Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Physics and Mathematical Modeling

DOI: 10.54254/2753-8818/53/20240191

Evolution of the Formula One front wing assembly

Xinyu Hou
Department of Physics, University of Nottingham, Park Campus, NG7 2RD,
Nottingham, UK

[email protected]

Abstract. The front wing is an important component of the F1 racing car. It is used to generate
pressure on the front axle and guides the airflow around and below the vehicle. The main function
of the front wing of an F1 racing car is to provide downforce and enhance the car's grip of wheels.
The front wing can also bifurcate the airflow from the tires to improve backward airflow and
underfloor airflow. This review will mainly discuss the historical evolution of the front wing, the
advantages and disadvantages of the design and some application from the professional team.
The paper will aim to put forward suggestions and improvement measures for the existing
problems, which may provide new ideas for the development of high-performance racing cars.

Keywords: Downforce, airflow, front wing

1. Introduction

1.1. Historical evolution and modern technological development

The design of the F1 front wing has evolved and developed over the years. Early front wing designs
(shown in figure 1) were relatively simple and focused on increasing downforce and reducing drag. With
the continuous advancement of racing technology and the constant adjustment of rules, the front wing
design has gradually become more complex and optimized. The design of the front wing of the modern
F1 racing car needs to provided stable structural characteristics, such as the use of multi-stage airfoils,
adjustable angles of attack, and installation position design. Targeted design features can they adapt to
the needs of different tracks and competition conditions.

© 2024 The Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Figure 1. Taken from [4] shown four different types of Peugeot, Chaparral, Opel RAK and Lancia cars

In recent years, with the emergence of new materials and new technologies, the front wing design
has exhibited new trends. For example, the use of advanced composite materials and manufacturing
processes can improve the strength and stiffness of the front wing while reducing its weight. By using
intelligent sensing and control systems, real-time adjustment and optimization of the front wing can also
be achieved to further improve the performance of the car [1].

1.2. The aerodynamic and design of F1 front wing assembly

The front wing is one of the most prominent and eye-catching features on F1 racing cars. It is 1.8 meters
wide and provides approximately one-third of the vehicle's down force, as well as the main down force
on the front wheels. As the front wing is the first component in contact with the airflow, its shape will
affect the direction of the airflow along the entire vehicle. The width of the front wing keeps it in front
of the front wheels, and the wing surface allows the airflow to bypass the front wheels as much as
possible, thereby reducing drag. Although the front wing has the ability to generate greater down force,
its main purpose is to balance the rear down force generated by the diffuser and tail wing. Therefore,
teams generally adjust the settings of the front wing based on the driver's preference for handling balance.
The main part of the front wing is very complex and can be composed of multiple wing components.
There are many overlapping relationships between sub-boards, which require high appearance clearance,
surface quality, and complex shapes. The fins of the front wing are usually designed with specific shapes
and angles to maximize the generation of down force. The curvature and angle of the fins can affect the
flow path of the airflow, resulting in the required downward force. Corrugated fins can increase the
length of the air channel, fully mix the airflow, change the direction of the airflow, increase the air heat
exchange area, and enhance fluid disturbance.
In contrast, the rear wing only has three components, two of which are on the upper level, which one
is on the lower level. The main function of the main wing and flap of the car is to increase downforce
to improve the handling and stability of the car. The main wing and flaps are an important part of the
car, and they increase downforce by forming a large angle with the oncoming airflow. This design helps
the car to fit the ground better at high speeds and improve the handling and stability of the car. Especially
in high-speed cornering, the increased downforce helps to reduce the sideslip of the car and can improve
its handling and safety. The design of the flaps are more complex, usually broken down into separate
components with slots between them to ensure that the airflow remains attached to the wing’s surface.
This design allows the fins to be more aggressive, resulting in more downforce. By increasing the
number of components and slots, the flap design can be more flexible to accommodate different track
conditions and driving needs.

