

15.6 Initial velocity, v0

(y -intercept)

1
a 3.90 m/s2

Stopping time
(x -intercept)

0
t, s
0 4.0

Figure 1.2 Velocity of the vehicle after braking.

 1.2 Voltage-Current Relationship in a Resistive Circuit 3

vo = 15.6 m/s are the x- and y-intercepts of the line, respectively. Also, note that the
slope of the line m = −3.90 m/s2 is the acceleration of the vehicle during braking.

1.2 VOLTAGE-CURRENT RELATIONSHIP

IN A RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
For the resistive circuit shown in Fig. 1.3, the relationship between the applied voltage
Vs and the current I flowing through the circuit can be obtained using Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL) and Ohm’s law. For a closed-loop in an electric circuit, KVL states
that the sum of the voltage rises is equal to the sum of the voltage drops, i.e.,
∑ ∑
Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ⇒ Voltage rise = Voltage drop.

I
R VR
Vs , V I, A
VS
10.0 0.1
V 20.0 1.1

Figure 1.3 Voltage and current in a resistive circuit.

Applying KVL to the circuit of Fig. 1.3 gives

Vs = VR + V. (1.2)
Ohm’s law states that the voltage drop across a resistor VR in volts (V) is equal to the
current I in amperes (A) flowing through the resistor multiplied by the resistance R
in ohms (Ω), i.e.,
VR = I R. (1.3)
Substituting equation (1.3) into equation (1.2) gives a linear relationship between the
applied voltage Vs and the current I as
Vs = I R + V. (1.4)
The objective is to find the value of R and V when the current flowing through the
circuit is known for two different voltage values given in Fig. 1.3.
The voltage-current relationship given by equation (1.4) is the equation of a
straight line in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b, where y = Vs , x = I, m = R, and
b = V. The slope m is given by
Δ y Δ Vs
m=R= = .
Δx ΔI
Using the data in Fig. 1.3, the slope R can be found as
20 − 10
R= = 10 Ω.
1.1 − 0.1
4 Chapter 1 Straight Lines in Engineering

Therefore, the source voltage can be written in slope-intercept form as

Vs = 10 I + b.
The y-intercept b = V can be determined using either one of the data points. Using
the data point (Vs , I) = (10, 0.1) gives
10 = 10 (0.1) + V.
Solving for V gives
V = 9 V.
The y-intercept V can also be found by finding the equation of the straight line using
the point-slope form of the straight line (y − y1 ) = m(x − x1 ) as
Vs − 10 = 10(I − 0.1) ⇒ Vs = 10 I − 1.0 + 10.
Therefore, the voltage-current relationship is given by
Vs = 10 I + 9. (1.5)
Comparing equations (1.4) and (1.5), the values of R and V are given by
R = 10 Ω, V = 9 V.
Figure 1.4 shows the graph of the source voltage Vs versus the current I. Note that
the slope of the line m = 10 is the resistance R in Ω and the y-intercept b = 9 is the
voltage V in volts.
The values of R and V can also be determined by switching the interpretation
of x and y (the independent and dependent variables). From the voltage-current
relationship Vs = I R + V, the current I can be written as a function of Vs as
1 V
I= Vs − . (1.6)
R R
This is an equation of a straight line y = m x + b, where x is the applied voltage Vs ,
y is the current I, m = R1 is the slope, and b = − V
R
is the y-intercept. The slope and

VS , V

20

10 R
1

10
V 9V

0 I, A
0 0.1 1.1

Figure 1.4 Voltage-current relationship for the data given in Fig. 1.3.
 1.2 Voltage-Current Relationship in a Resistive Circuit 5

y-intercept can be found from the data given in Fig. 1.3 using the slope-intercept
method as
Δy ΔI
m= = .
Δ x Δ Vs
Using the data in Fig. 1.3, the slope m can be found as
1.1 − 0.1
m= = 0.1.
20 − 10
Therefore, the current I can be written in slope-intercept form as
I = 0.1 Vs + b.
The y-intercept b can be determined using either one of the data points. Using the
data point (Vs , I) = (10, 0.1) gives
0.1 = 0.1 (10) + b.
Solving for b gives
b = −0.9.
Therefore, the equation of the straight line can be written in the slope-intercept form
as
I = 0.1 Vs − 0.9. (1.7)
Comparing equations (1.6) and (1.7) gives
1
= 0.1 ⇒ R = 10 Ω
R
and
V
− = −0.9 ⇒ V = 0.9 (10) = 9 V.
R
Figure 1.5 is the graph of the straight line I = 0.1Vs − 0.9. Note that the y-intercept
V 1
is − = − 0.9 A and the slope is = 0.1.
R R
I, A

