MITOSIS

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

7 8
 PROPHASE
Identification
The given stage is prophase of mitosis.
Reasons
Initiation of condensation of chromatin material.
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus starts disappear.
 Condensation of chromatin material results in the formation of compact
mitotic chromosome.
Spindle fibres begins to appear.

Nuclear membrane

Chromatin material

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

9 10
 METAPHASE
Identification
The given stage is metaphase of mitosis.
Reasons
 Chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell.

 Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes.

The arms of the chromosomes are directed towards the opposite poles.
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are absent.
Polar region

Chromosome

Equator

Spindle fibres

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

11 12
Identification ANAPHASE
The given stage is anaphase of mitosis.
Reasons

Centromeres split and chromatids separate.

 Chromatids move to opposite poles.
The arms of the chromosomes are directed to the equator of the cell.
 Centromere of each chromosome remains directed towards the pole.

Polar region

Equator

Chromatids
Spindle fibres

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

13 14
 TELOPHASE
Identification
The given stage is telophase of mitosis.
Reasons
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.
Spindle fibres disappear.
Two daughter nuclei present in the same cell.
 Biginning of cytokinesis.
 Chromosome uncoil into chromatin fibres.

Chromatin material

Nuclear membrane

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

15 16
 PLANT ANATOMY

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

43 44
 DICOT STEM
Ground plan
Identification
Epidermis
The given material is Dicot stem Hypodermis
Identification features of dicot stem Endodermis
 Vascular bundles are conjoint. Bundle cap
 Xylem is endarch Phloem
Hence stem Pith
 Cortex is heterogenous. Cambium
Vascular bundles are limited in number.
Vascular bundles are arranged in broken ring manner. Xylem
Vascular bundles are open with cambium.
 Collenchymatous hypodermis. A portion enlarged Epidermal hair
 Sclerenchymatous bundle cap is present. Cuticle
Hence Dicot. Epidermis
Collenchyma
Chlorenchyma

Parenchyma

Endodermis
Bundle cap

Phloem
Cambium

Metaxylem
Protoxylem

Pith

45 46
 MONOCOT STEM
Ground plan
Identification Epidermis
The given material is Monocot stem Hypodermis
Identification features of monocot stem
Vascular bundles are conjoint. Vascular bundles
Xylem is endarch.
Hence stem
Ground tissue
Undifferentiated ground tissue.
Vascular bundles are numerous.
Vascular bundles are scattered.
A portion enlarged
Vascular bundles are closed without cambium.
Cuticle
Sclerenchymatous hypodermis. Epidermis
Sclerenchymatous bundle sheath is present. Sclerenchyma
Protoxylem lacuna is present.
Chlorenchyma
Hence monocot.
Ground tissue

Bundle sheath

Phloem
Metaxylem

Protoxylem
Protoxylem lacuna

47 4848
 DICOT ROOT
Identification Ground plan
The given material is Dicot root.
Root hair
Identification features of Dicot root
Cortex
Vascular bundles are radially arranged. Endodermis
Homogenous cortex.
Pericycle
 Xylem is exarch. Pith
Hence root. Phloem
Xylem
Xylem and phloem groups are limited in number.
Xylem vessels are polygonal in shape.
A portion enlarged
 Pith is reduced or absent.
Root hair
Hence Dicot
Epidermis

Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle

Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Pith
Phloem

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

49 50
 MONOCOT ROOT
Identification Ground plan
The given material is monocot root.
Root hair
Identification features of monocot root.
Epidermis
Vascular bundles are radially arranged. Endodermis
Homogenous cortex. Pericycle
Xylem is exarch. Metaxylem
Phloem
Hence root.
Protoxylem
 Xylem and phloem groups are numerous in number.
Xylem vessels are round in shape.
 Pith is large.
A portion enlarged
Hence monocot.
Root hair
Epidermis

Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle
Phloem

Pith
Metaxylem
Protoxylem

51 52
 TAXONOMY

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

53 54
 SOLANACEAE
Floral Characters
 Calyx : 5 Sepals, Gamosepalous, Persistent, Valvate aestivation.

 Corolla : 5 Petals, Gamopetalous, Valvate aestivation.

Stigma
 Androecium : Stamens five, Epipetalous. Style
 Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, Bilocular, Syncarpous, Superior ovary, Anther
Filament
Axile placentation.
Ovary

Single flower L.S of flower

Floral diagram Floral Formula

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

55 56
 ANTHER

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

57 58
 C.S. OF ANTHER
Identification
The given material is cross section of young anther.
Epidermis
The outer most layer is epidermis.
Epidermis is followed by endothecium,middle layers and tapetum. Endothecium
Tapetum is nutritive in function.
Connective
 Microspores developed to form pollengrains.

Sporogenous-
tissue
Tapetum

Middle layers

Enlarged view of one microsporangium

Epidermis

Endothecium

Middle layers

Microspore-
mother cells
Tapetum

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

59 60
 ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

61 62
 MUTUALISM-LICHEN
Identification
The ecological interaction is mutualism in lichen.
Description
Lichens are symbiotic association between algae and fungi.
The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component
as mycobiont.
 Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb Host
mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
 Both organisms get benefit (++ interaction).

Thallus

Apothecium

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

63 64
 Identification COMMENSALISM - VANDA
The ecological interaction is commensalism in Vanda.
Description
Vanda is an epiphyte which grows on other plants only for shelter.
 In this interaction vanda is benefitted and the host is neither harmed
nor benefitted.(+ 0 interaction).
 Specialised roots are present in this plant and are called velamen roots.
Velamen roots helps to absorb water and nutrients from the atmosphere.
 It does not take nutrients and water from the host.

Vanda

Clinging roots

Host

Velamen root

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

65 66
 PARASITISM - LORANTHUS
Identification
The ecological interaction is parasitism in Loranthus.
Description
 Parasitism is the interaction between two organisms in which one gets
benefit and the other is harmed (+ -).
 Loranthus is a partial stem parasite.

 In this relation parasite is benefitted and the host is harmed.

Water and minerals are absorbed from the host plant by using specialised -
roots called haustoria.

Loranthus

Host
Haustorium

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

67 68
 Identification
PARASITISM - CUSCUTA
The ecological interaction is parasitism in cuscuta.
Description
Parasitism is the interaction between two organisms in which one gets
benefit and the other is harmed(+ -).
 Cuscuta is a total stem parasite with yellow stem and no leaves.
In this relation parasite is benefitted and the host is harmed.
Flower
Nutrients and water are absorbed from the host plant by using
specialised roots called haustoria.
These roots absorb water and menerals from the xylem of host plant.
Haustorium

Cuscuta

Host

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

69 70
 BIOTECHNOLOGY

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

71 72
Identification BIO REACTOR
The given material is bioreactor.
Description
 Bioreactors are large vessels in which raw materials are biologically
converted in to specific products,enzymes etc.
It is used to obtain foreign gene products in large quantities.
Bioreactor has an agitator system,an oxygen delivery system,a foam
control system and sampling port for periodic removal of cultured
products.
 The most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type.

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

75 76
 Identification CLONING VECTOR
The given material is cloning vector pBR322.
Description
 Cloning vectors are used to introduce the foreign DNA fragments in to
the host cell.
A cloning vector contains origin of replication,recognition
sequence and selectable markers.

 pBR322 is an artificially reconstructed plasmid vector.

Prepared by Midhun NK,KKMHSS,Cheekode,Malappuram(dt)

77 78