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AOA Unit 1

AOA

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Gaurav Jangid
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17 views

AOA Unit 1

AOA

Uploaded by

Gaurav Jangid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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|e Algoeithm :- > An Algorithm is a Seb of Steps Of opexattea {o Solve a prablem per jorming ca\eutation , dat peeing and automatest Kesoxing tank. AM algoxithm 1s an An algasithm is the best way to sepeesent the Sel: ot aq Pascticulaxs problem in aNey simple and | eidenr ay: [> Z+ ae have. an a gorithm fora dpecittc problem then De can Implement Tria an Programming lang, emeaning- that tre algoxtthmn is \ncle pendent dom 2) Programming Languages: +e Algoxithy Design — + The important aspects af algo. olesign Foclude Creating an efficient aljatithm fo Solve a problem fn an efftkent aday wales amith time and space, | L, Problem can be Solved by applying city. abpoachat ent coith seespect tolime Con sumption, ith wespeck Fo memowy ctHclent. suinin lessextime, coc have + a an be esti n be eyHoient wo jven an algo: to ext In Mare MeMIry: a Ker anlar: tooun «diy Jessacrnemary ae Ms @ aes OS —— — Affiliated to 4 Kota ved b AICTE & UGC under 2(f) Accredited by NAAC and NBA zl DETAILED LECTURE NOTES: PAGE NO. Seto Yulesto Obtaln the extecked Oulrpuk from the Alen opal A\gor' nm Reyram | git) Pace ciate cote! aa > Di¢feeence bla Algerithres” A\gosithm Pscudocode Program = Samil Zt s basically a Si An algorithm 1s 4 [TtXelera to the Code Netilon ofthe ne Wel\l-dezined, Ceasding. by programmers) [ide there Papa | Systernatic logical |toran rogram thet inthe ain english Lon. totloosthe basic. Juckes Jog the Couceynedd prog. ‘Buich as ace Gok)! i then elne , While for 3 Case, Prtgram pseudocode and Ink num!.num 2, Som Print (enter 20 in Scant Oe “ed ehh SUM= Hum | +nume2;, Prt dt tel dehuno: a"); 1, Qnumey “hcl num|, numa, sum); A gezithm: oe Step? staxt Step2 § Declecse \Rxlaibles A\B, SOM Step3 f Topuk tio numbers Say AEB StU: sume tg StEhS ¢ BisHay som “Stepe: stop ™ ~ Algoxithm to ade nam pees + Pseudocode 2— BEGIN NumeeR num, num2, som OUTPUT ("Tapat num|{") Input num| Outport ("Input num 22") Input num2e SOM= num (+ Numa OUTPUT som END 7 Flow Chaxt = Staxt Zrput Turn], numa. SoM=num it numa #= There are two days to design an algorithm + . @ Zreementel Approach @® Divide 2 Gngine Approacl.. Bp erent Oe follow 9 top-ctean approacl, Ph DhiA we . “ ce from stat and Gmpake elements itemrtively @ finally ger the Salu tion. Example §- Bubble ,tnsectton, Selechon Sort ete = \st Intecatlon —_— p) 4 zevill be @ 40 each elem; ‘ai s-terrt— tof Be oni cereal Ps Small ese Ss then @e cil Sarton, [3 | > So te coll Pextoxm! nT iteationt, aster the tn! temtion owe shack col Qwok OiK e oe @ Waide 2 cts “> Tntnis approach we clivide a hig broblern Inte Sub prawiems ond each Sub problem Is solved kcoursively ard Comb ni these Soltitton, ase get Anal Salurtion wethe problem . example = Merge: Uick healp Sorh etc. S AG @ (oe sae) BS Algo thr fhe approch<> followed to design ate algox! thn one aralyse the algoxithm by too main cans — @ Fnpur site @ Running time size is less then Auon ing Hine adill helew, Moning tim alsa tn Creser & zy fnpat Size Ts (000 of X= (ooo ch 77 For example + TH we break 7+ then yoo See Lo se daunning time alll be More, > Space Gmpexity = Ly The amount of SPAve Sesred by an algorithm or Program Is Catlect an Space Complerdty ly Tt depercls pon foput slice (n), ® 2 “Sixt scp)= C+ Se Where Se= instance Chorackexist! « c= Gnstenb. © Fox example an algoxithm “abe” problem Instence 5 chaxactedted by the Valier of ib, c andthe Resulk, Bub this xesult is Independent ot the Wstance Chanacte'shia, So Sp (thet the instance Choxactex'shics hn =O , e- a) ® Oe Aigoxtthm Sure Cacan) & ge=0:0 fer cI ko do sw+atld Rekusn S 5 a Sols Fis algo. Gmpures the Sum of eed number Preakively, 5 x ala. “Sum” problem Instance ts charactodzesl bythe valu, c Spoidkion is Snavae Gf ckments to be Summed , “> Tile Vauble Noccuples the Space of one coord Col: Valu, aide ta dhhich 1g the aocxoy Of floating point Vallee @ VS. © POORNIMA Ri INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ippemted to RTU, Kota « Approved by AICTE & UGC under 2(f) Accredited by NAC and NBA DETAILED) LECTURE NOTES ise PAGE NO, Ocetupler the space o4 Nword. So Sp jor n udorcs ty eaten than oye OF Sp >Mp4+a (ngov ht 4 CT, one ach for , I) > Tite Gmplertty ¢- ine eed cane 4 he amount ot time faken by an algosithem fo ths Gmplete execution fs calleol time Gomplexfiy Ly rt lo cknoted by Tin) which alsa depends 4, Inpat Sice®, Ls r# Size Ipceases Hime Complexity Incrcaser. He characteristics of aN A\govitnm S— ae oe Le © 1 > One arould Met tatlowd any alten insteuchons +o Cad the sceotpe put on the standoxad one. > Similaxly nor all esdtten Fnsteuncton ter Programming | is an algo: a (oe defined Finite ateps =Enpuly, ae Longuag’e Indebendew- > Clear S Unambiguous she Algorithrn Shouldl be Cleade and unamb! Goal, os Tks step should be clear Tn all aspects @ must lead to only one racaning. > kell detne In o G Xz an algoxithm Rays to take. Inputs. Trshould be well deRrveck Inputs! > Klell define Outputs. c— er L The Algo. Trust cleaxly cejine, chat abou Gilli be. dleided ard Tt should be avell defined on Well: —_Finlte steps ¢— ‘She Algo: wut be Hnite, le Tt Should te minate @ atrec a dnite time. > Feasible [— Ls The algo. must be Simple, genexie and peacHcol , Such Anat it Combe created edt the avaitable deer uxce . ' LLXk mast not Contain Qome future technology or ony sning: i Language Zndefendlen o- Ly The algo. designed must be hang.-‘Todeberdent. Ce Fb Bae Ne jor Wato ThsteucHon thet con be Implement@ inan Langusae sand yet doe ura ooill be the same ah etpected. lex 04 Algositnm &- cl texminals texminate attera finite He, Id produce atleast one ee Atoke Zzex0 ox more In ; Siete means avig dhe Sarne Oukpub Jopur cae. by al edtecHve, de every ste @ ©; Poo ‘a INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY z filiated to 4 Kota + ee ed ‘5 AICTE & UGC er «Accredited = NAAC and NBA x je yaa ry N i eae a Sg ted ee eae pAGeNO..B Ar Ackonteges of Algesithms= =e al > Et \s Gary to understancl: > An. algo Is a step wise "xepeesentoton oy 3 |. * agiven problem: @ In algo: dine. problem fs kwoken clown into