EQUATIONS OF STATE

IN THERMODYNAMICS

Prepared and presented by

Parth Khanna, Hrithik Khanna, Pawan Kumar,
Dipanshu Sarovar & Samarth Yadav
 THERMODYNAMICS & EQUATIONS OF STATE
THERMODYNAMICS OVERVIEW:
Thermodynamics is the science that examines how heat and energy interact with matter. Its applications extend across
physics, chemistry, and engineering, forming the basis for understanding energy transformations in various processes.
IMPORTANCE OF THERMODYNAMICS:
● Crucial for analysing and optimizing processes in scientific and engineering disciplines.

● Provides a theoretical framework for designing engines, studying chemical reactions, and assessing the behaviour of gases.

EQUATIONS OF STATE:
● Equations that establish relationships between different thermodynamic variables, such as pressure, volume, and temperature.

● Serve as fundamental tools for modelling and predicting the behaviour of materials under different conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE:
● Indispensable in solving thermodynamic problems, offering insights into the macroscopic properties of matter.

● Facilitate accurate predictions and optimization of processes by defining the behaviour of substances under varying
circumstances

Further In this presentation, we'll delve into the fascinating world of thermodynamics, exploring its principles and
emphasizing the crucial role of equations of state as indispensable tools in this scientific field !
 UNDERSTANDING EQUATIONS OF STATE
DEFINITION:
Equations of state are mathematical expressions that establish connections between various thermodynamic
properties of a substance, such as pressure, volume, and temperature. These equations serve as tools to
describe and quantify how a material behaves under different conditions.

IMPORTANCE IN DESCRIBING THE BEHAVIOUR:

Crucial for understanding and predicting the behaviour of matter in diverse environments. Provide a framework to
analyse and interpret how substances respond to changes in temperature, pressure, and volume.

COMMON EQUATIONS OF STATE:

Ideal Gas Law:

Describes the behaviour of an ideal gas at low pressures and high temperatures.
Van der Waals Equation:
Adjusts the ideal gas law to account for the volume occupied by gas molecules and intermolecular forces.
Redlich-Kwong Equation:
Developed to improve accuracy for non-ideal gases.
 EXPLORING THE IDEAL GAS LAW
EQUATION: PV=nRT ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS:
Assumptions:
● Gas particles are considered point masses with no
volume.
● No intermolecular forces exist between gas particles.

● Collisions between particles and the container walls are

perfectly elastic.
Limitations:

● Becomes less accurate at high pressures and low

temperatures.
EXPLANATION OF EACH TERM:
● Fails to account for interactions between gas molecules.
P: Pressure exerted by the gas.
● The ideal gas law provides a simple yet powerful
V: Volume occupied by the gas. framework for understanding the behaviour of gases
under various conditions. However, it's important to
n: Number of moles of the gas. recognize its assumptions and limitations, which become
R: Ideal gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)). more apparent under extreme conditions or for real gases
with significant intermolecular forces.
T: Temperature of the gas in Kelvin.
 DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOR
DEFINITION: REAL GAS EQUATIONS:
Equations of state are mathematical expressions that ● Van der Waals Equation:
establish connections between various thermodynamic
properties of a substance, such as pressure, volume, and ● (P + a(n^2 / V^2))(V - nb) = Nrt
temperature. These equations serve as tools to describe and
quantify how a material behaves under different conditions . This equations helps adjusts for the finite size of gas
IMPORTANCE IN DESCRIBING THE BEHAVIOR: molecules and attractive forces between them.

Real gases often deviate from ideal behaviour under certain OTHER GAS EQUATIONS:
conditions. Deviations become more pronounced at high ● Numerous equations exist to model real gas behaviour,
pressures and low temperatures. each tailored to specific conditions.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR ● Examples include the Redlich-Kwong and the Virial
(Z): equation.
● Z = PV / nRT Understanding deviations from ideal behaviour and the
concept of compressibility factor (Z) is crucial in bridging the
● Z = 1 for an ideal gas. Deviations from 1 indicate
gap between idealized models and the complexities of real-
● non-ideal behaviour. world gases. Real gas equations, such as the Van der Waals
equation, provide more accurate representations by
This factor helps to quantify how closely a real gas follows considering molecular size and intermolecular forces.
ideal gas behaviour.
 EXPLORING THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION
EQUATION:
(P + a(n^2 / V^2))(V - nb) = Nrt

EXPLANATION OF PARAMETERS (A, B):

a: Represents the attraction between gas molecules. Adjusts for attractive forces, accounting for the deviation from ideal
behaviour. Larger a values indicate stronger intermolecular forces.

b: Accounts for the volume occupied by gas molecules. Adjusts for the finite size of gas particles, addressing the
assumption of point masses in the ideal gas law.