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Additionally, the airflow is separated when it comes into contact with the leading edge. A small
amount of air flows through the gap between the main wing and the second-layer flap, through which
high-speed air flow is obtained. This airflow management helps to improve the performance of the car,
maintaining its stability at high speeds, while improving the speed and handling of the car.
Few types of front wings have been introduced throughout the years. They can be divided into two
main groups, namely the straight wing and the curved (U-shaped) wing. The typically front wing
structure of automobile can be seen in figure 2 [2]. The difference in performance and flow structures
between the two types of wings were experimentally investigated using scaled models with six-axis load
cell, dye flow visualization and PIV. Moreover, an actual scaled wing model on track conditions with
moving ground was examined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effect of ground
clearance on the generation of downforce and drag for both wings were also studied. In general, a straight
wing performs better than a curved wing, which generates more downforce. This includes rolling
resistance, acceleration resistance, slope resistance and air resistance in resistance.
In racing, it is essential for every component of the vehicle to be designed with the efficiency of
the vehicle in mind. By conducting numerical analysis on font wings of three new single-seat cars that
comply with the 2022 season regulations released by the International Federation of Automobile
Manufacturers (FIA) [3], a new design as well as a 3D-printed front wing prototype were produced. The
experiment showed that aerodynamic efficiency can be achieved by minimizing the relationship between
resistance and downforce, which allows the vehicle to be close enough to the ground.

Figure 2. Taken from [16] shown front wing structure of automobile

F.J. Granados-Ortiz [5] used 3D simulation technology to analyze and optimize the interaction
between the front wheels and brake pipes of a racing car. The detail of the full 3D geometry of front
wing is presented in figure 3. The brake pipes are part of the car's aerodynamic package, which not only
provides cold air to the braking system but also plays a very important role in generating downforce [6].
They used 3D simulation to create a virtual racing model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software to simulate how air flows past components such as the front wheels and brake pipes, predicting
airflow velocity, pressure, and temperature distribution. The model and software can also identify the
optimal aerodynamic configuration. In addition, the interaction between the front wheels and brake pipes
was simulated for drivers during high-speed turns or emergency braking conditions. The computational
results indicated by figure 4 show that both front wings are good candidates for real competition, as their
downforce greatly outperforms drag, and they are able to generate important vortical structures such as
the Y250 vortex.

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Figure 3. Taken from[5], showing detail of the full 3D geometry of front wing

2. The role of the front wing in F1 racing cars

2.1. Down force generated by of the front wing

The down force of an F1 racing car refers to the vertical force generated by aerodynamic effects during
high-speed driving, which makes the car adhere closer to the track surface, thereby improving grip and
control ability. This force allows the driver to gain more grip on the track without losing control of the
vehicle when cornering at high speed. The generation of downforce is achieved via the front wing, rear
wing, side box, bottom plate, wind deflector, small wing, and wheel cover. The main function of
downforce is to improve the adhesion between the car and the ground [7]. Not only is the lower part of
the fuselage affected by the upstream front wing, but the presence of the lower part of the fuselage also
has a profound impact on the front wing. When the upper and lower parts of the fuselage interact with
the front wing, a significant amount of downforce is lost. When the car is running at high speed, the
pressure on the bottom of the car is much less than that on the side and upper part, which leads to an
increase in the downforce generated. A sketch analysis of the cross-section along the front wing spoiler
was illustrated in Figure 5. As the lower part of the fuselage interacts with the upstream front wing,
more downforce is generated; the closer the contact with the surface, the higher the turning speed. Higher
downforce enhance the vehicle's maneuverability, making it easier for drivers to control and improve its
braking performance. This enhances stability during braking, also enables drivers to stop safely at
shorter distances [8]. On the other hand, too much downforce will increase air resistance, which will
affect the straight-line speed of the racing car. Therefore, it is necessary to balance pressure and
resistance. Increasing the number of fins or changing their layout can affect the distribution and
magnitude of downforce, therefore designers will adjust the number and layout of wings based on the
specific needs and track conditions of the racing car.

Figure 4. Taken from [5], shows the resulting 3D five-element front wing from the hybrid optimization
approach. a) Optimal front wing using the adjoint method (hybrid approach). b) Comparison by
superposition between parametric (green) and adjoint-based (blue) front wings.

2.2. Drag generated by the front wing

The resistance faced by F1 vehicles is one of the key factors affecting their performance and mainly
consists of air resistance, rolling resistance and frictional resistance [9]. Among these, air resistance is
the main form of resistance, which is proportional to the square of speed. The increase in the speed of

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the car and the windward area can often lead to a sharp increase in air resistance. The curves of racing
cars are usually streamlined to increase surface smoothness, which can reduce air resistance [10].
Rolling resistance is the resistance generated by the contact between the tire and the track surface, which
is related to the material, pressure, temperature, and track conditions of the tire. Rolling resistance is
usually significant at low speeds but relatively small during high-speed driving in F1 racing cars.
Frictional resistance comes from the friction between mechanical components inside a racing car, such
as the engine, gearbox, bearings, and suspension system [11]. Rolling resistance can mainly come from
surface friction, pressure difference, wake and turbulence, the number and layout of fins, as well as
material and weight of the car. The unevenness of the fins and the optimization of their shape and angle
can not only increase surface friction but also reduce pressure drag. Adding deflectors and other
accessories to the front wing can improve airflow adhesion, although excessive fins may cause airflow
turbulence.