Small pleces 6s Steps ‘Hhense, RLigeasiex sor the frogemmrer to Convert Ir ints oclug) — Disadvantoges at oy Algorithm & ne = eoviting aD ago: take a long time 901 golution sr \s the me Consum'®' nea aa logic qhrough aye: éanbe oi eer al SS ats ake diye to Shawl Branching looking = Qe: ese an A\gosithyn t= thin = em trattsto be golved by this algoxitin te e paste yore definition: ce eee a tine problem oust be Consicexesl white diving the problem: i e ce es be taken to Solve the Problem out pub to be expected when the broble-m Wed « to this prebler tS ee the aver iste FANowing ‘ings ane ieee : = + Comblexil an of an A\go: (y Qmeabuxe OF Amount O+ the amount af Hme & Shace 2ceyurec| Byan algo. fox an Tnpuk ofa given Size(n) a (= Time es] Te Time xi Compl i Notations y Vv 2 5 Tred: 1 ral > Three cares fo« Gmplexity a an Algo ° @ BeatCcane t- Ly It means Tr Should take Shortest Hme to exccute the A\go- wrth least amount OF Work. ey ee ea a it the element}, We ie ea +or 75 foun tn the tlrst Hme. e 8 Idhen an algosithm takes most stime , 1 + ee < uoysh Cone aveteje Cave oe we take al! the 4g, and Galewate the Combat: ioe ts ihe Treats a Pad: @ PAGE NO. ..... [¥e AsymptoHc Notations + > Asymptotic Notatons axe methemal cal notions Usecl to deaczibe the oe oa aaa oan Q Loren dhe Topul tenck to Wake Value ora Uniting value, Fox Example 2 — 3 In the bubble Gost, When the Tnpub onto ts Oltedy | Seated she time token by the afgoaitivn is Wneax ce © | the Best Cone Yihen the ‘inpuk-asasy da. In zeverde Condition the algo. Akakes tne reornirnurs Hme (quadratic) to Soat and Clements fre the Worst Care Uhen in pur onvay ‘is raraie neither Sosred nox “In yeers| J lee ythen Trtakes averanetime | Thebe cluka ond ake GORING asymptote mmotatons, asym brohia Notatlons t- \y Byq-O Notation t- ° > z¢ fs used fo deine the Upper Bound of an algo . fo fexm ot time Gmplene'fy ' : > zt alusays indicates the man. fime Aegalred by an alot Soy all Tnat values. : > 13-0 notation clescesbes the wowt Case of ON obgoutthm time cane » eqn) Grston eS Time s , +in)= O(gen)J >) a in) function ene °4 i | | KC AWDD ss | sexe I~ Input ——> 7 KS [meouer] Exs— stn) = 3nt2 Aco) =n To kepreret 4(n) = 04m) then, it moat Satisty — yin) o and i 31 *GSys ¢ qc) > 3BN+t2< Cy Above Gnditen \s always Toue for oll Udues of C=4 ard N22 . ant2 = OM) Big Omega Notation ‘- Cut) D> Big is Wea to detine the fowex bound of an algo. } in texm oy me Lamp cdty: | > Big Q Notation akoays inclicates the min. Hme sealed a Ry ar thr tor allinbuls Value. > B| J Omega deaccibes the best Qe of an algo forme fomp: G) VS © POORNIMA ee eee re INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Affiliated to RTU, Kota * Approved by AICTE & UGC under 2(f) « Accredited by NAAC and NBA Ege SR Sao Tse eRe ee oa LECTURE NOTES PAGE NO... > Tis demoted by W tn, See @ Time — Coostesl — € Cyn) ee Fy = ncaco) | Ty ¢(n) >¢ gen) we dk cy+o @ 2) Ex 3— +n) = 3n42 #(n)= V1 (4cn) goy=7 $cn)E cgtn) + eyo 3) een Cn) > cgcn) => ania =Cn Ly Jor vole = Ca] @ Theta () Notation :- > The ta (@) Notation fs used f° deyine the ong. bound 5 analgo: fn terms oF Time Compleat: Sh > IThalwaus \ncdicates the avexoge Hime Sceqyived by re algo: tev