1.1

0.1

0.1 1
0 VS ,V
0 10 20

y-intercept

0.9

Figure 1.5 Straight line with I as independent variable for the data given in Fig. 1.3.
6 Chapter 1 Straight Lines in Engineering

1.3 FORCE-DISPLACEMENT IN A PRELOADED

TENSION SPRING
The force-displacement relationship for a spring with a preload fo is given by

f = k y + fo , (1.8)

where f is the force in Newtons (N), y is the displacement in meters (m), and k is the
spring constant in N/m.

y f, N y, m
f 1 0.1
k 5 0.9

Figure 1.6 Force-displacement in a preloaded spring.

The objective is to find the spring constant k and the preload fo , if the values of the
force and displacement are as given in Fig. 1.6.

Method 1 Treating the displacement y as an independent variable, the force-

displacement relationship f = k y + fo is the equation of a straight line y = mx + b,
where the independent variable x is the displacement y, the dependent variable y is
the force f , the slope m is the spring constant k, and the y-intercept is the preload fo .
The slope m can be calculated using the data given in Fig. 1.6 as
5−1 4
m= = = 5.
0.9 − 0.1 0.8
The equation of the force-displacement equation in the slope-intercept form can
therefore be written as

f = 5y + b.

The y-intercept b can be found using one of the data points. Using the data point
(f , y) = (5, 0.9) gives

5 = 5 (0.9) + b.

Solving for b gives

b = 0.5 N.

Therefore, the equation of the straight line can be written in slope-intercept form as

f = 5y + 0.5. (1.9)

Comparing equations (1.8) and (1.9) gives

k = 5N∕m, fo = 0.5N.
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 1.3 Force-Displacement in a Preloaded Tension Spring 7

Method 2 Now treating the force f as an independent variable, the force-

1 f
displacement relationship f = ky + fo can be written as y = f − o . This relation-
k k
ship is the equation of a straight line y = mx + b, where the independent variable
x is the force f , the dependent variable y is the displacement y, the slope m is the
1
reciprocal of the spring constant , and the y-intercept is the negated preload
k
f
divided by the spring constant − o . The slope m can be calculated using the data
k
given in Fig. 1.6 as

0.9 − 0.1 0.8

m= = = 0.2.
5−1 4

The equation of the displacement y as a function of force f can therefore be written

in slope-intercept form as

y = 0.2f + b.

The y-intercept b can be found using one of the data points. Using the data point
(y, f ) = (0.9, 5) gives

0.9 = 0.2 (5) + b.

Solving for b gives

b = −0.1.

Therefore, the equation of the straight line can be written in the slope-intercept form
as

y = 0.2f − 0.1. (1.10)

1 f
Comparing equation (1.10) with the expression y = f − o gives
k k

1
= 0.2 ⇒ k = 5 N/m
k

and
fo
− = −0.1 ⇒ fo = 0.1 (5) = 0.5 N.
k
Therefore, the force-displacement relationship for a preloaded spring given in
Fig. 1.6 is given by

f = 5y + 0.5.
8 Chapter 1 Straight Lines in Engineering

1.4 FURTHER EXAMPLES OF LINES IN ENGINEERING

Example The velocity of a vehicle follows the trajectory shown in Fig. 1.7. The vehicle starts
1-1 at rest (zero velocity) and reaches a maximum velocity of 10 m/s in 2 s. It then
cruises at a constant velocity of 10 m/s for 2 s before coming to rest at 6 s. Write the
equation of the function v(t); in other words, write the expression of v(t) for times
between 0 and 2 s, between 2 and 4 s, between 4 and 6 s, and greater than 6 s.

v(t), m/s

10

t, s
0 2 4 6

Figure 1.7 Velocity profile of a vehicle.