Figure 5. Taken from [5] showing a sketch analysis of the cross-section along the front wing spoiler

2.3. Airflow management of the front wing

The airflow management of the front wing is a key component in the aerodynamic design of racing cars,
and how to effectively control the airflow around the car. Front airflow management is achieved through
the front wings and guide vanes, which not only generate downforce but also guide the airflow through
other parts of the car [12]. The guide vanes can help direct the airflow to the side box and other dynamic
components. The management of central airflow relies on side boxes and air deflectors. The main role
of the sidepods and air deflectors in airflow management is to manage the airflow on the side of the
body, preventing important aerodynamic packages such as floor diffusers and beam wings from being
disturbed. The front wing is usually composed of multiple fins arranged at specific angles and directions,
which can control the direction and velocity of the airflow. In general, the front wing is equipped with
deflectors and flaps to further refine airflow management. Clean air is when an F1 car is free from rivals,
interference on a track(shown in figure 6). The training car will be subject to turbulent air that reduces
the aerodynamic performance of the car. Setting a suitable airflow outlet on the front wing can be used
to control the wake, hence improve the trailing ability of the following car, and enhance the intensity of
the competition. Effective airflow management can generate more downforce, improve the car's grip
and cornering stability. It can also provide enough cold air to enter the radiator, dissipate heat and
prevent overheating, thus improve fuel efficiency.

Figure 6. From [13] showing the generation of dirty air.

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2.4. The adjustability of the front wing

The front wing is composed of multiple components, including the main plane, flaps, end plates and
auxiliary fins. Among these, flaps are the most frequently adjusted part because they directly affect the
generation of downforce and the way air flows to other sections of the vehicle. The adjustability of an
F1 racing car refers to its ability to optimize performance by adjusting various components and settings
during a race or under different track conditions. The angles of the front and rear wings can be adjusted
to change the level of downforce. The direction and speed of the airflow can be adjusted to affect the air
pressure difference. On tracks that require high-speed straight lines, downforce may be reduced to
decrease resistance; on multi- curved tracks, it is possible to increase downforce to improve grip. In
addition, the design of the front wing also involves optimizing airflow, reducing air resistance, and
improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the car through specific wing and angle design. Through the
optimization design of the curved wing, the downforce of the whole vehicle can be increased, and the
cornering speed and braking stability of the racing car can be improved. This shows that the front wing
design is not only related to the aerodynamic performance of the car, but also directly affects the overall
racing performance of the car [14].

2.5. Ground effect

In F1 racing, ‘ground effect’ refers to the aerodynamic effect between the bottom of the car and the
ground, which can generate large amount of downforce without significantly increasing air resistance.
It is mainly achieved through the Venturi channel at the bottom of the racing car, which can effectively
work with the diffuser. The front wing is mainly used to manage the airflow at the bottom of the racing
car, ensuring that the airflow can freely enter and exit the bottom of the car. If the front wing design is
flawed, the airflow will become turbulent, resulting in downforce loss and reduced maneuverability.
Although the design of font wing does not directly generate ground effects, it indirectly affects
aerodynamic kits. This can reduce air resistance increase the intensity and viewing performance of the
competition.