fal inpuk Vader: 5 Th dercaikes the Avg: Care OF 7 abgarithm fo Hime | C2 go) Constant 2 Tiree (n) . © | —— 10 gen) Constant! En pul —> *8 ciegeny s Fon) < Sager) se nek Cid0 ,c2>0 Kz) POORNIMA . INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY + Affiliated to RTU, Kota ; proved eo & UGC under = Accredited Z NAAC and NBA © 5 : DETAILED LECTURE NOTES a PAGE NO. ...Bu te Sorting 9 Cornpleselty ‘= > There axe two type ot sosting DL Internal Sorting Ob External Soxting OXnrexnal Sextings— G xh the seecedu that ft fs Sorting axe 19 qnoin memos}: } @Exveenal Sording t- Lb ry Some Of the Zeccadls thak Th ts Sorting oxe in auruiliaxy stosoge- Some of the mast Commonly ured Soatina algoxithms ard i > Bubble’ Sozb => Selection Sost > Fncertion sovl- > Quick sost , aE eS * Divide and Conquer approach In Uned Edhen the Probte 'S Complex, and Gn only be solveat by ctv ishing. Into Smalls problema fhus seolucing the lomplodties. The approach break the problem Into Sevexat subproblem YOti\, Hnally we get the Sub faoblems which are Small en Solved usit\ a Spviting, ough @ Gani be Selved! coithetll: turthex = ee lombine “he Sol“ 6 $ Subproblems to Ceoke A Satution tothe axtginal problin, a TVitn = 257 Chad). se 2[2T Oy) 4M/o | +n » = 4 [ar(nie) tly een = gt(n[s)+3n This done 4 IL wwe xeooktT(l) dor which Oc have Aiveck Sols ae OM e Sort S- i L Mexging ameans to merge dese Sorted \lst, Se that eeaulbant Mat cat alae be In Sostes! fovrn. » At) AO) ACA Art cw Col Lea W) Righ CR) Re ty Ss flelv] [alse] & piel Cxxate Kos \eccable Gand J fox le} anal Jagbh Sub: . @ Create variable K tox Sovted outpurarxy, © VS POORNIMA INSTITUTE QF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Affiliated to RTU, Kota + Approved by AICTE & UGC under 2(f) + Accredited by NAAC and NBA DETAILED LECTURE NOTES paceno.+ >We have Cao, Joo &k=O > Since L(0) < R (0), 90 We Pexjorm ACoI= LLo] ée Wwe Cory the dest element dvom teth et | to oux Sorted ourpur > Then, we inocement € and by \s OF dies Wass a | ‘ rs . imag area ke Re Rignk ; ‘ % a7 | G steps: = > we have C=h $203 k=) Since LED) RES], So ave Fx form ach= ROOT ec) We Copy the frst element from wignt Sub array | to own Sorfed outpub : > Then aye tncxernent Jf and kK by | Step 3 we have f=|5J=t$ K=2 ~ PSince Lets REM, gewe Pexform AC= RCI > thenwe Inocement: f and Kby\ At Sorteol Ano anh Lelett Righ x J v y é Steps 1. = we have (1) f-24) K=8 ? Since LOMI<@C2}, So we pextorm ACZI=LCIT = Then (use \nocement Cand’ k by | GMI We te Loblerh Rs Right eri ‘ StebC t- + we have (=2, j225 kau +> Since. L[2] >RC2T, So we per. > Then we Increment Jand « by | At Sorted output Ansy lels\st] i fe a ey oe jorm ACUI=R BI" » c uw rc ee oi, re : ~ > Clearly call the elements from alght een hove been added to the Sorted i ovsa4. > So we enit the {frst while loop tol-th the Condiflen tohile CEcnL |g Jn) QinceNow Iynk @ ft Oo —> Affiliated to RTU, Kota ved z AICTE & UGC under 2 a + Accredited a NAAC and NBA : DETAILED LECTURE NOTES PAGE 2... [> Wen, we add xernail n ing elements Sokon fo Sorted GUrPUr oFkaH Url (-lats Tel, Lalert VK eieiene (le ln] * . a j Algo to fs Stan 3. colt Menge Glovt- yor the fey} tomial Hr coll Merge Mosk jor mids co Sgn ©. Conti step 213 4% yanile the Fert \s Jem than the Sayhh ; G. The cal the merge fun yt Ends f= Time Complerity Anasts : 7 TM) + T (Gi eer Te) Where Ne=Llett Half tna Right Half ALeHe prom the tert Sub Ing Next while Loop 2. Deelaxe orton 3 lett Right Q.ratal Voslab le T (n)= 6 Cn logn) r Hime Compleat ot Nexgc goxt ts TCn) = O(nlogn ) FE Space pace Compl culty aS = Mesge 5 Sort Upes addiHonad Memory too leth Sight Subaseoy, Hence , tote @(n) extea memory Ts Needed, + Pao perties » = . Tt wren a divide and tia poxackigna @ ter sorting; | so} Mexge Sort bs Q srecuxaive sorting: algo: | = Mexge sort ls q stable Sorting alge, m= Mere gert snot an tn dee eae, : algo = cane Com pleat ty Is © (nlogn) Shace:Comnbiais sae [Quick Sox + ?- el \ >? sorting io a wry OF aerang IY MonMeT | alegn Commpaxisons 1" ox n- elements LS THis algo: sollows the +he Problem s and Cambinin: to Solve the osiginad “ep Divide 2— @ > Fist pick a PN ov Keorrarge the as7O7) +hat eack Jess than o¢ ° iain gl Dub oFey at « Approved by AICTE & UGC under 2 eyoge ia een ed widely une sorting in average care for Sov i \ lent ses or Ls 4h is faster and nina =i 7g ody 2 pivide and Conquer ts Atechnigre OF breaking to07 ae into Subproblems thn Solvirg The Scomutt back froblewn: ot element, Aytec that, foto tae Dib Quel. left sub rs ot clesnent G ook lement 19 the ‘ fo the PY Jreare, Yna systematic ako: that Mak- tng Q@n aus Conqaox approach » the Sub- togetho= pontition I> fh+ foxgex pha Quick Sort, is a damow sostn given data item in ascending order. > Quick sort wer the édlea of Avice and Gnqyrer appraach, P+ follows a deeQwerive ego" > Advontag oo 4 : ° a ‘ Quick Sort is an in-place Sort, Se TT equre, No +em pow memory > Buick Sort /s faster than other algo « > zé to make excellent e of the qwemoey hleevchy [iKe Victiat memoty or Caches. > hts can be aoaily paralteliecad clue to TAs hit CGnper Nature. > Disadvantage !— : 2 The ctorst case Compleatty oF Quuck Soat fs O¢nt) > This Gampleaity 1S coors the © Gnlogn) tomst Gompleaty oF ako: like 1 Seth) Keapasrt-ect ; ? Leis not a stable Sost Ce the order op i q ‘ , Spock, element hot vel. , < ep be Pretec ; i ‘ ® aed $= Quick Sort Analysis {— 2 ‘ > To Hath locotion Of ateleme nt thot splits “the anxa4 inty +0 ports, O(n) Opmations arc Leqyired. > This Is becouse ev element [9 the sora ts _ Compa Right > Main édles t- Partition dhe ay Into 2 Se one Sek ono thes Seb J | Seat ae Naess, Cle te (CRighk la) Side) 5 TRIS partion is done with the nespechue Quy element that ty Called! (Pivot)—¢ element INSTTIUTE OF ENC Campus ents! es eto Se ass/seetion Name of Faculty . ee a Name of Subject code P) element you have any ls A Quick 5 ral Ls You have tine & ine (solve) dye bal}, | +9 : G1 @ Paxton Phe S- ales Choose. 