Solution The velocity profile of the vehicle shown in Fig. 1.7 is a piecewise linear function
with three different equations. The first linear function is a straight line passing
through the origin starting at time 0 sec and ending at time equal to 2 s. The second
linear function is a straight line with zero slope (cruise velocity of 10 m/s) starting
at 2 s and ending at 4 s. Finally, the third piece of the trajectory is a straight line
starting at 4 s and ending at 6 s. The equation of the piecewise linear function can
be written as
(a) 0 ≤ t ≤ 2:

v(t) = mt + b
10 − 0
where b = 0 and m = = 5. Therefore,
2−0
v(t) = 5t m/s.
(b) 2 ≤ t ≤ 4:

v = 10 m/s.
(c) 4 ≤ t ≤ 6:

v(t) = mt + b,
0 − 10
where m = = −5 and the value of b can be calculated using the data
6−4
point (t, v(t)) = (6, 0) as

0 = −5 (6) + b ⇒ b = 0 + 30 = 30.
 1.4 Further Examples of Lines in Engineering 9

The value of b can also be calculated using the point-slope formula for the
straight line

v − v1 = m(t − t1 ),
where v1 = 0 and t1 = 6. Thus,

v − 0 = −5(t − 6).

Therefore,

v(t) = −5(t − 6).

or

v(t) = −5t + 30 m/s.

(d) t > 6:
v(t) = 0 m/s.

Example The velocity of a vehicle is given in Fig. 1.8.

1-2
(a) Determine the equation of v(t) for
(i) 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 s
(ii) 3 ≤ t ≤ 6 s
(iii) 6 ≤ t ≤ 9 s
(iv) t ≥ 9
(b) Knowing that the acceleration of the vehicle is the slope of velocity, plot the
acceleration of the vehicle.

v(t), m/s

24

12

t, s
0 3 6 9

Figure 1.8 Velocity profile of a vehicle.

10 Chapter 1 Straight Lines in Engineering

Solution (a) The velocity of the vehicle for different intervals can be calculated as
(i) 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 s:
v(t) = mt + b,
12 − 24
where m = = −4 m/s2 and b = 24 m/s. Therefore,
3−0
v(t) = −4t + 24 m/s.
(ii) 3 ≤ t ≤ 6 s:
v(t) = 12 m/s.
(iii) 6 ≤ t ≤ 9 s:
v(t) = mt + b,
0 − 12
where m = = −4 m/s2 and b can be calculated in slope-intercept
9−6
form using point (t, v(t)) = (9, 0) as
0 = −4(9) + b.
Therefore, b = 36 m/s and
v(t) = −4t + 36 m/s.
(iv) t > 9 s:
v(t) = 0 m/s.
(b) Since the acceleration of the vehicle is the slope of the velocity in each interval,
the acceleration a in m/s2 is given by
⎧−4; 0≤t≤3s
⎪
⎪ 0; 3≤t≤6s
a=⎨
⎪−4; 6≤t≤9s
⎪ 0; t>9s
⎩
The plot of the acceleration is shown in Fig. 1.9.

Acceleration, m/s2

t, s
0 3 6 9

Figure 1.9 Acceleration profile of the vehicle in Fig. 1.8.

 1.4 Further Examples of Lines in Engineering 11

Example In a bolted connector shown in Fig. 1.10, the force in the bolt Fb is related to the
1-3 external load P as
Fb = C P + Fi ,
where C is the joint constant and Fi is the preload in the bolt.
(a) Determine the joint constant C and the preload Fi given the data in Fig. 1.10.
(b) Plot the bolt force Fb as a function of the external load P, and label C and Fi
on the graph.

P (l(b) Fb (l(b)
400 500
800 600

Figure 1.10 External force applied to a bolted connection.