SIGNIFICANCE:
The Van der Waals equation is a modification of the ideal gas law that incorporates real gas behaviour.
a and b correct for the limitations of the ideal gas law, providing a more accurate representation of real-world gas
behaviour.

UNDERSTANDING THE PARAMETERS:

a and b in the Van der Waals equation is essential for grasping how this equation addresses the shortcomings of the
ideal gas law by considering both intermolecular forces and molecular volume.
 EXPLORING THE VIRIAL EQUATIONS:
DEFINITION:
The virial equation of state is an equation that relates the values of pressure, volume, and temperature of a
substance in thermodynamic equilibrium. The virial equation of state for a real gas mixture is:

Z = 1 + B/V + C/V2 + D/V3 +…

These empirical equations are called virial equations. As indicated, the parameters are functions of
temperature. The values of B*(T), C*(T), D*(T), …, and B(T), C(T), D(T) ,…, must be determined for each
real gas at every temperature.

SIGNIFICANCE OF VIRIAL EQUATIONS:

The virial equation provides a more versatile approach for describing real gas behaviour than specific equations
like Van der Waals. By introducing multiple coefficients, it allows for a detailed representation of the effects of
molecular interactions on gas properties.
Understanding the virial equation and its coefficients (B, C, etc.) is crucial for modelling real gas behaviour,
especially in scenarios where deviations from ideal conditions are significant. Certainly, here's the formatted text
with minimal risk of symbol conversion issues
 EXPLORING CUBIC EQUATIONS
OVERVIEW OF CUBIC EQUATIONS: APPLICATION IN DESCRIBING REAL GAS
Examples:
BEHAVIOUR:

Van der Waals Equation \ Redlich-Kwong Equation • Cubic equations, including Van der Waals and Redlich-
Kwong, are widely used to model real gas behaviour.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:
• They strike a balance between accuracy and simplicity,
Advantages:
making them valuable tools in various scientific and
• More accurate than the ideal gas law in describing real engineering applications.
gas behaviour.
Understanding cubic equations of state, their advantages, and
• Consider molecular size and attractive forces, offering limitations is essential for effectively describing and predicting
improved predictions. the behaviour of real gases in different scenarios
Limitations:
• Still simplified models with assumptions.

• May struggle with certain conditions or substances.

 WRAPING UP
THE ROLE OF EQUATIONS OF STATE
SUMMARY OF KEYPOINTS:
• Thermodynamics is essential for understanding energy transformations in physical systems.

• Equations of state, such as the ideal gas law, Van der Waals, and the virial equation, are crucial tools in thermodynamics.

• Real gases often deviate from ideal behaviour, and equations like Van der Waals address these deviations.

• Cubic equations, like Redlich-Kwong, strike a balance between simplicity and accuracy.

• Equations of state have diverse industrial applications, influencing the design and operation of processes.

EMPHASIS ON THE ROLE OF EQUATIONS OF STATE:

• Equations of state serve as the bridge between theoretical concepts and real-world applications in thermodynamics.

• Their role extends beyond theoretical frameworks, impacting the design, optimization, and understanding of diverse processes.

• A foundational tool for engineers and scientists across various industries.

In conclusion, equations of state are indispensable in navigating the complexities of thermodynamic systems, offering a power ful
means to analyse, predict, and optimize real-world processes. Their role is pivotal, providing a robust foundation for
advancements in science and technology.
 THANK YOU NOTE
SOURCES OF CONTENT
Google scholarly, google, YouTube.

CREDITS
Hrithik Khanna: AR-B1 04119052023
Parth Khanna: AR-B1 01719052023
Pawan Kumar Ray: AR-B1 05719052023
Samarth Yadav : AR-B1 02619052023
Dipanshu Sarovar: AR-B1 03019052023