4 pivobe a) gine the positon for pivot bo tho i =| adh Slerments ok lett ox lexi Equed S-adl Elements OF ablghhoy gene vet) Jement [pivot | = Pret “ Frealee thas a Pivot | hoot) athevelernen ts Net Sorting ; te) 4, P EF OORNIMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & PE OF ENGINEERING & TECIINOLOGY. ; DETAILED ‘LECTURE NOTES eS Course: : clas/Section = oul fame of Faculty: .. Name of Subject ie Code: 2) Soxt bray ; f = Apter doi the fax ; : , ‘ you have + Apply the Same halt lo | Tpit element Ad&tex partition phase we a - i" Array, (( Pivok 1s on Mm ale) i e 3 toidhrthe help vas ‘lel 2 Sy jaxtion phar | by diviie Tt Caivide\ Gna) ss Pivol 5 reales ther Be Gy ff ive als Jale\ Now ailathe pivot clebee Leptside | tess jhenrowequal ta bivok Value on Hob an) ‘Nou | Isthe Pivot ert \ a ’ Ls Chek Lept side oy pivot jolue ie 1a or for Loe ats ls Ea Ve Not les then pivot (i)valurs Se we Swap ile « \emexks = Bd ay | ®e rs \ hires) oN . eghstnconty? =o sted fipe here cave torake | le preke La suppose Yo we sag Sehr aNs Goius! rq la. find one clement<— \e) ‘ Stop xecusmion \ — aM soxtect Pivol- ¢ 30 lept Side of} hive Voor oiler . 5, PoornimMa INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TTCIINOLOGY TE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ea Ne eee a) Campus: ‘Name of Faculty: Course: Gass/Section: Oates Nome of Subject: code >Now choc Sortecl Arran] | yi Quick’ Sort Aladettents . =} ae => Funchen Algo. HStaxt Stating Sndex ; ends Ending troleq Quickseat Caxrag vStaxb, endl ) Th (state end) e P Index = Paxtition (A) stax, end) Quick sort CA; stack, PInelex—1) Duck sort ( Ay Pindex+! vend) 4 4 Ns 3, POORNIMA Yi = Ae Affiliated to RTU, K INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING CHNOLOGY 7 Mey ed by AICTE & UGC under 2(f) » Accredited by NAAC and NBA Pelayo oe PAGE NO. HE Bi 25 nary Seaxch f— > Bina seaxck Is the one oF the fastest Searcliiy, | Algo: > refs wed findlirg doe locaton af W elernerty fad IIneak axtoy op divide & Conquer P ze coorks on the princepe teey — on soated ast] only > The. clemen's oust be oxexangeA 9 = Githex ascending order tythe elem ° picHenny ordee wy he vemen\ clemenis akc stedings: B> To aprla wha Search ONAN unsosted mom 2 Piss, Sask the ary using some Sorting Lechniqne>. ; e The upe Binosey search. algo: {0 Sorted Elemb. and 29 isto be Seaxck- eee, A corsists OF re element “pha FP udher« low=0, High= 9 , Seaxcluing Glew = 23 @® calculated Mic Mick = (hovo+ High) 12. = (ota))2= 4 Grnpae , AC Mid J= Num —> No © check NUM< ALMid] 29<15 > No Lb 50 we coll Searok the element Tn Second hal} (Right) of axa. co Sadi 2.8 4 = Eyates cae v|e}e}te)ys |2s)sofsr Is go S ed Low mids tig Low =4+\=— High=,3 = ; ‘ ° then dnd mic vr — Mid = CLowttign) [20 = (<$9)|2 = + Hatt 62) Qos 6 Hig .3 / Noo aia) ate ITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Saas! y + Accredited by NAAC and NBA elapse aes aN PAGENO, ee Check, Nuns ACMid] ~ Yea, then we oil Seaxch| ie clement in kee emaining first CLegt) hal OF aero , * Hence get (aign= 4-1] | Now) - High = F-l= 6 | lowe Hod mic Mid = (Lowthigh) /2 = (s46))/2 =© \ Re mice er © Compre Lark mas Seaxchil Blemt anes : js found tat ° i - elements. Num pouieeknrt panera oS ein lero. Num=23 | © ry High > Low then @ set mid= areet (High toa) 12 @® ry Num= ARR Cmid J then Wilte. “element is found at locaton “NUM M+) and Jretwm. else . fe Nume ARREMIAS then Set High = MAa-] else Set Low= Mid+l (lend og else 4h Loxite" element Noh tound" > Cend of step igelse). Cend op step? loop)’ © extt. FF Time Comnplerdty — = 3.En each Stexaten ov In each Gees Recursive Call “H Seoxch gets veckred