Solution (a) The force-load relationship Fb = CP + Fi is the equation of a straight line,

y = mx + b. The slope m is the joint constant C, which can be calculated as
ΔFb 600 − 500 100 lb
C= = = = 0.25.
ΔP 800 − 400 400 lb
Therefore,
Fb (P) = 0.25 P + Fi . (1.11)
Now, the y-intercept Fi can be calculated by substituting one of the data points
into equation (1.11). Substituting the second data point (Fb , P) = (600, 800)
gives
600 = 0.25 × 800 + Fi .
Solving for Fi yields
Fi = 600 − 200 = 400 lb.
Therefore, Fb = 0.25 P + 400 is the equation of the straight line, where
C = 0.25 and Fi = 400 lb. Note that the joint constant C is dimensionless!
(b) The plot of the force Fb in the bolt as a function of the external load P is shown
in Fig. 1.11.
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 WILSON COULD LAUGH AT A JOKE
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Some of the most glowing and deserved tributes ever paid to the
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How was I to know but what the audience would rise up in mass and
resent it? I had never heard, and I don’t think any one else had ever
heard of a President being joked personally in a Public Theatre
about the Policies of his administration.
The nearer the time come the worse scared I got, George Cohan,
and Willie Collier, and others, knowing how I felt, would pat me on
the back and tell me, “Why he is just a Human Being; go on out and
do your stuff”. Well if somebody had come through the dressing
room and hollered “Train for Claremore Oklahoma leaving at once”, I
would have been on it. This may sound strange but any who have
had the experience know, that a Presidential appearance in a
Theatre, especially outside Washington, D. C. is a very Rare and
unique feeling even to the Audience. They are keyed up almost as
much as the Actors.
At the time of his entrance into the House, everybody stood up, and
there were Plain Clothes men all over the place, back stage and
behind his Box. How was I to know but what one of them might not
take a shot at me if I said anything about him personally?
Finally a Warden knocked at my dressing room door and said, “You
die in 5 more minutes for kidding your Country”. They just literally
shoved me out on the Stage.
Now, by a stroke of what I call good fortune, (for I will keep them
always) I have a copy of the entire Acts that I did for President
Wilson on the Five times I worked for him. My first remark in
Baltimore was, “I am kinder nervous here tonight.” Now that is not an
especially bright remark, and I don’t hope to go down in History on
the strength of it, but it was so apparent to the audience that I was
speaking the truth that they laughed heartily at it. After all, we all love
honesty.
Then I said, “I shouldn’t be nervous, for this is really my second
Presidential appearance. The first time was when Bryan spoke in our
town once, and I was to follow his speech and do my little Roping
Act.” Well, I heard them laughing, so I took a sly glance at the
President’s Box and sure enough he was laughing just as big as any
one. So I went on, “As I say, I was to follow him, but he spoke so
long that it was so dark when he finished, they couldn’t see my
Roping.” That went over great, so I said “I wonder what ever become
of him.” That was all right, it got over, but still I had made no direct
reference to the President.
Now Pershing was in Mexico at the time, and there was a lot in the
Papers for and against the invasion. I said “I see where they have
captured Villa. Yes, they got him in the morning Editions and the
Afternoon ones let him get away.” Now everybody in the house
before they would laugh looked at the President, to see how he was
going to take it. Well, he started laughing and they all followed suit.
“Villa raided Columbus New Mexico. We had a man on guard that
night at the Post. But to show you how crooked this Villa is, he
sneaked up on the opposite side.” “We chased him over the line 5
miles, but run into a lot of Government Red Tape and had to come
back.” “There is some talk of getting a Machine Gun if we can borrow
one. The one we have now they are using to train our Army with in
Plattsburg. If we go to war we will just about have to go to the trouble
of getting another Gun.”
Now, mind you, he was being criticized on all sides for lack of
preparedness, yet he sat there and led that entire audience in
laughing at the ones on himself.
At that time there was talk of forming an Army of 2 hundred thousand
men, so I said, “we are going to have an Army of 2 hundred
thousand men. Mr. Ford makes 3 hundred thousand Cars every
year. I think, Mr. President, we ought to at least have a Man to every
Car.” “See where they got Villa hemmed in between the Atlantic and
Pacific. Now all we got to do is to stop up both ends.” “Pershing
located him at a Town called, Los Quas Ka Jasbo. Now all we have
to do is to locate Los Quas Ka Jasbo.” “I see by a headline that Villa
escapes Net and Flees. We will never catch him then. Any Mexican
that can escape Fleas is beyond catching.” “But we are doing better
toward preparedness now, as one of my Senators from Oklahoma
has sent home a double portion of Garden Seed.”
After various other ones on Mexico I started in on European affairs
which at that time was long before we entered the war. “We are
facing another Crisis tonight, but our President here has had so
many of them lately that he can just lay right down and sleep beside
one of those things.”
Then I first pulled the one which I am proud to say he afterwards
repeated to various friends as the best one told on him during the
War. I said, “President Wilson is getting along fine now to what he
was a few months ago. Do you realize, People, that at one time in
our negotiations with Germany that he was 5 Notes behind?”
How he did laugh at that! Well, due to him being a good fellow and
setting a real example, I had the proudest and most successful night
I ever had on the stage. I had lots of Gags on other subjects but the
ones on him were the heartiest laughs with him, and so it was on all
the other occasions I played for him. He come back Stage at
intermission and chatted and shook hands with all.
Some time I would like to tell of things he laughed at during the most
serious stages of the Great War. Just think there were hundreds of
millions of Human Beings interested directly in that terrible War, and
yet out of all of them he stands, 5 years after it’s over, as the
greatest man connected with it. What he stood for and died for, will
be strived after for years.
But it will take time for with all our advancement and boasted
Civilization, it’s hard to stamp out selfishness and Greed. For after
all, Nations are nothing but Individuals, and you can’t stop even
Brothers from fighting sometimes. But he helped it along a lot. And
what a wonderful cause to have laid down your life for! The World
lost a Friend. The Theatre lost its greatest supporter. And I lost the
most distinguished Person who ever laughed at my little nonsensical
jokes. I looked forward to it every year. Now I have only to look back
on it as my greatest memory.
A JOB WITH THE JAMES FAMILY