3. Development process of front wing designs

3.1. Front wing mode for the 2022 reason

The 2022 season marks an important turning point for Formula One racing through the introduction of
introducing more ground effect designs. Ground effect increases the ground contact of the racing car,
thus improving the grip of the wheels. In F1 racing cars, the ground effect shapes the bottom of the car,
allowing air to flow through the chassis at high speed. According to Bernoulli's principle, a low-pressure
area is created under the body, which interacts with the air flowing over the body to produce a strong
downforce, allowing the car to pass through corners at high speed. Aerodynamic packages play a vital
role in the design of F1 cars, where by optimizing the aerodynamic performance of the car, they help
the car to reduce air resistance and increase downforce at high speed, thus improving the handling and
speed of the car. In addition, the width of the car body has also increased, and aerodynamic packages
such as the front air dam, rear spoiler side spoiler, and adjustable rear wing have been studied and
optimized. This allows the vehicles to better adapt to aerodynamic design hence improve their safety
performance and ensure the safety of the driver. F1 implemented a series of significant technical rule
reforms aimed at improving the competitiveness of the race, particularly by adjusting the speed at which
the vehicle follows and the ability to overtake in corners [15]. These rules strictly limit the front wing
design. The front wing provides more adjustability, which can be modified when faced with extreme
conditions or emergency braking. For example, front wing can optimize the wake, which helps to
improve the following ability of the rear car and make it more competitive. In the design of the front
wing, a washout layout is adopted. This arrangement is not only implemented near the vertical endplate
on both sides of the front wing, but also at places such that they produce vortices on the upper edge of
the front wing, which helps to better suppress the turbulence of the front wheel, and thus lead to an

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enhanced washout effect. At the same time, the design of the front wing in 2022 is more simplified
compared to previous versions, with fewer fins to reduce the generation of turbulence.

3.2. Comparative analysis of the front wing design of different teams

External aerodynamics is one of the factors that affect key performance in F1. An improvement of only
1-2% can lead to race results that determine the difference between first and tenth place. For racing cars,
the front wing is a key aerodynamic component. Drag and lift act on the front wing respectively; lift
mainly reduces the grip, so the front wing is usually designed for negative lift, while drag is the
interaction of the car with the horizontal force (usually provided by wind). Designing high-performance
front wings take two criteria into consideration: reducing drag and increasing downforce. From an
aerodynamic point of view, the front wing affects the take in air of the car and its stable adhesion to the
ground. Literature on front wing testing and design is scarce, most likely due to the competitive nature
of motorsport.
In the 2022 Formula 1 season, the major teams have presented different styles and characteristics in
front wing design. For example, the front wing design of the Red Bull RB19 focuses on reducing the
weight of the front part of the car. It creates more downforce in the middle and front part by using larger
undercuts and smaller flap attack angles while reducing the downforce proportion and drag generated
by the front wing. This design takes into account Verstappen's driving style, which tends to oversteer,
by setting a gap between the nose cone and the main wing to improve airflow consistency and the airflow
quality at the floor bib.
Ferrari SF23's front wing design is trapezoidal; the upper edge of the top flap has a larger angle of
attack on the inside of the tire. A gurney is added to increase downforce. Ferrari's front wing is similar
to Red Bull's, but the area between the nose cone and the main wing is designed differently to try to get
more load from the front wing, especially in low-to-middle-speed corners.
Mercedes has a distinctive front wing design with hump-like protrusions creating lateral airflow,
narrow sidepod air intakes, and gaps between protrusions and nose cone that flow into the interior of the
sidepods. This design is very different from other teams, but it does not mean it is wrong because the
front wing design needs to match the overall car. In addition, McLaren and Alfa Romeo have a front
wing design similar to the Alpine's, with Gurney flaps also on the outside of the front wing. This helps
stabilize specific areas of the front wing when the front wheels are turned and provides additional
downforce.

3.3. Advantages and disadvantages and effectiveness of front wing design

The Mercedes team's front wing design, while outstanding in terms of stability, is slightly lacking in
speed and flexibility. Red Bull's front wing design is based on adapting to Verstappen's driving style.
The upper edge of the top flap is almost horizontal, and the edge near the end plate is slightly downward.
Based on the angle of attack of the flap, it is almost the lowest pressure setting. This design takes more
account of the front of the car, aiming to create more downforce in the middle and front. It can reduce
the proportion of downforce generated by the front wing and drag through greater undercutting and a
smaller flap attack angle. This design helps to improve the handling of the car in oversteer situations but
may cause airflow separation when braking, affecting the quality of airflow.
The trapezoidal design of Ferrari's front wing allows the upper edge of the flaps to have a larger angle
of attack on the inside of the tire. The upper edge of this part is horizontal, and a gurney is added to
increase downforce. This design added more load from the front wing, especially in low- and medium-
speed corners. This radical approach, while trying to improve the car's grip and handling by increasing
downforce, may also affect aerodynamic efficiency in high-speed situations.
The design of the front wing can largely determine the design philosophy of the whole car. As the
first working aerodynamic package of the car, the front wing design is crucial to the overall performance
of the car. Different design concepts will lead to different performances of the car in different track
conditions. For example, some designs focus more on stability and downforce at high speed, while others
focus on improving the flexibility and handling of the car.