te halt oF Whe arvoy, S ne > so for elements fn the covay : there cure Nea = fterations or ocecuurive Colle, else 1 Time Comnplerity= O ortect linen. ener opretements fn the Vs , POORNIMA Ww INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Affiliated to RTU, Kota aE roved, = AICTE & UGC under 2( j + Accredited 2 NAAC and NBA 3 DETAILED LECTURE NOTES : he skyaesenls Mate Multiplication Tr | > It isa ametnod of Makix multiplication wohl ch Wes | Aide and Conger strategy : > General method ax we discumed ,Whete Aand B | Nodelces Oke MUL pied to give mataix \c!, nal C= & Aijbix J=! To Compybe the Clk mult plications axe eiwiced and we Knouw4hat 'c! mmataly Contains mn? elements! Cha--n IMA and 12-- inB), So thetime Keguived for matax qoulHpli ction coould be, ° @(1N3). To improve. onthe tectine Conti leacity de ail Une divide and Conquer testes, |S Sten ssen fn 1868 gave an overview on how ose cary | dind the routtiptication of to 2x2 dimension rnatkices - brute - jorce ago: : ‘ , . ing the dh ide and \ Conquer tech mique Cormpleactty forthe roullplication af too haa be keduced, © a aes yt Loko) numbex of multplic athe & expense of @ Slight Increane Ih 44 > steassen has Used Some formulas fot roulk ply he too 2%2 dimension matsices coheee the Number OF roub pli catfona Js Seven, additions and eubsteachiony axe eighteen, and in brute jorce abgosittin , there lp clehtees@ Number of mulbislicaten ancl fowe aoldihin. 2 ken the order MN of matetk seeaches inyinty the Utility, oF Steemen!s Jormuyg [a shown by tts asymptotic aupecionty. |, For Cxample, tet Un Consider -oo mea telices A 2B OF DN Almerslon, Where fh) la power of Kyo. Tk Can be observed that use Gan have, joux submatuty Of order ]o. 0/2. form Ai B and there proouekc. > @here c lo the Seesulh matux OF Aanol B. => Fame, of steassend Moaileix MulHpltcation t- =|] AuA = Sil eek A aa ine . Bealahtinicy +e is cal Fonentiiad! - ; : ie P= CAW+Aa2) (Birt Be) Q=- Bu GAzrt Ae) = An (B2-B2) S = Azr (82=Bn) - T= Bar (Anta) , U = CAru-Au) (Bit Be) BE tips) thera) a NS ©; POORNIMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY wy to RTU, Kota + Approved by AICTE & UGC under 2(f) « Accredited by NAAC and NBA DETAILED LECTURE NOTES PAGENO. 3. Q. Multiply hoo matelces using strassenls Algo: reel. etre @Sol2- Ala , Bus—b Al2=G fs sp Bu=¢ ee Az =-4 Base gt Agz=s Baise | ape (Ant Aaa) (B+ Be) = (843) C449) =16 |Q= Bu (Aart Azz) = -F (-4+38)=4 R= Au ( Be-Ba2)="s'(6-9)= 7 S= Aa2 (B2i-Bu) = 3 (544)-36 | T = Bea (Ait A) = 9 (st4) = 39 . U = CAy-Au)(BitBe) = Cu-s) Cate)=9 V = CBat Ber ) (Riz Arex) =C549) (6-3) 42 C= 6+86-Q9+u2 = -s Ci2= -\IS +99 = 84 pe ae Mh CID c22= ([6Ir-F+9=3 oa = i aa Algo - % Algorithm Stearns Cnimyie) = bealn Tena thresholl then Compare CH ERH fs a Cnventonal amaten Else Poxtition @ Into “poise Oubwrakices, 9or,961,410:94, , Partition b into joux ub matu'ce boo) bor bros bes shrass ( Nios oot Sud boot bu uy strass (]2 141+ boot, te, e) Shrass (nz Ges pba —bu as) Shass (Do au 1 bio —boo! du) Styass (9]21.Goo 401 } bry 1 do) Stvass CM]214\o-Voo hoo bui946) shoss C2) Ao sbrettr al +) aa : cadedned ot eee Aitdu-dstdy dstas ds. Ay fers

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