I COULD JUST SORTER NONCHALANTLY STEP ON THE

BRIDE’S TRAIN.
 A JOB WITH THE JAMES FAMILY
Mr. Warren Gamaliel Harding.
President of these United States and
Viceroy of the District of Columbia.
Chevy Chase Golf Club, Washington, D. C.

My dear Mr. President,

I see where Mr. Harvey (I mean Col. or, rather, Ambassador) Harvey
is coming back here again. Now I don’t know if it’s a slumming trip or
just what it is, as he was here a few days ago. Maybe he forgot
something in one of his Speeches and is coming back for an Encore.
But in a later Paper I see where he is talking of resigning and not
going back. Now, if that is the case, I hereby make this an open letter
to you, Mr. President, as an application to take said Mr. Harvey (I
mean Editor) Harvey’s place.
I can tell by observation that it does not come under the Civil Service
or competitive examination. Neither, on the other hand, is it a purely
Political appointment, as Mr. Harvey adapted his Politics to fit the
occasion. Now that would not be even necessary in my case as I
have no Politics. I am for the Party that is out of Power, no matter
which one it is. But I will give you my word that, in case of my
appointment, I will not be a Republican; I will do my best to pull with
you, and not embarrass you. In fact, my views on European affairs
are so in accord with You, Mr. President, that I might almost be
suspected of being a Democrat.
Now I want to enumerate a few of my qualifications for the position of
Ambassador to the Court of James (I don’t know whether it’s St. or
Jesse). But, anyway, it’s some of the James Family.
My principal qualification would be my experience in Speechmaking.
That, as statistics have proven, is 90 percent of the duties of a
Diplomat. Now I can’t make as many speeches as my predecessor,
unless, of course, I trained for it. But I would figure on making up in
quality any shortcomings I might have in endurance. For you know,
Mr. President, there is no Race or People in the world who
appreciate quality as the English do.
Now, the way I figure it out, what one has to do is to make his
speeches so that they will sound one way to the English, and the
direct opposite to the Hearst readers back over here. Now George (I
don’t mean King; I mean Col.) was rather unfortunate in that respect;
he made them so they would sound two ways, but both Nations took
the wrong way.
Now, for instance, if I wanted Mr. Balfour to take something back, I
would just kid him into it; make him believe I didn’t care whether he
took it back or not. You know how it is, just like the Democrat
Senators do with Lodge.
Another qualification that must not by any means be underestimated
is my Moving Picture experience. You see, for an official position
nowadays, we must pay more attention to how our public men
screen if we are to have to look at them every day in the news films.
We must not only get men with screen personality, but we must get
men who know Camera angles and know when they are getting the
worst of it in a picture and not be caught in the background during
the taking of some big event.
Europeans are far ahead of us in this line of Diplomacy, and, if you
don’t watch them, you are liable to be found photographed with the
Mob instead of the Principals. The thing is to do some little thing
during the taking of the picture that will draw the audience’s attention
to you. For instance, during some Court ceremony, I could just
playfully kick the King. Now you don’t know how a little thing like that
would get over with the public. Or, at one of the big weddings in the
Abbey, I could just sorter nonchalantly step on the bride’s train, as
they passed by, perhaps ripping it off, or any little Diplomatic move
like that. You don’t realize how just little bits like that would make our
Ambassador stand out over all the other Countries.
We have had an example of screen training right here at home. Take
Josephus Daniels when he was working. We spent 4 years sitting in
Picture Houses watching him launch Ships, and at every launching
he could place himself at such an angle that you not only could not
see the Democratic Governor’s Daughter who was to break the
Ginger Ale, but you couldn’t even see the Ship. Now that was not
accidental; that was Art.
And did you ever notice in the weekly News pictures how some
Senators can take a chew of Tobacco right in the scene and you
catch yourself watching them and no one else? Now those are just a
few of the little things that we have to look after if we want to hold our