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The effectiveness of the front wing design is mainly reflected in its impact on the car's aerodynamic
performance. An excellent front wing design can effectively manage airflow, improve downforce and
handling of the car, and thus help the car achieve better results in various track conditions. However,
small differences in design can lead to significant changes in the car’s performance, so teams need to
constantly adjust and optimize the front wing design to adapt to changing race conditions and rules.
In conclusion, the front wing design of different teams has its own merits and drawbacks. The core
of the design is how to maximize the car's aerodynamic performance while ensuring its stability and
handling. The car's performance depends not only on the design of a single component but also on the
synergy of the aerodynamic package and chassis design of the whole car.

3.4. Front wing mode 2026

The specific design and technical specifications for the front wing of the 2026 F1 racing car are still
under discussion or development. The design change is part of an update to the 2026 F1 racing rules,
which aims to improve the agility and safety of the car. Specifically, the changes to the front wing
include the introduction of a variable front wing to make overtaking more possible. This design allows
the front wing to be tuned to race conditions to optimize aerodynamics for improved downforce and
stability of the car. In order to reduce air resistance and improve the agility of the car, the 2026 F1 car
will have a narrowed front wing design. This design not only helps to improve the handling of the car,
but also reduces the interference to the rear car to a certain extent, thus improving the competitiveness
of the race. In addition to the front wing changes, the 2026 F1 car will also use a three-layer variable
rear wing to further optimize the aerodynamic performance of the car, improve the stability and handling
of the car. In order to reduce the need for ultra-rigid suspension and low ride height settings, the 2026
F1 car will also feature a simplified floor and low-power diffuser design(shown in figure 7). These
alterations are designed to reduce ground effect and thus improve the overall performance and safety of
the car. The updates to the technical specifications are important adjustments made by F1 to adapt to the
new hybrid system and improve the viewing of the race. Through these changes, F1 hopes to provide a
more level playing field for drivers and a more exciting race experience for spectators.

Figure 7. From [17] showing F1 regulations -2026.

3.5. Problems and improvements

Although the front wing design improvements has achieved remarkable results in F1 cars through the
years, it still faces many challenges and limitations. As the speed of the car continues to increase and
the rules continue to change, the front wing design will also need to be more refined. For example, the
2022 F1 racing rules redefined the shape of the front and rear wing, eliminating the front and rear wing
independent end plates, which is not only change the appearance of the vehicle, but also reflects the
impact on the design of the front wing. In addition, in order to effectively comb out the huge turbulence
caused by high-speed tire rotation, F1 racing cars have added hubcaps and corresponding tire spoiler

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wings, which further illustrates the adaptive adjustment of front wing design with the increase in car
speed and the change of rules. At the same time, with increasingly strict environmental regulations and
energy consumption restrictions, the front wing design also needs to pay more attention to energy saving
and environmental protection. Future trends in front wing design will focus more on innovation and
sustainability. Engineers will continue to explore new design methods and optimizations to further
improve the performance of the front wing, but will also use more environmentally friendly materials
and processes to reduce the impact of racing on the environment. The current mainstream design scheme
still has some problems and challenges when dealing with future track environments and competition
needs. For example, in extreme weather and track conditions, maintaining the stability and performance
of the front wing has become a key concern for designers. At the same time, with the continuous
development of racing technology, reducing manufacturing costs and maintenance difficulty while
ensuring performance have also become problems that need to be considered in future front wing design.

4. Conclusion
The front wing can generate downward pressure, enhance front wheel grip, make the car more in line
with the ground, ensuring the car's performance and stability during turns, and make the driver safer. It
can also effectively manage airflow and enhance aerodynamic efficiency. Moreover, the design of the
front wing can also reduce air resistance and interference from the wake on the racing car, thus
enhancing following ability. To ensure the safety of racing drivers, the front wing should be strong
enough to prevent it from shattering and causing danger in collisions. The front wing design of F1 racing
cars must comply with the technical rules established by the International Automobile Federation (FIA).
With the continuous advancement of technology and the constant updating of rules, front wing design
is also continually innovating and developing. In the future (post 2026), with the continued application
of new materials, technologies and regulations, front wing will become more lightweight, efficient and
intelligent. This will enable Formula One cars to achieve greater breakthroughs in performance and
bring more exciting races to the audience.

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