own as the greatest Credit Nation north of Mexico.
Now, another thing, I ride horseback, so the Prince of Wales and I
could ride together and, on account of my experience with the rope, I
could catch his horse for him.
Then I play a little Polo, just enough to get hit in the mouth, but the
English would enjoy that. When they heard the American
Ambassador had got hit in the mouth and would have to cancel his
speech at the Pilgrims Club, why, that would of course be good news
to everybody. You see you have to give as well as receive in the
Diplomatic Circles.
Now, to offset the above mentioned qualifications, I may lack a few
Social ones, but what I lacked in knowledge I could make up in tact. I
would not at any dinner pick up a single weapon until I saw what the
Hostess was going to operate with first. When in doubt, tell a funny
story till you see what the other fellow is going to do.
Then, of course, any glaring error on my part would be laid onto the
customs of my Country and not on me personally.
Then I have an economy measure to recommend me. The
Government is putting into commission the Leviathan, our biggest
Ship, and I could, by entertaining on the Boat going over, save
passage fee. I could arrange a Monologue on, “The Benefits and
Accomplishments of Prohibition,” and, as we passed the three mile
limit, I could start in delivering it and perhaps relieve, or rather add
to, the dryness of the trip. We would have to explain this to the
Farmers of the country so they would not think the ship was getting
this feature for nothing. It could not be considered as Ship Subsidy.
Now the feature that I feel rather modest about referring to, but
which is really my principal asset, is my being able to wear Silk Knee
Breeches—not only wear them, but what I mean, look like something
in them.
It seems that the Lord instead of distributing my very few good points
around as he does on most homely men, why, he just placed all of
mine from the knee down. Now that this thing has come over there, it
almost seems like I was inspired for the part. Say, I can put on those
silk Rompers and clean up. Now I don’t like to grab off a Guy’s job by
knocking him, but you know we haven’t had a decent looking leg
over there in years. Now Harvey’s! Oh, but what’s the use of
arguing? You know you can’t stay in the Follies 7 years on nothing.
Well, it wasn’t my good looks. So what was it but my Shape?
That brings us down to Golf. Now I will have to admit that my political
education has been sadly neglected as I have never walked over
many green pastures. Horses are too cheap for a man to spend half
his life walking over the country looking for holes in the ground. But
as I understand this lack of Golf will not handicap me in England as it
would over here, as Mr. Volstead has not percolated into that land
and the game is still fought out at the 19th hole. And, if I do say it
myself, I do talk a corking Game of Golf. Then another thing, in
looking over the results of the last two International Golf
Tournaments I don’t think they play the game there at all.
Now, Mr. President, if this suggestion receives the consideration that
I think it deserves, I should like to get the appointment at once, as I
want to get over there before all the king’s Children are married. If
one can’t attend a royal marriage, why, their ambassadorship has
been a failure as far as publicity is concerned for that event is the
World’s Series of England.
Now, if you can’t send me there, don’t, just because I have criticized
some of the feminine members of official life in Washington, don’t, for
the Lord’s sake, send me to Chile or Honduras or some of the
outlandish places. I will even promise to hush rather than that.
Now, as to Salary, I will do just the same as the rest of the Politicians
—accept a small salary as pin Money, AND TAKE A CHANCE ON
WHAT I CAN GET.
Awaiting an early reply, I remain
Yours faithfully,
Will Rogers.
P.S. If you don’t want me, Turkey wants me to represent them in
Washington. So where would you rather have me—in England or
Washington?
LET’S TREAT OUR PRESIDENTS LIKE
HUMAN BEINGS
LET’S TREAT OUR PRESIDENTS LIKE
HUMAN BEINGS
As I am writing this away out here in California days before you read
it, it’s Sunday and everybody’s thoughts and sympathies are with a
train rushing clear across our Country, passing sorrowfully through
little Towns with Just Folks standing bareheaded paying their
respects to Just Folks going back to Marion to stay with Just Folks.
He goes to his resting place a Martyr, a martyr to the
Boneheadedness of Reception Committees. You wouldn’t ask your
hired man to do in one week the amount of real physical work that
each Committee asked him to do on one day. Imagine three long
Speeches in one day in Seattle at different places, and Parade for
two hours in the hot Sun with his hat off most of the time, besides a
thousand other things he was asked to do.
Just suppose for instance you had a Guest coming to visit you.
Would you start in having him entertain the Neighbors the minute he
got in the House, and then keep every minute of his time occupied till
train time, and then turn him over to the next bunch? Why, no, you
wouldn’t think of such a thing. The first thing you think of when a
friend comes from a long Journey is to have him rest, but because it
is your President he don’t need any. So when the next Congress
meets they should pass a law to shoot all Reception Committees, or
teach them consideration for other People.
If Jack Dempsey had left Washington and undertaken this same
strain, when he got back Uncle Joe Cannon could have licked him.
Any of you who have slept, or tried to, on a Train at Night and got
into a Town early in the morning, you know you don’t feel like
speaking or Parading. You want to go to a Hotel and go to bed. Now
can you imagine the President’s case? Every morning at 6 A. M. to
be awakened by a Band (it wouldn’t be so bad if it was a good Band)
and you look out and there is the Town’s best Citizens in Antique
Hats, ready to show you the Fire House, the new Aqueduct, the High
School, and City Hall. The smell of the Moth Balls from the long tail
Coats of the Committee morning after morning, would give a man
some kind of disease.
Now, every man on that Committee was nearly tired out at night and
took a vacation the next day, but the President must go right on the
same thing the next day, only worse, for every Town was trying to
outdo the other. It’s not only a hardship on the People you are
entertaining but hard on everybody participating.
One Town will have a Flag composed of 5 thousand children,
assembled and standing in the Hot sun for hours, not only spoiling
their whole day but subjecting them to every known contagious
disease. The next Town to be original will get 10 thousand Children
to make up their Flag, and Make Their Parade 10 Miles as the Last
One Only Paraded 5, even if they have to exhaust their Guest to do
it.
Then, of course, he is always asked to speak out in the open. They
have 60 acre Fields and put seats around them and call ’em
Stadiums, and expect a man to talk in them. Anyone who has ever
spoken outdoors knows what outdoor speaking does to your voice.
The Town with the cheapest land and most Concrete can have the
largest Stadium.
I have always claimed that Parades should be classed as a
Nuisance and participants should be subject to a term in prison.
They stop more work, inconvenience more People, stop more traffic,
cause more accidents, entail more expense, and commit and cause I
don’t remember the other hundred misdemeanors. And what good
are they? Half of them going along you don’t know who they are, or
what they are for. Even the People in them hate ’em. The most
popular joke I had after the War in New York when the Boys were
coming back and parading every day was, “If we really wanted to
honor our Boys, why didn’t we let them sit on the reviewing stands
and make the people march those 15 miles?” They didn’t want to
parade, they wanted to go home and rest. But they wouldn’t
discharge a Soldier as long as they could find a new Street in a Town
that he hadn’t marched down, yet.
Of course, keep Circus Parades, for they really give enjoyment not
only to kids but us old ones, too. As a remedy for this parading I
would suggest that each Town set aside one Street, away out where
there is nothing to interfere and give them that as Parade Street;
then when some fellow or gang wants to try out a new Uniform or
honor somebody, why let them parade up and down there just as
long as they want to. If you think Parading is popular just see how
many would go over there to see it. Parades nowadays think they
are drawing a crowd when it’s only people trying to get across the
street to their business, not to see you Parade at all. So just set them
aside a Street—that will stop it. The minute a Parader sees that no
one is watching him he will stop and in that way you will eliminate all
Parades.
I was on the Reception Committee of the Movie Industry that was to
have met the President here in Los Angeles. Well, just as an
example of what I said about the others, they decided that it might be
showing partiality if they took him to any one Studio, so they decided
to take him to all of them. In that way they could take up his entire
time. Now, no one knew whether he wanted to go to any of them or
not; we were deciding for him. Can you imagine being a Guest of the
City of Carnegie, Pa., and the Committee showing you through all
the Steel mills in Town?
Now, President Harding was quite an admirer of the Movies so I
imagine he liked sausage, too. But Chicago didn’t rush him off to the
Packing Houses the minute he got there, to see it made.
According to his itinerary here, he was allowed 15 minutes to call on
an Aunt whom he hadn’t seen in years that lived here. That was to
be his only relaxation while here. We were waiting to see how long
Frisco’s Parade would run so we could run ours longer.
Now, as just an example of the trip, he loved Golf (and as the later
sad events have proven) it was good for him; it was the very
Recreation needed. But do you think these Committees let him do it?
No Sir, he only got out three times on the entire trip. I offered a
suggestion here when they were making the arrangements, but like
everything coming from a Comedian it was considered not practical.
I wanted to let the Reception Committee go ahead and rent the Suits
and be at the Station looking Funny just like these others he was
used to day after day, but instead of dragging him off where he didn’t
know where he was going, why just say, “Mr. President, we have
engaged a room at the Central Hotel. Here’s a Ford Car at your
disposal. Here’s a Card to any Golf Course in our Town. Now we
know you are tired, so you just make yourself at home these few
days; do just as you please, we have no plans for you at all.”
Well, my plan wasn’t adopted; it was too late. But if it had been even
partly tried in all the Towns on this trip we would have all been happy
and had him with us today. The first Town that ever does do that with
their visiting Guests and treat them as if Human, they will soon be
wondering where all their popularity comes from.
You may have read in the Papers last year that the Diplomatic
Relations were strained between President Harding and some of my
Jokes on the Administration. Now, I want to say that nothing was
farther from the truth. That was simply newspaper stuff. It was
reported that he couldn’t stand Jokes about the Administration. Why,
he had a great sense of Humor and could stand all the jokes ever
told about him or his Policies. The first time I met him Will Hays
introduced me to him in the White House and he repeated to me a
lot of jokes that I had told away before.
And I told him then: “Now Mr. Harding, I don’t want you to think I am
hard on you—all. You know I told some pretty hard ones on the
Democrats when they were in; in fact I think I told funnier ones on
the Democrats, as they were doing funnier things.” I explained to him
that it would not be fair to the Democrats to kid them while they were
down, but the minute they get their head above Water again I will
take a whack at them.
I met Will Hays just before I left New York in June and he said, “Will,
I had lunch with the President last week and he had me tell him all
your new stuff on the Administration.”
No, I don’t think I ever hurt any man’s feelings by my little gags. I
know I never wilfully did it. When I have to do that to make a living I
will quit. I may not have always said just what they would have liked
me to say but they knew it was meant in good nature.
I never go to Detroit that I don’t spend an entire day out with Henry
Ford and I don’t suppose there is a man living (barring the owners)
that have told any more jokes on him than I have.
I liked President Harding. You see I had met him, and I don’t believe
any man could meet him and talk to him and not like him. Why, I said
after first meeting him, “I thought I would be scared when they took
me in but he made me feel just like talking to some good old
prosperous Ranchman out home.” That’s why I can understand him
wanting to meet as many people personally as possible, for to meet
him meant another friend.
I only hope our Future Presidents can be gifted with his Sense of
Humor and Justice.
He was a mighty good friend to us Theatrical People; he was a good
friend to ALL kinds of People.
For he had the right dope after all. Everybody is JUST FOLKS.
HE WAS A REAL HONEST-TO-GOD-MAN.